Stress on Natural Resources (through Use, Overuse, Misuse and Abuse)

and Resulting Environmental Disasters

“On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every "superstar," every "supreme leader," every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there – on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam”

- Carl Sagan

This is our only Habitat

•Has 125.8 Billion acres of land and sea

•Bears a human population of more than 7 Billion

•Also provides life to 27 million other species

•Only 30.8 Billion acres of land and sea is usable by humans and the other species

EARTH

RESOURCES

SINK

Can we go on…?

• What about – Overcrowding?– Poverty?– Pollution?– Resource Depletion?

This presentation looks at some of the pressing issues faced by the world today;

• Population growth• Environmental degradation• Resource depletion

The objective is to make you a better consultant through Environmental awareness

The Vicious Triangle

Population

Poverty Pollution

The Global Scenario

• World Trade grew from 6 Trillion USD in 1950 to 44.8 Trillion USD in 2010

• Only 14 % are enjoying 70% of the world resources• The Income Gap is Widening

Population increased from 3 bn in 1960 to 7 bn in 2011

Extinctions

The Population PyramidWorld Population is World Population is over 7 Billionover 7 Billion

The Bottom of the The Bottom of the Population Pyramid is Population Pyramid is underservedunderserved

Poverty

• The Bottom of the Pyramid

4.0 Billion

(Low Income, underserved, deprived , marginalized)

170 Million (super rich)

2.5 Billion

Read internet article :Bottom of the Pyramid

Less than $1500

U$ 1500-20000

More than $1500

Pollution

• What is pollution– Outcome of any activity which disturbs the

earth’s natural eco systems• Environmental Pollution is threatening us

with extinction.

Pollution

• About 40 % of deaths worldwide are caused by pollution

• Environmental degradation, coupled with the population growth contribute to the malnourishment and disease susceptibility of 3.7 billion people.

• 57 % of the population is malnourished, compared with 20 % of a world population of 2.5 billion in 1950.

• Air alone pollution kills about 3 million people a year.

http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Aug07/moreDiseases.sl.html

According to a survey by Prof. David Pimentel, University of Cornell..

Other effects of Environmental Pollution

• Global Warming/Green House Effect/Climate Change

• Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion• Acid Rain• Water Stress/Water Quality Degradation• Soil Erosion/Soil Contamination• Dust/Fumes/SPM• Toxic Discharges/Hazardous Materials/POPs• Bio Diversity Loss• Food Shortage/Food Insecurity

Global Warming

Solar Radiation

Earth’s Radiation

GHGs

CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, SF6

GHG Levels

GHG emissions (IPCC-2007)

Effects of GHGs

GEO5

Temperature

IPCC

Precipitation

IPCC

Projections

Stern report

Water - availability & quality a rising issueWater - availability & quality a rising issue

If present consumption patterns continue, two out of every threepersons on Earth will live in water-stressed conditions by the year 2025!

Fresh Water Availability

Facts• Almost one fifth of the world's

population (about 1.2 billion people) live in areas where the water is physically scarce.

• Water scarcity affects one in three people on every continent of the globe.

Overconsumption of Resources

Some Resources We Are Familiar With

• Water• Air• Soil/Land• Minerals• Oil• Trees /Forests• Animals• Energy (Solar, Thermal, Electrical)

Consumption WorldwideConsumption per Person Canada USA India World CO2 emissions (tonnes/ year) 15.2 19.5 0.81 4.2 Purchasing power ($US/ year) 19,320 22,130 1,150 3,800 Vehicles per 100 people 47 57 0.2 10 Paper consumption (Kg/ year) 247 317 2 44 Fossil energy use (Gigajoules/ year) 250 287 5 56 Fresh water withdrawals (m3/ year) 1,688 1,868 612 644 Ecological Footprint 4.3 5.1 0.4 1.8 (hectares/ person) Table 2.4 Consumption characteristics and Ecological Footprints of various countries and world average (Wackernagel and Rees 1996)

From where do We get Resources?

• Limitation of resources in the world• Resources

– Water (.003% of the total water is available for use)– Raw material (non renewable resources depleting) – Energy sources

• Petroleum resources (Ever Increasing Oil Prices)• Coal (Depleting Coal Mines)• Hydro power (Lack of Rain)

• No serious Scare on Scarce Resources. “What do we do when we run out of oil/coal?”

• What are the key factors - Population Increase - Life Style Change

Inputs to Enterprises• Any enterprise be it a business (manufacturing

or service),household or a commercial organization or otherwise consumes natural resources– Raw materials (metals,minerals & organics)– Energy (fossil fuel, electricity etc)– Utilities (water & air)

• Resources can be renewable or non renewable

Production / Service Process

Raw Materials

Energy

Water

Finished Goods and Services

Waste Water

Solid Waste

Air Emissions

Projected availability of metals

The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies- 2009

13 Years

InIndium

Predicted World’s Fe supply 150 years

Life without fossil fuels

Physical disturbance to the landscape due to mining

Sibai copper mine ( Russia )Ref: Francis Cottard

Solid Waste Solid Waste – – An Eye Sore or an OpportunityAn Eye Sore or an Opportunity

Waste - Resource in a Wrong place

• 01 Litre of Milk– In a Clean glass bottle - It is worth Rs. 50.00– In the drain it is not worth a single cent– Left in the drain causes bad odour, bacterial

growth, increases BOD level• 01 Litre of Drinking water

– In a Clean bottle - It worth Rs. 40.00– In the drain it is not worth Rs. 40.00, but has a

less value for gardening– If this water gets collected in a isolated place, it

will be a breeding ground for Mosquitoes, which will ultimately cause a severe social / Environmental impact

Our Food Supply Chain

30-50% of the supply is LOST !!

What a Waste !What a Waste !• 15-20 %15-20 % of paddy production of paddy production

lostlost• 30 %30 % of vegetable production of vegetable production

lostlost• 50%50% of fruit production lost of fruit production lost• 40%40% of fish production is lost of fish production is lost

About 93% of materials used in production are NOT evident in the end product

The Cotton Shirt / Blouse You Wear

About 80% of products are used only once> How many disposable cups do you use a day?> Do you reuse A4 Paper?> What happens to the Fluorescent bulbs after you replace them with new ones?

About 99% of materials used in the product are discarded in first six weeks of use

Plastic Wrapping, Paper Wrapping, Bubble Wrap, Cello Tape, Ink used to print labels, Glue…..

DID YOU KNOW?

Extraction and Processing

of Raw Material

Manufacturing

Packaging

Marketing and

Transport

Use, Reuse & Maintenance

ofProduct

Recycling / Disposal at

End of Life Stages of a

Typical Life Cycle

DID YOU KNOW?

One Tonne17 Trees

Garbage Dump?

Think about this….• We leave the Air conditioner on in a vacant room

How is electricity generated ?

Burn Fossil Fuel Hydro Power

CO2 – Green house Effect / Increased Global Temperature

SO2 – Acid Rains

Hydro Carbons – Respiratory disorders / lung disorders

Dust – Asthma

High Monthly Electricity Bill

Other Effects of ACs – Use of CFC (Ozone depletion)

We use other equipment that consume electricity•Computers

•Lights

•Photocopiers

•Fax Machines

•Refrigerator

Each equipment will impact the

environment in its own way in addition to

the electricity consumption

World is on a path to Destruction

ThroughHuman Activity

CausingHeavy Environmental Pollution

Which Has exceeded Earth’s Threshold Capacity

What is your Ecological Footprint?

Human Carrying Capacity

• In 2011 the world’s population passed 7 billion with an annual growth rate of 1.7%, creating a doubling time of 42 years

• Wide variety of estimates as to how many people the world can support

The Footprint of an IndustryEcological Footprint

• A measure of the total resource consumption and its impact on the environment (Natural Capital)Carbon Footprint

• A measure of the excess kg of CO2 emitted by burning of fuels ( Contribution to global Warming)Social Footprint

• A measure of Impact on the society (Anthropo Capital)

Ecological Footprint

A mathematical tool to indicate the stress we place on the earth’s resources for our day to day living

Calculated on variety of living aspects of an individual such as food, mobility, degraded land, built environment

 

For some cities, or even countries, the ecological

footprint can be even larger than that actual area the city or

nation occupies.

Higher the urbanization higher the footprint

For example, Britain's footprint has covered many countries, (during its) imperial days. Today, London's ecological footprint has been estimated to be 120 times the surface area of the city itself

Footprint Facts· How much Earth is there? 125.8 billion acres · How much bio-productive land and sea? 30.9 billion acres · Current human population 7 billion · How much do humans on average use globally? 7 acres · How much bio-capacity is there per person leaving nothing for the other species? 5.2 acres · Estimated number of species on Earth? 25 million

  PopulationEcological Footprint

Available Resources

Ecological Debt (-)

Balance (+)

(millions) (global ha/person) (global ha/person)(global ha/person)

         Bangladesh 146.7 0.5 0.3 -0.2

China 1,311.7 1.6 0.8 -0.9

India 1,065.5 0.8 0.4 -0.4Japan 127.7 4.4 0.7 -3.6

Korea Republic 47.7 4.1 0.5 -3.5

Malaysia 24.4 2.2 3.7 1.5

Nepal 25.2 0.7 0.5 -0.2

Pakistan 153.6 0.6 0.3 -0.3

Sri Lanka 19.1 1.0 0.4 -0.6Vietnam 81.4 0.9 0.8 -0.1

Our Ecological Foot Print

Ecological Footprint & Ecological Debt Day

• Each year Global Footprint Network calculates humanity’s Ecological Footprint (its demand on cropland, pasture, forests and fisheries) and compares it with global bio-capacity (the ability of these ecosystems to generate resources and absorb wastes).

• Ecological Footprint accounting can be used to determine the exact date we, as a global community, go into ecological overshoot, using more than the planet can regenerate in a year. On Ecological Debt Day, we go into global overshoot for a given year and begin contributing to our global ecological debt, which has been accumulating since we first went into overshoot in the 1980s.

Ecological Debt Day

First ecological debt day was December 19,1987In 1995 it jumped to 21st,NovemberIn 2011 It has advanced to 07th September

That means now it takes one year and three months to regenerate what we use in a single yearhttp://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/gfn/page/earth_overshoot_day/

Other Footprints

• Carbon Footprint• The amount of carbon dioxide in

Kilograms generated per annum by a persons or an industry during their day to day activities

• Social Footprint• The damage caused to the society by the

activities of a person or an enterprise.

Ecological Rucksack and MIPS

• Ecological Rucksack: “The total weight of material flow ‘carried by’ an item throughout the course of its life cycle.”

• MIPS (Materials Intensity per service unit): An indicator based on the material flow and the number of services provided.

• Reducing MIPS is equivalent to increasing resource productivity

Read more on Internet about ecological Rucksack

Ecological Rucksack• Ecological Rucksack (or backpack) is the

total resources moved to produce a particular product

• Every product has a huge backpack of resources shifted, processed or consumed to manufacture

Question - How heavy is the gold ring on your finger?

Some Ecological Rucksacks

• Coffee maker 298 kg• toothbrush about 1.5 kg• plastic bucket 26 kg• silver chain 20 kg• 12 wine glasses 6 kg• 5-gram gold ring 2000 kg• wooden beads 0.5 kg (Simonen 1999)

Anu’s Heavy Morning• Anu wakes up and puts on her 12.5 kg heavy wristwatch.

She slips into her 30 kg heavy jeans, brews her coffee with the 52 kg weighing coffee machine and enjoys the refreshing drink from her 1.5 kg heavy mug.

• After putting on her 3.5 kg weighing jogging shoes • She gets on the way to the office on her 400 kg heavy

bicycle.• Once there, she turns on her computer that weighs

several tons and puts in her first call with the help of her telephone weighing 25 kg.Anu’s day has begun as usual. Except this time it started with ecological weights.

(BEYOND CLIMATIC CHANGE,F. Schmidt-Bleek)

• MIPS (Materials Intensity per service unit): An indicator based on the material flow and the number of services provided.

Ecological Rucksack of a Product• MIPS = Number of services provided• Reducing MIPS is equivalent to increasing

resource productivity

Materials Intensity Per Service Unit

Mahatma Gandhi, when he was asked if he would like to have the same standard of living for India’s millions as was then prevalent in England

“It took Britain half the resources of the planet to achieve this

prosperity. How many planets will a country like India require”

Solutions

To meet the Total Resource Consumption by the growing population in 2050.

• Reduce Resource Consumption by a factor of 4/10

or……

1900 21002012 2050

Based on current production & consumption patterns

Two planets needed by 2050 to meet our appetite for natural resources

Find Four Planets to provide resources to meet human consumption!!!

Or Else…

Quality of Life

Economic Development

Resource Usage

De-link Economic Development and Resource Consumption

Factor 4 and Factor 10• Factor 4: the idea that resource productivity should

be quadrupled so that wealth is doubled and resource use is cut in half. “Doing more with less.” Result: substantial macroeconomic gains.

• Factor 10: per capita materials flows in OECD countries should be cut by a factor of ten. Requirement to be able to live sustainably in the next 25-50 years.

• Note: technology for Factor 4 already exists!!

• Facto x: Going beyond Factor 4 and Factor 10

Change your organizational culture from a

Wasteful culture to a

Wasteless culture

Understand WHY We waste

• The Problem is that we do not know– Where wastes occur– What are the wastes– How Much is wasted

Less bad is Not Good Enough

• Reducing environmental impacts delays the reaction

• Reducing consumption of non renewable raw materials extends the availability– But one day our future generations will suffer

because of them.

Which of these people represents you?

Happy Living ??

Our standard of living is not just driven by economic success, but is also determined by the

quality of the environment we live in …

Happy Planet Index

Happy Planet Index

What is the world doing

The next presentation will take you to the timeline and global action in mitigating the global environmental problems and resource depletion through redesigning the next industrial revolution.See whether you are part of the problem or a key to the solution

This the ONLY world that we and our future generations have!

Do we want to be blamed by the future generations for destroying it!

Let this not be The Endbut only

a New Beginning

Thank You