---

Cf <if 1l >t>rr '!€r, ;;it <miT .;r.rr <iii ;;jl""" 11'l1;JJ t, �-;mn:-���tl trm\�ii � � "" '1l'"ii ii >it; ft:lI! 11m t I ar.r.. f'lT'if 'R *'rr 3{R � � a'IT ;am.rr q;r ;;!'«r "T<'f >t>rr '!€r ii � ft:lI! ;;noT t a'IT mil ii m flI;i! "IT'l � (1',,,,,,,, 3{R <I;)<"",,,I';l; � >IT ""'" >t>rr "" ii Tiro! .,nH ,

.,-t i\l!R 'R ..mm <lit q;<fi ;l; � � 1l f1q d ''" "" Ilo'lfu 3{R >IT lj>\T1: ;it 11l t I ..mm <iii q;<fi ;l; qf(," '1." ",q '!€r "" ii TIl q;r 'fU'f 3{R '110 q;r '1'liM � 11m t a'IT � <iii lT� .,." ;it 11l � I

1fIffI1T <iii ""," M , 'lit � '" 3{R '!€r-"T<'f �u tf; � "ffi'if '$ � -q � c:tT ir*h11 � � l!lffi' '" '<mf W'm it 'R'Ii\ ,985 ii � >t>rr � <iii f'lN'1T <iii , W"T � >t>rr -� ;l; � <lit il,,'11'1 ;l; fm( "'1"�G ",<1",'1 <iii t&'q<€II G!'1ICf1\ � nMifr"ld � �I

The ri\'eT Ganga, the lifi.-'·lll1e of mil1ion� of people has, over the years, been subjected to tr('mendous pressures, Most of Its water in Ih(.· upper reclches is divel'ted into canals: untreated sewage and industrial effiuents an,' dumped into the river .11 numerous plac('� '-:lIld the I'('sidul's of pesticides and insecticides used in the farms are washed into it.

This sitllcllion. alremi,v one of alarming proportions h<l� been further agg:I'�I\,�Hcd by deforestation resulung in siltll1g:, floods and reduced na\'igationaI possibilillcs,

Recognising rhe magnitude of rhis problem, and rcnJising the importance of water quality �lS ;'1 cLlrrlinal clement of river m�lIlagem(,lll, the Government of India, ill rebnmry, 1985 set up the Central Ganga Authority for the planning and execution of a lime·bound programme to prevent the pollution of the rin',' Gnnga,

r

h

Excerpts from Pl"imc Ministt'" R.,ji\' Gandhi's Inaugural Spcel.'h on Ihe

Occasion of Launching tht.' Ganga Action Plan at Varanasi

on June I�. 1986 "T oda}'. on the bank!>. of the Gan!-!:I st't h\' til(' mighty snows or the Himalaya:> ,me! :>trt,tl'hillg down 2500 KillS. to the Ilav o{" Ikllgal. we ��'I.' tIll' area of India which i>u:-t,liill' une-third of lIS population and half its irrigawci I:mt!. The prop er ties of the walen, of the G<lngcs are w('11 known. Th{' Gange:> i:; a symhol of ollr JlI�hl)(.'ril�·. our CUhlll't', {lur 1H.'!"iI3,E(l'. mIT" ei\ ili:-'1 tion . our philosophy. :\Iany of our r�:Ii!4ions are linked IU tlw Gan�a and p('rhap:- mOl'l of all II is thl' h"ld('," of our spirilllillity and OUl' tr<lcilliol1 .

The Gang:l luno;: lI:- 10gt.'lht,r. [I makes liS one ci,·i1is.1Iion, OIW 1l,1lion. TIll' G;lIlg.1 I� <I symbul uf Olll' Ir:lllilioll 01 toierann'. of "ylLlhl'�i�, ill' poit.e, of l'h<lllcn.gin.� 11ll' dark fi!l"l"l';-' Ih;;1 undermine 0111' unit)' ,me! inlt.'W'i[y, Ihill II'\' 1tJ ,;lIbn'I'[ (Ill!' l'lhil'al .md traditional ";dut':" .

./lI:-;t now VUII �IW tht' \\',lIt'l':-; from dillen'llI rin'l;<; 01 tht, "ountl'y hcin� mixed \\'llh Iht' \\'ate1":-; oj the (;'lI1ga .. [n till:" way, tlH' "tn:ngth liu1l1 l'\"l'r�' ll.11'llel' 01 Inch., 1<: 10 ilt· inll'.I!I'ltI'U to !'n't"n�llwn India, .lIld III make il unlle(\ <lnd ... Inmg

TIlL' pU!'i'" 01 the (i,mg,1 hd� 111'\"l'I' been III doubt. Yet \\"t' h,n't' allowed ,he polhllion uj Ihi:< ri\'(>I' whid l i:- Ihe .symhol 01" OUT' :-pirituality., nit" fi'1Iing: of tn.-es ha:- {'.111:-t,d :-t.'\'{'I't.' tloods, ;ml! :-ll! and mud now now into the <";;U1P;d makIng Ihe rin'!' ",hallo\\' � Ih.11 hUill", C;Il111!JI ply ill it a:- Ihl'.\" dId belo!"e. Sl'W,lgl' <lml pollution !i'OIll ci lil's, indll�lril'" ,lIld nICI()I'it'� <lncl lit."ltl animals ':\I'{' .:Ilso ueing 1Il/'uwn into Ihe {;,mg,I, 1'11:1111 no\\" Oil, \\'t' ::.hall put .1 �lIlp 10 all th]:.:., We shall :-('(' thHt [he walers of Ihe Ganga ixoconlt' cll',lIl once agam.

The Ganga Action I'lan b not jusl a Go\'ernml'n[ plan, II has nOI been prcp..1l'cd for the PWO 01' go\'ernmelll olliciais alol1(', I[ i� a plan for all Ihe people of India; one in which Iht'Y can come forward and participate, II is up [0 us to dean the whole of Ihe Ganga and refrain from p ollUling il ,

This Pl'Ogr.1T1lIllC, S\;lJ"ting ,1\ Varanasi h('l'(' today, will ['C.lch out to evcrv corner of our land <lnd to .:Ill our river's. In Ihe yean; to come, not only Ihe Ganga, bUI ,111 our ['ivers 'will be clean -and pUll.' :IS they wen' IhOUSilllds of YC31'S ago,

2

ion ;1; #I -#I <H 'If\:tij 'liT 'lRT 3!T>f lI1(i q7 Cll{IO(41 it -rtm if � 1fm � ... � �"if a-� ;1; '" #I <H nmr v:<" � 'lmf 'l'lT'fi %, 'lmf <H � 'l'lT'fi �, 'l!fTff 'liT l!"f'!" <f'fT'f[ �,

\il'Zf � qqj4 JUI m � <tr emf m � ffi if'J 'lmf 'liT � <H omr 'I"'i\ � ..m '"" "Of .. '" fRl"Ci � � ffl 'qfTff 1ffitT CR � � lf7 <ilTffi" i.�ir�il

m <wi iii q ..-rm ;q- 3l"PiI .. ,,,,11141 ;q- � irrrr cit "n;1; #1-#1 ""' �, ffi <H p'f<!T "'" � 3itr 3!Tit � .mrr ii m<ft 1PTr '%i '1fe<I; "if <H '1"'! *"i'Qjt � mq; it � ;;ji; � 'ffi'f 'llR <ii ;M\ >1\,

1PTr <H "fq-,", 'IT;j\ <o'>fr \f!R '%i 'If' iIT<R 'f'f >II;:>f.! ffir f<» >iT 'f<!T prrlT 31[""[,,,<0,,, 'liT <fur ,,31[ Tfl r,TI >IT � 'IT'li 'liT l'lf ""'" '1<T "';; , , ��irl � �it,in�it��3IT un % 3itr � :>it>- f>mc lfI1T ii "" 7fJ % , ""' -f<»r.fr ;;ji; 'llR "I"[ 'l'l><l\ >fr � 3!<r ;r;U 'iffi ��Il1T�i:t��-i"���·�"$T q�1 r-i!.!fT1'" .4t 91irit <f.T TfG. � tf.T, CflJ � (<1 I "fi q;r, "" iilWf'T sffi "IT 'G< �, V (f7j< <H 'l'<mr l'lf 1PTr ii q;,,; iffi �, 3!<r l'lf sit <f"C <R'it, l'lf � f<» ..-rm CfiT qr.:ft � fGlt"Cflt'l 1:fl1li m Ff7T "I"llT I " ,

"1PTr l('!''IT'f "",," iIT<R "IT<m: 'liT """ '%i %,"" QT.iloc'L�.;1; fi'n:>: 3it<�N,fi ",4",1(0';;1; fi'n:>: '%i ""'"' 'T4f, "" <0,4",,, 'lmf <H qfr "Riff ;1; fi'n:>: 'I'iT4f 'T4f %, r.rnir "Riff >'Iii ..wi �, "Riff 3!fit :.nit, "Riff ;1; f'<:<'f <H >iT omr �, 1PTr ;;nIT "'" � �, -;ffi l'lf <:;'!TU mq;�, '3Wi 'l'<mr 'nr<'i,"

,.

W 3l1@llo?i it alh- .niH <:Tit tI� • . . ,

\111 CfOf � iIiIFi'li'1 iN 1='q1T tROt. � "!Ff'R #! >itT m '"IR rn if'IT "'" * <nr"!1C! IT<! <iT 'fI1T '"IR <RR it sxr "!'Tif it ;n ( q ,<1) '" it >fi 0liT>' >itT 'I1?'!T m; >itT lJ'«f ;<r ;ml't � I ..

, . tfj'lfuiifl q;�� � � � CfIi qcf � �

;;tir 'Il!1f 'fiI> <Iifo;r 1{q""If <tr '"' 'IT'I'i 1f11T <iT "f'I it 'l� .,.,. 3!f.r * � l!'ff R'IT <nf<I; >Mr 3l'f.i "!'Vi it T-f'i; qq';;iT <tr 3!f>'I'ir <it � "" 'Iii; '"' � m it ''IT'f fir« mj; I �;; 'I'fn:'1 <it mm< €r fq; <iT """"' ''IT'R it >Mr <iT UR'Il rn <tr 'l'l>RT <R lfliif<I; q� >Mr * ""'" <it 'l\TI >m< l!'iI>ifr I

•

'I'T'IR fm- ;; 'l� .,.,. 'IT'f'I' >Mr * """"'" ;j; if.Tli if '1 f; 14 HI � <f.r qy(f 1lR 'ffi I � roil 01 *" ciT 3!'Ri ;;moil it '1 q If�" "" '!I'!T'<' <iT 'fI1T * 'l'm'f it 'f'iIT R'lTI

Ganga-The Legend and The Life

Line

"To louch it. to drink it. to bathe in it when alive, 10 be washed in it when dead. is to be cleansed within and without COl' life and bevond':

Legend has it that Bhagb'alh. Ihrough long and arduolls prayers persuaded the holy Ganga to descend from hcavcn. (0 wet the ashes of his anceslOl'S. so thai they might then a.sC'clld 10 cl(,I'nal hea\'en. Lord Bmhmi! advi!-icci Bh�lgirat h to ask LOI'Cl Shiv<'1 10 receive Ganga <J!o. she descended. because Ihe C:Il'th could not slistain heT fall.

Lol-d Shi\'3 agreed to hdp in bringing the holy C;.1nga by calching Ihe Ganga in his rangled locks he s..1\·('(1 I he worIeI from her lI11pa<.:1.

Bhagll'ath. his pl'ayers answereci. then mounted his chariut 10 lead the (;�lI1g':l across the pi<linlj.

Before jOining the sea, Gangtl watered (he mortal remains uf King Sagar's 60.000 sons, liberating theil' souls once and forever.

"Oh Holy Mothel' Ganga, oh Ymnun<l, nh (;odtlvari. oh SanJswHti, oh Narmada, Sindhu and Kaveri. may you all be plcased [0 be manifest in these waters with which I shall purify myself:'

This prayer IS :succinct in its message that rivers arc precious. and Ganga is the symbol of all river:s and waters in India.

from time immemorial. the Ganga has been India's ,'jver of f..1ith, devotion and \VOI'ship.

In the words of Panclit Jawaharlal ;-.o:C'h,'u, "The Slor�' of the Ganga. from her �ollrce to the se�I, fi'Om old times to new is the star" of Inrli.1's civili!'.1[fon and culture."

lfIft1:" *r m!1'iT q;ofi>m � aih: � 3!'f.t ," <n: � ;iia;-.: � e!""( "'" TilJT <liT lIfIi -em fll;m I

;qpn: cj; 3I1ft"PI'1 ir � 1frrr � � W1\ <f; 60.000 <r'Jit *r ari'f'f'ii <liT f'r� q;-.: � 'fRllT <>it >raT -� <1; fm( 1!'R! q;-.: fum I •

� qfddqlqrftlff lfrrr, � tfl!"IT. � lj'jelqU, � :'H�dI, ��, PFf! � �;p;f CFU �, 'l'R" ;j\ � "11'! if f;;r'!# if q;-.: '!'t 311 <'HI fOil I . .

� IIT>RT <liT m-.: <r;ft % r. �>ft 'Jft:-zIT "�q.,, \1' aih: TilJT = *r �>ft mm aih: \IT <Rl' <1;' ;r.,. *r <rcftq; �"

",If .. "" .. ii ;\i TilJT = *r 3ITf''IT, = .m: � *r 'It'r -.:;\i � I

•

W:m ii, <r>ft !111T aih: <I1!1'i! <1; �>ft .-rif <1; oiM TilJT *r l!jrffi" <n: "'", """"" f<lfd 'I '" aih:;nr</; 'IT'H "11'! <liT � 'R'ff 3lTit � I

3!'!"1 'IWf"I ii "3!m'T -I( -�" if Frm � r. m'm;: "'""" TilJT "11'! ;\i <ft"'il 'IW< 'R'ff � I "" � m <1; fm( r.m'm;: <>it ""11 "I( "� 3ft< or.rr • i. II '" '" I\r.rnr �, 1('-1' 3I<'!'T f\Nm � 'lO'I fll;m 'TllT 'IT I 'ITO if "'""" <1; �, \i1gNh, ug\i1gi 3Ih: 3('1(11"'<;( ;r ,ft- m q(tq(1 tit >rrU -.:<IT I

Down the ages, people of all faiths, of all walks of life have talked. dl'amatised and drunk the immortal walel'S of Ganga.

Abu! Faz! wriies in his 'Ain-i-Akbari' that emperor Akb,:lr preferred the water of Ganga. 1b ensure that the king had a fresh, regular supply of Gnnga water, a separate dcpm'tment had been constituted LaICI', j\kb�lr's successol's Jahangir. Shah Jahan and }\Lwangzcb cOlllinued that tradition.

Even these days, people carry Ganga ,valel' all OVCI' India.

River Ganga's legend \iV,'IS not confined to India alone. Its fame spread to other parts of the wodd as well. Famous literati like Virgil and Dante took note of the Ganga in their works. Alcxander the Great fell under its hypnotic spell, and Columbus, the discovel'ci' of Americi:l searched (or it, but in vain.

Significantly, the Indo-Gangetic plain witnessed the flowel'ing of India's gl'eat creative talent.

5

3{l\if '1ft tn=r«f �I «(1�I4'I � c.�fifcPI(1 �"$ � jilll\J1� � � %1

Ti'1T -.m <tr <i1 "fb, .. 'I''lT � '1m! "'" tt � 'itt ,ft, � 'lfuf.inrnR <l; 3!""! hii ii >\T $9T t, � *' <:Rt;;rn � .,F,,<" .. ,u 'r >\T 3!'R � ii 'l'm 'I'T � f<= it, F" ... ", l!fT'f � •• q' ,�" ii of'! 'f!lT *' � <tr m 'R"i 'ffi!T "I"",,. at w<tr omn ii 'lR'l' tt 'f!lT I

if<, � q F" Q G 3!1N \lTifR mf1i<>; 1Pjf "'IT illlfi'1e:lfI, � 3th: � � <Ft l1"gR fllfgn·�4l 0RTsIT oft 'l'm <l; l\<R't ii 'I"ii <'iPii 'r tt .... F" " f<=1

� � tr m � '+II (rlClt( <tr >liCl'1l!lii >fT ?cl

Ti'1T <tr mit ii;:-n <tr 37% �""'",, R<mr 'R<fr t,

- 'l'm mit it 3!TO � <tr qr;ft <tr 3!]q�""",� <rtT ;i'rffi g *' � qr;ft <tr F" .. m') >\T Ti'1T ii � t, it '"""" t: i<R""II, '3'm <Rn, �, qf��, U;;rFrT"!, 'lUI <Rn, F"",,,� <Rn*,�,

Ti'1T <tr mit ii <:rt ihrR <n: >rnr ;i'rffi t, ;:-n ii _ � -'lfq- 'I'T 47 '!fund '1T'T Ti'1T mit ii t

',

•

- Ti'1T mit ii 1m""" 'I'm: <tr � � <ml\ t;;rn UT"!, Trt 11m, 'I"!ffi *' "L'" Ti'1T mit ii � iR 'If'ft _ qqf <tr <1R -m� if 3!fu-.. "ffiITct' � if F""." , "'" oj; "IR "ltRi ii ;i'rffi t,

.

- \lTifR 'I'R it tt 'l'm ;:-n <l; � 'I!11it oj; � qr(��'1 q:;r � IDU"'1 "<tr � I

6

Ancient religious .",\forks like the Vedas, the Upanishads and other great works of iiteJ'3ture by Kaiidas, Kalhan and Darfan Khan were all composed in [he lndo­Gangetic area.

But Ganga is not just the legend; i1 is also India's Lifeline-

..

lEGEND _,",,"'''''()<I.O, ___ .,"EIIOU'<O""" _8"'�"""�P'"' • "",-,,,",",, .. ,,<:»< _A,,,.

. The Ganga basin is home t o more than 37% of the population of the count ry.

.. The Ganga basin waters and drains 8 states: l·iarTana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West BengaL Rajast han, Madhya Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh and Delhi.

The Ganga basin is extensively cultivated. About 47% of the toted irrigated al'ea in the country is in the Ganga Basin.

A variciy of crops al'e I·aised in the basin: rice, whe(1) sugar-cane, coHan and jute.

• MOl'e than three-fourths of the annual rainfc.'lll in the Ganga basin OCCUI'S in the four monsoon months: June to Septembel'.

� The Ganga hHS been a majol' SOUln:' of communication since ancient times.

- ----- ----------------- - ------

.�� \

1f1rr-�w

11" '1T ;liT � "'" "" it �. � -lOtiO "I\tv ;liT "Pmi 'iT f;; q ,,.; ";liT 'I'lif<ft � it ":'l' 3iiift ertf;:;fr lftf>T ir � � � � lWt * � tf; ;qlJR � iT <inrN <t ;nor if � � I � � f� J r'1 J 1TlTT 'liT � � RTT � I � q1¢'IlP=r if 'IT'\T7'<ft ;liT ifR � �,' .' •

� �ir���qi-��RW >!PW'<ft <I; ir.ft it � "" it f7rdf -rPf i,

�C4Yll[l1 if 'ifTlWm 3th: �i'1i$1;:e1 (� '>!rA'� oWn <I; 'lR 'l?RT'< <I; � it f1"'M<11 � m- S1;;: \PW I it ljrC:Ifu>41 <ir m m �� ftrr;rr <Mr fr 1 if.T 'fill! iRr � >W ir f<mTrr ljlrr om if.T � ;2r <tfr it I

� it 'Ijfi\\ 1% ljlrr ;liT !1m "!lftr<l;'T it � OM 'liT "'-'1 ,..,.;; it _ q-;rii ":'l' f'fifTTM" >W � om if.T "'f m"'l 'P <Mr ?c I � "'"' l!j< � <I; ¥"""".'f'1T <I; if<r1 it � fii 2000 fq:;i;1�14i2 " it m 3ITU<Ji � J:fffiT i'f(f <V<f; � ;liT 1'11iT it '!lIT 'IT'fr fr I

,.,-,ir it ljlrr it """ >fr 'lfu"oT f'l"M;fr 1< ;i\ir� ir ("lIPII 3itr s{11�141c:: if'lfl1"lT m- �r1.f XP<l=qrtl I

s\11�IGlIc:: * GlR mit-miT (f7 qT 11'm � m \N!'I %," '" 'lfu-oi' 'liT m . � it '!-ito i\m jl; � ir"f >W .fR. Ti\lrifr, ".,....,." <1=, 'Iil\ <1= >W 'liT>fr I

'I'i <tr >W 'V<Iif.T it 3!TiT 'IlTMT "'T it ljlrr if.T ":'l' 3f,.J = 'f'! "IT'!T jl; I "'" 3!1<R" ljlrr q«: 'lTlfrnlt a;�f1Ii1 � an-r qf� � cf; -Sl'cl if � � q;r

Ganga-The River

The Ganga dses in the snowbound heights of the lIilllalClyas. nc,lrly 4000 mctl-Cs �Ibove sea level) fi'om a dark. iCy cavern shaped like the mouth of a cow (known as Caul11l1kh). This glacier which maintains the elcl"Ilai no\\" of the Ganga has a backdrop of til(' three Bhaginuhi peaks.

From this gl�lc:icr. huge chunks of ice break down to fall inlO the rushing: waters of the Bhagirathi.

At Devaprayag. the Hhagil-athi is jOined by the Alakananda (which o!'iginates above Badrinath near the Intlo:rih('[ borele!' and receives the watc,'s of i\1'.IIldakini al Rudraprayag1 to fOl'm the great Gilnga dver,

From a swill moving !'tn'alll thl' Canga grows into a wide dver jusl helolT it iOllches the plains at Rishikesh, Then begins its over 2000 km-Iong: journey through the heart of India-the Indo-­Gangetic plain-before it bUs into thl' B�l.v of Bengal.

7

'lifoq q-grq 9:U 'R �"* 1fq" it � <tr � it l1"'!T "ITIfr %,

3flRt 2525 f4l�1' 14'i!!( � tw.TI � -eh:"R 1frrr

� 'lR � "'" <A 11 iPr jt 3!'!'!T arr<m: 3itt '!fu � % , F,,",<," it w<tr � � 'I'\!i'R tr %, q,,,I'5'" it l.!j: "'O"J] urn i 3itt.� '# ;ro.fr 'IT'T it rt� il>lir W11< l.!j: l15i\ 3itt *" ""'" .,.,m � it """ "ITIfr t, ;OW '*� "* mRt it '1lff "* mwr it l.!j: 't<r <tr 'i'!R"l: "* <I'!R wrnt t <it f'r;m: it l.!j: 3f'lTl' ;;rorof� <tr 'i'!R"l: lit � "ITIfr %, f;rn<tr � 4 jt 14 f$<'1II\1,ca", it<l\ �,

*rr �"* � .,..,. it 60% at� � %''''1' 'lWIi "" t, *rr 3itt l1"lflT oft ¥'Ii 'll"I l!f'1T ;;mIT � � ""'" <tr <;ftc jt 'IT''m � 3!fuq; l4�,qttoi fi;PlqC:P � t I rtm � if 20% af!fT 'IT''m "" t � lllJ:'ll "" at� � 16% �,

8

On its way. the Ganga is joincd by many rivers: b y the Rilll1 Ganga at Kannal�j, and by the Yamuna and the mythical. invisible Sat'a!'wat i at Allahabad.

After Ai!ahnbad, ihc G.lngJ receives several m�uOl' tributaries at morc fl'CqUt;'nt interval::;: the Tons (mel SOlle, fhe GOllni. the Chagra. the Candak. the Burhi Gandak Hnd the Kosi.

FUl·ther east. hcyonrl rarakk<1 in Bangladesh, the Ganga bl'�lllcheti into the Padilla. Ilt'l"C, unce again. Ganga takes the nallle HhagirHthi <lnd winds down the I.1St stretch-the delta of \Vcst Bengal, before it merges with the Bay of Bengal under the name Haag!)'.

rn its 2525 km long course, (he Ganga dramatically vadcs hel' p;\ce <mel {(Will. No morc than a [P\V fcet wide i ll the Himalayas, it is a tumbling, uoisterolls stream i n the hills, <'lilt! a deep, filst flowing river at Rishikesh \Vhen:- it cnter� the plains. r n the plains of UttaJ' Pnldesh, i t is a bed of' sand i n summer. In Bihm', it is a vast cxpansc DC wate!', 4 to 14 kiiometcl's in \Vidth.

The tributaries of the Ganga i.lccouni f(11' 60% of the tota i Welter of t h e !'j vcr. Though the G,:mga ami the Yamuna �1I'e often referred 10 as the twin sistl:'I's, i n terms of flow, Ghagnl is [he mOl'C important tributary-20% of the Gang,l \V,llen; arc ted by Ghagra as agai ll�i 16% by the YaIllU!1(L

W1l": � #; � � lIl<R � #; flRrt tt <mTI( lJl( g om: 1l";ft f\o'lftfli·rr #; m'l � �,

� om: �fR1'1i �lNlIit tt'ltT� 'T<: � u\T g, <rerrmrr om: q,,,><,,,t) it *'" $;;;; I)HA, 1l�, ��lfRft, 1J1lTlT, q IC!n1 q � 3Th dlllf't1lijl 0$ �"m\ lfm aiR � tl�I�q; � #; flRrt <mit �, <PIT flRrt #; 'W �, 500 � Ti #; � 31T'f ",9,,,,,1 #; <f;;? � g,

m it � mm <lit '1fufi;" \IWIl" it tt 'Iffi aiR $fr >lI, 1'<,).,,,, "",f.,q" at arr;;r >II arm om: fll .. ",i1:<'1 <lit � it , • .1; �, 'ITC if ,:$I!R <lit <Rfu #; lIT'l -lIT'f """" <N >II '1fufi;" f\R\,

m.r.r #; 400 'f'i 'ITC l'l"'I'lt #; 'W'1G 't 3!'T'1T 'lflr<m: an. mW a<j; "'iT fi.nrr, � Ti #; ", 9 ,"" om: � -u;;rmf.nn' � <lit """" <1 #; 'nl'R liT ;;rR a<j; "'""'" "Qff,

U\i1;:ftfdq> 34fi:'4{dl 3IR qr:Ii rf; � � {I\i1;::i�1 � #; �,,,"!.e <PIT flRrt 1l"it ilm<, ",fb,,,,, om: "'IT'm:, fu"?J om: � #; <f;;? ..;r #; <'lii � �,

�, .rr>lT <I'1T '!'B <m #; "",,,,i 't >II 3ftRt-arq;ft G1'T �I 3fTTTU, '$t1I�lqli!, AFqo;",.,rn''i''(, �, {1"IQ(;t1, � 3th �iC::1C41i:; oflJT -.j; fu;;nt 1l"it 'Il( � it,

Ganga-The Cradle of Cities

Great citic!i of the world have often heen built on the banks of great rivers. So it hilS been with the Ganga.

Settlements and civilisatiuns came early upon the ,"ive,". From Taxila and Pushk.c,lavati through Indrapl'3sthaJ Mathura, Kausambi, Prayag and Patlipulrc.1 down to T!lInralipta, <'I string of cities stretched along the Ganga and its tributaries. These Ganga towns were i he hub of the ancient Al'yan Kingdoms founded before 500 Be:.

ASHOO'S £MPlR!. (HOB.C.I

The fame of many of these.:· cities ht.lu sprcild far and wide fmm the very beginning. Pt.ltlipulI'a, in partic ular, is even today linked with the I1IClllOl'y of Ashokil and Vik,·alllt.lditya. l';ltcl' Kann,HU ro�e to prominence with the dsc of Ilarshovardhana.

400 ye�trs anc!" lfarsh�lvaJ'(lhana, Mahmud of Ghazni extended his domain

9

I

I

1Pit-1PTt � f\l8fCfi, c.lMlft, U>i14'i'iI<, �� affi r..-icrr '1"1T ,1/ qfu 3!T'If<io ,;rn. � � aft"; � � \iF.r m!fT,�, lJIi4h1i aiR �.� <iT '!.'i <iii � � "" � 3!fIlT ffi it '1"1T aft"; � <l; um = 3ffi(' ii ""'i " "f"f'! 'flT"( am: 'M'''',,' � '1"1T � <Pi .mc< 'IS' '1f'<IMurit <l; � "1'1 '11('

"",;fIfd am: <m'IT( <l; 3!T'R ii f>r<;R it ·� <I; llfl'lf � �I �\ifl::{ll"'. ""I1�,,;:pi"", lJr-dl;:pj\il 3f17 3RI ",<,qif,,,, lif's<ii "" W<rr< f'ilIT am:.mc< "1'1 '11(' .r.rr <iii 3!T'f� <liT �'il'( 'IS' of'""i � ,!{, Rtlf<l it qf,"�" <iii '1i\rm f>r<;R it f'iJtlq( � m � 1]1'tQ (lih 4'>{1q.,1'11 if t1 � � <i; q;r{UT � �fh:Tirll$"9W"* �-q 't'I'R <'!'TT ,

'

'0

righ t lIplo L�lhol'e. But the castel'll kingdoms and their capital cities n:maincd free till the time when the region was absorbed under the Sultanate of Delhi.

But ('\'en as poiitic<li fortunes fluctuateo ilnd ol1e dynasty l'cpi<lccd anothel'. the

Gang[l towns cunt inllcd to be g"C"I! cenu'Cs of tnldc and cammel'{'e, CI,.:tfl and {'UI!UI'C.

The Khiljis. the Lodhis and the gl'eat i\lughals added their imprint. Agr;i, Allalwbad. Mi17 ... 1pu r. Jaullplw. R�!jmahal. Galli' ;ll1n MW'shidab<ld became ncw additions to the Gangetic urb;:111 5C('I1('.

The mendk�lI1t. I he me,·cham. the prince. 1 he pr('ceplo,' .JIld the conquemr have all been dl"ClWn to Ganga ave,· the .1ges. And 50 it W<lS, when the D'-Ines. (he Dutch. the Fl"l'nch ':lI1d the British coveted. the l"i<:he5 of the C<-IS1. they s.ailed lip the Ganga and the Hoogly. Towns on the Ganga like Scram pur. Chandernagar and Calcutta Ihen became ihe new landmarks.

As poJitics and Ir�lde got mixeu. the fortunes of the cities changed. Azimg�ll1j. Sahabganj. Sulranganj and other trading POSts expanded and became cities. T he needs of the mililary gave rise to new settlements. Steam navigation broughl riches (0 Mir:wpur. One of (he cariiesl railway Jines o"iginating at Calcutta ensured Kanplll"s rise as an induslI'ial town.

Today, one third of the country's w'ban population lives in the towns of the Ganga Basin. Of the 2300 towns in the country. 692 are in this basin. Along the I11Jin river alone. I here arc 27 towns, each wit h a populalion of it lakh and more and 73 others with less.

Calcutta, the largest city in the country, is J metropolis of 9 million people projecled 10 reach ill least 12 million by the end of this cenlury. Kanpur, the hOIlll' for 1.7 million will gl"O\\' to 2.5 millioll.

3!1'if ffi <tT.",m "'"""" "" � � 'lTT[ 11i1T miT it cr.:r � if � t, �91 <l; 2300 � if it 692 me<: 'I'1JT w if g I 1f€<l -m <l; f<Rr7 '" tT 27 me<: f(>t g f;;r;{it � <iii � � "1m it 3!f!rq; � o'IT 73 � <tT � � _ 'l»! tl

.

ffi <liT m � � <M1iht11 � � q�['lll J t f;;rn<ti � 90 "1m � m � �IHI<Zi <l; 3Rf iN "" 'lO<R 1 � 20 "1m ;it m <tT 'i'l!l'Rl t I """'" <fit 3l1<!nft 1 7 <'I1lii it 'lO<R 25 <'I1lii ;it m <fit � �, 'R'!T m ,,1(1'1(11 <fit � 10 <'I1lii it ,ft 3!fuq; ;it "lTt('fr m ,,,, I � I <4 " ,ft;wi; <rnor��1 .

tJFirr:Ji .� <$ � * 1lT� � Cfillitbi114T � � it q�k4qor qfJCCcl'1 � g[ � 61fR111i � � m 3IICl9�';'t1I(� 'I1TuoIT.£ ��, ill ,) q .. ( qr;ft <tT I 'fT'i'f..rt -..rt "'<I'W = oW � '" 1<" if qfu �, -m';;r.r -3I1'lfii "" 'mi <r;ff <Rt <l' '!<t't I � "" qi'<" �" "" � "" � oW <r;\'t me<: <fit 'Rlfr it m ;;rr;!'r eT<fr "" � I ;rqfT tflfeJ:q.;ffifi�, � � 3ih: 411f,,!{UI it "�r.",,,,,,=" 'I'!Tl( � <fit, "" 'if"f� "" q;T.j <fit fq; r:..r ...it if �mm<it�f=""..mtT'Rlfrit"""'"' " ;iR 'lTQ; I

Patna �md Val'an[lsi will exceed a million and Allahabad will follow sui!.

Wifh expansion, each city has undel'gone considerable cJli.1ngc in its functions and character. \"'hen the settlements wc,'c small, the scale of needs was consistent with the resources available, in par" ticular", watCl', But as commerce grew and manufactul"ing expanded. the river was no longer a source of water. It became the channel of transport and, worse, the dl'ain io receive the wastes of the city,

The challenge before us is to balance City growth with environment, to ensure that the river which gave l'ise to these cities is not ravaged by its wastes.

11

� \3Qtfl¥l, �<"lq4ill 'f��"OI �

n ' lTlJI <tu qr.f\ """" I ",If.""," it tt >ilJT cl;

;;r.r it q;m;ft ilit w.n f 1R1fi ilit tiim f; om: <1'mi <iii <>mr <rnT'i f;, <1'mi it <W """ ""'" l!RT i\ , >ilJT ilit m 'IT'f.r <iii 'lj\" 3W'lT>ft '" 'lfiR '!€t cl; � �. e bq �I II 3iR 1Jt!T.l11T rir fr<f; � 'l1'l\ ,

' •

"Iihn< wrm .f"",;' (pJii it IP1fu ilit om: >ft � <RT fum, ' >ilJT '<fir it <:ffir<I'i ;iTir iffi'ft "'" qqf <iii <fR 'It'lTI[ qqf "'" it lad <q { "'" cl; � lftt;if it ;it<!\ % ,m x � it "" mii ilit qr.f\ <Ft 3fICf� � %, ..rlllelC1c�niT if � itcrr %1

W W!"PIT cl; W!T11T'1 cl; � ,X4 3 it "" � it WIlT< it ;mit >ilJT "'" <iii l'I'!T'l' n-,c <iii d't <1'mi ilit 3lT'!i"iliT -;ot fu; "" qfqor';;r.r ;i flil " 'm "'" WI" %, 3lTif � w.- OJ >ilJT om: 0"lRT cl; <it_ eft <iii <rt<lR tt """ <l\ % I 'lj<i[ 'If,i � <m ijiTffi 'IT, � m'l tt lJT'l q;>fr cl; "Iihn< it 'lj\" >ilJT "" 90 'lftrffif it >ft mtrili ;;r.r Ct "ffifr � I � om: I1'IflT cl; � '!€t it ;;r.r <iii � lit urn <R <>mfr �, 3fff. � ft'lfu it liN ;;r.r \I<:QUT <'i<RT,tt ilil'tt m � illflRr m ;;r.r cl; >ITe!"T iii '3"!m """' >ft 3!1'f� i\;

m!ffiUTnoii ij \I<:QUT qr.f\ ilit fili>ft fq,w � cl; � � q". ff m � I "";;r<-f l'<FC'f >m> ii<rr �, � fu; .... I1'IflT ij f;, l'l1' "" mil '!€t it

12

Overuse, Abuse .and pollution

'Ganga 'Jerel rani Amrit', Since the dawn of history, the \valcrs of Ihe G:iIlga have fed the crops, washen lhe rlirl, quenched lhe peoples ' (ilirst, alld have ueen considered to be r.cctaz', This uelieC that the e.lngJ is 'Amrit' or nectar has not, however. prevented the holy river's OVCI'USC, abuse and pollution.

This situation is further compounded hy C:I basic meteomlugical fact. Th,·ee-foul·ths of the annllal 1'<1inf�1i1 in the GangCl uClsin is in the 4 months from June to September. In the renlaining: 8 months, most of the basin is dry-Olt' lime when the fields have to be watered.

When (;aullcy ill 1843, started digging the upper Ganga cantil fi'om H'II·dwar. in m·del" to lilld il sulution tu the auuve problem . people fi.'<lrcci he was playing: with sacred w<ltcr:o;. The c<1nal. today. has

tT qr Wl'it fi, ;;ror "" 1m 'l'<rffi ;irnr " 3jj-T � � -� 3jj-T <;:'fIi 'R'"Il'r ftr<-r "Ififr " <iT "" .. (iT -mit HR 'f1T m � 31fT rr"S"ir tIT � � �I

�"q OJ � >m:l" mer 'flU "' 7 � � t" • • W l'Jl'eIT 3{fT m7f <iii" 1RT qr;fi; if � �

am � ;;ir S'I � <iT ..-.fr "'" '" <nil i., 3fOf1.TH t f..l;- 90 <Fits ..-:frrT lh1r '11'111:'1 rf1JT it , � 'iffifT ?; I

• � -� ;;ir "" ..-.fr f<I;;rr7 ;if>- <l">fr-<l»ft ����I • � U � � 3fr7 c:ftrn ;j{{1[ • � � � � Fi[f'14ii�:q" -Tr<RrIT<R 3iTr

�rnit ;l; 3!'f� 1 • ..-.fr it q;;l; '1T( If't fit( tm "'IT 'R'1it ;l; foRT;;ri\ iP'

,,� ''IT'I1 • • • • ..-.fr f<Rft fllTlTT Tf!IT � 1 •

made all Ihe di{lel�'IH:e 10 the doah L)l,tween the (;anga ;lI1d Ihl' Yamuna. which was 1_)I"e"iolls]y .,rrcctcd by fillllint:'. Al the same lime. hOWC\'CI', it has taken invay more than 90C)f') of 1Ill' water of the Ganga dUl"ing Ihe lean se;:lson. \Vhilt ('('mains in lhe "j\'l'I" between H;,"lI'dwar .11lcl Prayag: is 1llC'I'ciy it Il'ickk. Undcl"sland<lbly thell. the need of the hOllr is 1101 onlv to check waleI' pullution, hut <"11:-:0 to t::lk('

measures to con::;CI'VL' wale/ " itself

\Vhat is River Pollution';'

tn si mple ICI'IlIS pollution makes [he wale!" unsuitahle fi'I' �I specifk lise, \Vhen the WCHl'1' is vCl'y deal' �s in Dcv�lpr.::lyag. we can dl'ink it stl'cJight fhml the river, \Vhen it is a little muddy imd mixed with din and waste. wt.' can ncitht·J' bathe in it nOl" drink it.

\Vha' are the prin'-'ipal sourn,'s uf pollution?

The waste watel'!; {i'uill OUI' towns �lI1d village::>, the dnlins anrl sewen; that cany these wastes to the riVCI-, 11 is estimcllcd that 900 million litn�s of sewage is dumped intu the Gcmga every day, The gadnlge we t hmw by the ri verside or sometimes even into the rivel', The chemical and watCl' wastes fi'olll industries, The hannful l'Csidue� or insecticides and pesticides draining away fmm the fields, Thmwing of animal C .. lrcaSSCS and half· burni and unburnt human carcasse:. into the river, Defecation on the banks of the river,

The causes are almosi endless, but all these acts of pollution are nOl accidental. We may not deliberately wish to pollute the Ganga but somehow end up doing so,

13

q;roJT <it � ,,1\ '" d t, """'" qil'QVf ;j; "" lNt Cf.RUT 31libilqiji � � I lffl �tt � \ilHGtSli$" 1f1rr <lit IIGi1rn 'R'fT " 'ffifct ;if m >IT f'I;,ft" fa;>fi "'" � 'R ;TI � tl

" ",to., 'lit <1>i't 'IT'If � ?

wll"ld: �,"F",. 'f<li ;j; "'" <lit 'ffil<IT '1iT <fr.r I1<m: it "Iffii � 1 'f<l' <it "'" ii f'I<4H � T. 4i,. " <lit l1'1'"';fT: � it 311 <flfj ,iH � lITmF lll""fl it irm "f'f ;awrr m 'l<r ir'rr 1 w ;;jfq TIJTlR ('lTlit-;f;fiI,.", .. ) 31Tffii",,, <lit llTq: "" 'f<li ii � cf; � q;r llT"'l t I -ffr:ru qlqeiJ S � If "xt� ;;1\'''''311 <lit 'l'mT � 1 i\ .. >lT ;;\\muT -irrr 'Iti $rrit �> 3IT'!"iil< 'f< 'ffi ;j; <iimvI ,rr; WJ1'1T m WI � t l

. >

'" U1JT"l3IT ii %orr, 4\fctm, m'"T�. 3iTt iR ;j; «r;<O it ....t WI >IT it � i 1 if;;! '",�"-i 3iTt ��fi:lId"filr4irlil -.qfqmaft * iFJ11lT � q�lqlfl q;r <"J 'Iti itffi "'"'" lfm 'fi\lT 3lfW'!T � ii qr-fi- R � � it<r � � it m �I

-•

lfm 'f<li ;j; � "'<PW' "fIl"llT 'F!'l"T <lit m 'Iti % � 'f<li <f<'I ii tf <lit � � 1!ffi >IT '3'f'ft m >i'>ln: "fIl"llT � :itT � '" � * � � 'Tlmi <fit 3Wf9'""lf<lYfT g I

"

Ho,v to me.tsure the extent of pollution"!

Scientists usuaUy measure river quality with thrce standards. One is Dis .. <iOlvcd Oxygen (DO); the mar'c the oxygen) tile better the quality. The second is Bio­chemical Oxygen Demand (BOO). This is iI measure of the degr'cc of pollution in the river', If HOD is high, fhe quality of rivel' waleI' is low. The less I he BOD, I he hel tel'.

The third Y.1Hlstick is the probable l1umbcl' of coliform in t he water. Colifonn are bacteri a . All of them do nOl causc disease but faecal coliform and pathogens usua II)' do.

These pal hogcns c a n C�llISC cholera, jaundice. typhoid and val'jolls other intestinal diseases. BeC.1I1SC of powedtil drugs anrl org,mised medical care. cholcr;t does not usually becollle ;111 epidemic bllt in most of the Gangetic belt wilter-borne diseaS('s arc widely PI'C\·,t1enl.

Polilition, howcvCl'. j� not the only pmblelll f;u:cd uy t he l'j\,('1' C anga. Siiling

"

� lJ11'1l" it 1frrr <JiT ,i1t'HI�,jl ehr 'f.J't � ir -..l; ;?R ;i; <m"l [" Pl'd 'IT' 'I'"d fwi'I � =<ii it � <iT 3ftmiu � ri �I � qholl'il=<t�q q;rrii it f'iIP ;fir � q �,a; � 'ITO """" onft ii' 'IT ;;ml\ % ofrr fq;,- 'IT'TT ii' � ;;ml\ it, 3f'IllR it fu;" 1f1rr if; ,ihHIf!OI irit cf; � � f4>{'1�It{li� e"f=i1 ii' <lR R f'iIP 'I;< ;;ml\ %,

onft ii' ;;prr "" ;i; f", "', or¢ '"' ii onft ;fir � 11»1 ;iT ;;ml\ ", f;;rn;i; <m"l <m; amft !\ ofrr ""jT ;i; "IilwI ii' '.l'Ir,t Q<R"l! Ol« ;;nor it , � qf<UlItiLcH<:q �� tf; � it ri it � if; lfffiq ii' _ ofrr it -lit>rq ii � m >fm ;fir � 'H 'l'i g, . •

is an equally 5e,-ious one ,lIld descl"vcs urgent I'cmcrlial action.

The w�l tershcd of C;,1nga in the ancien I days was known fOl" its rich for-csl covel". But dcforesl<ltion has been ,"ampanl in the past few decades. As a resul!, rich tup soil is carded a\v�ly evel'Y yCaI' fiulll the hills to the "Iver and then 10 the sea. It is estimated thai th,.,cc tons uf silt is can-ied away fmm every squal1� kilomelCI" of the Ganga's catchment areas.

Silt deposit in the ,'ivCI" l"aises the '"Iver hcd, causcs floods <.Ind in I he lean season the flow becomes stagnant. I'loods in the monsoon, no watcr' in thc th'Y season, This has become the stUI'Y of the Ganga III many parts of the counlr:y,

15

llllf<r<ur <i; qfu 'liif'T '!<"IT ;rmft qRR 4' '4 ' I � 3frr TgT � I tfTTrf � c!fTrR ir � � ri � "'" 'IT-r � � I � 'fUR .rn ,� *"" mat 'it � <i; """"lin[ it '" mro � 4"'1. ;;n<Tff f<!;,rr I � '!]7 -'!]7 ;;r-rnr � "" '1T>JTIUT � 3!TUTT 'T<f 'l"'I '<'W-IT n. """, ;;fiq.r <liT 'Ifr.vq in <fim ;fiT 'f'tTaii <i; ;;fiq.r <i; 'Ifr.vq 'fT r.rq. � %1 1f1rr * � �-� il� -$ <IiT-nJf d'� -oft ;wR fqm <liT "'" "" lfl<R '!<!t if WfI"i'[ 'IT I 19HIJ it �.,<'i;; � T<"1"'T � <ini if _ n. "" <i'1T <i; � <i; lA' <fiT7'1ii ;fiT � � <r.r 3fcznr;{ <iT � � J�lih4lq '$ mn: � <f.lzi'l>'i � ,

19B4 it � I1'!'I"T � <ini ilTU <i'1T mit it � � r.i> � it fu:;t:r 1flT 3{un:r<f if a-� if � .m: "" '!lI'm <liT � <"I if ;;wr;;rr R<rr 1T!IT I � it = 1T!IT n.:

16

<i'1T it <fR -'ihwi '1im"T ,-rp'i <i; .-R- 'IT'fr if mr � 1 ""'" xx %;'l'f '-''''' ,'M\ <i; 27 "l1'ii if 'l!T'IT � I � <m "l1'ii it 1ft .-R- 'IT'fr � '1T'F. � <liT

""""m \\ f<R" .w -oft "" """ ..m "" <1ft \\ I <A � <liT 25 %;'tTo � WI <irnr \\ • "==n � $<"'1 <f.'f11 3{f7 "(.f.R'q7 � ;::� q7 � � � lp='4V � 1

Concern For tht! River'

Concern for the environmenl rna\' have been a pan of Ollr C:lI1cicnt hc,-ilagc, but \V� have forgoi lcll Illll<.:h of that in l'CC{,llt years. QUI' laiC Prime Ministcl" Indira Gandhi re-established this concern in the public conscience. Time and again she told the people the simple but basic Inlth that the Survival uC human life depended on the survival of plant and �lIlimal li fe . Bmught lip on the banks of the Cang;l, she shared wit h her f.,t hcr an illlachmeni 10 thi� great river. In 198U she asked the Ccntral Pollution Control Board to 1ll.1ke a study of the source ;md extent uf pollution in the Ganga .. lila to come lip with i.I programme kw its pn·vention.

The study uf" water pollution ill the G�lnga basin prcpa"cd by thc Cent ral pollution Control Board in 1984 is thc countt·y':; first (:ompI"Chensiv(' assessment of the pmblerll . The l'epol't n�veals:

•

Thrt'e fourths of the pullut ion of ihe G�II1g;l is li'om u n t l'cJ..ll�d Illu nicipa l sewage, Out of this 88% comes from 27 Class-I cities. Only .. 1 few wwns hilve sewage ireatment fclCilitics but even thc"c arc nOI functioning. Indusll'ics accounled COl' 25% of the Iota I pollution, but this was far more Clcutc in areas such .1S Calcuita and KanpllI".

fzf;'m m -.:r€r 1t l]lJ]qcdl �U CfT Cf)14�4 ·�W m <l; � m � <wi � <l; ll'r<i\ 'N <riIT WTAT jl; I 'fifr 'ITi\ <l; Wi" if 3!'f.i � 3!lJl"!R <l; l!T "fI1" if � 'l"':"'l"T f'1"" U I oi\i it B ll'r<i\ 'N 'lOT <'f'TT'IT 3ih: 'fi 'ITi\ '-J1'f'IT <l; 3Rr'fG � muo f<1;m I l!l' 'IlRT "'I'lft'«l '"dl�''' 'IT ;;it Ti7fT r.w:t � CfT afHm:: � I C!R114>J1 1t � 3{h: �nCf) <:::m;:��i CfT �, ;:r;ft 1t 3fl<:i'ifllcop � $t llT'ff, 'If'l" � $t '1"1TBt. "'*" 3ih: -.:r€r "$ q 1ft cop <0 I <f; � 3ft CfT � Rm TflIT I

q�fq<ijl rn-'qflT #, fi:;�J;61(, 1 984 "B 'JIl ll'llT q:;n:f � "'"ill � '" (\"lm: f<1;m � 3!Tun: 'l"':"'l"T Wim � dlM"'1 ,ft I "" dlf,''''1 if 'fifr <l; � om g'fll' ':Mi <l; 27 'w;U $t ,,-q 'l'<:7ft <l; flrB 'Iii tR1lUT CfT If&T CfT(1JT � TflIT g I 3ICf: q;rrf � if � "..,t"" gq;n: $t 'l'<:7ft 'Iii 'fifr <l; "f"'i11( -..tf <;:>: f'IT'i' <n: if "iT<I>\ � 'l'N'f � <n: fum lJ1IT g I '3Wff"$ If&.l mer "$ � "B 611 q�1 it ti CfT �. �, 4,,,"�'>q'�1 i;p·lT >JI��q�i -$ � "$ fc:n:t 'IT'!i f<Ii1( 'l1( "fu:me <l; � <l; "'" if � 'Iii 'frli � $t 'l"'!1iI fifwl(InIT <l; "'" if qf{",f.qd f<1;m lJ1IT � 1

'

5 �, 1 985 'Iii g� '.fi � Trim it "'i' 'Iii �"" <Ri\ "!( l!l' � $t "'l'm = $t � Ii, ..-.rrU 41 Ur)1 '" 'F'IT,if q <Iif\rar,if 'N Urcr % "'IT <'lll'i\ mm $t <ifqq; � I 3!T"l l!l' ..-.rrU � � 'lfinit if if '(¢ Ii I "" 'l'm $t lIAR of,,,,", 'Iii om if 'N'!ll' <Rit I "

FOrInulation of the Ganga Action plan

In any river quality management pl'Og!'am!lle, the first step is to identify the SOIU'CCS of pollution. The Central Pollution COlltrol Board identifier} such sOllrcc� t hrough its exhaustive study of Ihe river hHsin publisherl unrlel· the River Basin Series. This is the first systematic document which funlled the basis for the Ganga Action Plan. Fel"tiliZlT and pesticide Lise, industl'ial pollutional load 10 the I'iVCI·, land use lxlttern. hydmlogic31 aspects ,mel river classification �I!'C detailed in the document.

�J��� . ' \ � � \ , _ Ganga RIver . J"�' . : t:�r Sewage GeneratIon >'" . ( ARTAN.., ,

O[lH! ' .... ' -, ' " Attack the Hot SPO�

." ' ... - . • - .,'1. .

UTT ... R

O� ... ·- ... � ,,- -

A.u ... STH......

PIIAOESO 1'_ ... , -��- - � � /',..-' Q ' ( C)

' .

This invclliol"), 01' polill/ion fcwllled [hc basis for the Ganga Action Plan elocumeni prepared by the LJepartment of Environment i n December, 1984. Since ihe inventol'y had identified domestic wastes from the 27 Class-I cities along the !'iver Ganga as the major cause of pollution, the Action Plan's t h rust is [0 dive!'t such wastes away fmm the river. The treatment of waste waters has been envisaged as a resou!'CC recovery mechanism. Bio-gas as a

1 7

� <l; � "'" <l; >fun: ;ft � lftrr � CFr lJOrf it 1flJT l � 1985 'if QQi4{ol f\nwT if "'" ,wi ,"'1 <l; Ii �, � 1 <l; r.ro: � 3!WT it 3f1'IT'T iiRT � 'flIT ' '!T1f<ft q'�,,<1f" ti'rORT if � <Wi <l; r.ro: 240 � m iN llfifllT'f fi>;m 'flIT ,

R:r<i <j; rn -'f.'r hit it ;ft inn �T7J­ff;nif1i1�Ii? "i.firlT � q;r c:frsr � i, !fUR tf';fr <iii tWlurr <iT "R'il it "I"ft "31llT <j; 'lr4 ,<0,." fq;m � I hI iTT f;;i<fi it s>T ti'rORT <j; lIfu l)j<ft "$:I "fT'ft � I

<wi til "'�I q;r ��-q- 'flU t" ? >ieN it s>T ti'rORT <l; 3R!'fa- "'" � '!1!\ it f'l<;r

T,: � qr;ft <iT llT'I> � <j; r.ro: m .. 4Ri '" <'r ... , ... �. - . '" - " � � '"1(4:1 q ['1 -awn mm 1f � q;r 1J«I1Cf � 1 \3<: I � {Oil � . .. � qr;fr <iT 'fI'('q> � � qrn-;:; * � 'I apr OJ,,,, ,'i <j; ;;r;;rrfi<iT. � 3/R " GI'fliT-s#ifCf?fti[j" * a�qle'1 if 1Firrr � � 'l'f<!T � I

*rr <Wi ti'rORT <j; 3R!'fa- � HI I f" " � £1'1 \if '11 air � 3 e1: ;l q 7flrr eli � it (iilf if tIilJ 75 !If" "" <iii � iIT-1T �,

•

lftrr <Wi ti'rORT it 1m <iT q;;.ft om: >r;: 3!"if!!< flr<'Mr fil; "" 3!'Rr 1<'m '!1!\ II"Tfi'fr '" Mr."" Olf it � iR 'fil; I

'

f�qfijl ""'* q;r q;"fw;q lftrr <Wi ziT;<r-n " <'I'f'ITr 262 ,.-irs >Of!! <iii

<'!T'IO 'f"T <'I'f'ITr 260 ><frii (i I F<firii fq;-q !l<N< <iii t, 3/R O'fiiit .. ,," I r" " <'!T'IO '1m ii>j\. >r;: ;fA

1 8

principal source of energy, the application of treated emuents as an iITig.:ml and as a source of pisciculture and aquaculture wen� envisaged as salient feat ures of the Act ion Plan.

Addressing the nation on 5th January, 1985, Pl'ime Ministcl' Rajiv Gandhi declared, " The Ganga is the symhol of India, the source of aUI' legend and poetry, the sustaincr' of mil lions. 1bd�ly it is onc of the most polluted rivers. \-Ve will reston," the pristine pUl'ity of ihe Ganga" .

Within onc monlll of the announcement, the Central Gcmga Authority was c:on:-.tituled. In June. 1985 a separClte wlllg of the Dq"-Jrtment of Lnvinmment \Va� ere.lted to administer th(' programme. 1\ ::.1I1ll of Ks. 240 crures has hccn eiH'm�II'ked for this purpose under the Seventh Plan.

Few cOllnrrics ill the workl have taken up a project as challanging and daunt ing: as this. The Prime Minister" s deckll'ation has been received with great enthusiasm by the people. Interest in the p�jcct is strong, both at home and auro<:1d.

\Vh�.t docs the Action PIan seck to do?

Very simply put, i t pr'oposes to divel·t the sewage now flowing into the river 10 other loc.: ... tions for ireatment. and c:onvcri it into a valuable energy SOUl-ce, FOI' example. treated scwClge (or usc in fish ponds antI aquaculture, ilTigation and in generating bio electr-icily.

The various sch(,lllcs pmposcd undel' the Action Plan have bccn planned to reduce the pollul ion in the Gang.1 by at leasl 75%.

Tht, Gallga Act ion Plan pmvides I he first opportunily in years {or' ihc counlry to have an inlcgratcd view of this premier river systCln.

3I'!f"..., "1<'1 q;r 3!<I"!U'f iI'IT fa-9lT-� qi1\i1t1 � � 3{F'q -� ::ct "Ui HI � �lctC:I�IIFl 'It\ omr 'liqUn-; "'IT "Tl<#uo .TOfT . � 9 � ,ro,. 'j ;j; >freJUJ. 'It\ 11ulct611 �rFf 3ITfu <f; � 3RI «Wi

90 .12 42 29

]4

35

99.50 105.0X 20AO 10.44

1 ].47

10.37

262 259.27

1MT 'liI'If Qi '" 'II � 3H1'i a .�� 1f'1T <wi >fr;;r;n ;j; 3Rflf<r 3!R � m:'" f:r<'I

'l"mC �:-'3"ffl"{ rl'u

2, If''6€t161Ic:-If'd{iI[i9

] . 'Ii'R'!" 4. $�11�[611c: 5. fli\i(I'!{ 6. ctl([u(fIl

r.m L 'R'!T 2. Il"JU 3 m . . 4, \>jlrllrr''''''''irT{ "h-.rq oi'<Trot' I . 61{i{H'i'i< 2. � 3, (fii1(fi('d[, �

aft7 ihWN'di q�r'1 l[ fill �, ;j; 3!"0' ,)ufr- I ;j; m<':

Prodl'alnnu:, of lVorks �

The Ganga Action P\,m comprises 262 schemes at a co�t of ahollt 260 crot'e�, Their estimalcd cosl al'e indicated below:

InTerception 1Iml divl'n;ioll uf waste water Scw:lge Trealment plants Low Cost Sanitaticm Electric Crematoria Rive,' rrnnt racililies and rel.1led impro\'emcnlli O,he,' schenu::>; fiJi' hiological conscrv1llion of aquatic speck�. riV(-'" quality moniloring, ctt:

No. Cosl fRs, in <.'rares)

un !1!L')O

:12 105.08

.2 20.40

2�) lOA-I

J.I 13.47

35 10.37 --- --2{,2 .259.27

Thwns cO"t!n.-d under th ... l;anga Action Plan Th<,' lOwns lu he (,(M."I't'd under the Ganga A<.1ion plan

':1I'C as lInder:-

U.P. 1. 1I;II"'fhvar-Kishikesh

2. I';:II'ukhab.1d-r.ltchgal'h 3. Kanpul' 4. i\lIahaharl 5. �'lir",...1 plIr 6, Varanasi

Bihar 1. Palna

2. Chhapra 3. Monghyr 4. Bhagaiplir

West neng'll 1. IJcrhampore

2, Nabadwip 3, Calculla, Howrah and other Class-.I towns oflhe

Calcuna MCll"Opolilan Dislrict,

19

[

1f1rr (1 [I l1 .�� � 'ifl11 � 31tt WlT!JR

''IN<i;U ..ntr<l;'1 it 'IT<R "'rr ih:Rt � it rn-r iR<fr

� ,fn: lItt it � ;iRT 3IW"IT ;<Tar %, � 1986 it 'l'i <'re-'l"T .....-r ,fn: "flTi' ..... it '!it <l; flAft orit • , < """ it 3IT'.r<ii 3/IT ""It 'l'Ri 'l'f 'l'cT qr;fr 3/IT itffi � >ITa '!it it � 'IT I <f'I 3!faq; � <[T

>1R< f41§1.' lflIT ,fn: 1RT qr;fr mq; ;ff.\ <l; !ffi( ...rtT ""'" "it "IT'IT lflIT , ...,1« <);� l it, ;;r,rr " ....... f�CfiIOi <A" ClF.lP:rT %, If'Im � if tfPTI rtf 'H4=Jid <lit 'I't ,fn: '10"l"T 'lR: it >fr;;m >lNffi",," � 'liT ilR it 'iffi1' � lflIT t , � <lit tm it 2.6 f.l> :1\1. � >1R< � � 'I't, '""""", .....-r it 3/IT 3!fuq; '� �' ......-0; If(( ' •

The Ganga Cities: Problems & Solutions

Rishikesh

It is at Rishikesh OWl the river ente,'s the plains .:md the PI'UL'CSS of pollution slart� here. Before Kumbh 1986. uJl ( I'eated wilSie waler and st'wage flowed dit"Cctly into the

rin:'r fiuIH the llll fll('I'OIlS <t�hl'<mls and olhel" buildings alullg the rivel" <It Lakshman Jhool<l and SwarW,IShrilll1. 1\ deep sewer was then laid and the waste watcl' was divel'lcu (UI' treatment. AI Rishikcsh wh<', .... · a S<.:'W€T system e ... i:-;fcd .

. il""" • ./ ./. . - ' . 'r.' < - .... . -_ .. . . , .. � . .... �

" ­- --. , , .. '� . -'

;,. .. .. ,.. . " �, , "" . -- . -,

. If"tl . ' ..... �:""�- : '

"t ".'

rhc pllmps ai Maya Klind \VCI'C n:paired and the existillg uxidation pnnrls ilt Lakkal'g:hat recommissioned. A 2.6 km seWCI' was laid at Muni·ki·Rcti. Additional �ptic tanks wen� pl"Ovided at Lakshman Jhoola.

21

I ,

I . •

I , I I

� ....m QI.'1d" <ft<i ,'Till ii # � fe, � W Wn: .r f\!"<;R 'l'r ;;IT lIf'rit g , •

I Ttm q;p:f � cf; q3ll1[ .. �Q'1 it � $Irnfe'"l n:<-P

� 10 <'1M <fIcr �. p -il'iI-mt. 'I"'IT'l = -"-- ' ..c- _.

f ' ;)jl� � 'iIQ"1 ;t:� q-T ","'I '6('1 iffi'tT ml qlQlqJ 3fn' -4'1'1111'51 cf; � � tfPl-qij � � � "" 3ih: il!fu; <r.rr fum 'IT ' 'Il<i '" >1\ "I!fq;i;� ii .m-w "'" 'fift i; If'rT"T "" U<R i; � 3!'lf�w: "'" i; ar<f'TU'I oW Fe"" -qf' "d" 'l'r <NIt I!T"'">I f'= lim f:;pji'r 1 9X6 i; "'" i; ir>H ,.,,-m '.r;;m 'fift i; "'>m � """' ii 'If'<r;r r.rr-r q;7 'f'i; ,

"-" -f. f f ' , - '" " � ��I $(1 4?q:w'4 �1 'I2s ;q 311'W1l1<Jl �� q; ""'" "" >1\ -i'r<R lim % , <NIt ,;'r;ir;rr i; � il'f"ITT =ilffl 'l'r R>Itur 'f'4T = ""'" W<itt � "" f<mrir 'l'r <NIt >1\ 3!JTI'>I ;p fum lim � ,

ifll�q( • Cf.R"Q7 "I1TTrf <i; � 3{1?ilf1Ifll ;pffi it "it � �

o'IT �. ,;;1if""F, 'I oW m i; � 'l'r llf!; ... ",qoj � % 1 �1<J�lmCfiJlll <1> � fG;if it 1flTT JOj'(1"1<1 � (f� qf1"li'i'i � trrun:r � rrs m I � lfrrr * i'R: q;r 7.J1U � � �m � I

22

Hardwar

Jlarciwar is one of j he most sancd places for the pcoplc-reg:lrded [IS t he portal of God.

Before the Cnilga Action Plan SWlll1g into act ion, 1 1 m ill ion lilres of waste \V�Her flowed into Har-ki-PaLlI'i, Subhas Ghat and other s...cred locations of the ghats each day. The defunct pump-houses at i\layapllr and Bhimgod':l added to I h is problem. l iere also act ion was takell to intercept and dive."j the wa�te w"He" ihcn�by !:'topping the pollution of ihe rh'cr fmm Rishikc�h 1 0 IlaJ'dw.1!" 10 ('nable lakhs of oc\'otees 10 hav(' CI holy di p in m i lch deancr walen;

durinp; Kumhh 1980, Flo\\' of i llu l l�t rii11 t:'Illuenb fmlll Blwl"ill Ite�l\'\' E!(>("lricab LId h'-l� abo been :-;Ioppcd , Con�!I'lIclion of CI s('wagl' ( reat llll'nt ptll1t and l<-ly ing: of 0111-

filii gravity :-;CWt'I'S h;H'e :li:-:o hCl'1l takcll l ip L1ndel' the Action Pian,

I I

;a"'ilLdfp'l d4>41<t1 fnan q;y � q;�kl'.4'L0i � -41 % 1 tfVO �·;31H.rrD:r(f � if � QI(Cld"1 ..,gr 3!1'Il' % I lWI m<':in: � 3!R -qm <l; I$ii ii .n >nTIT<F � if >WIT <ll'If'lT �<U % I 'lV<! 3f't<I; 'I1fwij <l; "'" ;iT m <l; 7W'IT � ."...-.,rr f;ri't;;I;q ;iT � f; I q;m -iRTI <f'lT >WIT <iii ¢lft 1.1 liP '41 i'1I orrffi it � � \ifT"ift % I '" I >ii Ii I � q;r � <ifirq ""'" iro;rT ;iT 'flIT % I '" I '" " I '3i 3W � 3fT'i'11'1" .n 70 'f1i m!R9l1'<'!I3IT q;r .ror <f'lT 3ff1.rl'� � -.:p,sr-� fq11Cfl{ ;;€r it � '% 1 qwr fq (11 qiJ �. g?91 it q:;r;::rq-{ * � 1f1rr ,

Kanpul'

Kanpur. one of India's earliest induslrialised towns. is an imporlant centre of {extiles. engineering industries and lannel'ie:;;. During the early days of industrialisation. Ganga became the source of I I"illlSPOI"tiltion as \\'ell as the Se\"el', "[bciJy. Kanpur is [he second lal'gesl City along the Ganga and is an import<Jllt

•

centre fOI" higher technical Cduc'Hion. but its infl"astruCIlII"e continues 10 be primit ive. The main city and il� �I(ljoining area� <Ir(' pal-t!y �c\\'er('d. but 1ll<1Il�' �ewel's are choked I"cndcring Ihe :-;yslem inoperalive, Sullage and sewage i!-i carried into 13 :o;lorm \\',:lIn nallah:o rOl' final di!-iposal inlO the ri\"{>r. The main :--l'Wilgc pumping pl<lIlt al Jajmau i� WOI'1l oul. The 70 odd IllllllcrH.'!-i in and around 1;lilll�HI mix dOllle�lic..' and highly IOxic liIIH}C!".'" \\"a�Ic..·.:.- and calT�' it 10

' t i1(' rin" '. In ;1\1 of l I P, the !-itnC'tch of (;anga <it Kallpur b t i ll' 1ll0�1 �t>\'ed-" polluted.

23

, .

'I'I"f 3!fU<l; !l<fun � I <i'lT q;n:j """" <i; �, \i11"1til-.:t> "$ �-.q-rn '$T '1c(j<l>�OI � ;jfT 7fIT � I � <i; '1fIrT '"' q;n:j >ft 3ITT"'1 "" fum '1m % I "fdf." 1 3· q;ijs � <i; n:'I' 'li' *'" '3"I'W � ,fip:mtRT rtt fi � I >ill 'J114 1'3'1 r:f; �iT� e."'nf it � -<FiT "* 1'i4cl"'l q rfu qr;ft rtT f'1Cf.p:tl-�m it ;rUfT B"A � � cCr � * � � � cF.r � � * ft.rn: � "'irr�i1 ,,, .... ,, , """" """ <t.i 'It % , 'IRi <i; "-< qr.fi <t.i <i'lT ij f,,,,41 <iT � Ji\7 � <t.i 'lWt/'1 "'1" * Frn: ,«)0["44 ¢1�5F.ti 3{f"7nf if TIm % I

�t1I�Iii4I� $�I�I�le ZIT 1JmTr if � 1frrr, � 3th: lfCO

fI(fqd)-� � Cfir � men %1 � :siio::ilfit$

24

Under the Ganga Action Plan. the pumping station al JajmBu is being renovated and its capacity expanded. Improvements to the sewage farm have been taken up. A m�jor 130 MLD treatment plant is to be built. An i ntegrated sanitation scheme for Jajmau tanncl'Y area to treat the tannery wastes and improve drainage and garbage disposal has been initiated. A phased programme for tapping waste waters from the naJJahs and the cleaning/renovation of sewers has commenced.

Allahabad

Allahabad or Prayag is where the Ganga, the Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati converge into one. Domestic waste rather than industrial effiuel1l is the problems here. Under the Ganga Action Plan, a time-bound action programme has been drawn up keeping in view that the Kumbh Mela will be taking place here in early 1989. The Gaughat pumping station is being renovated. A sewage treatment plant at Naini is being constl·ucted. Extensive renovation of the sewer net­work has also commenced.

j

'R'ft <iii .mn wt'R'ft <iii WWlT % I lfIJT q;ni zii";;r;rr <I; 3F<1'fo l('I' � -<r<r "",; 50'< 'W 0'''' <it !ZIR ij W 'fi"{ m f<I;>:rr % f<l; "1<i 1989 <I; 3lW'T it �'):f � itrrri l(>3i1:l1c cf; � -q.�Trr q;r q" �o;;l , fq;m "IT <;<T % I *ft ij l('I' lfrir;;r � � 'f.T f;rqjur f<I;>:rr "IT <;<T % I <it � '" >fi<rii <iii � ;;it-{ q <'qo 'f.T 'f.Tq 3lW'T it 'TlfI t I

qi {I 0141 c:f;nrr cF ')11;1'1 ('Pi aih: ;:'1l11 ell ( � � "mit it tl

l('I'0 "",U'el ,,-irm ij wi ;;it-{ em-, � ;;it-{ 'f"'l', <I>O!T ;;it-{ f'l'T<"< " � fmn � <I; '1"'1 <R< <I; -.;;q' ir f"""'d <;<T % I �n "" lfIJT ij IRQVT 'f.T """I Ut<PIT t I � IItn ij lfIJT <I; ""' � iN � 23£>( ClI<IUlffl if m il

"

"11<101«1 <tT 400 fil>,;·i'I4'lc< � �-� � "'!<If'IT 7 5 "" it >It 'If"'" <rU'4\ % ;;it-{ ;;r<iir � � 'l1fulIi 2000ij 300 "" q<f <Ai off I "" '!'I'ft �-;;m � lI'>TRT 'm<'{ 3lh: ;;r<iir � ij ii;;ft ij ri mr <I; <m"T f'k$<1 ,.-q'f<O >IT it 11l % 1

• • °

Varanasi

One of the oldest, cont inuously inhabited cities of1he world, Vanll1<lsi is regarded HS a leading centre of religion and philosophy. music Clnd dance. arts and craOs and of higher learning.

Unfol"{unately, it is also <.I leading source of pollution as ·well. accounting roughly for 23G-u of UP's total pollution load on Ihe GaugH.

V.:U",:m3si's 400 km long scwcl"agc system is OWl' 75 years old and most of its underground drains were built 200 10 300 yein's �lgO. This ageing f'cwcrage and drainage system has virlUally collapsed with the l"i.lpid growth of the cily and jls populalion.

The integrated eily Developmenl Pmgramme for Varanasi seeks 10 address the pmblems of the ri\'er1 Ihe river fmnl and the cily which are indistinguishable in daily life.Thc old Ireatment plant ill

Banaras Hindu University has been made functional and its capacity is being expanded; anothet' at Diesel Locomotive 'Norks is undet' constt'uction and the third al Konia-Dinapur is being laken up for OOllsll'uction. The sewage pumping stations <.11 the ghats have been n�nvoated. Extensive renovation of the sewer

25

"

•

"1(IUI«1 � aQf"'Hl 'f11T � ifllz1SflQ tJ;T lWT �� '!iT, � >fIT .'Im <liT >nm:rrit q;r • lJl!T!IT'! 'R'f[ % lfliiflI; ;) "" fill « � ;;\'rq.r q;r 3lf\FJ aM 'R TTt � 1 <r'Im'[ � F<n" f .. <J ,'" " q;r '!'RI '3"I'm: � '"'" m <'I7TT .� >fIT � <Wi

, "'""' � " -"-- " ' f, ". ,. ep:fffi � � "(>1 rot SI"1t'1 t11q:;lql cee C['<fq 11 t(iI' � x'lriirn fu;m "IT '"' % >fIT �-� ff'l"il ift>IT � 'fT f;rlrivr <Wi \lIT"! 'R fum 'lirr �, 'l1ii 'fT 'lit � 'IfPm � 'f.T "<Ii $(" iIi7

fum '1lI1 �I >fI<r< �'IT <liT "('"'' m C!'IT ;,it iIi11i � <mit 'f.T '"'" <lIT'!iIi RR <n: 3!W'l iIi7 fum '1lI1 %, <R 'l1ii <n: "" -.rr.mit ii il!lIT fu;m "IT <lIT � >fIT '!"f'l • n "," ,,'; ,fir "lI'ff'IT ,fr <liT "IT <tT � (I'IT <n:R iIi'Iii >fIT ","', ,f; <liT flg ii 1!Rl>' <liT "IT <tT �, �-� � m >fIT � f"",," ii � � <n: lI!lIT q;r <Wi .'I\" fu;m '1lI1 %1 � <f; ·00 (I'IT q-nit <liT oofuii iIi't *n ii � <liT i!lmIT ii � <f; fm( f<fm Ir'r'U � "IT � g,

26

networks is under" way. Public facilities .:It several of t he ghats are being improved including the provision of Slllabh SauchaJayas. The defunct kunds and tBlabs are being re-excav.:ltcd. A major improvement of the garbage collection and disposal system has been taken up. Special arrangements arc being made 10 deal with the pmblem of t hrowing of dead bodies and animal carCilSses.

-- -

For the first time in recent years, a determined, multi-sectoral 31?proach has been initiated to improve conditions in this historical city.

Patna

Emerging from another great and ancient city, Pataliputra, Patna today is the capital of Bihar with a population close to a million. The main source of pollution is the city's sewage. About 50 million litres per day flows into the river. One of the largest sewage treatment plants was built at Saidpur.Patna. But it became defunct more then 10 years ago. Under the Ganga Action Plan, its renovation was given high priority. The plant was recommissioned in June, 1986. Another plant at Beur has been

•

l'T'! <i; '!'if it � ""'"' � i).ri1�IFA'" ,..,..,. <liT fX'lfo it 'lIlT'" """ <i; An: � ,"",f.4" am """ - � IflWi fu;",. lJ1IT % 1 , qe;rr

"'" ...,-IT '!\<T'I am lI'T"'lR .,,-rft 4 12<4\ 4 " it '<"'IT 'R'1T mrr 3ITu! f<Iw <liT _ar.fr % 1 � \11 '1 \9'&11 VflT'll'T G"1 � � I "lI1ff � <iiT lW-ll titr � � l:R'-\jft1 f'1<flI4i �m fj � 'lRlfcl'1

"I'f>f'T 5 � mv- "O'!-;;r<1 .reT it 3ffi!T l:1 "'" � qsr � � � 4Qeq(-qc;rr # � '1<IT "IT i!f<R mffl G"! '!'if it "" 'f'liTT 4ST l: 1 1fTrr cw:f "llhRT "$ � � ;i?J off .G I J � � \IT�f'l",,,, tr 'li am "'", In6 it � � <iT fq;-r it "'" <R fum lJ1IT % 1 rnt If'liI1: inn it tJ«; ro � <i.T � � � � it t'fr.lT 3fR1=� <.R fum lJ1IT %1 "'" 1l'rll l1'r.r.rr it 3!1f>i"ili ��'"'" ftr;;.'t it " """ "O'! -;;r<1 <iti" it ,..,..,. <i; f<If\Fr 'IWit if tfPl � Jin- m "4TcrU <tiT Ii (nid 3ftT R-<ri"I' <l"I 1l'rll >ft � "" fum '1<IT % 1 � <rtt <r€t OWl l1'r.r.rr >ft \ITITI1' <liT ;;nofr % 1

- -

-sim ilady brought ba('k into lise. Supported by funds fl"1J1ll fhe G�tnga Action P!iJl1. dw Slate \Vc']!cr f>" Sewage Hoard has wken up the !'enovation and con�lrUClion of pump hOllst'.s Jnd main .sC\\'t.'r:; in dilferent parI:-; of the City. A m;�jor l'i\'(T Ii'unt scheme IS �llso to be (akell up.

Calcutta

In much of' mc"iJ'Opoiitan Calcutta, gJUwlh and pollution ha\'(' almost been synonymous. ,Apart fn>1ll CakUtla and l Io\\'I"�lh. connected U\' Ihe f;'mow; steel bridge. then� .11'(' ]7 towns :md nCill-iy 150 f�lctodcs. big and SI11;J I I . all uf which u:-e the G,mgH tknown as l loogly here) 3S their

27

ibi1¢<'dl li�I"PI( if � am- IJa"Q1JT � W � m 'f'f '1\( g, � <1I�'i<1 ij ¥ ",<1<",", am­;mm <l; 3I<1T<IT 37 mro:, >in: 00:-ort 'f"fr<r ,50

"" (@, � *rr <liT � If<1" -;;rn f;nmj\ <l; fffi!: � �, <rt<i *rr � 'li'ft ;Rr <l; 'fTlf ii "IT'ft "!R!'r � I \OIfdfi:'1 37 R �-� aT � Cf.I(€IHT -:t f<1 """" % ;;it � <liT l('" on! 'ffiUT % I

4

<f.�1q;"'"1 q�l'1jl" fcrq;p:r m� r:r4T qf!f'ifl1 � %fTiW <tr � Q)f·�.'i � '!IF"l!J:ii ij � <l; � :.f.;q; r;f.rii ;flw <tr � 3W � � � � f' q?" r:r.rq � n 1fm -gl d�ljl{ , ·jOiI�qI91. � "1'1T7 3frT ijJlliqJ if 1f't'1-� 1'1$141 �m W �

l'1ql!l'1 � tf{ 'Cf.Tli 'm< � ;jfT 'qCf.f % 1 "'<1 "",,, TiP 3W � 3!f'!"IT"( <l; � <l; fffi!: ei m... llj\r>m( """'u ,.-,f.t 3W If<1" -;;rn � <tr >:inRT "I'!T <fr m; � I 'm7t ij 'l»! or<! ",m � >:inRT:ii <liT <liT'! '� it 1fQT �, <wi >:inRT � � q�('<:tqol 1:� tf( '� ll��i CN f;rqfvr ,PIl ;Rr <R � >:inRT:ii <liT <wi W'I <g fi!1I! 1fQT � ,

28

drain, ThC' \Wlstes from t he factol'it':-; alone is cstill'latco to CClU$e tI pollution loari of 37 tons a day. The Cl\IOJ\ <:Inri other ag<'nicl'$ of' Ihe \Vt'st Bcng�d (�()\'C'l'nmelll hu\'(:, planned ;1 numbel' of ,s(.'hcmes to detli with Ihe proulems and cOIllIll('nccd work nn many. A i Tilagarh, Bhatp.1l'a, Chann,mnagal' and Ser<.IIlII>OI'e ('XlsllIlg treatment planlS ann :-('\\"('1' systems arc being l'enm'3[cd, :-\C\\' s{'w;lgc f�lt'ilili('� including t n:'atment pbnt!) <liT planned fi)f' Calcutta city and ;.Jdjoining areas, Low COSI Sanitation schemes havC' commenced in man\' !Owns. ConstruCiion of crem.:lIol'i ... in -impO!·t�lnl local ions �tJ1d l'iver front developmt'llt schemes hilve also been wkl'1l up under the AClion Pian,

1

•

•

•

'iiftli1ti ;aqill « �

1'f'1T <wi l1'f;;r-rr ;i; W<l'Rr, � f'fffi <n: [ 0 l1Vf-� � � � 9,"n;;gI{ m 3Jr""lJ 2 1 ;ro: '1'<iir q;r f;rqM f<l;m "lHT % ,

� � � -m \Jlf(lfG(S(1 d$;:fl<1I"11 q--{ mUTf7<r ii, ;iri; "f\!if"" 3!<R<-! (""'") , "'" qr;ft � <m1T fq;-rv- �, � � f\tlRl if Qillf�q<h d<h':fldl;:;1l � \JfT @ g- I 'dC:I�{\j1 '$ Rv � Q'1�I(J{lf"li;fi � � � dC:P��I<1I$1 ;ill'>J1�� � 3f'rr fl:!>l1iq� it " , "qffif-�-IJ<FJiN1 �QT QI(,j'I\i\i1i <1; � 'qfTf <1> 1<11 if 1Jlfm'-d;'r � I <�1l1�1q{ if � m � 'AlirTf <it 'iff � � I � q�f;::p1)1 f�-rf:.iT "'l"'>IR *'<R (ofrfr) �'= fq",f,," "'" '!"ff � T\N"f -xfnr&r:f; � (� qp�W;:;j<h<1 -frq-$I .. �qr� � tfrirrr) \ill f<F- rnz J:{ 't<:: I tI'i tf; � %, ��T ;j; � llRii it ir IT<!' 'If;;c it 'l<iM ;tt \JfT -.m � I 6J H III 14'1 �\q?f � m qflp,. q.nrr if om 81l!i1T <Iffi � [<if 4 Si � 'fP! � fq;iJ ;;not � ,

<i'lT <wi l1'f;;r-rr ;j; W<l'Rr >m � '1'<iir q;r �-� 1T<f l:!�..-qql)f � � I frit � 5 "j:;� <n: � i � ;;.,rn <i; 1m( ,,; � [," :in: rru it rnltr'f f<I;Q; iilT � ii , (, 3RI f'lT'ii <n: � -� $I 1JTCfUl'1 �rr rrm % I � -� "$ 3RTCIT 3Q",f<" 'l%:m<i\ q;r iR<l; <i; 1"1 it 'l<iM :in: ffi

Special Features of the Ganga Action plan

Sewage Treatment Plants

Unclei' )he G<:ll1ga Action Plan, a wtal of 10 sewage il-eMmell! plants are to be renovated and another 21 ne\,v plants al'e to be constnlClecl i n different locations.

While many of [he STPs are based on established t;chnology such as activated sludge, trickling filter etc., in fe\-v ioccHions alternate technologies aloe being applied. For example up flow Anaerobics Sludge Blanket [reatm�nt (echnology will be used .1t Jajmall, Kanpul" and at Mirz,<ljJW" ,.IS part 0(' (he Indo-Dutch Integral Snnifation Pl"Ojcct. The aerated lagoon process is being used in Bhagalpur. The Rotating Hiological Rope Contactor pmcess developed by NEERJ. Nagpur, for smelll communities is being used in one of the t J"e.1fmcnt units a t Rishikesh. Large c<I}Jacity archimedean scre,\v pumps are to be used in (he Kania m�l in pumping slat ion at Varanasi.

29

!l>i)",,, if; AI( 24 f'lT'li '" �mii if 'l!IIT 3ih: ilmm: f<IoIT iiIT 'lIT � , ",q � ,f,,, 'Iflr:W'ii if Q('LQQI(1'1 � i4"f�H 8 f� tf{ fcnTq � if ctt iiIT -.:tt � ,

m nznr W<rmtt � >t '""'"' if; 1:('1' >in if; "" if <RT if; � if; f+",o, if; AI( _ .'IT'Ii .,..,. flr<wl <wi if; AI( li)'JI'111{ � t/;r � �I qlJIOI',ii if ..-€r CR if; flIq;rn <wi! if; AI( ;it .,f.rit 'f"'lT"i � �, w if; � tIit tn:tlT lfIJiC;lfll4i �n�::u�ti'l <R f.:n:rivr. IiRT 3ih: � � if 'l!IIT: 'IT'if '" � "f1TT'1T � tIit �m 3I1fu ' ''Si1I�Ii'4le it -r.ft oil <f;

. " . flIq;rn if; AI( 1:('1' ""'" � qf,,,,,,,,,, 3!W'T <lit 1fi �, _ 3Fl< 'fl1if '" >ft � II<m: <lit '" "'''' <.( � <lit "I1'lT �,

3r.'i-i'lT'Tn 'IT f�i0'" <tT ""Rf"IT aA<f; -m-U if 0l:fri<Ii l"T .t � <lit '""'f�'

:rtT <lit � �. J«J: e,,,,,,f,,,,, ,""""" � iIiJ f;rIriur. '111; 'IRt if; 'f'IU <Wt ,ft�,,,,,'i iii! f;rIriur. 3ih: ri f'lT'li '" � �n�"'", 'lit � if; AI( 3!<"1 <1T'TO f .... .,' tir..mo: ""'" m if; AI( 'I'>rr <wi '""'"' if; 3R!'i<I iIi1'I;T <1T'TO <1"11f.f iii! IffiITq f<IoIT 'flIT �, 3!'1 aq; 3!li!f.ruffur >Tn: � ><t:nil <lit <1T'TO 27.43 � � �, � 3.026

30

Biu--energy is .an irnpOI't.'.Jnt component at sewage II-e�ttment plants unclel' the Ganga Action Plan. Such components have been incoqx>!"ated in t he design and tenders for" the l I'('almenl plants in 5 locations aln�ady. Provision for bio-encrgy has been kept in 6 mOl'c locaiions. Apiln from bio-cncl'gy, Ihe lise of (I"eated cffiucnls as an ilTiganl and the facilities COI- Ihis puqX>5e al"(� being impruved and expanded in 24 locations_ Development of piscicult ure with treated emuent is �llso being specifically pmvided in 8 local ions,

---.;:. ..... �-Rive .. Front Facilities

. � -•

- .

.

As pan of the Action Plan, schemes have been taken up al eCI'tain locations for thc developmcnt of the rivcr' front are.'IS for' preventing the pollution of the I'iver, In Varanasi the schemes l-elate to river fiunt dcvelopment, protection of slopes of ghats, construction of community toilets, impl'Ovement of lanes and by-lanes, provision of sl r-cel lighting, etc. In Allahabad, a major" project fOI" the integr..rted development of the l"ivcl' front has been initiated. Similar schemes are to be taken up in certain othel' locations also,

lJlci'l1f"iQ; -�a�F1Q�i eli tJfnrit q;r f;rI:riur m � � if aITU'l> qr;fi eli qwf!fl � ;W; �n:qli1la <I; q f' " d'1 Jf,nliuT "rnf\r<;! �,

f<roo �,,,.,,g 'lit 'Ii[ "Pll., � . <m i"fm ehii it f'RT ;;r<i\ m >ru;;r# m .m:

'f!1T3I1 <tr oofnii <Iii 'ltr it ""'[;;" <R'iT =ur '" tJ;i ;m<TT 1!RT "WfI % , S'l """'" it � <l; 1m': � y?!fT � � � 41<1'1pfl it f<Rra �14GI� "" <i; f;prioJ <i; f<w ,<\1";[,, 'T<R <tr % , � , ' . .,:moii * ft;cr tJ>(i 26 � !! 14Gl� � l'j"1rr <f.Tri � <i; � � � 'Il\ g, ''ltr <i; '!I'l ....

f'lAi 'IT fimd" ''1'ml' lIlii <i; f;prioJ II .... . 'IAi 'IT .,,"'''' ;f '''m: 3!f.t'<tr <l""'lTif'lT % , 3IT'ITI <tr � % fu; -oo-'� Q(t:Q(lll\'1 � if � it w lIll1l 'ItT, 1lI'IT it ill'! <tr � '" Iflii<r f<l;m "ITdT �, � �lT fimd" it '"",,,", m 'IT ffi"lIO >fT � 301:MT I � m-"unif <fi nH�14 aih: fi:ql�rt <tr f .. ,�" fI f� R<wit <tr ;iPft,

*" ...,.,; � <i; 3R!'fo, 'ITt<{ flI<mI 4<R <i; 1('1' mrr <i; .". it "I{I" ,41 it '"1311 <iii' oofui'i <l; f.!<!zR <tr "'" m.... ffi � % , W<I; 3!m<lT, 'fWii <tr ooWii <i; f.,q>,'1 "'IT 'ltr <i; 3Rf e M llpli q;l C!T � -a; Arr <r€r � 1\'11 � 1 \'1 qft;p:J <iiT iiRm3l1 ii '1''''' <tr r.tm � <l'1'fit 'nm: iR <tr • W'IT'AT % ,

lfg-'''nft" �'IT if'IT muU"if <R « o;r. i1 1'.R'!T

'I'll 'ltr .,.,. =ur <Iii ir<:f;it it Zf"'ifmr <m r.f.n:if it 3Flf {�ifrl1�l m 'GllnGI} i{ 3fn- � Cf.Tli

Low Cost Sanitation

Since in Illoilny towns fhe sewerage nelwor'k il' nOT eXlensivc, considerahlc oUllay has been pmposl'd on low COSI S<.lnit;:l [ion 1�I('ili ties involving conslruction of pulJlic will'I cOlllpkxes, cunstruction of new pOllr flush i;:ltl'i m'l' �lIlri conversion of dry lalrines in almost all [he locat ions taken up under the Ganga Aclion Plan, Cost of ochemes identified �lI1d sancliolled w fal" is Rs. 27.43 crores. I I i nvolves· cOnslr"uCI ion of 3,026 publ ic toilet complexes and conversion 'conslr·ut't iun of more t h a n one lakh new pour flu:-,h laIJ"lIll:s.

Construction of'Elcctric Crenlatoria

Throwing of unburnl or parlly burnt dead bodies and animal Ccrrcasses into Ihe river is considered to be a causc of pollution in specific loc a l ions. To deal with Ihe problem, in UP Ihe Slate Government has s a nctioned construction of an cJe('tl'ic cremator"ium at Varanasi. Under the Ganga Action Plan a total of 29 cre m a tm-ia has been sanctioned for different 10c�lt ions. . Apart from improving the sanil a " y

conditions ncar the river al these locations, i t is expected that the usc of electric crem a toria will be cost efTective and save considerable quantity of fire wood now used for- this purpose, The local bodies will be responsible for Ihe operalion and m aintenance of these fucili l ies.

A scheme for disposal of anim al can:asscs al Varan asi has also been identified as pari of the city development p<lckage under- the Ganga Action Plan. BeSides, Ihe scheme for improvement of f�lcilities fcw the river trartic police is also expected to go a long \V�y in preventing dumping of animal C�II'casses. and olher abuscs of the ri\'er.

31

� <f; 4l1QirC(Q1 <f; � if � �� q7 'J:mzIT 1;"1 it ,rf\nmil ;j; f'r<riur ;j; r..n-' � tirffi it �"� � %I " � d�I'ciI'Mi!c( �" " ", ij ,4; ;j; � 'l'f'IT7 � r.ntfur <it <'!T'T'I it � It'.>]F'1l1 m 'l'HJftelJ �I � � IPffT cf; � � � ow: � tf<'1' it 'iJ-� qfhl�'1 It"'iIi1Q 'i411f1el( %1 "'c(I�(t''Ild � � 9� "'I"IIJ�I� '$ ".,..,t it T('I' fq,w zi'r;;r;rr ;IT'" it ofT '1'f % f;rqii 'F'II �I""II e 'm- <Fr � mew iT lfCfff q;r.rr � I (� � q .... � � W' � � '1lm" � fij;trr 1Tm � � if 1 922-23 it si1I�IGlle ;PIJQlfi1if.1 ;j; 3nJ�'� ifl ) � Qf:iIi14, � *� �, 1TlTT <wi � :sfr7 sdlf\I""Ile -:pJT Q�IQlrt14l1 s::r � it 7 � � <liT 1iT<r m­llilflel( i!l�I;r I Gl'T-f� 3frT ��11�1""Ile -$- i)rn�lfAih "",,,, ;j; f4i<1 ;j;-"UI '1 "Md � <lit n<i; 3f'1T q�("C(qiji � � �'Il cf.t 'li %1 tri r.fr-;r;:rr 3iTT C(IL'1Cf.dl f<HJI("IlI, � rf.t ;q�I4i'lr iT Wr <f.r "l1i %, � m � U"<f -;it �� � It"'ili1l1, � �� "tf"nf.T7 rf'.q"f 1frrr <iifl'i � � rf.t ;;nWr ,

"til • II "if iR 'ffi'IT II \� .,

lffll\r If.T1t zi'r;;r;rr ;j; 3f'<!1fo li<'f "" l' I(q ,f" <>, *'ft "' !am Tfl!T %, """! � Ti'1T � it � f1h1 !am � f'I; f�", '" 1''lAT "' ll"frt aI',tilf.,<> � <lit lPI<lIT it R'R"ii ;j; � f<mq 4"1 «tit ctr � I � -� cfr t{"iIIi'1'"1 trflmr � 1('0 fq� "'f "" l1?i1' fiI;lrr � nrnii Ti'1T '!€t ;j; ftI;;rrt 1''I1f\re afR -wit q;Tffl • ",f�" "1Rii <m'r 264 3/!<llf.,<> tri"Iii <lit l1'llM <lit afR 6B tri"Iii <it •

32

CO-Financing [;., Pooling of RCSUlIl'eCS vVhile the cost of eel-tain schemes

connected with t he prevention of Ihe pollulion of Ihe rivel- Ganga is being shared with othel- conccl-ned agencies. resources have been pooled f!"Om different sources 10 crcHte permanen t facilities in certain local ion s in the contexl of' implementation of the r.'lIlga Act ion Plan_ The cost of construction of the st'wage treatm('111 plant [I I LJL\\'. Varallasi h; heing shared with the Railwa\' i\linistJ"v. - -Similarly, the co::;t of conSII-uction of a new road brirlge acl'O:O:;1' Yalllun�1 is being shared

with the Ministry of Surface TI".'.I!l�pol't . In the context of" the Jawal1.1rlal Nehrll Birth Centenary Celebrations, .1 special scheme to render the whole lown of r\lIahab�ld scavengel- fi-ee. (an idea which had been mooted by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru himself when he was the Chairman of t he Allahabad Municipality in 1922-23) has been taken up. The Ministry of H'elfare. U.P. Government , Ihe Ganga Action Plan and the Allahabad Nagar Mahapalika will contribute Rs_ 7 (Tores to this scheme. Another major pl-oject which has been initiated is for the integrated development of the river front beiween Baluaghat and the historic Akbar Fort at Allahabad_ The scheme which has been prepared with the help of the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi will be financed through Ministry of Tourism, UP State Government, and Ganga Action Plan.

Pollution from Industries While the Action Plan has focussed on

pollution from municipal wastes, the Central Ganga Authority has also directed that special steps should be taken to deal

3fC'lfU'l' llT"IT ii ("fiif,," "" ffi>l <fu< i\ Jlfaq;) � q;:tfTf \A;:lIf�11 � qJ"ffi qn;rr, srr 61{ � if � 1'f'.i1 � fq; � 11 qq6M tliHh.,q <i; 3Rf1in >r<I'li xm,urri \!CR "'" I ..,i'i i\ J4 llt.R' ;mr< lI'<"�T ii' 5 f<rW ii >i'rT 29 'If'f''ll! ,;.IT" ii � I

1f1TT qfnf['I1'11 hl� * � � 3fTTnT f<i;m <iT >'! 6H llf;rii ii i\ 15 ii <m:: 'JI'f '3'I'W xm,uP'i �"-U m l Slr � p:ma � WCFfT *:-

I . ��l � rrn: � -m 2. i"1'iiijIlJR � � J. "'" � '1T' '!f'R'

25 I I 5

4 1

'3'I'W xm,mn; " URR ;j; An '!T<ti\ 27 llf;rii q-r 'lll i;;H -,; :;:v-r -.m � I

.. r , ... �.t .... "" "" "f'1T <liT'lf 4f \'1"" I � tFCr"+i If tUm", ctl (i(c:f

Tfrrr Cf.Pi � <f.r r.tPiT "$ Cf.llli"'4lH � j"PPI;{j ('ll<fiefnl) if 'l1fTrfm &�lf'1<if rr'4T ;tp:�:ir � 'qTq7 � ir % � m ti � � � -:rorn: TT"it g I lfllT � � * � '111'1 if) � "$r -qp:r GWi f'1t:'11'1fe1rl i: • I . o:r€r <£T � 411'1 <t>I ft I 2. 3!'1f!fTQ '"" ,fr '>R Rim "'" "r "If.\ >ITT , - '---- ' I ' -"-� � '$ 1<1P. � '"M] I lI<Jl � <f'1

'I1FN'I51 ;:p.rr "'Ffi.f.T � I J. ;r:f<:n"�RT if:r 'T"f. 111'fr-1 ;r:...:rr 1flTT qm � ;:J;:

3R""T _'Rr '" """'l"T ir ,.;,ttl'! ,,",,'IA 'f.T "AT ;:prr;:rr ",.loo::rr j7f '.w-Jllf?'1 '-f"T"fT I

with serious indusldal pollution in spedfic locations. The Stecl'ing Commillee under the Action Plan had sct up an Expert Group which ,"eviewen the posiiion of 264 indust l·jal units located in t he !'ivCI' hanks. The grol tp identified 68 u n i t s as gmss pollulcn; considering 1 he volume or disch�II'ge (more rtl<11l 1 MLD) and the chal'aClcristics (high content of toxic m�lterialsl. Thesc 68 units have been a:-.ked to sct up tre"lImen! facilit ies in a timc­bound 11)'1I1I1CI'. Of Ihese, 34 aI'e in UP. 5 i n Bihm' and 29 in \Vcsl Bcngal.

Oul of Ihese 68, when the GPD commcllced work, onl y 15 had prov ided cmucnt t reatment facilities, The posi t ion obt3ining now is as undcr:-

i) Tn:�t(l11cnt plants provided ii) Tn.-ClIlllent plants und('l'

const l'uct ion iii) Ullits closed down

25

11 5

Total: 4 1

Action �Igainst the rema ining: 27 uni t s have been initiated to ensw'c the sel l ing: of II'C(lI Ill('111 f�lcililics,

Sdcnlific Conlent in the Context of

Ganga Action Plant

Seve"!'al sleps have been taken to secure the inputs of the Indian S(.'ienlists and instiiul ions in the execution and monitul'ing or schemes unricl- C;IOg:iJ ;\ction 1'1<:111. Tbe focus of' t he scientific content of C;mg:iJ Action ]>1<111 is on the lollowing:-

33

�-------------------------------------------------------------- j

rrrr. <wi >iToRr ;j; 3Rf1io � � ;j; 4. " '" , • 'r <1iI "-" • • r " Cf.1�jrC'4'1 �1<Jjtl -1"1<01 m 4�1 '1Cf.1 q;

f<RR ,["r, q" ;j; fi.ll( "'" """<U <l"""'lT I >iToRr 3!T'im ii 1 9 8 1 ij "" ,wi,"" 3iT'."l''' fiIilIl 'IT � "i'irCf4 1frrr qf):lj)\iI'11 r.ra-!fTR""lJ <P � g (f\!IT 1 4 fCf�qfcWIf14 � 'l1f1T ir � � I � fcr�Cff"'tllf141· iITU 3ffn'i1 *r TJi � 3f"Pff.l'T'i q I HII \il "'I1:it r.i; q fJ iJ II q "'" Cf f,' q 19 S 8 ;j;­aR- <fiI' m <fir "" � -� q) €I I W �-,:, <fir 'Il''lTiRT j\ I

� 4l1i,pol *'i44IT?lcf.1 *mrr, �: � "<Ili ';''';!IT'I 'Il''1R, "G"Wl: � <>:fu �!lT'I *� "fc:;::r;fr. � lRT mfllT *�. ai'I<::1; 3/h;jlPI'CfI fqq-'fcrs:I"R" �UR �, f1€1�'d1 � � 'A-4T1TYTT�T3rr lJq" � & S11 f.1 Cfl � <fir '� I j� c: I Ii ..,' <wiT ;j; � l!T"'1'<fir '1f %: 3!'!fV1Z "'" <iT X'fi'[ j'qj'fq ".,. "'" "'"" ;wi; � ;j; � 31r-4 "1I'1rl m � w (fi"r.{f, 1:f�m.Rl -.tr �: mfL-f * � ,'jq�lf'i1 "I'fu:1:JTCf � � � <l"""'lT I � *Hf <fir """" iF-T 3lf� � � 'ifPt am:if 'fm J.)i!;U91Cf.1 GcUS41- cF.T " ';f ( oji ' ) " 6.. f" " 1"'111"1, qj'lPII tf,r.1 if '''� i.f.Pl<f.1 ff.T t;ff9TeflJT 3!1fc I

\1'�f·uo � it 3mfur-f '* 1iI<\1lr@i1 � •

m ;j; *rr.rn ;j; 'l'm"I ;j; fi.ll( =� ;fIftnii m lrilf;3!1'ii <iT m 3!rit [""[�d <R 3R'i!lT'l if'IT '11'tJlf11rf.t rj; � ciT (;ik'1I�'1 � ;j; � lfirr � >iToRr ii 1!$ 3R'i!lT'l 'lfJ!f;r iF-T TfO'l r...r � I "" � �'rfGi1:1"it tfrrr 41{4""1'11 f.ia91H4 -.iT � � "$ ;qr�-J:IT� � fii,;14fii m q;uft � I 1jlrr � � <i; 3F;:11io r;ffii � ;j; � aSIl 1'1 rii t€r � � ;j; fi.ll( """ ,,($I ,i ii """ "'" <fir �",f;, .. ,,[q[<lui iF-T TfO'l r...r t l

34

j) Better knowledge of the river. in Technology de\'elopment and

application i n the conveyance and treatment of waste water.

iii) Identification and promotion of !'csca!"Ch in resollrce J'ccovery Jnd !'eSOLIrce consen'ing I1lcchanisnls relevant to Gang<l AClion Plan.

iv) Providing a structure to secure i he interaction of technologists and scientists in the formulation of various schernes under the Ganga Action Plan.

A programme initialed by Ihe Planning Commission in 1981 is being cool'dinated by GPO involving 14 universities. Nearly a thousand science sehuku's and students have been invoked in n comprehensive research pi"Oject from which for the first time in the country. �l hydi"O-biologicc:d profile of the river will be available by the end or 1988,

Technology Development and Application

The pnrticipation of nnt ional Inboratories and scient i fic organisations like National Environmental Engineering Reseal'ch Institute, Nagpurj Central Leathel' Research Institute, Madrasj Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhij Central Soil conservation Institute, Dehradun; Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow; etc have been enlisted for devising low cost options in conveyance and treatment of waste water, better utilisation of treated effiuents for resource recovery, optimisation of the capacity of treatment plants, training of personnel for monitoring heavy metals and pesticides, etc.

4"tll�<i\ <'f'lT III <1'1" <61-f<ro 'l'T f4""-141'1'1£4

\I1l1lI � 1nirrr!fTT"IPIT ;j; � ff'IT \I1l1lI &�If.1rii ek li�llh11 ir Tfm � � if �mr e"ffi if f.ll:'1I<'1ftilrl �91"Tm:it tJ;T �GsR � 'lll1'

� <or 'l:-� "'IT � ("""') <or '''-�'1"q)., >mifr>r q;fQ- 3R"i!lR qfWa- '1"t ... .. <. .. I

� , ;fflrrit ;j; 'l'!fnrc '"" <or 'f'!: 'lj01IT 3iR 'f'!: �-qilrik�"R m i,,;W.f1�F{1f 'isd):' ;;i fu"R;ft I

' , ,

3If'fllltr '"" ii �->h_ 3iR �-f""{I;{' (o'.;)2f",)-,""",, ffii'! m fq,,,fq,,,,.,,, , � � , � �lulC((tll "If;;;n141 3fR � ti1tjW;lf$qi-� "''ljlf�l� *'<TR, �I � <f2TlJ *_ a'IT � '"" <or �-� 3th: cm'q<ht1f fCl'm�1q, � � I

Promotion of Research in Relevant Areas

A Research Committee for the Ganga Action Plan has been constituted to aid and advise the Ganga Project Oil'cetorate i n the matter of promotion of research and technology appJicalion 10 fUrl her dc\'elopment of holistic policies and practices (01' conservation of (he resources of the ,'jvcl'. The State Government hal'e constituted Staie level committees of scientists [0 secure inten\ction of scientists in the formulation of schemes under the Ganga Action rlano

Inlero:.ction with Scientists and 'lechnologists

In collaboration with the leading I1Cllional Iabol'iltories and with the itssisl<1nce fmm tile leading scient ists several wOIokshops have hel'/1 heJd in areas 1-£Olc,0;:1111 to Ganga Action Plan. Fur eX:lmpJe-

Land t l'('aimen! of sewage and land application of sludge. -IARI. New Delhi.

Recycling and reuse of waste W<ller in industries. -CEI, New Delhi.

Biological conscl-valion and biomonitoring i n r-eceiving watel·s. -Jawaharlal Nehru University,

New Delhi. \\'atel- Qlwlily �Iodeiling and t realment tcchnologies. -liT, BOl11ba�'.

� River front COIlScl"v'OItion and inSlrcam

uses. -School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi.

35

�'16'1kq", el('If'U <f>lT II'I i'<1 <tt \';1' I (I;ft

� <l; f;wl "', Rfu>if <l; � 0>lT \fTIfu <iii f.,'I<,;{, ",-,:it <l; � IIUR lift <iii awreT<!T it � Tim lI1fu-.;-ror "" '10'1 ftI;m '1'IT % 1 r.t\lii <iii '<Ii'l'fd, "",,\11, "" � � aIR f""Md "'" it \fTIfu <iii f.,'I<,.;) m <l; � l('I' 6'�""" W't!fu r;, "H I< % , � 3fT1it<r <l; � (ilrnR) <iii "''''1ffiIT it l('I' or->< W't!fu % ;;Ii � <iii \fTIfu <iii R '" ,41 "" � Tim � 'lit f\:<iti a<ft %1

� "" q."io;" m 0>lT � ll';;rtt � <l; � qqi<t(uj � CR" 4?f1t1q of; fcrrr <f; � it ;flrr qf"il�", f"�'''<1'' <iii f'l1'RT <iii '1'l\ % , lI6" �,TImJ "'"' �n, � aIR 'lfRq- <i<lr<1-".,. <Ii...- -.n<ii it o;nf � <l; 0;,,,1·,,,,,, it 6q·"" "" o;nf 'I'UIT % ,

".,. <Ii...- -.n<ii it it � it l('I' � ilnwr 'RTlIT '1'IT t ;;li � <l; i'Pli"l aIR 0;,,,1.,,,,,, it e q."" "" o;nf 'I'UIT %, "'"' � aIR � it "" o;nf mrtt flI<mr ilnwr 0>lT q\1l � q <i<lr<1 it 4"1,,,., ilnwr � o;nf 'lit � %, "'"' � ;;r.r f.r1JlJ, � """ ;;r.r 3!T'lftt aIR 'ITfl:<r �-\iIT-f mi, cM1 q>t1 I q�I'111(i7fr:I;m � om;,- � � «"'!><t"i � "" 0;,,,1·,,,,,, 'R<ft %,

M """ 6<o;,,'i <l; ID'l � 'l'1JI:( mil 0>lT i'Pli"l-o;nf <iii \fTIfu "' f.J<m< mil <l; � Tim qfV.j .. I .... '11 frte:(ll{1q <f; $t1I�I6IIi! am: Cflt1<k"dl it

36

Organisational Arrangements and Monitoring of Progress

Cent ral Ganga Autho,-ily, under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister has been set up to determine policies, allocate funds and oversee progress. A Steering Committee is responsible (01- approval of schemes and annual allocations and review of progress regularly. Another Commiltee under the Chairmanship of the Memher (Science), Planning Commission monitors the progress of schemes c1nd repol'ls 10 the eGA.

The Ganga Project Directorate functions as a wing of the Ministry of Environment &> FOl'esis to appl'aise and sanction schemes and to coordinate the implementation of the Action Plan in the three Stales of UP, Biha,' and West Bengal.

In each of the three State Gove,'nments, a nodal depart ment is ,'csIxmsible foro coordinating the preparation and execution of schemes, In U.P, and Hihar, i t i s t h e Department o f Urban Development and in West Bengal) it is the Department of Environmcnl. Agencies such as UP Jal Nigam, Bihar State Water Supply and Sewage Board, Calcutta Met mpolitan Development J\llIhoi"ity, aloe some of ihc agencies executing Ihis wo,'k,

Regional offices of the Ganga Projcct Di" cctorate have been sel up in Allahabad and Calcutta to facilitate liaison with the three State Governments cmd to monitor the progres..'i of work,

The Slate Governments have also sel up a Stale Level Task fOl'ce under the chai,'manship of Chief Sccrctm-y to

•

� $llIi(1l1 �� � � %1 � ·H$I{f ;r <l'i't f<R '" '!l'm -'!l'm '" '1'Tfu <lit ;pftw � ;l; fm( ....,. � <lit 3lUrefffi ii � oroit <f.T 'lQ.f >fr f<irr �, '!1r{ nrtt>< � ,ffl am 4'<oh'l' �tlflj�� «f{ q"{ � t1q"�lI � � I

lflTfu � f1" (,oft it>lqfr�q1 (!.Jiftlq�1 ir q1Tlffl cg m ;tJ

� of " '- --- -"-- "- -'11IJII q;rrf q:; 1(1\'. � Cl1IJ�I� 'fl1'1C O�I' rr.filIT

1J'!T %, � � <l; f;ruifrn 1!Tfu<I; """" <l; 0!T\lT7 'fT ., "'1 r. '" ;W f<ffin! 1!Tfu<I; '1'Tfu 'fT � Tf<fr \ilIrfr * rrrfu; w:rir cIT � q(IT ,,.1' II Ch I

' f ' '- ' . � ' -"--� ;:PI$/l)i q:; 1<111, $1"�ls Cfli � ;qq; I FI'\1:I' , - , >ji �!1T, � . s'11�1"'lIG, �PI'II j , qc-:rr, �

3W 4''1'1',''''11 ;pp Rom � � xm;ff tp' wircF.

:r:rr <f; � if '4i1ltf'1 IJlTfrf � � 31<1.'41"141 � <f7 rn9i"1 -1.T TJi � I

� if; r.rr-� "jqll�ljll "$ AD: "if � Rf� fcf.n: l'fll; � � 3ffUfT qT 'qlTff if .,-€r � cf,r 11(11�f"'11 CFT fcr� � � %1 � �

� Eiri � 14fil--'i "jqqPII <i; Rn" S"'1 11<iif7 <1; � Rf!('qff fum: %. � �� "q:;" (<fd'ISl1 �

<l; <IT< G'f.r ;l; An: �4""ij) ,;,.,rr " "," ('lfT"r <l; f;w � 411 "" ) , ,-Mt -" 1 ( ' (')"icr: 7N'IlT ¢T.i <l; <IT< G'f.r ;l; 4Rt ;l; <f'l" ii � ¢T.i <l; An: �4',"") .-Mt-"'1" (;;r.rr'lT'ii ;l; An: �qll"") ;W �.Mr-"&" (� <$ � :aq4<fd) � I

<R'm If"'l'l'T � oiri WI f<I:n; lfl'; 3!ur1I"'I iT f<If<m ,,311 � Ww ;l; <IT< l)'lrr <l; o/i 'Wii ii ;;j"f

<tr II(JI�r'1l l'.:Tm "TT" lIT "-q" ef. � 3ffifi % I '1" � q:=fqy.:r -.,-rp:m� '-FT fCf 9 t1 Q 01 m � �

1[0''"1''''11 tfT Cf.11i � ift � <fT 'flO Tifri:f qsr � � An: -41 1 'ill f q '1 'F."1l if '1"Cft <f. � <f.I II(jl�"''11 -;f,r f;PI I l;fj � 7fRT 3ff'f� �I

periodically review the progress, City Task Forces and local pl'oject managers coordinate wOI'k <H the local level.

Monitoring of progress

A detailed fOl"lnat for monitoring the progress has been evolved in consultation with the implementing agencic:-, Each scheme is monitored with l-especI to ils monthly wrgct of physici.d and financial pl'ugres::; so Ihat bottlenccks i1re ident i fied <lnd ]'C'1l1cclict! 1llL'�ISUI'l'S taken. fOI' ll1�jOI­loca t ions such as lIardw<.Ir-Rishikesh, Kanptll', Allahabad, V.ll'anilSi, raina, Howrah and C�lklltW t-.lunicipal Corpol"illion, citywb(' cOIlS()lidatcd progl'ess chm-Is and sch('dulc� han' lx'en prepared.

Monitoring of \\'aICI" (lualit."

Rivcr \Valer quali ty in India is assessed on I he basis of �1'lI1dards fixed for diflhent uses, The Cenlr.al Pollution COIlIl'Ol BOilrd has fixed such sranoal-ds for different uscs, such as Class A (fit fc)!' drinking; water supply with chlorination), Cbss B [fit for bathing), Class C (fit fcll' drink ing water supply .:!fter full treatment), Class D (fit for aquatic life ) and Class C (fit (e)!' I'ccciving wilstcS) etc,

The study conducled by Central Pollwioll Control Board indicated thai �It Iwesel1l Ihe water quality in Ganga in mallY 1:>':11'15 below lIal'dwal' was Class C or D, The Action Pi.111 objecti\'(, is to bring l-in'I' quality to Cli:IS:-: B. Regula!' monitoring; of' J'i\'cr qWllitr is essential 110t on I." to :1s�ess thC' problems fc.1Ced but abo 10' measure the impact of the Action Plan ol�j('cti\'(' of water quality.

37

38

1 5 -

Predicted Ganga 'Vater Quality April 1991 (B.O.D.)

L IUSIKLSII

7. KANI'UR DIS 10. "LLA 11)\ riA I) D,S

13. VARAN,\St U S 15. BUXAR 23. RA.JMAIIAL

15

10

5

o AVERAGE OF

1981-86 a, E 1 0 Z

ci ci .,

5 PREDICTION FOR 1991

a .�������� 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3

i\IUNIT( )l{I�(; STATIONS

The 31T3ngcI11cnls for regular monitOl'ing hm'c been ::i11'engthened ::.ubslantially. \Vith as::;istance fmm GPO. Ihe following agencieR are engaged in the work:-

•

•

I . � 1JGQ1lT f'1C1r(OI 3ih: f'lli':01IJI 'ijif � r-cirt I ;ri fuMfr

3. � 1)?!TT "U\iq � 1014'S101 GITi. (>1 €i'1 ;a;

Actenev o • Central Baara for Pre\'eillion &­Control of \Valel' PolllHion. l\ew Delhi.

Industrial Toxicology Research

Centre. Lucknow. V.P. State Pollution Conll"Ol Board .

Luckno\' . .

Bhahh<.l Atomic Research CelHre. Bomb.l\',

. � " p � � � �'4T i'1ll<l'11 'lflIfu <l; fffi( f«iii am-.: 'I'{'iT fcf9�qalkli¢ &<riflc:(i "$ �u if IIOI4,i;11 f"'lli?101 I f.r� oW 10 'lrtt mifai'i 3ih: 7 �'1'1' "'ITai'i <l; ih,41c<1 <l; oW ii 'J:'RT � , mm-�:n, 'St1@�,e. � 3th ClI{lor41 if � �+1-�" f"1jl([;:(j � I

...

� URfm <f; ttctu it fcr� �qolkLl¢ 1IOICl,d,"f'1l{:'lOI ,

Responsibility Sampling. collection and analysis at 27

identified locations. Data storage and preparation of reports to i\lonitoring: Committee. Quality control in respect of analytic:]] pal'amclers. Analysis and reporting of 10 heavy metals and 7 pesticides parameters. Inten�h'e micro-level monitoring at Hard\\'ar-Rishikesh. Allahabad. Kanpur and \Taranasi. Analytical quality control i n respeCT o f hea"v metal:).

39

Ti<TT q;nf til � '11 .q -;;r;:r - '+II' 11 � 1 (j

cwliJI41 it 14 1'R 19:-\6 ;$r lfl1T tJiT'lf � tf,T VPWT>t <f.To'! "...,. pm \fUR ll'ft " """ 'IT .

•• � "("T<f� � . • � ;qTtf.p'" tJiT � m i. � tfT.�.tT. <f; fun; 3frT '4 {ili,ft $q�lrHh cF � 'Itt 'RT<lT lJ'!T, lll' ¢ I ti ,1>'1 >!lTif <lit 'Jft � '" An 'RT<lT lJ'!T �. f;;rqir � m 'WI iii·. � '3{Tir :mit. � * frn>f rf.r � � �, Tj-rrr � 1$ � �. � Pf ¥PI � <J;7, -r-rit TlGlIT ., 51(1',

lJ:(fT1 (PlT � fq�� iT � � � .;jQlFh'1 � fu:; 7frrr rpfi � � � % "\lfGr � it:=rr � m fff tA1i * '151�dl toft, "PI" 'Iif11' 'liT ,..,-it '" ¢'i � � I

� � s-;q � <f.r ;jtl '1 "" fi ir-fr � fui <r€r t;RtfOT rf.r X{ Ii LlIJ (i <nIT �. � Wrf <nJT � 3fr7 � � <!; oW it .;m fvID <ffiT � I � 'r<dI � >IT ""1" ;iRT � f'I; o<:GVr .m <!; _ 'liT f;p; II7f.T< I!"!Tf\r.r 'l>'11T �, """" ;rmt "IT"� q7 fu;., 'T<R7 w:IT 'l9 � % om � 'left:1t11 afrT 3AI � f;p; II7f.T< "'" iT ;;rrir � I

.m <!; m-,; ;;'l'fm it ;rit ir 'Iif11' '!it ,..,-it �:

.m <!; fq,.rrhjR ,, ;p I - .m it 'I'ST -� " <f:if: I - .m it "·�I:' "...,. frr'1' .m- 'IT'R m ¢l 'l"Iir'f "

W I

40

. .

Public Involveluent in the Ganga Action Plan

While launching the Ganga Action Plan ,:II Varana:si on the Hlh June. 1986 oUl' Prime' �lillistcl' has staled very deady. " The Ganga ACI ion Plan is not JUS! a Government plan. It has nOI been prepar'cd for Ih(' P"VD or government officials alone. II is a plan for all the people of India; one i n which they can come forward and part icipate, It is upto LIS to dean the whole of the Ganga and J'efl'ain fmm pollution ii" ,

•

In the first and the last analysis Ganga will remain clean only if the people want it so and help in the pmcess, There aloe many ways in which this can be donc,

'VVe must knmv what are the pl'Oblems of river pollution, what arc its sources and why pollution should concern us, \Ve must know how pollution affects the lise of the l'ive1' water, how it can affect our health. how it damages fish and olhel' aquatic life,

,

•

•

- tf!fTaIT <iT � if ;:; W1Tlf I . ' - "€T1'i � " Urn' ,

<r'1 <f>1 <:i sf, q it � $T � l)lLi'f � cj; � "3¢�tf � � �:-(q:; ) '4I'iI .... cp,n � <l> � m.- fq9lq � if

>frrr ;j; Wl"T <fT �3ir ;j; "p- ii ,",,-"!Tllfu . . th:-r 'P'1T.

(l'T) >frrr <fT "'"q"'i0"'i1MT, 'l' "p- ii 1I<lR lj-;\r iIT'T <fT 'li � <:f, � <fir \ill'iif'l51 �,

(" I "lk>ii ;j; � ;j; "p- ii '!';ft oI,f'to",,,,,,,,,,', 'orr" 4ir mm <f,f '44GQ111,

('F.f) lfrrr � lfr::;r;:rr if � <fiT � � oR �tlr'"ld1�rl � (f"-lT � 'f-T1i -t:n:RIT �.

(s:) � if � (ff �, <� �a-f1lT, o<:l'101;''''''''''''JI. :iltiWII¢ �, � mffi <iT � W'1T, � � it "11'1'hln <fl �'k'1lfg(1 <RrfT. � ofrr

(,,) q;n:j � ;j; """ i .• " i1 ii "" lW'iPT ofrr "" -mf'Tirr IIT"T q;r.rr ,

� 'JT.ITT-TfTUflIT <R � CP 11Ici'llRC:P '1'f'ir � "'IT "!Tllfu *"fllR � , f'lfn"Q � . . it '41 ci "If '1 Of> � gp(f c:R<n i:r4T 1]'Trr Cf."m" � ;j; � fq;n: ;;rR 'l'Ti'r m II<I'T< ;j; <Wit ir W<l<:l � ir '\jf'O'f'jOj I IfF'! I S) 'I)I"fLi'f c:pr � <f.r m <f.Tli it- '4 f; q�1 f \il1'1 f<R:rr '1!T '1<MT � I

� ' f " " <--"'q· <1! � � "11"1<t,1l � IJl illi Hi (f.7"01 q:; 1(1" � � :;p � -g I Tf1TT ti; f<:Rii- air Tff�J:Jftrq; r.:v-IT <f; qpJi ;fir If?.G ci; � TTq; fcnw ifll�lflq

In QUI' daily use of the rkcr, we mllst avoid doing certain things. For example:-

Don'i defecate on the banks of the river. Don't thl'Ow garbage into the river. Don't lise shampoos and detergents in the river. Avoid washing cattle in the l"iver water. Don't wash clothes in the rivcr .

In promoting public involvement in the progl'amme, the main objectives have been the {ollowing:-(a) Promote .;lwal"cness of the pl'Oblems of

pollution of dvers in general and Ganga in particulHL

(b) Disseminate the importance of the initiative taken bv the Prime i\:Iinister towards cleaner G.1nga:

(c) Promotion of right attitudes to\vards use of rivel's:

(dl Impl'Ove motivation and performance on t he pal't of those engaged i n the (;.1n,e;a Action Plan:

(e) Promote aW.Jreness of' rebted issues such as the siltation of r ivet"s, soil pJ'Qsion, arrot'cstat ion, industrial pollution, conservation of water n::$ourccs, e tc. : and

({) Secure public cooper.ation .'mel participation in the implementation of the Action pbn.

The involvemen t of the people is being sought t hl"Ough public information and awareness campaigns utilising multiple media. obt<lin ing public cooperaiion in specific schemes and organising direct public p.articipation in some types of work iaken unclet' the (�anga Action Plan.

School Children can do a lot to srl'ead this awareness. \Vc have .1 special programme 10 help secondary schools <.llong the Ganga to organise Simple wafer quality monitoring tests. \Ve have speCially

4 '

w fq;-m 1Tm % � 1:JTl:If7"'lT � II 014n11 �urr qftei"T f<l;>:rr "IT "'fil; , � '" iIini #. I'm( Rm 1JCW cf; f<:i;it :itT f.:r<rI:r-41"C1tt>I3IT qir � fq;m � , 3!<1 "'" <'I'f'If'T 90 .,;,. am- 20.000 """* """ • � . � � r� .... � tt>IQSh4 11 'ilfTT ti � �I s�I�IClI'':, 4T-iT, �1<lol41, � 3{l7 � -;:� 47 � � if; I'm( WI< ""';0" ;iR =-�. �U. f""""Ji tf:[JT � � � �fu4Ifll'1Hi �.; <f.r 'li � I

zr;:r$ >i1JlI€'Cf'C11 4>IQSh4 <liT fcffrq � � I 3fGf a-q; � x'll'i't q7 "" -.rn i\<ir fnf<n'i ii -urim 1kr uhRT, � $�� $n:, m � $ .. ¢ � � l1'fil> "f!i � ii 'IT'T rnm , ..-€t <l; <!it <l; f<!<w! -£ f;rqj.r iIini ii 4000 it 3!f!Iil> � ii irs <1"'TTii, 'lRi ;f.r �, am- '-""'R ii 'IT'T i'omr ,

i\ir <I'IT i'liiw If'TT <l; ofur ;;j\q.f ii <;il> arf>F! ' 4> ' . ,

>f 3f1T f> I wm-. �{11�1""1c;. IIhil14J, �PI'JII. �, ,tH1C1Fi ¢if, ;:ri M, 4{t44{ 3lh: .p". � it � if. � 47 �iJl;M JiI1 irm it 1f1lT tf.11i � � � fcrrn !1C"�if'1tfl � 11i I 4uit:{(01 $ #� � � it � eft filxoq;f;14> q, .. ¢ "'IT � 'I'<'IT <l; 'IT"'" it � <l; � Rm , . � . 'f <-.. ffi'iji "'ll"t i1Cf' tMUIfl4 3!141�11 I..,I!. � I

>mo 'IT'W' i;r>T 3Tf<'J'oT <t'r 1ft -.rn <wi ,,'r;;r-rr 'C% ;Q<i"'lffl40j 4f«i\ "I '1 I % I am: � 6llffi � � fil> � � it 'fIf!f -'fIf!f q7 <-i'r<it <it WfIT<i � <if, "" '" iIini <it '" R<iTi '''IT WI< �

42

prepared kits and manuals for [his purpose, Already about 90 schools and ':W,OOO school children have participated in this progl'amme.

Other progl'ammcs for school children sllch as debale, essay, painting and song and dance competitions have been organised in Allahabad, Pama, Val'anasi. l Iard war and other places.

Youth and Ganga is another special feature of the awareness programme. NSS, Nee, Nehru Yuvak Kendl'a and other youth volunteers have held Ganga SCWi:I Shivirs in several locations so £:11', Over 4000 young people have helped in tree planting. clcaning of the q.hals, shl'amd'lIl for I'i\'el' front dcvelopment works and so on,

�Ielas and festivals are very much a pan of life along the Ganga. Special exhibitions on t he Ganga Act ion Plan have been organised to coincide with congl'egations of pilgrims in Hardwar, Allahabad. Mirzapur, Varanasi, Sonepur. Sultanganj, Naihati, Serampul' and Ganga- Sagal'. Special cultural programmes addl'essed 10 the pilgrims relating to the theme of

-

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-;:j; -.nu:rtf if � % r iir � <lil1i --::� tn: fGrfrq ipr � <ir � �. ��f;:r (fm mcliTHqruTT � it" 1J+lTTUT <Fr.IT, �r �. S&lIBI6IIC!, '" I � I 0 1m, qc;:rr 3frr <:f&Ffln11 if � eft 1J"TTfu � � 'l"'t ",fTQ "","�-R flf;c.ii gof�io <R"'!T I 3W!

m- %'1 q>fIf it Jii14dl q;7 � � I � � it 3flf.t q:::;if;:p;h, � <in: fT:r::IT it Cffi1 <i't I � 'AGf, "(� �. i:f�'4Iol �, �:it <f �, anfu ffm "'" -;;n<Jfu "R � m "R ",,'1Tfmrr <l; <:flli<-;Pl <-31(�W'l1d � if "1'g14iil � � g I

envimnmcni and p,'cp<l!'ed in folk media have been held through North Zone Cultural Centre and the INTACH.

The Ganga Action Plan is a challenging project bunched by (he Governmen1. It is Olll' duty 10 ke�p the people informed about its progl'CSS from time to time. \Ne do this j h rol�h this and other rc'ports; visits of special pl'ess parties to different wad, sites; coverage thl'Qugh TV and AIl{ etc. Specii.d TV films on the progres.s of \Nork have been shown on l-Iarc!war,

Kanpur, A l!ahabad, Val'anasi, Patna and Calcutta.

You too can help. Talk to your ncighbol.II's, your children , your fi'iends. Youth Clubs, Sports O['ganisations) vVclfi:!!'c }\ssociations, \>\lomen's Groups, pilgrims­all can help to organise programmes of puLlic awareness, public cooperation ,mel public pa[·ticipation .

43

. " "

71711 �al 1fllCl �al

"" lI<fr.l; «'C mnIT'-«'I ""'" � I ,.-.l; '!R 'f' "" """ " ITT'ir.r � "" """' .-offi\ t I � $t """ � � "'" m i'!<IiR omIT � '!"€r "" lI<fr.l; �. ""f\141 "" ;;;m "i'If�,,", "" f'r'l< � I orrt " """ '1" -oit f<l; � '1" t -<Rl'If'ff """ « "'Jf<r "" lI<fr.l; t .n: � � ftro tR lili'tICf.1 < � 7man Cf.T m -\iIlfu; � �

� �-"<fI1: � <tt qp:q(I'IH l:lR'llT <if � <ROT tl

The symbol, a composite design, consish; of four component elements dl',lwn from the anCICI1I coinage

of India.

The waved lines .:It the base rcpl"Cscnt a flowing ri\'el� the pair of fish, auspiciousness; the tree within a

railing-Ihe chaitya lTik..1sha-plant life ;tlld prosperity; and the cross with circle terminals on lhe lop-an Ujjaini symbol-the traditional concept of Ihe

four seas.

rublMl�d 1,.- Gang� Pm)Kt thl'O!("lorate. Minulry ()! [rl\";mnmrnl M"I r"''''�l. GaI"rnmem of IndIa. New In-lin, Ikmgnf'!! bv t:�I'0"1tIon Coruuhanu {P LImned. !'�V Ddhi and pr!n,�d or Meht. Diffie! W(lrks, New Iklhl.l!OO211.

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