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Social Issuesand

the Environment

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Urbanization

What is urbanization Increased population in cities due to migration of

people from rural areas

Why does it occur?

In search of employment

For better education for children

For better commodity availability For better health facilities

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What is the impact of urbanization on environment?

Increase in population density

Closely constructed houses

Increased traffic traffic jams

More need for resourcesenergy, water, fuel

Stress on locally available resources

Greater pollution air, water, soilwaste dumping Increased chance of epidemics

Decreased aesthetic appeal of landscape

Loss of farmland;

Reduced species diversity;

Increased stormwater runoff due to construction of pavements.. Increased risk of flooding

Excessive removal of native vegetation;

Ecosystem fragmentation

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Problems related to energy

With fast Urbanization there is an increase in needfor energy and in its utilization. More lighting, transport, electrical devices, industries, more

waste and energy required to dispose it,

Increased air pollution and global warming energy needed to control air and water pollution

This is leading to

Stress on non-renewable energy sources Threat to long term sustainability

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Important issues on energy management

Urban planning should show concern forEfficient use of energy

1. Transportation network should be proper no

traffic congestion and no pollution2. Cities should be planned well for proper

ventilation and drainage so that need for energyis reduced

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How do we conserve energy?

Search for renewable resources

Tidal, wind, Biomass, Solar, Geothermal, Alternative fuelcells like Hydrogen cell

Save energy:

Switch off lights and fans when you leave a room

Use more of public transport

Use energy efficient devices And others which you have already studied..

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Sustainable development

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Why did we become a threat to the nature

in which we live?

We do not want to live like animals

We are intelligent -We tried to improve our quality of life

We want to DEVELOP.

In the process of development we created problems.

Is development wrong? What actually went wrong?

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What is wrong in development?

Development is not wrong but Our Outlook ondevelopment is wrong.

We considered improvement in our economy as development.

That is wrong!

If a country has sound economy we called it developed if it

does not then it is undeveloped

In an effort to improve the economy, all nations used the nature

around indiscreetly.

Result?

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Result?

The indiscreet use of our natural resources and a race to develop economically

resulted in the following.

Increased economic differences in nations within as well as between

different nations.

Economy improved in some countries, but quality of life did not improve.

Example, Pollution and waste, caused several health problems

Exhausted natural resources, -fights for them

(For how much money can you buy fresh air and water?)

Caused threat to our biodiversity as a whole -a threat to human race

itself.

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If not better economy what is

development?

Two decades back it is realized that developmentshould be

Sustainable development

What is sustainable development?

development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

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Sustainable Development

The definition comes from two words: Sustainability and Development

Sustainability is three types in terms of

Social

Ecological (Not Political as given in Kaushik and Kaushik)

Economic

A sustainable development is a development in which a balance ismaintained between these three types.

That means, before going for any developmental activity we should verify,

How will our action impact people?

How will our action impact the environment?

How will our action impact economy?

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destroy the environment

waste money

hurt others

Nobody reallywants to

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Key aspects of Sustainable development

Intra-generational equity: Minimize wealthgaps within and between nations

Inter-generational equity: Minimize anyadverse affects on resources andenvironment for the future generations.

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-How achieve sustainabletodevelopment

1. Using appropriate technology:

Technology employed should be Locally adaptable, eco-

friendly, and culturally suitable

It involves local resources and local labour design with

nature

2. The 3 Rs, Reduce, reuse and recycle

Minimize resource use, reuse again and again, Recycle if

not possible to reuse.

3. Prompting environmental education, public awareness andtraining

4. Resource utilization should be limited to Carrying Capacity

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What is carrying capacity?

Carrying capacity refers to

the number of individuals who can be supported in a

given area within natural resource limits, and without

degrading the natural, social, cultural and economicenvironment for present and future generations.

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Water

Reduce water demand in Agriculture

Rainwater harvesting and watershedmanagement

Other methods of water conservation

Measures that can be taken by individuals

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Measures in Agriculture:

Decreasing run-off losses

Contour cultivation, terracing

Barren land runoff is more so Cover soil withcrops/vegetation

Reducing evaporation losses

Application of organic materials like manure and compost :they retain more water and prevents run off

Chemical methods are available

Use of asphalt sheets below the soil

Super slurper copolymer of acrylonitrile andstarch retains 35-40% of moisture

Planting trees on the edges of fields

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Storing water in soil: Some water is stored in soil in the root zone. If the land is

left fallow for some time that water will become available.

Reduce irrigation losses Covered canals to reduce seepage Irrigation in early morning or evening Sprinklers

Use of less water requiring hybrid varieties Drip irrigation

Reuse: Treated water: Desalinization like reverse osmosis

distillation, electrodialysis Water from washings bath tubs etc (grey water) for

watering gardens

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Stop wastage

Close taps

Repair leaks

Use small capacity flush

Increase block pricing

Put a charge on water.

Introduce proper laws

Educate people

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Rainwater Harvesting

What is it and why do we need it?

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Problems Associated with Water

Why are some of the Cities like Chennaifacing water problems

Less rainfall?

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Compare rainfall in 5 Indian cities

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

January

February

Ma

rch

A

pril

M

ay

June

J

uly

Aug

ust

Septem

ber

Octo

ber

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

months

rainfallinInches

Mumbai

Delhi

CalcuttaChennai

Bangalore

Bangalore gets 37annually but the rainfall is more spread out.

Delhi = 32.1 Mumbai=120 Calcutta=62.3

2323

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RAINWATER HARVESTING

It is a technique of increasing the recharge ofgroundwater by capturing and storingrainwater.

This is done by construction of special waterharvesting structures like dug wells,percolation pits, lagoons, check dams etc.

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RAINWATER HARVESTING

Objectives

Reduce run off loss

Avoid flooding of roads

Meet the increasing demands of water

Raise the water table

Reduce groundwater contamination

Supplement groundwater supplies during leanseason

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RAINWATER HARVESTING

Methods of rainwater harvesting are,

1. Storing in tanks or reservoirs above or belowground

2. Constructing pits, dug wells, lagoons trenchesor check dams on rivers and streams

3. By recharging groundwater

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Ground levelsump

tankRain water

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

House - Ground floor

House - Top floor

pump

filter

3

1. Rain water collected

on the roof

2. Flows thru drain pipe

3. First flush - discard

some initial water

4. Water flows thrua filter - bottom to

top (sponge is filter)

5. Store in a sump

6. Pump water to tank

7. Water pumped up8. Store in a overhead

tank - to house

9. Overflow from sump

charges the aquifer

Roof top Rain Water harvesting

9

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Rural water harvesting

Check dams along a river - Rajasthan

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TRADITIONAL RAINWATER

HARVESTING What were the good deeds of Asoka? In ancient India there were lakes and ponds in every village

constructed by kings

In Rajesthan underground tanks and embankments were found

In Himalayan regions bamboo pipes were used to draw waterfrom streams

Collecting rain water from roof-tops is one of the oldest

techniques in India

In villages lake cut ponds were made. In Tamilnadu, they hadseparate such ponds for bathing, washing and drinking.

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What is WATERSHED?

The term watersheddescribes

An area of land that drains downslope to the lowest point.

It is defined as the area of land where all of the water that is drainsoff it goes into the same place.

The water moves through a network of drainage pathways, bothunderground and on the surface. Generally, these pathways join intostreams and rivers, which become progressively larger as the watermoves on downstream, eventually reaching an estuary and the

ocean.

Watersheds have a well-defined boundary and one water outlet.

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watershed

diagram(Note the border dashed line)

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Importance of watershed

It is directly involved in food productionIrrigation

Power generation

Transportation (water line)

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Problems with watershed

Watershed is degraded due to improper landmanagement:

overgrazing

mining

deforestation

construction activities and industrialization,

shifting cultivation,

fires,

soil erosion

and ignorance of local people

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WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Its objectives are To restore watershed through proper land use soil

conservation and moisture retention

To make watershed available for domestic watersupply, irrigation hydropower generation in asustainable manner

To minimize the risks of floods, drought and landslides

To develop rural areas in the region to improve theireconomy

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Watershed Practices1. Water harvesting: Proper storage of water

1. Afforestation and Agroforestry ( Half forest halfagricultural)

Help prevent soil erosion and retention of moisture In high rainfall areas woody trees reduce runoff Done

in Dehradun

2. Mechanical measures Terracing, no-till farming,

contour cropping, strip cropping etc

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Watershed Practices

4. Scientific mining: Planting some soil binding plantsto minimize destruction to watershed

5. Public participation:

Farmers and tribals are key to the success of watershedmanagement

So, peoples cooperation should be encouraged.

NGO are encouraged they work either with or withoutlocal peoples cooperation

Case studies: Himalayan regions, Sukhomajri Panchkula,Haryana

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Resettlement and Rehabilitation Issues Resettlement means, The transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement

(as after an upheaval of some kind)

Rehabilitation means, The restoration of someone to a useful place in society

They should grow back to a respectable position with respect to culture andeconomy

Need for resettlement and rehabilitation: Displacements occur

For construction of dams For Mining For creation of National park

People migrate voluntarily In search of better employment To escape epidemics Wars

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ProblemsResettelement and Rehabilitation Land acquisition act, 1894 empowers government to acquire land

Amended later - Compensations are also fixed in the act

Still several problems exist

1. Mostly displaced are tribalsthat are already poor. They becomepoorer lose their homes, jobs, food security, and social isolation

2. They may need to take up small jobs and lose their respect in thesociety.

3. Often families are broken down

4. Tribals are not familiar with market policies. If they get cashcompensation they do not know how to manage and sustain withthat.

5. Tribals community is lost

6. Their culture is lost their dances, folk-songs, and other activities arelost.

7. Their age old knowledge on flora and fauna are lost

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ProblemsResettelement and

Rehabilitation

1. Big dam people get more compensation than

smaller projects

2. Delays in compensation

3. Women are more affected. When men go to work, women cannot survive on

their own They do not get any compensation and become

dependent on their husbands. Otherwise, theymay need to take cheap jobs and lose their self-respect