Courses of Studies of B. Sc. (Honours) Agriculture Programme

[Curriculum of B.Sc. (Honours) Ag.- Revised in 2016]

Courses of Studies of

B. Sc. (Honours) Agriculture Programme

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Revised in 2016


BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN AGRICULTURE

Under the 4-year B.Sc. (Honours) Agriculture programme, the students are engaged in pro-ject works starting from the Third Semester besides laboratory practical. The students are provided with choices in the following elective courses in the Seventh Semester.

· Sustainable Agriculture

· Horticulture

· Plant Breeding

· Plant Protection

· Animal Science

· Soil Science

· Agricultural Economics and Business Management

· Development Studies The students will have to undergo field-based internship in the last semester and prepare a thesis based on thesis research. Field-based internship is meant for broadening the vision of the student as well as imparting practical knowledge in relation to his/her field of elective subject. Such internship arrangements are made in various agro-based industries, research farms as well as private farms/NGOs operating in various agro-ecological conditions. TEACHING APPROACH The medium of instruction of B Sc (Honours) Agriculture is English, and all the test and ex-aminations of B Sc (Honours) Agriculture is conducted in English. ACADEMIC CALENDAR AND EXAMINATION The programme is run in semester system. The new academic session starts in 1st Septem-ber. The students will have to undergo one internal assessment in each semester before ap-pearing in the final semester examination. Internal assessment would also include various types of assignments. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION Students having at least 45 percent (second division) overall score in 0+2 (science) or equiva-lent grade are eligible to apply for admission to the bachelor's programme. Enrolment will be based on the marks secured in the entrance examination conducted by Purbanchal University. OBJECTIVES OF 4-YEAR B. Sc. (HONOURS) AGRICULTURE PROGRAMME 1. To produce scientific human resources of high caliber in the field of agriculture.


2. To provide knowledge and experience on the operational aspects of agricultural advance-ments and the indigenous technology used by farmers.

3. To develop better communication skills among the students by using better extension ap-

proaches so that the agriculture graduates can be good extension workers. 4. To acquaint the students with functioning of development agencies, market forces and ag-

ricultural activities. 5. To make students aware of the different production constraints and find the possible way

outs. 6. To help students become result-oriented and stimulate their creativity.


Summary of Courses of Studies 4-year B. Sc. (Honours) Ag. Programme

First Year

Semester I

Course Code Courses Credit Hours

Physio 111 Plant Physiology 2+1

Micro 111 Microbiology 2+1

Soil 111 Introductory Soil Science 2+1

CropSc 111 Crop Science 2+1

AnSc 111 Introductory Animal Science 2+1

Soc 111 Rural Sociology 3+0

Econ 111 Economics 3+0

Total Credit Hours 16+5=21

Semester II


Biochem 121 General Biochemistry 2+1

Soil 122 Soil Physics and Conservation 2+1

Agron 121 Crop Production –I 2+1

Hort 121 Principles and Practices of Horticulture 2+1

AnSc 122 Livestock Production and Management 2+1

Ext 121 Extension Education and Communication 2+1


FPM 121 Farm Power and Machinery 2+1

Agron 122 Agriculture Meteorology and Climate Change 2+1



Second Year Semester III

Course Code Courses Credit hours

CropSc 212 Plant Genetics 2+1

Patho211 Introductory Plant Pathology 2+1

Ento211 Principles of Entomology 2+1

Agron213 Crop Production-II 2+1

Hort212 Vegetable and Spices Crop Produc-tion 2+1

Agron214 Irrigation and Water Management 2+1

Hort 213 Plantation Crops production 2+1

PW211 Plant Propagation and Nursery Man-agement 0+2


Semester IV


AnSc 223 Animal Nutrition and Fodder Pro-duction 2+1

CropSc 222 Plant Breeding 2+1

Patho 222 Crop Disease Management 2+1

Ento 222 Crop Pests Management 2+1

Soil 223 Soil fertility and Nutrient Manage-ment 2+1

Hort 224 Fruit Crop Cultivation 2+1

CropSc 223 Plant Biotechnology 2+1

PW 222 Plant Clinic 0+2



Third Year Semester V


AF 311 Agroforestry 2+1

AnSc 314 Aquaculture 2+1

Hort 315 Post Harvest Technology 2+1

PP 311 Integrated Pest Management 2+1

Econ 312 Agricultural Resource and Marketing Management 2+0

CropSc 314 Seed Technology 2+1

AnSc 315 Animal Biodiversity and Management 2+0

PW 313 Livestock/ Poultry Production 0+2


Semester VI


AnSc 326 Animal Genetics and Breeding 2+1

Soc 322 Social and Economic Development 3+0

Agron 326 Sustainable agriculture and rural de-velopment 2+1

Hort 326 Ornamental Horticulture 2+1

Ento 323 Apiculture and Sericulture 2+1

Ext 322 Agriculture Policy and Planning 3+0

PW 324 Indigenous /Agricultural Biotechnology 0+2


Project Works on Mushroom Cultivation Techniques


Fourth Year Semester VII CORE COURSES


Stat 411 Bio-Statistics 2+1

Stat 412 Research Methodology 2+1

TW 411 Proposal and Thesis Writing 0+2


ELECTIVE COURSES (12 CHS) (Elective Courses: Each student should take one course of 12 CHrs from these choice elective courses)

• Sustainable Agriculture

• Horticulture

• Plant Protection

• Plant Breeding

• Animal Science

• Soil Science

• Agricultural Economics and Business Management

• Development Studies

Sustainable Agriculture

CropSc 415E Bio-Intensive Farming System and Livelihoods 3+0

CropSc 416E Agro Biodiversity Management 3+0

CropSc 417E Agro-Ecosystem and Environment 2+1

PW 416E Project Work on Sustainable Agriculture 0+3


Horticulture

Hort 417 E Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2+1

Hort 418E Enterprise Development in Horticulture 2+1

Hort 419E High Value Horticultural Crops 2+1

PW 414 E Project Work 0+3

Plant Breeding

PB411E Applied Plant Breeding (Agronomical and Horti-cultural crops) 2+1

PB412E Agro-biodiversity Conservation 3+0

PB413E Organic Agriculture 2+1

PW 414 Project work 0+3

Plant Protection

PP 412E Diseases of Field and Vegetable Crops 2+1

PP 413E Insect Pests of Field and Vegetable Crops 2+1

PP 414E Insects Pests and Disease of Fruit Crops 2+1

PW 414E Project work 0+3

Animal Science:

AnSc 4110E Applied Animal Breeding ( 3+0)

AnSc 411E Feeds, Fodder and Feed Industry (2+1)

AnSc 412E Sustainable Livestock Development and Man-agement (2+1)

PW 414 E Project work ( 0+3)

Soil Science:

Soil 414E Soil Chemistry (2+1)

Soil 415E Soil Genesis and Classification (2+1)


Soil 416E Bio-Fertilizers and Organic Farming (2+1)

PW 414E Project Work (0+3)

Ag. Economics & Business Management:

AgEcon 414E Agricultural Finance and Business management (2+1)

AgEcon 415E Development Economics and Project planning (3+0)

AgEcon416E Agricultural Marketing and Cooperatives (2+1

)

PW 414 E Project work (0+3)

Development Studies:

DS 411E Development Planning (3+0)

DS 412E Sociology of Development (3+0)

DS 413E Social Mobilization (3+0)

PW 414E Project Work (0+3)

Total Credit Hours for Elective Courses with Project work 9+3 =12

Fourth Year Semester VIII COMPULSORY COURSES Course Code Courses Credit hours Intern 421 Internship 0+6 Thesis 421 Seminar 0+1 Thesis 422 Thesis 0+8 Total 15 NB: First digit in the course code represents the year, the second digit represents the semester in which the course is to be studied and the third digit represents the serial number of the course offered in the same discipline. For example: The course code Agron 121 signifies that it is the first course of agronomy offered in the second semes-ter of the first year. Similarly, Agron 212 signifies that it is the second course offered in the first semester of the second year.


SUMMARY OF CREDIT HOURS Credit hours for Core courses = 139 Credit hours for elective courses including internship and thesis = 27 Total credit hours = 166

Percentage of theory and practical Particular Credit hours Percent

Theory 101 60

Practical 65 40

Total 166 100


BREAKDOWN OF B.Sc. (HONS.) AG. PROGRAMME FIRST YEAR Semester I Course Code: Physio 111 Plant Physiology (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Introduction and scope of plant physiology in relation to agriculture. Plant cell, its organelles and tissues in relation to physiological processes- cell, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, plastids, mitochondria: xylem, phloem. Leaf, root and root hairs. Plant water rela-tions: Importance of water to plant function, properties of water, sources of water, transloca-tion of water, xylem transport, diffusion, Osmosis, turgor pressure, , water potential and its components and unit, calculating and numerical problems solving in water and solute poten-tial plasmolysis, imbibition, absorption and transport of water, path of water. Passive and active transport Transpiration: Definition and types of transpiration, guttation. Leaf anatomy and stomata structure, mechanism of stomata opening, factors affecting transpiration and measurement of transpiration. Plant and mineral nutrients, mineral uptakes by root, active and passive absorption, essential mineral nutrients. Photosynthesis: general introduction on mechanism of photosynthesis, plastids, light and photosynthetic pigments, chloroplast struc-ture, light reactions, photosystems I and II, principle of light absorption and details of light reactions, mechanism of ATP synthesis, photophosphorylation, Light reaction coupling with dark reaction, Calvin cycle, C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis in plants, photorespiration, photosynthetic efficiency and rate, efficiencies and crop production, photosynthate allocation, transport, and respiration, phloem transport, Photosynthesis and environment- factors affect-ing photosynthesis, stomata and carbon dioxide uptake, light, transpiration. Respiration: in-troduction, types and mechanism- glycolysis, fermentation, structure of mitochondria and role in respiration, Kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, factors affecting respiration, a brief introduction to molecular and genetic engineering approach in plant mitochondrial bi-ology. Plant and Nitrogen: Sources of nitrogen and nitrogen availability to plant, nitrogen cycle, nitrification and denitrification. Biological nitrogen fixation- symbiotic nitrogen fixa-tion by microbes: mechanism, anatomy, physiology and factors affecting rhizobium, actinorhizzal and mycorrhizal nitrogen fixation. Plant Growth and hormones: Plant growth and plant growth regulators (PGRs),: Plant growth and cell growth, concept on growth regu-lators, hormones and different families of plant growth regulators. Chemical nature, biosyn-thesis, distribution, and role of different hormones: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscissic acid. New families of PGRs- Salicylic acid and other few examples. Photomorphogenesis: phytochrome and its mechanism of action and importance in physiolo-gy. Seed germination Metabolic changes during seed germination, factors affecting

germination. Seed and bud dormancy. Abscission and Senescence. Plant movements and fac-tors affecting plant movements. Photoperiodism and vernalization. Concept of allelopathy and phytoalexin.


Practical Plant Physiology

Study of the process of osmosis using egg membrane. Plasmolysis of living cell. Imbibition by seeds. Comparative. Study of rates of transpiration from upper and lower surface of dorsiventral leaf. Study the distribution of stomata on two surface. Measurement of rate of transpiration with the help of Ganong’s potometer. Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata. Comparison of absorption and transpiration and path of ascent of sap in plants. In-vestigation of plant’s mineral requirements. O2 evolution during photosynthesis & CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis. Light necessary for photosynthesis & Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. Extraction of Chlorophyll or other pigments and separation by paper chromatography. Production of CO2 in aerobic respiration & Production of CO2 during an-aerobic respiration. Heat is involved during respiration & Types of germination: Hypogeal and Epigeal. Regions of growth in root and stem. Measurement of growth using Ananometer. Auxin and coleoptile elongation. Gibberellin stimulates stem elongation. GA3 stimulates stem elongation. Cytokinin delays senescence & Ethylene enhances fruit ripening.

Topical breakdown of Plant Physiology

S.N. Topics Hr

1 Introduction and scope of plant physiology in relation to agriculture. 1

2 Plant cell, its organelles and tissues in relation to physiological processes- cell, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, plastids, mitochondria: xylem, phloem. Leaf, root and root hairs

1

3 Plant water relations: Importance of water to plant function, properties of water, sources of water, translocation of water, xylem transport

1

4 Plant water relations: Osmosis, turgor pressure, plasmolysis, imbibition, absorp-tion and transport of water, path of water. passive and active transport

1

5 Plant water relations: Water potential and its components and unit, calculating and numerical problems solving in water and solute potential

1

6 Transpiration: Definition and types of transpiration, guttation. Leaf anatomy and stomata structure. Mechanism of stomata opening, factors affecting transpiration and measurement of transpiration.

1

7 Plant and mineral nutrients, mineral uptakes by root, active and passive absorp-tion, essential mineral nutrients and their impact.

1

8 Photosynthesis: Introduction on photosynthesis, its relation to ecosystem, food chain and human kinds. Apparatus and Components of photosynthesis -chloroplast, light, water, air and stomata and transpiration in relation to photosyn-thesis

1

9 Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic apparatus and components- plastids types and chloroplast structure, structure of photosynthetic pigments –chlorophyll a and chl b,

1

10 Photosynthesis: Principle of light absorption and quality and quantity of light. Light reactions-photosystems PI and PII, mechanism of ATP synthesis, photo-phosphorylation.

1


11 Photosynthesis: Light reaction coupling with dark reaction, Calvin cycle, C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis in plants

1

12 Photosynthesis: Mechanism and significance C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis in plants, photorespiration

1

13 Photosynthesis: photosynthetic rate and efficiency in and crop production, photosynthate allocation, transport, and respiration, phloem transport,

1

14 Photosynthesis and environment- factors affecting photosynthesis- stomata, car-bon dioxide uptake, light, topography, water, transpiration. Molecular biology and genetic engineering in photosynthesis research.

1

15 Respiration: Introduction, types and mechanism- glycolysis, fermentation, 1

16 Respiration: Structure of mitochondria and role in respiration, Kreb's cycle, oxida-tive phosphorylation.

1

17 Respiration: Factors affecting respiration. A brief introduction to mitochondrial biology with molecular and genetic engineering approach.

1

18 Plant and Nitrogen: Sources of nitrogen, nitrogen cycle, nitrification and denitrifications. Nitrogen availability to plant.

1

19 Plant and Nitrogen: Sources of nitrogen, nitrogen cycle, nitrification and denitrifications.

1

20 Plant and Nitrogen: Biological nitrogen fixation- symbiotic nitrogen fixation by microbes: mechanism, anatomy, physiology and factors affecting rhizobium and rhizobial nitrogen fixation.

1

21 Plant and Nitrogen: cyanobacterial, actinorhizzal and mycorrhizal nitrogen fixa-tion. Biotechnological approach and traditional knowledge on nitrogen sources to agriculture.

1

22 Plant growth and plant growth regulators (PGRs): Plant growth and cell growth, concept on growth regulator and different families of plant growth regulators.

1

23 PGRs: Chemical nature, biosynthesis, distribution, and role of different hormones: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscissic acid. Senescence and Ab-scission. New families of PGRs- Salicylic acid and other emerging PGRs.

2

24 Photomorphogenesis: Phytochromes, chemical nature and its mechanism of action and importance in physiology. Modern approaches in phytochromes and photomorphogenesis in biology and biotechnology

2

25 Seed germination Metabolic changes during seed germination, factors affecting germination,

1

26 Plant movements and factors affecting plant movements. 1

27 Photoperiodism and vernalization. 1

28 Concept of allelopathy and phytoalexins. Review on class activities and conclu-sion.

1

Total lectures 30


Practical breakdown

SN Practical Periods

1 Study of the process of osmosis using egg membrane. Imbibition by seeds. Com-parative

1

2 Plasmolysis of living plant cell. 1

3 Study of rates of transpiration from upper and lower surface of dorsiventral leaf. 1

4 Study of the distribution of stomata on two leaf surfaces from different plant spe-cies. Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata

1

5 Measurement of rate of transpiration with the help of Ganong’s photometer and exposure of plant leaf to different environmental factors.

1

6 Comparison of absorption of water and transpiration and path of ascent of sap in plants.

1

7 Investigation of plant’s mineral requirements. 1

8 Photosynthesis- O2 evolution during photosynthesis & CO2 is necessary for pho-tosynthesis

1

9 Light necessary for photosynthesis & Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. Extraction of Chlorophyll or other pigments and separation by paper chromatog-raphy. Model study and drawing for PSI and PSII and their interlinks

1

10 Production of CO2 in aerobic respiration & Production of CO2 during anaerobic respiration. Heat is involved during respiration & Types of germination: Hypogeal and Epigeal.

1

11 Regions of growth in root and stem. Measurement of growth using Ananometer. 1

12 Plant and Nitrogen: cyanobacterial, actinorhizzal and mycorrhizal nitrogen fixa-tion. Biotechnological approach and traditional knowledge on nitrogen sources to agriculture. Lab works and seminar

2

13 PGRS and role in agriculture and physiology- Auxin and coleoptile elongation. Gibberellin stimulates stem elongation. GA3 stimulates stem elongation. Cytokinin delays senescence & Ethylene enhances fruit ripening.

2

Total practical and experiments 15


Text/Reference Books:

• Introductory Plant Physiology by G. R. Noggle and G. J. Fritz: Prentice Hall of India

• Plant Physiology by F. B. Salisbury and C. W. E. Ross: CBS Publication and Distributor

• Plant Physiology by R. M. Devlin and F. H. Witham. Reinhold Publications • Biological Science by R. Soper, Cambridge University Press

Course Code: Micro 111 Microbiology (2+1)

FM: 75Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory

Overview on and scope of microbiology in biology, agriculture and biotechnology. Biogene-sis and abiogenesis theory of origin. Contributions of different scientists on microbiology fields -Redi, Spallanzani, Needham, Pasteur, Tyndal, Joseph Lister, Koch [Germ Theory], Edward Jenner and Flemming [Penicillin], Grams, Bergy. Classification of Microbes - Sys-tems of classification, Numerical taxonomy, Identifying characters for classification, General properties and principles of classification of microorganisms. Bergy’s manual of classifica-tion. Systematics of bacteria, Nutritional types [definition and examples]. Classification on the basis of oxygen requirements, biochemical and molecular biological approaches. Con-cept of Sterilization in microbiology-physical and chemical methods of sterilization; disinfec-tion, sanitization, antisepsis sterilants and fumigation. Stains and staining techniques in mi-crobiology –Classification of stains, theories of staining, mechanism of Gram’s staining. Ni-trogen fixing, aromatic, oil and LC-PUFA producing microbes-general mechanism and bio-technological importance. Pathogenic Microorganisms – List of common bacterial, fungal and viral diseases of plant and animals- name of the disease, causative pathogen, parts affect-ed. Concept of epidemiology, disease outbreaks and approaches to trace the disease out-breaks. Basic concepts of Virology - General characteristics of viruses, differences between bacteria and viruses. Classification of viruses. Physical and chemical Structures of different viruses on the basis of capsid symmetry - enveloped (Herpes virus), helical (TMV) and ico-sahedral (Polyoma viruses), Capsids, complex (Bacteriophage, virion size, enveloped (Her-pes), helical (TMV) and icosahedral (Polyoma), Capsids. Plant viruses, their role and control. Microbiology in health and biotechnology: Single cell factory, biofertilizers, biopesticides. Antibiotics, drugs and chemical resistance by microbes and antibiotics producing bacteria. Food, dairy and fermentation microbiology: Microbiology of various food, dairy, breweries and traditional ethno-cultural produces. Soil Microbiology: Distribution, diversity and im-portance of microorganisms in soil, water and plants. Manipulation of rhizosphere microflora and mycoflora in soil fertility and plant productivity, decomposition of plant and animal resi-dues, role of humus in soil fertility and composting. Microbes in agricultural and extreme en-vironment – soil, air, water, rain, thermophilic, psychrophilic, methanogenic, halophilic, pho-tosynthetic bacteria, and other examples. Antifreeze protein producing microbe in frost toler-ance. Transformation of nitrogen in soil (ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and


biological nitrogen fixation. Mycorrhiza and other microbes interacting with plants. Phospho-rus transformation by bacteria, fungi and mycorrhiza, transformation of sulphur. Plant mi-crobe interactions in sustainable and industrial agriculture. Microbial biotechnology in household, rural and urban areas: Biogas and farm manure biotechnology, Indigenous alco-hol biotechnology in different ethnic communities- Rakshi, Nigar, chhyang, Tongba; Dairy biotechnology: traditional curds and yoghurt, ghee, cheese, chhurpi making in Nepal. Animal and human gut microbiome, physiology, nutrition, health and well beings.

Practical

General microbiological laboratory handling guidelines and safety rules. Concepts on sterili-zation techniques and physical and chemical sterilization equipments and reagents. Sampling and quantification of microorganisms in food, fruits and household, office surfaces, in air, soil and water. Isolation of bacteria [Streak plate, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution. Identification of microorganisms from the habitats [simple staining, differential staining, acid fast staining, capsule staining, spore staining and motility. Observation of morphology - shape and arrangement of bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Methods of inoculation of different microbes in selective media. Microscopic measurements, micrometer (ocular and stage), haemocytometer. Culture, Microscopic study and enumeration of useful microbes from ag-ricultural fields –Legumes and Rhizobiums, azolla symbiotic bacteria-Azotobacter, Cyano-bacteria. Practical understanding and practical on organic and farm manures and roles of mi-crobes. Culture and enumeration of fungal microbes from households –Aspergillus, Culture and enumeration of useful microbes from agricultural fields –Mycorrhiza Culture and enu-meration of useful microbes from agricultural/industrial/households –Yeast, brewer’s, baker’s yeast, Metahane producing microbes and biogas production-laboratory and virtual simulation works. People’s attitude and awareness towards healthy and harmful microbes-field work. Nepalese traditional microbial biotechnology. Class seminar on microbes- friends or foes. Other innovative laboratory and field works on microbiology related research and laboratory works. Total practical works and lectures-15

Theory breakdown

SN Topics Hr

1 Overview on and scope of microbiology in biology, agriculture and bio-technology. Biogenesis and abiogenesis theory of origin.

1

2 Contributions of different scientists on microbiology fields -Redi, Spallanzani, Needham, Pasteur, Tyndal, Joseph Lister, Koch [Germ Theory], Edward Jenner and Flemming [Penicillin], Grams, Bergy.

2

3 Classification of Microbes - Systems of classification, Numerical tax-onomy, Identifying characters for classification, General properties and principles of classification of microorganisms. Bergy’s manual of clas-sification

2

4 Systematics of bacteria, Nutritional types [Definition and examples]. Classification on the basis of oxygen requirements, biochemical and molecular biological approaches.

1


5 Concept of Sterilization in microbiology-physical and chemical meth-ods of sterilization; disinfection, sanitization, antisepsis sterilants and fumigation.

1

6 Stains and staining techniques in microbiology –Classification of stains, theories of staining, mechanism of Gram’s staining.

1

7 Nitrogen fixing, aromatic, oil and LC-PUFA producing microbes-general mechanism and biotechnological importance.

2

8 Pathogenic Microorganisms – List of common bacterial, fungal and vi-ral diseases of plant and animals- name of the disease, causative patho-gen, parts affected. Concept of epidemiology, disease outbreaks and approaches to trace the disease outbreaks.

2

9 Basic concepts of Virology - General characteristics of viruses, differ-ences between bacteria and viruses. Classification of viruses.

2

10 Physical and chemical Structures of different viruses on the basis of capsid symmetry - enveloped (Herpes virus), helical (TMV) and icosa-hedral (Polyoma viruses), Capsids, complex (Bacteriophage, virion size, enveloped (Herpes), helical (TMV) and icosahedral (Polyoma), Capsids. Plant viruses, their role and control

2

11 Microbiology in health and biotechnology: Single cell factory, biofertilizers, biopesticides. Antibiotics, drugs and chemical resistance by microbes and antibiotics producing bacteria.

2

12 Traditional village and urban microbial Biotechnology in Nepal: Food, dairy, fuels, farm manures and fermentation microbiology: Microbiolo-gy of various foods, dairy, breweries and traditional cultural produces –curd, yoghurt, Cheese rakshi, biogas, fermented vegetables, cheese,

2

13 Traditional village and urban microbial Biotechnology in Nepal: Food, dairy, fuels, farm manures and fermentation microbiology: Microbiolo-gy of various foods, dairy, breweries and traditional cultural produces –alcohols like rakshi, biogas and farm manures, fermented vegetables

2

14 Soil Microbiology: Distribution, diversity and importance of microor-ganisms in soil, water and plants. Manipulation of rhizosphere microflora and mycoflora in soil fertility and plant productivity, de-composition of plant and animal residues, role of humus in soil fertility and composting.

2

15 Microbes in agricultural and extreme environment – soil, air, water, rain, thermophilic, psychrophilic, methanogenic, halophilic, photosyn-thetic bacteria, and other examples. Antifreeze protein producing mi-crobe in frost tolerance.

2


16 Transformation of nitrogen in soil (ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and biological nitrogen fixation

1

17 Mycorrhiza and other microbes interacting with plants. Phosphorus transformation by bacteria, fungi and mycorrhiza, transformation of sulphur.

1

18 Plant microbe interactions in sustainable and industrial agriculture. 1

19 Animal and human gut microbiome, physiology, health and well beings. 1

Total Lectures 30

Practical breakdown

SN Practical Periods

1 General microbiological laboratory handling guidelines and safety rules 1

2 concepts on sterilization techniques and physical and chemical sterilization equipments and reagents

1

3 Sampling and quantification of microorganisms in food, fruits and house-hold, office surfaces, in air, soil and water.

2

4 Isolation of bacteria [Streak plate, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution. 1

5 Identification of microorganisms from the habitats [simple staining, dif-ferential staining, acid fast staining, capsule staining, spore staining and motility.

1

6 Observation of morphology - shape and arrangement of bacterial and eu-karyotic cells. Methods of inoculation of different microbes in selective media.

1

7 Microscopic measurements, micrometer (ocular and stage), haemocytome-ter.

1

8 Culture, Microscopic study and enumeration of useful microbes from agri-cultural fields –Legumes and Rhizobiums, azolla symbiotic bacteria-Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria. Practical understanding and practical on or-ganic and farm manures and roles of microbes.

1

9 Culture and enumeration of fungal microbes from households –Aspergillus, Culture and enumeration of useful microbes from agricultural fields -Mycorrhiza

1

10 Culture and enumeration of useful microbes from agricultur-al/industrial/households –Yeast, brewer’s, baker’s yeast

1


11 Metahane producing microbes and biogas production-laboratory and virtu-al simulation works

1

12 People’s attitude and awareness towards healthy and harmful microbes-field work. Nepalese traditional microbial biotechnology. Class seminar on microbes- friends or foes

1

13 Other innovative laboratory and field works on microbiology related re-search and laboratory works

1

Total practical works and lectures 15


• Microbiology by Pelczar, M.J. , Chan E.C.S. and Krieg N.R. TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, India

• General Microbiology by Stainer, R. Y., Ingrahm, J. L. and Painter, P. R.: WMC Brown, Macmillan Press Ltd. London

• Biology of Microorganisms by Brock, T. D. and Madigan, M. T. Prentice-Hall Inter-national

• Microbial Application: A laboratory Manual in general microbiology, WMC Brown Company, Dubugue

Course Code: Soil 111 Introductory Soil Science: (2+1)

F M : 75 (Th: 50, Pr: 25) Theory Introduction to rocks and minerals. Classification of parent materials. Soil forming minerals and soil formation. Weathering of rocks and minerals (physical and biological weathering). Factors of soil formation. Definition and composition of soil, soil texture: structure, bulk density, particle density. Porosity, colors, and aggregates. Soil microorganisms and their role in plant nutrient availability. Soil organic matter; its decomposition & effects on plants and soil properties. Essen-tial plant nutrients, criteria of essential nutrients, their forms and availability in soils. Soil pH, soil reaction and its effects on nutrients availability; acid and alkaline soils and their amelioration. Soil fertility & liming. Basic soil-plant relationship. Mechanism of plant nutrient up take. Nutri-ent cycling processes; effect of deforestation and crop harvesting on nutrient cycling. Practical Identification of rocks, minerals, and morphological properties, Measurement of soil tempera-ture at different depths. Study of soil profile in upland and low land. Determination of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil; Soil pH; Texture analy-sis by hydrometer methods. Course Code: Soil 111 Introductory Soil Science: (2+1)

F M : 75 (Th: 50, Pr: 25)


Theory SN Topics Hour

1 Introduction to rocks and minerals Composition of earth crust, Classification of soil forming rocks and miner-als, Characteristics and origin of minerals, classification of parent materi-als

2

2 Soil formation Factors of soil formation, Soil formation process (Addition, Losses, Trans-formation and Translocation), Weathering of rocks and minerals (Physical, chemical and biological weathering)

2

3 Definition and composition of soil Definitions, concepts, Edaphological and Pedological approach, Soil com-ponents (solid, air and gaseous components), Soil as a natural dynamic body, Soil as a medium for plant growth

2

4 Soil Physical Parameters: Bulk density, Particle density, Porosity; Soil texture (textural class), soil moisture, soil color, soil aggregates, soil structures; their relative im-portance in physical fertility of soil

7

5 Soil microorganisms Classification and their role in plant nutrient availability 1

6 Soil organic matter (SOM) Definition, SOM pools, components of SOM, Importance, decomposition process, role of C:N ratio in SOM decomposition & effects on plants and soil properties

2

7 Soil chemical parameters Soil pH and its effect in nutrient availability, soil reaction (acidity and al-kalinity with their types), Ion exchange mechanism in soil (CEC and AEC), process of charge development in clay colloids, pH dependent charge, Management of saline and sodic soil, Liming and its effect in soil properties.

5

8 Essential plant nutrients Criteria of essential nutrients, 17 essential elements and 5 beneficial ele-ments; their forms and availability in soils, deficiency & toxicity symptoms and their management.

6

9 Basic soil-plant relationship Mechanism of plant nutrient up take by plants, Mode of nutrient availabil-ity in soil

1


10 Nutrient cycling processes Concept, components involved in nutrient cycling process, ways of nutri-ent cycling in soil, effect of deforestation and crop harvesting on nutrient cycling; Role of microbes in nutrient cycling

2

Total 30

Practical

1 Identification of rocks, minerals, and morphological properties 1

2 Study of soil profile in upland and low land 1

3 Determination of soil texture by feel method 1

4 Determination of soil texture by hydrometer method 1

5 Determination of soil organic carbon by loss on Ignition method 1

6 Determination of soil organic carbon by Walkley and Black Method 1

7 Determination of total nitrogen of soil 1

8 Determination of soil available phosphorous 2

9 Determination of soil available potassium 1

10 Determination of soil pH 1

11 Calculation of lime for acidic soil 1

12 Determination of soil color by Munshell color chart 1

13 Determination soil particle density 1

14 Study of soil structure 1

Total 15

Text/Reference Books

• Nature and Properties of soil by N. C. Brady • Soil in our Environment by Raymonds W. Miller and Roy L. Donahue • Fundamentals of Soil Science by R. W. Russel • Practical Manual for Introductory courses in Soil by S. S. Khanna and D. V. Yadav • Practical Manual for Introductory Soil Science by Gautam Shrestha, HICAST.


Course Code: CropSc 111 Crop Science (2+1)

F.M: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Terminologies used in agriculture. Evolution of agriculture. Agriculture as a science and an art and its branches- agronomy and horticulture; their relationship with other sciences. World food situation, food security in Nepal and role of agronomy and horticulture in solving the food and nutritional security. Crops and their classifications and important crops of Nepal and their distribution. Factors affecting crops: Environmental factors: edaphic, climatic-solar radi-ation and precipitation; biotic- weed, insects and diseases. Management factors- tillage, seed, plant nutrition, Irrigation, crop rotation and productivity maintenance. Cropping system and farming system in Nepal. Yield and yield attributing characters. Concept of sustainable agri-culture. Agricultural development in Nepal- limitations and opportunities. Recent trend and advances in crop science. Practical Identification of crop and their seeds. Calculation of the amount of fertilizers and manure re-quired in field crops. Method of fertilization application. Germination, purity and viability tests. Calculation of seed rate. Calculation of cropping intensity in local farmers fields. Calcu-lation of yield of rice or maize grown in the local farmers field. Calculation of harvest index in different crops. Introduction to different agrometeorological devices. Introduction to different tillage implements. Determination of soil nutrient content , study of soil moister contents. Theory SN Topics Hours

1 Terminologies used in agriculture 1

2 Evolution of agriculture 1

3 Agriculture as a science and an art and its branches- agronomy and hor-ticulture; their relationship with other sciences

4

4 World food situation, food security in Nepal and role of agronomy and horticulture in solving the food and nutritional security

4

5 Crops and their classifications and important crops of Nepal and their distribution.

3

6 Factors affecting crops: Environmental factors: edaphic, climatic-solar radiation and precipitation; biotic- weed, insects and diseases

4

7 Management factors- tillage, seed, plant nutrition, Irrigation, crop rota-tion and productivity maintenance

4


8 Cropping system and farming system in Nepal 2

9 Yield and yield attributing characters 2

10 Concept of sustainable agriculture. 1

11 Agricultural development in Nepal- limitations and opportunities. 2

12 Recent trend and advances in crop science. 2

Total 30

Practical SN Practical Practical

1 Identification of crop and their seeds 1

2 Calculation of the amount of fertilizers and manure required in field crops.

2

3 Method of fertilization application 1

4 Germination, purity and viability tests. 3

5 Calculation of seed rate. 1

6 Calculation of cropping intensity in local farmers fields. 1

7 Calculation of yield of rice or maize grown in the local farmers field. 1

8 Calculation of harvest index in different crops. 1

9 Introduction to different agrometeorological devices. 1

10 Introduction to different tillage implements. 1

11 Determination of soil nutrient content , study of soil moister contents. 2

Total 15


• Fundamentals of Agronomy by Gopal Chandra De • Principles and Practices of Agronomy by S. S. Singh • Principles of Agronomy by S.R. Reddy • Principles of Agronomy by T.Y. Reddy and G.H.S. Reddi


Course Code: AnSc 111 Introductory Animal Science (2+1)

F M: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Importance of livestock farming in Nepal. Present situation and its future scope. Terminologies used in animal husbandry. Phylogeny of different species of livestock. Breeds and breed charac-teristics of different species of livestock and poultry. Digestive and reproductive systems of ru-minants and non-ruminants. Routine farm operation. Handling of animals and birds. Disposal of animal waste and their management. Principles of judging of farm animals for work and produc-tion. Record keeping in livestock farms. Animal behavior. Practical : Identification of body parts of different livestock species. Identification of body parts of differ-ent livestock species. Identification of digestive system of ruminants. Identification of digestive system of non ruminants. Identification of reproductive systems of animals. Identification of reproductive systems of birds. Different methods of identifying domestic ani-mals and birds. Debeaking of poultry birds and litter management Handling and restraining of farm animals and birds. Records and records keeping. Judging of farm animals and birds. Theory breakdown SN Topics Hr

1 Importance of livestock farming in Nepal. 1

2 Present situation and its future scope. 2

3 Terminologies used in animal husbandry 1

4 Phylogeny of different species of livestock 3

5 Breeds and breed characteristics of different species of livestock and poul-try

2

6 Digestive and reproductive systems of ruminants and non-ruminants 2

7 Routine farm operation 4

8 Handling of animals and birds. 2

9 Disposal of animal waste and their management 4

10 Principles of judging of farm animals for work and production 3

11 Record keeping in livestock farms. 3

12 Animal behavior. 3

Total 30


Practical SN Practical Period

1 Identification of body parts of different livestock species. 1

2 Identification of body parts of different livestock species. 1

3 Identification of digestive system of ruminants. 2

4 Identification of digestive system of non ruminants. 2

5 Identification of reproductive systems of animals. 1

6 Identification of reproductive systems of birds. 1

7 Different methods of identifying domestic animals and birds 2

8 Debeaking of poultry birds and litter management Handling and restrain-ing of farm animals and birds

3

9 Records and records keeping 1

10 Judging of farm animals and birds. 1

Total 15

REFERENCES

• Banerjee, G. C. 2006. A text book of Animal Husbandry. Oxford and IBH Publishing New Delhi.

• N. S. R. Sastry and C. K. Thomas. 2005. Livestock Production Management. Kalyani Publishers, India.

• Thomas, C. K. and N. S. R. Sastry. 1991. Dairy bovine production. Kalyani Publishers, India.

Course Code: Soc 111 Rural Sociology (3+0)

FM: 75 Th: 75 Theory Meaning, definition, importance and scope of Rural Sociology; Basic sociological concepts: cul-ture, society, caste, ethnic groups organization, association, institution and institutionalization; role, status and position, norms, mores folkways, beliefs, attitude, value, custom, taboos; Rural-urban differences: characteristics of rural and urban societies; Major social institutions: Family - meaning, forms and functions, Marriage – meaning, forms and functions, Religion – meaning, f


orms and functions. Social system-meaning and elements. Socialization- meaning, agencies and stages of socialization. Social (interaction) process-meaning and forms of social interaction; So-cial stratification- meaning and dimensions of stratification; stratification by caste/ethnicity, class, age, gender, inequality and life-chances; Social changes- meaning, factors of social change; Methods and tools of understanding Rural Society; Survey, observation, participatory rural appraisal, Participatory approaches of rural development, interviewing, sociometric over-lays; Social problems and solutions: Types and causes of social problems and mechanism of so-cial control.

Theory breakdown SN Topics Hr

1 Meaning, definition, importance and scope of Rural Sociology 2

2 Basic sociological concepts 3

3 culture, society, caste, ethnic groups organization, association, institution and institutionalization;

4

4 role, status and position, norms, mores folkways, beliefs, attitude, value, custom, taboos;

4

5 Rural-urban differences: characteristics of rural and urban societies; 4

6 Major social institutions: Family - meaning, forms and functions, Mar-riage – meaning, forms and functions,

5

7 Religion – meaning, f orms and functions. Social system-meaning and elements. Socialization- meaning, agencies and stages of socialization

4

8 Social (interaction) process-meaning and forms of social interaction; 2

9 Social stratification- meaning and dimensions of stratification; 2

10 stratification by caste/ethnicity, class, age, gender, inequality and life-chances;

4

11 Social changes- meaning, factors of social change; Methods and tools of understanding

4

12 Rural Society; Survey, observation, participatory rural appraisal, Partici-patory approaches of rural development, interviewing, sociometric over-lays;

5

13 Social problems and solutions: Types and causes of social problems and mechanism of social control.

4

Total 45



• Sociology: Primary Principles, Third Revised Edition by Rao, C. N. Shankar, Ramnagar New Delhi

• Rural Sociology: An Introduction , First Edition by Kumar A. et al, Anmol Publica-tion Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

• An Introduction to Sociology by Bhusan V. and Sachadeva D. R.: Twenty Third Edi-tion: Kitab Mahal Publications, India

Course Code: Econ 111 Economics (3+0)

FM: 75 Th: 75 Theory Definition of economics. Subject matter of economics. Basic concepts-goods, utility, value, wealth, equilibrium and margin. Consumption and indifference curves and their analysis. Law of diminishing marginal utility. Law of demand and elasticity of demand. Law of supply and elastic-ity of supply. Cost curve concepts and their relationships-types of costs; short run and long run cost analyses. Market and price determination- forms of market; characteristics of perfect compe-tition market and price determination; Characteristics of monopolistic markets and price determi-nation. Social markets and price determination. Production functions and factors of production; scale (internal and external economics); stages of production. Law of diminishing return. Money and banking. Meaning and national income and accounting systems-meaning of GDP, GNP, and NNP. Accounting systems. Taxation-purpose and type. Theory breakdown SN Topics Hours

1 Definition of economics 1

2 Subject matter of economics. 2

3 Basic concepts-goods, utility, value, wealth, equilibrium and margin 3

4 Consumption and indifference curves and their analysis. 3

5 Law of diminishing marginal utility. 3

6 Law of demand and elasticity of demand 3

7 Law of supply and elasticity of supply. 3

8 Cost curve concepts and their relationships-types of costs; short run and long run cost analyses

3

9 Market and price determination- forms of market; characteristics of perfect competition market and price determination;

3

10 Characteristics of monopolistic markets and price determination. Social markets and price determination

3


11 Production functions and factors of production; 3

12 scale (internal and external economics); stages of production 3

13 Law of diminishing return. Money and banking. 3

14 Meaning and national income and accounting systems-meaning of GDP, GNP, and NNP

3

15 Accounting systems 3

16 Taxation-purpose and type. 3

Total 45


• Principles of Economics by M. L. Jhingan • Microeconomics by McConnel & Brue • Macroeconomics by William A. McEachern

Semester II

Course Code: Biochem 211 General Biochemistry (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Introduction to biochemistry and its relation to agriculture, biotechnology and biological sci-ences. Water as molecule of life: physical and chemical properties, hydrogen bonding and unusual properties of water for survival of lives. Buffer: Henderson Hassalbalch equation, buffers of biological system, titration curve. Carbohydrate: types, classification and proper-ties of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, cyclic form of monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Structure and importance of sucrose, lactose, starch & cellulose. Reduc-ing sugar. Lipids: introductions, structure and types of fatty acid, Triacylglycerol, Polyun-saturated fatty acids and importance. phospholipids and sphiryolipids, lipid bilayer as biolog-ical membrane, other functions of lipids. Proteins: Components of protein, Structure and types of amino acids, ionization of amino acids and titration curve, peptide bond, polypep-tides. Conformation of protein: Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. En-zymes: As biocatalysts, properties and nomenclature, specificity and kinetics, assay and inhi-bition of enzyme activity, mechanism of action, regulation of enzyme activity; Vitamins, Co-enzymes, Cofactors, Allosteric enzymes. Nucleic acids: Structural aspects – Components of DNA and RNA, Nucleosides & Nucleotides (introduction, structure & bonding), Double hel-ical structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model), various forms of DNA. Other small RNAs, Semi-conservative model of DNA replication and mechanism of DNA replication. Gene ex-pression- basic processes: Gene as a unit of function. Transcription (prokaryotic and eukary-otic) – RNA polymerase, DNA sequences, transcription factors, process of initiation, elonga-tion and termination. Post transcriptional modifications – capping, poly-adenylation, splicing


(cis- and trans-),editing. Translation – genetic code, ribosome structure, the process of trans-lation. Epigenetics- Chromosome and nucleosome theory, DNA methylation and imprinting (analysis of DNA methylation by different methods). Mutation – Occurrence, kinds of Muta-tion, spontaneous & induced Mutation, Mutagens, detection of Mutation, Lethal Mutations, Biochemical Mutations, Phenotypic effects of Mutation, Molecular basis of Mutation, Signif-icance & Practical applications of Mutation.

Practical

Preparation of different buffer solutions and measurement of pH. Qualitative tests of carbo-hydrate(starch), lipids & proteins, nucleic acid. Test of reducing sugar. Sucron is a reducing sugar made of non-reducing sugar. Extraction of water soluble sugar from plant material and its quantitative estimation. (Spectrophotometer) Estimation of fat in plant material. Extraction and estimation of protein in plant material. (Spectrophotometer) Extraction and estimation of nucleic acid in plant material. (Spectrophotometer). Extraction and bsorption spectrum of DNA & RNA. Determination of dry matter in plant material. Determination of ash content in plant. Estimation of protein by Kjedahl method. Extraction and estimation of chlorophyll. (Spectrophotometer) Estimation of ascorbic acid present in fruit. Separation technique (i) pa-per chromatography (ii) thin layer chromatography. Comparison of organic and inorganic catalyst. Effect of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH and temperatureon ac-tivity of catalase and amylase.

Theory Breakdown SN Topics Hrs

1 Water-molecule of life: physical and chemical properties. Hydrogen bonding and unusual properties of water for saving lives.

1

2 Buffer: Henderson Hassalbalch equation, Buffers of biological system, titration curve

2

3 Carbohydrate: types, classification and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, cyclic form of monosaccharides, glu-cose and fructose.

2

4 Carbohydrate: Structure and importance of sucrose, lactose, starch & cel-lulose. Reducing sugar.

2

5 Lipids: introductions, structure and types of fatty acid, Triacylglycerol, phospholipids and sphiryolipids. Lipid bilayer as biological membrane, other functions of lipids.

2

6 Lipids: Polyunsaturated and long chain fatty polyunsaturated fatty acids- introduction, their structure, biosynthesis, productions and significance. Sources and availability of PUFA and LC-PUFA from plant, animal and microbial sources in Nepal and world.

1


7 Proteins: Introduction, and types of protein, structure and types of amino acids, ionization of amino acids and titration curve, peptide bond, poly-peptides.

2

8 Proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Confor-mation and complexity of protein structure in biological reactions.

2

9 Enzymes: As biocatalysts, properties and nomenclature, specificity and kinetics, assay and inhibition of enzyme activity, mechanism of action, regulation of enzyme activity;

2

10 Vitamins, Coenzymes, Cofactors Allosteric enzymes, restriction en-zymes.

1

11 Nucleic acids: Structural aspects – Components of DNA and RNA, Nu-cleosides & Nucleotides (introduction, structure & bonding), Double hel-ical structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model), various forms of DNA.

2

12 Nucleic acids: Semi-conservative model of DNA replication and mecha-nism of DNA replication

1

13 Gene expression- Basic processes: Gene as a unit of function. Transcrip-tion (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) – RNA polymerase, DNA sequences, transcription factors, process of initiation, elongation and termination.

2

14 Gene expression- Basic processes: Post transcriptional modifications – capping, poly-adenylation, splicing (cis- and trans-), editing. Translation – genetic code, ribosome structure, the process of translation.

2

15 Gene expression- Basic processes: Translation – genetic code, ribosome structure, the process of translation.

2

16 Epigenetics- Chromosome and nucleosome, DNA methylation and im-printing (analysis of DNA methylation by different methods)

2

17 Mutation: Genes are DNA and mutations change in the sequence of a DNA affects gene. Occurrence, kinds of mutation in molecular level, spontaneous & induced mutation, mutagens, detection of mutation, sig-nificance and practical applications of mutation.

2

Total lectures for the course 30

Practical breakdowns SN Practical Period

1 Preparation of different buffer solutions and measurement of pH. 1


2 Qualitative and quantitative tests of carbohydrate (starch) 1

3 Test of reducing sugar. Sucrose is a reducing sugar made of non-reducing sugar. Extraction of water soluble sugar from plant material and its quanti-tative estimation. (Spectrophotometer)

1

4 Qualitative and quantitative tests of lipids. Extraction and estimation of fat in plant material.

1

5 Qualitative and quantitative tests of amino acids and proteins. Extraction and estimation of protein in plant material. (Spectrophotometer). Estima-tion of protein by Kjedahl method.

1

6 Extraction and estimation of protein in plant material. (Spectrophotometer) 1

7 Qualitative and quantitative tests of nucleic acids-DNA and RNA 1

8 Extraction and absorption spectrum of DNA & RNA. 1

9 Determination of dry matter in plant material. Determination of ash con-tent in plant.

1

10 Extraction and estimation of chlorophyll. (Spectrophotometer). Estimation of ascorbic acid present in fruit.

1

11 Separation technique (i) paper chromatography (ii) thin layer chromatog-raphy.

1

12 Comparison of organic and inorganic catalyst. 1

13 Effect of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH and temperatureon

1

14 Activity of catalase and amylase. 1

15 Virtual and real laboratory works on DNA, molecular biology of DNA replication, transcription, translation and mutations

1

Total laboratory contact and experiments 15

Text and Reference Books:

· Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger · Biochemistry by J. L. Jain · Lippincott's illustrative Biochemistry by Pamella Champe


Course Code: Soil 122 Soil Conservation and Soil Physics (2+1)

F M: 75 (Th: 50, Pr: 25) Theory:

Soil Conservation: Important of soil conservation, Landscape, weather or climatic condition, So-cio-economic impact on soil erosion in Nepal and need for soil conservation, Desertification. Mechanics of soil erosion by water; processes of soil erosion and factors affecting the erosion. Types of soil erosion; surface runoff and soil erosion in hill, foothill and terrain areas. Soil con-servation practices on farmland, pastures, forests and urban areas, Gully and stream bank erosion control. Estimation of soil loss. Concept of watershed management. Wind erosion: Wind erosion in mountainous areas. Control of land-slide. Soil conservation approaches; Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Cropping based on Land-capability classification; Resource conser-vation agricultural (tillage) practices under different cropping systems; Mulching; Liming, Ferti-lizing; Green manuring and Organic manuring and their impacts in soil erosion/conservation; Cover crops; Soil-depleting crops, Soil-conserving crops and Soil-building crops. Conservation irrigation practices; Tillage practices in soil conservation management: Farm drainage. Sloping agricultural land technology (SALT); Terracing. Soil Physics: soil water; Soil water characteris-tics (pF) curves; Soil water movement under saturated and unsaturated conditions; hydraulic con-ductivity; their measurement; capillary pores and soil water conductivity; Soil aeration and its importance; surface sealing and its effects. Practical: Soil Physic: Soil sampling technique for soil physical analyses; Determination of soil texture by pipette method; bulk density; particles density; and porosity; Determination of soil moisture con-tent by gravimetric method, Maximum water holding capacity, Determination of hydraulic con-ductivity of undisturbed soil; Soil infiltration rate; Soil aggregate stability. Observation tour for Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) Demonstration site. Text/reference Books

• A Manual on Conservation of Soil and Water; Hand book for professional agri-cultural Workers, published by USDA

• Principle of Soil Conservation and Water Management by H. R. Arakeri and Roy Do-

nahue

• Soil physic by Helmunt Kohnke

• Soil Physics by B. P. Ghildayal and R. P. Tripathi

• Approved principle in soil conservation by Albert B. Foster

• Textbook of soil physic by M. C. Oswal.

• Conserving soil by M. D. Bulter.


SN Topics Soil Conservation Hr

1 Soil degradation Soil degradation Vs Land degradation, Desertification, Process of deserti-fication, Landscape, weather or climatic condition of Nepal favorable to soil degradation

1

2 Soil Erosion Definition, Surface runoff and soil erosion in hill, foothill and terrain are-as, Causes of erosion (Natural and Accelerated causes)

1

3 Soil Erosion by water Definition, types (Splash, sheet, rill, gully, stream bank erosion), Mecha-nism of water erosion, process of soil erosion and factors affecting the erosion;

2

4 Wind erosion: Definition, Types, Mechanics of wind erosion, Wind erosion in moun-tainous areas, Soil avalanching, Damaged accused by soil erosion.

2

5 Estimation of soil loss Musgrave's Equation, Universal Soil loss equation, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, Wind erosion equation, Revised wind erosion equa-tion.

1

6 Soil Conservation Concepts, Socio-economic impact on soil erosion in Nepal and need for soil conservation, Off site and on site effect of erosion, Important of soil conservation, Soil conservation practices on farmland, pastures, forests and urban areas, Soil conservation approaches (vegetative, mechanical).

4

7 Gully and stream bank erosion control of land-slide Vegetative method, Land Use approach, Bioengineering approach, Engi-neering Approach

1

8 Cropping based on Land-capability classification USDA system of land capability classification, LRMP land capability classification, soil conservation approaches in different land class

1

9 Resource conservation agricultural (tillage) practices under different cropping systems; Mulching; Liming, Fertilizing; Green manuring and Organic manuring and their impacts in soil erosion/conservation; Cover crops; Soil-depleting crops, Soil conserving crops and Soil-building crops, companion crops, Crop rotation, Tillage practices (minimum, zero, mulch tillage)

3

10 Conservation irrigation practices; Farm drainage, Terracing Types and Importance in soil conservation

1


11 Sloping agricultural land technology (SALT): Concept, Types, Importance of SALT in soil conservation

1

12 Soil conservation planning on watershed basis Concept of watershed management, Major watersheds of Nepal, Water-shed conditions of Nepal, Integrated watershed management, Participa-tory approach in watershed management

2

Soil Physics

13 Mass and volume relationship of soil constituents Soil Water Properties of water, Soil water contents (gravimetric, volumetric), soil moisture class and soil moisture constant; Energy state of water in soil (components of soil water potential), Soil water characteristics (pF) curves/functions.

2

14 Soil water movement Water flow in capillary tubes (capillarity, Poiseuille's Law) Water flow in saturated soil (Darcy's law, water flow in saturated layered soil) Water flow in unsaturated soil (Buckingham-Darcy Flux law, Transient flow of water) Water flow in natural condition (Field water balance, Infiltration, redistri-bution of water in soil profile)

3

15 Hydraulic conductivity Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, wa-ter flow in soil profile having different conductivity.

2

16 Soil aeration Composition of soil air, CO2 production and O2 consumption in soil, Gas exchange mechanism in soil, importance of aeration, factors affection soil aeration.

1

17 Soil Temperature Thermal properties of soil, Process of heat exchange in soil, source of heat in soil.

1

18 Surface Sealing Surface sealing and crusting and its effects in crop production, manage-ment of surface sealing and crusting.

1

Total 30

Practical

1 Soil sampling technique for soil physical analyses 1

2 Numerical on Mass and volume relationship of soil constituents 1


3 Determination of soil texture 1

4 Determination of bulk density, particle density and soil porosity 2

5 Determination of soil moisture content by gravimetric method 1

6 Determination of volumetric water content of soil 1

7 Estimating maximum water holding capacity of soil 1

8 Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed soil 1

9 Measurement of Soil infiltration rate 1

10 Soil aggregate stability (Dry and Wet stable aggregates) 1

11 Measurement of soil temp at different depth. 1

12 Determination of matric potential of soil by field tensiometer 1

13 Observation tour for Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) – Report writing

2

Total 15

Course Code: Agron 121 Crop Production –I (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Origin, distribution, climatic requirements, varieties, agronomic practices, harvesting, handling, storage and marketing of cereal crops (Rice , Maize, Buckwheat, Millets), grain legume crops (soybean, pigeonpea, blackgram, cowpea, green gram), oil seed crops (groundnut, sunflower, ses-ame), narcotic crop (tobacco). Underutilized crops of Nepal (naked barley, chino, foxtail millet, amaranths). Green manures crops (Dhaicha, Sunhemp,Berseem). Sugarcane. Practical Identification of important crop species/varieties. Sowing/transplanting of major field crops. Maintenance of plant density. Intercultural operations. Identification of major weeds. Harvesting operation. Yield estimation. Seed rate calculation . Study of growth stapes of seed nodulation and N fixation in legumes. Text/Reference Books

• Food crops by B.P. Rajbhandari and G.D. Bhatt, HICAST, 2008 • Industrial crop production by B.P. Rajbhandari and G.D. Bhatt. HICAST, 2009 • Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops by Chhidda Singh, Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co. Ltd. • Grain Legumes of Nepal by B.P. Rajbhandari, HICAST, Nepal, 2010


• Groundnut: Biology and Production Technology by B.P.Rajbhandari, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1991

• Crop production principles and Practices by S. R. Chapman and L.P. Caster • Scientific crop production I &II by C. Thakur

Theory breakdown SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Origin, distribution, climatic requirements, varieties, agronomic prac-tices, harvesting, handling, storage and marketing of cereal crops (Rice , Maize ,Fingermillets ),

9

2 grain legume crops (soybean, pigeonpea, blackgram, cowpea, greengram)

10

3 oil seed crops (groundnut, sunflower, sesame), narcotic crop (tobac-co).

5

4 Underutilized crops of Nepal. Green manures crops ( Dhaicha, Sunhemp,berseem). Sugarcane

6

Total 30

Practical SN Title Practical

1 Identification of important crop species/varieties 1

2 Sowing/transplanting of major field crops 5

3 Maintenance of plant density 1

4 Intercultural operations 1

5 Identification of major weeds 1

6 Harvesting operation 2

7 Yield estimation 1

8 Seed rate calculation 1

9 Study of growth stapes of seed nodulation and N fixation in legumes 2

Total 15


Course Code: Hort 121 Principles and Practices of Horticulture (2+1)

FM: 75Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Introduction, Classification and growth and development of Horticultural crops. Vegetable: In-troduction, importance and scope of vegetable in Nepal. Types of vegetable farming. Classifica-tion of vegetable crops. Cropping systems. Training and pruning of vegetable crops. Vegetable forcing . Fruit: Fruits, their importance, present status and scope in Nepal. Land availability and soil for establishing an orchard. Preparation of land and layout of orchard. Planting systems. Classification of fruit crops. Training and Pruning of fruit trees. Ornamentals : Introduction , im-portance , scope and Classification of ornamentals. Propagation methods of horticultural crops. General post-harvest handling and storage. Practical Identification of vegetables , fruits and ornamentals. Different tools and implementation use in Horticulture . Seed bad preparation . Sexual and asexual (Practices of cutting , budding , grafting and layering) propagation. Layout of kitchen garden . layout of fruit orchard . training and prun-ing of vegetable and fruit. Visit to horticultural farm and nursery. Text/Reference Books

• Shrestha, G.K.,Baral,D.R., Shakya,S.M., Gautam,DM: Fundamental of Horticulture .IAAS Rampur Chitwan

• Schilletter, J.C., Richey, H.W.: Text book of General Horticultur . Blotech books, Delhi,

India .

• Edmond, J.B., Senn, T.L., Adrewn,F.S. Halfacre,R.C.: Fundamental of Horticulture . Tata Mc GRAW- Hill Publiching Company LTD. New Delhi.

Course Code: Hort 121 Principles and Practices of Horticulture (2+1)

FM: 75Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction, Classification and growth and development of Horticul-tural crops

2

2 Introduction, importance and scope of vegetable in Nepal. 2

3 Types of vegetable farming 2

4 Classification of vegetable crops 2


5 Cropping systems. 2

6 Training and pruning of vegetable crops 2

7 Vegetable forcing 2

8 Fruits, their importance, present status and scope in Nepal 2

9 Land availability and soil for establishing an orchard.

10 Preparation of land and layout of orchard. 2

11 Planting systems. Classification of fruit crops 2

12 Training and Pruning of fruit trees 2

13 Introduction , importance , scope and Classification of ornamentals. 2

14 Propagation methods of horticultural crops. 2

15 General post-harvest handling and storage 2

Total 30


1 Identification of vegetables , fruits and ornamentals 1

2 Different tools and implementation use in Horticulture 2

3 Seed bad preparation 1

4 Sexual and asexual (Practices of cutting , budding , grafting and layer-ing) propagation

3

5 Layout of kitchen garden 2

6 layout of fruit orchard 2

7 training and pruning of vegetable and fruit 2

8 Visit to horticultural farm and nursery 2

Total 15


Course Code: AnSc 122 Animal Production and Management (2+1)

F M: 75; Th: 50; Pr: 25 Theory Animal production and management including housing, feeding, health, breeding and marketing of: dairy cows and buffaloes; work bullocks, sheep; goats; swine and poultry birds. Practical Study of different housing systems of livestock species. Study of different housing systems of poultry. Judging of dairy cattle and buffalo. Judging of swine and poultry birds. Shearing of sheep. Wool sorting and grading. Grading of eggs. Study of poultry farm equipment and ac-cessories. Visit to poultry farm. Visit to livestock farm. REFERENCES

• Banerjee, G. C. 2006. A text book of Animal Husbandry. Oxford and IBH Publishing New Delhi.

• Thomas, C. K. and N. S. R. Sastry. 1991. Dairy bovine production. Kalyani Publishers,

India. Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Animal production and management including housing, feeding, health, breeding and marketing of: dairy cows and buffaloes;

5

2 Animal production and management including housing, feeding, health, breeding and marketing of: work bullocks,

5

3 Animal production and management including housing, feeding, health, breeding and marketing of:, sheep;

5

4 Animal production and management including housing, feeding, health, breeding and marketing of: goats;

5

5 Animal production and management including housing, feeding, health, breeding and marketing of: swine

5

6 Animal production and management including housing, feeding, health, breeding and marketing of: poultry birds.

5


Total 30


1 Study of different housing systems of livestock species. 2

2 Study of different housing systems of poultry 2

3 Judging of dairy cattle and buffalo. 2

4 Judging of swine and poultry birds 2

5 Shearing of sheep 1

6 Wool sorting and grading. 1

7 Grading of eggs 1

8 Study of poultry farm equipment and accessories 2

9 Visit to poultry farm 1

10 Visit to livestock farm. 1

Total 15

Course Code: Ext 121 Extension Education and Communication (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25

Theory Extension: Education and its approaches - meaning, concept and types of education and its objec-tives in national context. Formal, Non-formal and Informal education. Role of non-formal educa-tion in rural development. Extension Education - definition, concepts, history, philosophy and principles of extension education; Objectives of extension education; Basic approaches; Exten-sion delivery system and its components. Basic Learning Principles and Adult Learning - mean-ing of teaching and learning; Concepts and laws of learning; Basic learning theories and learning processes; Principles of adult learning and learners' characteristics; Participatory and experiential learning; Factors affecting adult learning; Elements of effective teaching. Rural Leadership De-velopment - meaning, types of leaders and leadership; Role of local in extension education; Char-acteristics of good leader; Methods in identifying leaders; Selection and development of local leaders. Agricultural extension in Nepal - historical background and present organization; Ap-proaches of extension delivery system in Nepal Decentralization and participatory extension sys-tem. Extension as the third function of agricultural college and universities. Extension teaching methods - individual methods; group methods; mass media methods. Communication: Concept, definitions and meaning, importance and scope/role of communication in extension work. Func-tions of communication; communication models; communication channels/media; types of com-munication; feedback in communication; organizational communication in agricultural develop-ment; communicator-communicattee relationships; problems in communication. Interpersonal communication and mass media in developing societies. Audio aids, visual aids, audio-visual aids


and other teaching aids. Communication through written words; message design communication through satellite. Factors affecting communication behaviour - social, personal, cultural and situa-tional. Communication in an organization. Practical Extension Education: Visit to different agricultural organizations (AIC, ADB, SAJHA, ADO, DIO) to study their organization patterns, working procedures, program development and imple-mentation, goals, achievements, and linkages, Identification of group processes and use of group approach currently in use at different agricultural sub-centers. Study of Extension Teaching Methods used by the District Agricultural Development Offices and NGOs. Communication: Identifying individual, group and mass media being used in communicating de-velopment messages; Designing and preparation of Audio-visual materials such as Poster, book-lets, leaflets, folder, slide series etc.; Audio-visual equipment operation ( Hands-on) such as Overhead projector, slide projector, still camera; Strengths and weaknesses of different commu-nication media such as Radio, Television, Video, Slide, Audio-cassette, printed materials, mod-els, exhibition, displays, folk media; Visit to AICC, CPDD and satellite station to observe com-munication resource and activities Text/Reference Books

· An Introduction to Extension Education by S. V. Supe

· Education and Communication for Development by O. P. Dahama and O. P.

Bhatnagar

· Extension Communication and Management by G. L. Ray

· Extension Education by Uttam Kumar Singh and A. K. Nayak

· A guideline of Service delivery through experienced leader farmer e for sus-tainable agriculture promotion(in Nepali), 2009 by SSMP (Dhital, B.K,Bishwakarma, B.K.)

· Manual on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation at Farmers' Level. (in Nepali), 2002 by

SSMP (Dhital, B.K., N, Dhakal) Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Education and its approaches - meaning, concept and types of educa-tion and its objectives in national context

1

2 Formal, Non-formal and Informal education. 1

3 Role of non-formal education in rural development. 1


4 Extension Education - definition, concepts, history, philosophy and principles of extension education;

1

5 Objectives of extension education; Basic approaches; 1

6 Extension delivery system and its components 1

7 Basic Learning Principles and Adult Learning - meaning of teaching and learning;

1

8 Concepts and laws of learning 1

9 Basic learning theories and learning processes 1

10 Principles of adult learning and learners' characteristics; 1

11 Participatory and experiential learning; Factors affecting adult learn-ing

1

12 Elements of effective teaching 1

13 Rural Leadership Development - meaning, types of leaders and lead-ership

1

14 Role of local in extension education 1

15 Characteristics of good leader 1

16 Methods in identifying leaders 1

17 Selection and development of local leaders 1

18 Agricultural extension in Nepal - historical background and present organization

1

19 Approaches of extension delivery system in Nepal Decentralization and participatory extension system

1

20 Extension as the third function of agricultural college and universi-ties

21 Extension teaching methods - individual methods; group methods; mass media methods

1

22 Concept, definitions and meaning, importance and scope/role of communication in extension work

1

23 Functions of communication; communication models; communica-tion channels/media

1

24 Types of communication; feedback in communication; organization-al communication in agricultural development

1


25 communicator-communicattee relationships; problems in communi-cation.

1

26 Interpersonal communication and mass media in developing socie-ties.

1

27 Audio aids, visual aids, audio-visual aids and other teaching aids 1

28 Communication through written words; message design communica-tion through satellite

1

29 Factors affecting communication behaviour - social, personal, cultur-al and situational

1

30 Communication in an organization 1

Total 30


1 Visit to different agricultural organizations (AIC, ADB, SAJHA, ADO, DIO) to study their organization patterns, working procedures, program development and implementation, goals, achievements, and linkages

2

2 Identification of group processes and use of group approach current-ly in use at different agricultural sub-centers

1

3 Study of Extension Teaching Methods used by the District Agricul-tural Development Offices and NGOs

2

4 Identifying individual, group and mass media being used in com-municating development messages;

2

5 Designing and preparation of Audio-visual materials such as Poster, booklets, leaflets, folder, slide series etc

2

6 Audio-visual equipment operation ( Hands-on) such as Overhead projector, slide projector, still camera

2

7 Strengths and weaknesses of different communication media such as Radio, Television, Video, Slide, Audio-cassette, printed materials, models, exhibition, displays, folk media

2

8 Visit to AICC, CPDD and satellite station to observe communication resource and activities

2

Total 15


Course Code: FPM 121 Farm Power and Machinery (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Farm Power: Sources of farm power, power measurement, power and productivity relationship, current availability of farm power in Nepal; farm mechanization: objectives, problems and pro-spects in Nepal; internal combustion engines: types, engine parts, operating principles, engine systems (fuel supply, ignition, cooling, lubrication, and governing); tractors: types and their suit-ability in Nepal, major components, hydraulic system, power take-off, pulley attachment, hitches and drawbars, single-point linkage, three-point linkage, parallel linkages; power tillers: types and suitability in Nepal, power take-off and hitching system. Farm Machinery: classification farm machinery; tillage equipment: tillage objectives, primary tillage equipment (ploughs - local, mould board, disc, chisel), secondary tillage equipment (harrows and cultivators); sow-ing/planting and fertilizer application equipment: seed drills, planters, seed-cum-fertilizer drills; weeding and intercultural equipment; plant protection equipment: sprayers, dusters; harvesting equipment; threshing equipment; winnowing equipment; agricultural processing equipment: chaff-cutters, feed grinders, groundnut decorticators, cotton gins, rice hullers, sugarcane crushers; selection of farm machines; testing and evaluation of performance of farm machines; estimation of cost of operation of farm machines, electrical equipment: uses of electricity, farm electricity terminology, electric motors (types, safety measures for operation, care and maintenance, selec-tion); centrifugal pumps: types, working principles, installation, testing, care and maintenance; agricultural energy: conventional and non-conventional energy resources, prospects of non-conventional energy (e.g. solar, biogas, wind) use in Nepal Practical Identification and use of repair and maintenance tools; identification of machine elements; arc welding practice; study of different plough types; assembly, disassembly and adjustments of disc harrow and cultivator; assembly, disassembly and adjustments of rotary tillers; calibration of seed drilling and planting equipment; evaluation of field performance of thresher, draft and power measurement, identification of components of diesel and petrol engines; identification of tractor components; operation of tractor and field machines; identification of power tiller components; operation of power tiller and field machines; assembly, disassembly and operation of centrifugal pumps; operation of electric motors. Text/Reference Books

· Farm Power Machinery and Surveying by Irsad Ali

· Principles of Agriculture Engineering by T. P. Ojha and A. M. Michael

Theory SN Title Hours

1 Sources of farm power, power measurement, power and productivity rela-tionship, current availability of farm power in Nepal

2


2 farm mechanization: objectives, problems and prospects in Nepal 2

3 internal combustion engines: types, engine parts, operating principles, en-gine systems (fuel supply, ignition, cooling, lubrication, and governing);

2

4 types and their suitability in Nepal, major components, hydraulic system, power take-off, pulley attachment, hitches and drawbars, single-point link-age, three-point linkage, parallel linkages

2

5 power tillers: types and suitability in Nepal, power take-off and hitching system.

2

6 classification farm machinery; tillage equipment 2

7 tillage objectives, primary tillage equipment (ploughs - local, mould board, disc, chisel), secondary tillage equipment (harrows and cultivators);

2

8 sowing/planting and fertilizer application equipment: seed drills, planters, seed-cum-fertilizer drills

2

9 weeding and interculture equipment; plant protection equipment: sprayers, dusters; harvesting equipment; threshing equipment

2

10 winnowing equipment; agricultural processing equipment: chaff-cutters, feed grinders, groundnut decorticators, cotton gins, rice hullers, sugarcane crushers

2

11 selection of farm machines; testing and evaluation of performance of farm machines

2

12 estimation of cost of operation of farm machines, electrical equipment 2

13 uses of electricity, farm electricity terminology, electric motors (types, safe-ty measures for operation, care and maintenance, selection);

2

14 centrifugal pumps: types, working principles, installation, testing, care and maintenance

2

15 agricultural energy: conventional and non-conventional energy resources, prospects of non-conventional energy (e.g. solar, biogas, wind) use in Ne-pal

2

Total 30

Practical SN Practical Period

1 Identification and use of repair and maintenance tools 1


2 identification of machine elements; arc welding practice 1

3 study of different plough types; assembly, disassembly and adjustments of disc harrow and cultivator

2

4 assembly, disassembly and adjustments of rotary tillers 1

5 calibration of seed drilling and planting equipment; evaluation of field per-formance of thresher

2

6 draft and power measurement, identification of components of diesel and petrol engines

2

7 identification of tractor components; operation of tractor and field ma-chines

2

8 identification of power tiller components 1

9 operation of power tiller and field machines 1

10 assembly, disassembly and operation of centrifugal pumps 2

11 operation of electric motors 1

Total

Course Code: Agron 122 Agricultural Meteorology and Climate Change (2+1)

FM:75 Th:50 Pr:25 Theory

Meaning and scope of agrometeorology. Important meteorological processes to agriculture; Importance of various microenvironment on plant growth and development; Solar Ra-diation and Energy balance over agriculturally important surfaces. Net radiation profiles and light distribution within crop plants. Radiation utilisation during successive stages of plant development and its efficiency. Radiation in the atmosphere; physical and physiological pro-cesses important to radiation. Laws of radiation and green-house effect. Heat balance of the atmosphere. Terrestrial radiation absorption by ozone, carbondixide, water vapour and clouds. Heat transfer processes.

Evaporation and evapotranspiration; Theory of evaporation; Individual and combined influences of soil, plant and meteorological factors on evapotranspiration .

Thermal effects of environment on growth and development of plants; Cardinal tempera-tures; Thermoperiodism; Phenology and tolerance; Heat unit concept; Photoperiodism; Leaf temperatures. Transfer process between leaf surface and adjoin-ing air. Latent heat and sensible heat transfer in air; various approaches to evaluate evapora-


tion and sensible heat fluxes. Conduction of heat in soil, heat capacity and thermal conductiv-ity of soil; their dependence on texture, structure and moisture content of soil. Diurnal and annual variation of soil temperature.

Meteorological conditions prevailing in glass-house, green house, animal house, poultry house and grain storage barns.

Practical:

Elementary principles behind measurement of radiation, temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, evaporation, condensation and precipitation. Meteorological instruments for agrometeorological observatories. Self recording & non recording instruments. Introduction to Radiation instruments, Steavenson screen, solar radiation, rain guage, anamometer, wind vane, evaporimeter. Estimation of wind speed, wind direction, evaporation, air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, soil temperature, annual precipitation, soil temperature at different depth, sunshine hours and daily evaporation. Visit to meteorological observatory and learning all sets of instruments used in the observatory. Computation of heat flux from soil tempera-ture profiles; Instruments for direct measurement of soil heat flux and thermal properties of soil.

Theory

SN Topics Lecture Hours

1 Meaning and scope of agro-meteorology 1

2 Important meteorological processes to agriculture 1

3 Importance of various microenvironment on plant growth and devel-opment

1

4 Solar Radiation and Energy balance over agriculturally important surfaces. 2

5 Net radiation profiles and light distribution within crop plants 1

6 Radiation utilisation during successive stages of plant development and its efficiency

2

7 Radiation in the atmosphere; physical and physiological processes im-portant to radiation

1

8 Laws of radiation and green-house effect 1

9 Heat balance of the atmosphere. 1

10 Terrestrial radiation absorption by ozone, carbondixide, water vapour and clouds. Heat transfer processes

3

11 Evaporation and evapo-transpiration 1


12 Theory of evaporation; Individual and combined influences of soil, plant and meteorological factors on evapo-transpiration

3

13 Thermal effects of environment on growth and development of plants 1

14 Cardinal temperatures; Thermoperiodism; Phenology and tolerance; Heat unit concept; Photoperiodism; Leaf temperatures

2

15 Transfer process between leaf surface and adjoining air 1

16 Latent heat and sensible heat transfer in air 1

17 various approaches to evaluate evaporation and sensible heat fluxes 1

18 Conduction of heat in soil, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of soil-their dependence on texture, structure and moisture content of soil

2

19 Diurnal and annual variation of soil temperature. 1

20 Meteorological conditions prevailing in glass-house, green house, animal house, poultry house and grain storage barns

3

Total 30

Practical:

Breakdown- Agricultural Meteorology and Climate Change Lecture Hours

1 Elementary principles behind measurement of radiation, tem-perature, pressure, humidity, wind, evaporation, condensa-tion and precipitation

2

2 Meteorological instruments for agrometeorological observato-ries

2

3 Self recording & non recording instruments 2

4 Introduction to Radiation instruments, Steavenson screen, solar radiation, rain guage, anamometer, wind vane, evaporimeter

2

5 Estimation of wind speed, wind direction, evaporation, air tem-perature, relative humidity, rainfall, soil temperature, annual precipitation, soil temperature at different depth, sunshine hours and daily evaporation

3

6 Visit to meteorological observatory and learning all sets of in-struments used in the observatory.

2

7 Computation of heat flux from soil temperature profiles; Instru-ments for direct measurement of soil heat flux and thermal properties of soil.

2

Total 15


Second Year Semester III

Course Code: CropSc 212 Plant Genetics (2+1)

FM:75 Th:50 Pr:25 Theory Cytogenetics: Cell organelles related to genetic materials- The Nucleus and the nucleolus, chloroplast, mitochondria, plasmids. Cytogenetics: Chromosomes and Chromosomal Fold-ing. Physical and chemical nature of chromosome. Nucleosome theory of chromosome. Anatomy of chromosome. Cytogenetics: Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. Significance of mi-tosis and meiosis in inheritance and genetic variations. Molecular genetics: Chemical struc-ture and types of DNA and RNA. Molecular genetics: DNA replication and recombination: Semiconservative model of DNA replication and mechanism of DNA replication. Molecular genetics: Central dogma of molecular biology in genetics- Gene concept and architecture of a model gene, genes of prokaryote and eukaryotes. -transcription, translation and protein syn-thesis. Alternative splicing and its role. Molecular genetics: Translation and protein synthe-sis. Alternative splicing and its role. Mutations and Mutants in breeding –Gene mutation and genetic code changes, Terminology, Types of Mutations and their Notation. Linkage & Crossing over: Chromosome theory of Linkage, kinds of linkage, linkage groups, types of Crossing over. Physical and chemical basis of DNA recombination. Mechanism of Meiotic Crossing over, theories about the mechanism of Crossing over, cytological detection of Crossing over, significance of Crossing over. Chromosome Mapping - Haploid mapping (2 point & 3 point cross), Diploid mapping (Tetrad analysis), determination of linkage groups, determination of map distance, determination of gene order, cytological mapping. Sex-linked inheritance: Conceptual basis, sex influenced traits, mechanism of sex determination. Basic principles of heredity: Concept of homozygosity and heterozygosity, dominance and codominance, Mendel’s laws on monohybrid crosses, dihybrid and multiple-loci crosses and concept of dominance, segregation, independent assortment. The link between meiosis and Mendel’s experiments for chromosome theory of inheritance. Concept of allelic variation, multiple allele, gene interactions, epistasis and non-epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, pleiotropism, modifier/modifying genes. Lethal alleles, interaction between genes and envi-ronment. Pedigree analysis – Symbols of Pedigree, Pedigrees of Sex-linked & Autosomal (dominant & recessive), Mitochondrial, Incomplete dominance & Penetrance. Non-Mendelian inheritance – Evidences for cytoplasmic factors, cytoplasmic inheritance, extranuclear inheritance (mitochondrial, chloroplast), non-chromosomal inheritance, mater-nal inheritance, uniparental inheritance. Changes in Chromosome structure: Chromosomal rearrangements - deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. Meiotic consequences in structural heterozygotes. Changes in Chromosome number: Genome and Karyotype. Aneu-ploidy and Polyploidy. Polyploidy example in brassicales, wheats and other plants/crops. Meiotic consequences in structural heterozygotes in amphiploids. Exploitations and applica-tions of natural polyploidy and induced polyploidy.Role of polyploidy in agricultural crop breeding, speciation and evolution. Population and Evolutionary Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg principle, Random mating population, complications of dominance, special cases of random mating. Population and Evolutionary Genetics: Linkage and linkage disequilibrium. Muta-tion, selection, migration and isolation; random genetic drift; natural selection and evolution


Plant Genetics Lecture Breakdown

SN Plant Genetics Lecture Break down Periods

1 Cytogenetics: Cell organelles related to genetic materials- The Nucleus and the nucleolus, chloroplast, mitochondria, plasmids.

1

2 Cytogenetics: Chromosomes and Chromosomal Folding. Physical and chemical nature of chromosome. Nucleosome theory of chromosome. Anatomy of chromosome.

2

3 Cytogenetics: Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. Significance of mitosis and meiosis in inheritance and genetic variations.

2

4 Molecular genetics: Chemical structure and types of DNA and RNA. 2

5 Molecular genetics: DNA replication and recombination: Semiconserva-tive model of DNA replication and mechanism of DNA replication.

2

6 Molecular genetics: Central dogma of molecular biology in genetics- Gene concept and architecture of a model gene, genes of prokaryote and eukaryotes. -transcription, translation and protein synthesis. Alternative splicing and its role.

2

7 Molecular genetics: Translation and protein synthesis. Alternative splic-ing and its role.

2

8 Mutations and Mutants in breeding –Gene mutation and genetic code changes, Terminology, Types of Mutations and their Notation.

1

9 Linkage & Crossing over: Chromosome theory of Linkage, kinds of linkage, linkage groups, types of Crossing over. Physical and chemical basis of DNA recombination.

2

10 Mechanism of Meiotic Crossing over, theories about the mechanism of Crossing over, cytological detection of Crossing over, significance of Crossing over.

2

11 Chromosome Mapping - Haploid mapping (2 point & 3 point cross), Diploid mapping (Tetrad analysis), determination of linkage groups, de-termination of map distance, determination of gene order, cytological mapping.

1

12 Sex-linked inheritance: Conceptual basis, sex influenced traits, mecha-nism of sex determination.

1


13 Basic principles of heredity: Concept of homozygosity and heterozygosity, dominance and codominance, Mendel’s laws on mono-hybrid crosses, dihybrid and multiple-loci crosses and concept of domi-nance, segregation, independent assortment. The link between meiosis and Mendel’s experiments for chromosome theory of inheritance. Con-cept of allelic variation, multiple allele, gene interactions, epistasis and non-epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, pleiotropism, modifi-er/modifying genes. Lethal alleles, interaction between genes and envi-ronment.

2

14 Pedigree analysis – Symbols of Pedigree, Pedigrees of Sex-linked & Au-tosomal (dominant & recessive), Mitochondrial, Incomplete dominance & Penetrance.

1

15 Non-Mendelian inheritance – Evidences for cytoplasmic factors, cyto-plasmic inheritance, extranuclear inheritance (mitochondrial, chloro-plast), non-chromosomal inheritance, maternal inheritance, uniparental inheritance.

1

16 Changes in Chromosome structure: Chromosomal rearrangements - de-letion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. Meiotic consequences in structural heterozygotes.

1

17 Changes in Chromosome number: Genome and Karyotype. Aneuploidy and Polyploidy. Polyploidy example in brassicales, wheats and other plants/crops. Meiotic consequences in structural heterozygotes in amphiploids. Exploitations and applications of natural polyploidy and induced polyploidy. Role of polyploidy in agricultural crop breeding, speciation and evolu-tion.

2

18 Population and Evolutionary Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg principle, Ran-dom mating population, complications of dominance, special cases of random mating.

2

19 Population and Evolutionary Genetics: Linkage and linkage disequilibri-um. Mutation, selection, migration and isolation; random genetic drift; natural selection and evolution

1

Total lecture hours and periods 30

Topical breakdowns of practical

SN Topical breakdowns on practical-Plant Genetics

1 Mendel’s Law of dominance and lab experiment with Punnet’s table, con-cept on dominance, codominance, homozygous and heterozygosity.

1


2 Mendal’s Law of independent assortments and lab experiment with Pun-net’s table

1

3 Exercise on data and virtual works for Back cross, test cross and its signif-icance

1

4 Linakage and crossing over 1

5 Meiosis in crossing over 1

6 Linakage and genetic map-cM measurement 1

7 Onion chromosome study for karyotype

8 Human karyotype study and mutations analysis from Human genome data 1

9 Karyotype analysis of some plant species qualitative and quantitative based on lab works and other available data

1

10 DNA and RNA model and preparation of models 1

11 DNA and RNA extractions and qualitative and quantitative analysis 1

12 Genetic code and mutation 1

13 Virtual laboratory understandings for replication, transcription and transla-tions

1

14 Other relevant laboratory works on population genetics, Hardy Weinberg principles

2

15 Visit genetics and molecular biology laboratories 1

Total lab and experiments 15

Text books and Reference books:

• Essentials of Genetics by Klug and Cummings, 1999, Prentice Hall

• Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes by Daniel L Hartel and Elizabeth W Jones.

• Genetics by Monroe W. Strickberger • Genetics by B.D. Singh • An Introduction to Quantitative Genetics by D. S. Fulconer • Principles of Genetics by Sinnot, Donn and Dobzhansky • Genetics by A. M. Winchester • Genetics by Rostogi


Course Code: Patho 211 Introductory Plant Pathology (2+1)

FM: 75 Th:50 Pr: 25

Theory Introduction and definition. Objectives and importance of Plant Pathology. History of Plant Pa-thology with special reference to Nepal. Disease classification. Terminology used in plant pathol-ogy. Symptoms and identification of diseases. Definition of fungi, bacteria, virus and nematodes and terminology used in relation to these subjects. Potential, free living, useful and harmful fun-gus, bacteria, nematode and virus. Fungi, bacteria, virus and nematodes as plant pathogens, their classification upto genera level, major characteristics. Principals and methods of plant disease control (terminologies, chemicals in plant disease control and application). Concept and methods of pest risk analysis (PRA), Survey and surveillance of plant diseases. Practical Handling of laboratory equipment. Media preparation and sterilization techniques. Collection and preservation of disease specimen. Study of various types of symptoms in plants and determina-tion of their cause. Calculation of fungicidal requirements for field application. Spraying of chemicals. Identification of genera of plant pathogens- the fungus, bacteria, virus and nematodes. Identification of important beneficial micro-organisms and their use. Textbooks/References

· Introductory Mycology by Alexopoulous, C. J. and Mims, C. W.

· Plant Diseases by R. S. Singh

· A Laboratory Manual of Plant Pathology by T. B. adhikari and S. M. shrestha

· Plant Diseases: Seed Production and Seed health Testing in Nepal by Mathur et. al

· A Textbook of Modern Plant Pathology by K. S. Bilgrami and H. C. Dube

· Agricultural Microbiology by Rangaswami G. and Bagyaswami D. J.

· A Textbook of Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses by H. C. Dube Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction and definition 2

2 Objectives and importance of Plant Pathology 2

3 History of Plant Pathology with special reference to Nepal 2


4 Disease classification 2

5 Terminology used in plant pathology 2

6 Symptoms and identification of diseases 2

7 Definition of fungi, bacteria, virus and nematodes and terminology used in relation to these subjects

4

8 Potential, free living, useful and harmful fungus, bacteria, nematode and virus

4

9 Fungi, bacteria, virus and nematodes as plant pathogens, their classifi-cation upto genera level, major characteristics

4

10 Principals and methods of plant disease control (terminologies, chemi-cals in plant disease control and application).

2

11 Concept and methods of pest risk analysis (PRA), 2

12 Survey and surveillance of plant diseases 2

Total 30

Practical Title Practical

1 Handling of laboratory equipment 1

2 Media preparation and sterilization techniques 2

3 Collection and preservation of disease specimen. 2

4 Study of various types of symptoms in plants and determination of their cause

2

5 Calculation of fungicidal requirements for field application. 2

6 Spraying of chemicals. Identification of genera of plant pathogens- the fungus, bacteria, virus and nematodes

4

7 Identification of important beneficial micro-organisms and their use. 2

Total 15


Course Code: Ento 211 Principles of Entomology (2+1)

FM: 75 Th:50 Pr: 25 Theory Introduction to Entomology: Introduction, insect abundance, insect diversity, position of insects in animal kingdom nd characteristics of class Insecta. Economic Importance of Insects External anatomy and their physiology of insects: Body form, the body wall, segmentation and division of body, Head appendages and segmentation, Antennae and their modifications, Mouth parts and feeding, Thorax, thoracic structure and segmentation, legs, Insect wings, Abdomen, appendages. Insect development and metamorphosis: Insect development and metamorphosis. Alimentary canal, feeding, digestion and absorption. Circulatory system, blood and immune system. Muscu-lature and locomotion. Reproduction and reproductive system. Respiration and respiratory sys-tem. Nervous system. Excretory system. Sense organs. Internal anatomy and their physiology of insects. Insect Classification: Objectives of classification. Elements of classification. General classification of insects (Orthopeta, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera). Insect Pest Management: Concept of pest, methods of insect pest man-agement, Pesticide appliances. Practical

Collection and preservation of insects, dissection and morphological and anatomical studies. External morphology of an insect (grass hopper). Antennae and their modifications. Legs and their modifications. Digestive system of cockroach. Wings and their modifications. Insect mouth parts and their modifications. Insect metamorphosis. Types of larvae and pupae. Hierar-chical system of insect classification. Insect pest sampling. Practical use of different available methods. in field for insect pest control. Assemble and dissemble of spray parts. Calculation of pesticide dose.

Reference Books:

• Imms General Text Book of Entomology (10th Edition), Volume I: Structure, Physiology and Development. Volume II: Classification. By O.W. Richards and

• General and Applied Entomology by KK Nayar, T N Ananthakrishnan, B V David (1985)

Published by Tata McGraw-HillPublishing Company Limited, 12/4 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi-110002 and Printed at Peal Offset Press Pvt. Ltd. 5/33 Kirti Nagar Industrial Area, Ne Delhi-110015

• Principles and Procedures of Plant Protection (Third Edition, 1993) by S B Chattopadhyay, Oxford and IBH Publishin CO. PVT. LTD. , New Delhi, Bombay, Cal-cutta

• Imms General Text Book of Entomology (10th Edition), Volume I: Structure, Physiology and Development. Volume II: Classification By O.W. Richards and

• An Introduction to the Study of Insects (4th Edition 1976). By Borer, D.J., D.M. Delong

and C.A. Tripple hom. Holt Rinech and Winsotn, Inc. New York.


Theory SN breakdown of topics Principles of Entomology lectures

1 Introduction, insect abundance, insect diversity, position of insects in ani-mal kingdom and characteristics of class Insect

2

2 Economic Importance of Insects External anatomy and their physiology of insects

2

3 Body form, the body wall, segmentation and division of body 1

4 Head appendages and segmentation, Antennae and their modifications, 1

5 Mouth parts and feeding 1

6 Thorax, thoracic structure and segmentation, legs, Insect wings, Abdomen, appendages

2

7 Insect development and metamorphosis 1

8 canal, feeding, digestion and absorption. 2

9 Alimentary Circulatory system, blood and immune system 1

10 Musculature and locomotion 1

11 Reproduction and reproductive system 2

12 Respiration and respiratory system 2

13 Nervous system. Excretory system 1

14 Sense organs 1

15 Internal anatomy and their physiology of insects 1

16 Insect Classification: Objectives of classification 1

17 Elements of classification 1

18 General classification of insects (Orthopeta, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera).

5

19 Concept of pest, methods of insect pest management, Pesticide appliances. 3

Total 30



1 Collection and preservation of insects, dissection and morpholog-ical and anatomical studies

1

2 External morphology of an insect (grass hopper). 1

3 Antennae and their modifications 1

4 Legs and their modifications. 1

5 Digestive system of cockroach 1

6 Wings and their modifications 1

7 Insect mouth parts and their modifications 1

8 Insect metamorphosis 1

910 Types of larvae and pupae. Hierarchical system of insect classifi-cation

2

11 Insect pest sampling 1

12 Practical use of different available methods in field for insect pest control

1

13 Assemble and dissemble of spray parts 1

14 Calculation of pesticide dose. 1

Total 15

Course Code: Agron213 Crop Production -II (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Origin, distribution, climatic and edaphic requirements, varieties, agronomic practices, harvest-ing, handling, storage and marketing of: cereal crops (Wheat, barley, buckwheat), grain legumes (chickpea, lentil, pea) oil seed crops (mustard and rape seed, other species grown in Nepal); fibre crops (jute, cotton); Practical Identification of important crop varieties. Sowing/transplanting of major field crops. Maintenance of plant density. Intercultural operations. Identification of major weeds. Maturity judgement of field crops. Structural analysis of yield. Yield estimation. Calculation of the cost of production, Visit to research farms/farmers fields in Kathmandu valley. Textbooks/References


• Food crop by B.P. Rajbhandari and G.D. Bhatt, HICAST • Industrial crop production by B.P. Rajbhandari and G.D. Bhatt. HICAST • Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops by Chhidda Singh, Oxford & IBH Pub-

lishing Co. Ltd. • Grain Legumes of Nepal by B.P. Rajbhandari, HICAST, Nepal • Groundnut: Biology and Production Technology by B.P.Rajbhandari, Kath-

mandu, Nepal • Crop Management by S.S. Singh • Crop production principles and Practices by S. R. Chapman and L.P. Caster • Scientific crop production I &II by C. Thakur

Theory SN Topics

Lecture Hours

1 Origin, distribution, climatic and edaphic requirements, varieties, agronomic practices, harvesting, handling, storage and marketing of: cereal crops (wheat, barley)

6

2 Origin, distribution, climatic and edaphic requirements, varieties, agronomic practices, harvesting, handling, storage and marketing of: grain legumes (chickpea, lentil, pea)

8

3 Origin, distribution, climatic and edaphic requirements, varieties, agronomic practices, harvesting, handling, storage and marketing of: oil seed crops (mustard and rape seed, other species grown in Nepal)

8

4 Origin, distribution, climatic and edaphic requirements, varieties, agronomic practices, harvesting, handling, storage and marketing of: fibre crops (jute, cotton).

6

Total 30


1 Identification of important crop varieties 2

2 Sowing/transplanting of major field crops 2

3 Maintenance of plant density. Intercultural operations 2

4 Identification of major weeds 2

5 Maturity judgement of field crops 1

6 Structural analysis of yield 2

7 Yield estimation 1


8 Calculation of the cost of production, 1

9 Visit to research farms/farmers fields in Kathmandu valley. 2

Total 15

Course Code: Hort 212 Vegetable and Spices Crop Production (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Importance and scope of vegetable. Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Cole crops (cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, knolkhol); Root crops (radish, carrot, turnip); Leafy vegetables (broad leaf mustard, spinach, swisschard, cress, lettuce); Tuber crops (potato, sweet potato, yam, colocasia, and cassava); Legume vegetables (peas, bean , cowpea); fruit crops (chilies and capsicum, tomato, brinjal, okra); Bulb crops (onion, garlic, leek); Cucurbitaceous vegetable ( Bitter gourd, bottle gourd, cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon, pointed gourd, pumpkin and squash, chayote); Perennial crops ( asparagus); Spices crops (ginger, coriander, cumin, cardamom, and turmeric). Practical Nursery raising of seasonal vegetable crops. Varietal characteristics and identification of major vegetable crops. Field preparation, manuring, fertilization and irrigation for seasonal vegetable crops. Transplanting/Direct sowing of seasonal vegetables. Intercultural practices (thinning/gap filling, intercultivation, weed control, mulching, earthing up, staking, pruning, and training). Pes-ticides and fungicides applications and IPM. Harvesting of the vegetable crops, market prepara-tion and packing. Visits to farmer vegetable field. Visits to the vegetable markets. Textbooks/References

· Trainers Manual on Vegetables, Manpower Development Agriculture Project, by I. Pun and P. P. Karmacharya

· Vegetable Crops by H. C. Thompson and W. C. Kelley

· A Laboratory Manual on Vegetable Production and Ornamental Horticultura by Shakya et

al.


Breakdown Theory SN Title Lecture

Importance and scope of vegetable.

1 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Cole crops

3

2 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Root crops

3

3 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Leafy vegetables

3

4 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Tu-ber crops

3

5 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Legume vegetables

3

6 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: fruit crops

3

7 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Bulb crops

3


8 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Cu-curbitaceous vegetable

3

9 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Per-ennial crops

3

10 Cultivation practices such as sowing/transplanting, manuring and ferti-lization, irrigation, intercultivation and other intercultural practices, in-tegrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling and storage of the following vegetable crops: Spices crops

3

Total 30

Practical SN Title Practi-

cal

1 Nursery raising of seasonal vegetable crops 1

2 Varietal characteristics and identification of major vegetable crops. 2

3 Field preparation, manuring, fertilization and irrigation for seasonal vegetable crops

2

4 Transplanting/Direct sowing of seasonal vegetables. 1

5 Intercultural practices (thinning/gap filling, intercultivation, weed con-trol, mulching, earthing up, staking, pruning, and training).

3

6 Pesticides and fungicides applications and IPM. 2

7 Harvesting of the vegetable crops, market preparation and packing. 2

8 Visits to farmer vegetable field 1

9 Visits to the vegetable markets. 1

Total 15


Course Code: Agron 214 Irrigation and Water Management (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory Soil-plant-water relationship. Water and crop production. Assessment of the need for irrigation. Irrigation, its importance, extent of water availability, measurement of irrigation water. Con-sumptive use of water and water requirement of various crops. Methods of irrigation-flood, fur-row, sprinkler and drip irrigation. Irrigation management of crops. Water resource potentials of Nepal and their use (surface and ground water. Water management problems in hills/mountain agriculture. Water conservation methods and its use in dry farming. Water harvesting techniques and their application. Drainage-principles, design of surface and sub-surface drains. Land use planning in agriculture through the perspective of efficient water resource management. Practical Determination of soil moisture and its constants. Working out the time for irrigation and the amount of water required for various crops and field conditions. Layout of various methods of irrigation. Comparative water management studies in important field crops. Devices of schedul-ing irrigation. Measurement of irrigation water applied in the field conditions. Text/Reference Books

· Irrigation: Theory and Practice by A. M. Michael · Managing Canal Irrigation by Robert Chambers · Simple Design of Hill Irrigation Projects in Nepal by P. C. Pokhrel

Lecture breakdown SN Topics Lecture(s)

1 Importance of water and its role in crop production: Irrigation, its importance Definition, objectives, scope and importance of irrigation; role of ir-rigation in agriculture development; Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation; Historical background of irrigation development in Ne-pal; Challenges of irrigation development in Nepal; Current status of irrigation (in ADS, ongoing irrigation projects, completed irrigation projects by department of irrigation)

1

2 Soil-plant-water relationship Physical properties of soil; Volume and mass relationship of soil con-stituents; Soil water class and soil moisture constant; Water move-ment in soil (Infiltration, Infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration, In-terflow, seepage, percolation); Soil moisture characteristic curve; Numerical

2


3 Extent of water availability Moisture Equivalent; Water availability (Available moisture and readily available moisture); Soil moisture extraction pattern; Water availability theory; depth of soil moisture and storage capacity of soil; critical stages of crops for soil moisture; Numerical

1

4 Consumptive use (CU) of water and water requirement of vari-ous crops Definitions and concept of CU; relationship between CU and Evapo-transpiration (ET); Measurement of Evaporation (USWB Class A pan evaporimeter); Potential and Actual Evapotranspiration; Measure-ment of Evapotranspiration/CU (Lysimeter, Evaporation method, Use of empirical formula viz. Penman Equation, Modified penman equa-tion, Blanney and Criddle method, Christansean Method, Thornwaite Method); Duty and Delta; Delta requirement of various crops; Crop Water Requirement (CWR); Methods to calculate CWR; Numerical

5

5 Irrigation Scheduling Definition, objectives and importance of irrigation scheduling; Full irrigation and deficit irrigation; frequency of irrigation; irrigation pe-riod; one irrigation cycle; Terminologies: Irrigation Requirement (NIR, FIR, GIR); Crop period and base period; Command area; Irrigation intensity; paleo and kor irrigation; Numerical

4

6 Assessment of the need for irrigation Plant observation method; Estimation Method; Indicators of moisture deficiency in field (plant indicators, Soil indicators, meteorological indicator: Iw/Epan ratio, effective rainfall); Rough methods for farm-ers to make rough indicators of irrigation needs (Sand cum soil pit method, Increase plant population, Can evaporation)

3

7 Measurement of irrigation water Important of water measurement; volumetric method, Velocity-Area Method, Measurement through devices (Parshall flumes, Weirs, Ori-fices); Numerical

2


8 Methods of irrigation Structural components of irrigation system (pumping source, Con-veyance system, distribution system, field application system and drainage system); types of irrigation system (Lift irrigation system, Flow irrigation system (Perennial (Direct, storage, combined), Inun-dation); Field method of irrigation (surface flow: Check basin, ring basin, contour lateral, boarder stripe, zigzag; Furrow irrigation meth-od (deep furrow, designing parameters, cut back stream, corrugation); Sprinkler irrigation system (components and types); Drip irrigation method (components, advantages); Sub-surface irrigation methods (open channel type and close pipe type); Irrigation efficiencies; Nu-merical

5

9 Drainage principles, design of surface and sub-surface drains. Water logging and its ill effects in agriculture; Cause of water log-ging, Need of drainage, Drain coefficient; Types of drainage system, Surface Drainage system (Interception method, Diversion method, Random system, Bedding system, parallel system and field drain sys-tem); Sub surface drainage methods (Natural system, grid iron layout, Herring bone pattern, double main system, Interception drain sys-tem); Numerical.

3

10 Water resource potentials of Nepal and their use (surface and ground water) Major river system of Nepal and their classifications; Irrigation po-tential of river system; Ground water and its utilization 1

11 Water management problems in hills/mountain agriculture

12 Water conservation methods and its use in dry farming Water harvesting techniques and their application; Definition and im-portance of water harvesting; Types of water harvesting; Traditional way of water harvesting in Nepal; Modification of water harvesting techniques in Nepalese context (Pani Bhakari); Benefits of water harvesting in dry areas

2

13 Land use planning in agriculture through the perspective of effi-cient water resource management Land use definition; Impacts and Benefits of Land uses; the water-shed perspective; Land Use planning; Water resource management in land use planning process.

1

Total 30


Practical SN Topics Practicals

1. Determination of gravimetric (mass wetness) and volumetric (volume wet-ness) moisture content

1

2. Estimation of soil moisture by feel method 1

3. Estimation of saturation capacity 1

4. Estimation of field capacity 1

5. Estimation of permanent wilting point 1

6. Calculation of discharge capacity of stream/irrigation canal by float method 1

7. Soil cum Sand mini plot demonstration to make rough estimation of irriga-tion need by farmers

1

8. Demonstration of sprinkler irrigation method 1

9. Demonstration of drip irrigation method 1

10. Calculation of discharge capacity of drip irrigation system 1

11. Calculation of distribution efficiency of sprinkler irrigation system 1

12. Estimating consumptive use of water by using USWB class A pan evaporimeter.

1

13. Use of tensiometer in scheduling irrigation 1

14. Calculation of runoff rate and discharge capacity from deep furrow 1

15. Measurement of water by using Parshall Flumes/Weirs/Orifices 1

Total 15

Course Code: Hort 213 Plantation Crops Production (2+1)

FM75 Th 50;Pr 25 Theory: Introduction, Importance, Scope and Present status of Plantation crops. Cultivation practices, in-cluding post harvest handling and marketing of Plantation Crops (Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Cocoa, Cashew, Coconut, Arecanut, Palmyrah, Cinchona , Hazelnut etc, ). Processing and value addition of plantation crops. Value chain study of Plantation crops.


Practical: Identification of major Plantation crops, (Student should conduct all the practices from sowing to marketing). Visit of processing unit of Major Plantation. Visit to commercial farmer field of Plan-tation Crops. Reference:

• Kumar, N., khader,JBM., Rangaswami,P., Irulappan,I.: Introduction to Spices, Plantation Crops Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Oxford & IBH Publication CO. PVT.LTD, New Delhi and Kalkata .

Theory: SN Title Lecture

1 Introduction, Importance , Scope and Present status of Plantation crops

2

2 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Tea

3

3 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Coffee

3

4 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Rubber

3

5 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Cocoa

2

6 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Cashew

2

7 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Arecanut,

2

8 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Palmyrah

3

9 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Cinchona

3

10 Cultivation practices, including post harvest handling and market-ing of Plantation Crops Hazelnut

3

11 Processing and value addition of plantation crops 2

12 Value chain study of Plantation crops. 2

Total 30


Pr13actical: SN Title Practical

1 Identification of major Plantation crops, (Student should con-duct all the practices from sowing to marketing).

10

2 Visit of processing unit of Major Plantation 2

3 Visit to commercial farmer field of Plantation Crops 3

Total 15

Course Code: PW 211 Project Work on Plant Propagation and Nursery Management (0+3)

FM:50 Pr:50 Practical

Site selection for nursery. Bed preparation. Calculation of seed rate and sowing of main nursery-raised vegetables and flowers. Care of seedling (thinning, pricking off, control of dis-eases and insect pests) and hardening of the seedlings. Mulching , plastic tunneling . Growing of the rootstock saplings in field and polythene bags.. Selection of mother plants and buds. Production of cuttage, graftage and buddage plants of major fruit crops. Report writing and presentation.


Second Year Semester three Course Code : AnSc 223 Animal Nutrition and Fodder Production (2+1)

FM : 75; Th: 50; Pr: 25 Theory : SN Topical breakdown Lecture

hours

1 Terminology of animal nutrition 2

2 Feed ingredients and their classification 2

3 Comparative composition of plant and animal cells and tissues 2

4 Classification, function and deficiency symptom of nutrients 2

5 Digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients in different animals 2

6 In vivo and in vitro of digestibility of feed 2

7 Feeding standards and nutrient requirements for different farm animals 2

8 Evaluation and quality control of feed 2

9 Conventional and non-conventional feedstuffs 2

10 Nutritional requirements for maintenance, growth and production 2

11 Classification of fodder crops 2

12 Importance of fodder and pasture management in Nepal. 2

13 Various fodder crops, trees and grasses available in Nepal 2

14 Factors affecting chemical composition and nutritive value of fodder and grasslands

2

15 Pasture management and grazing system in Nepal 2

Total 30

Practical: Title Practical


1 Identification of feed ingredients. Sampling of feed ingredients for chemical analysis

2

2 Preparation of standard solution and proximate analysis of feeds and fodder/forages

2

3 Computation of ration for ruminant and non – rumina nt. Identifica-tion of common fodder/forages, fodder trees and legumes

3

4 Preparation of herbarium. Nursery bed preparation and management of fodder trees

2

5 Determining nutritive values of forages/fodders, fodder trees and leg-umes.

2

6 Practice of silage making, hay making and dried grasses, leaf meal 2

7 A visit to feed factory and government and private nursery farms 2

Total 15

CropSc: 222 Principles of Plant Breeding (2+1)

FM 75 (Th. 50+ Pr. 25)

Theory

Introduction to plant breeding and its role in crop improvement. History, achievements, ob-jectives, and strategies of plant breeding.Scientific Plant Breeding (Pre and post-Mendelian era). Principles, methods and applications of plant breeding and genetics to the improvement of crop plants. Patterns of Evolution in Crop Plants-Vavilov Centres of Origin-biodiversity and its significance.Reproductive systems and floral organization. Modes of reproduction (Asexual, Sexual - Meiosis). apomixis, parthenogenesis.Genetic basis of breeding self- and cross - pollinated crops including mating systems and response to selection - nature of varia-bility, components of variation. Heritability and genetic advance, genotype environment in-teraction; General and specific combining ability; Types of gene actions and implications in plant breeding;Pure line theory, pure line selection and mass selection methods; Line breed-ing, pedigree, bulk, backcross, single seed descent and multiline method. Population breeding in self-pollinated crops (diallel selective mating approach). Self-Pollinated Crops – IB lines, pedigree, single seed descent, backcross.Breeding methods in asexually/clonally propagated crops, clonal selection, apomixes and its clone selection.Hybrid breeding - genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding, production of inbreds, breeding approaches for improvement of inbreds. Predicting hybrid performance; seed production of hybrid and their parent varieties/inbred. Cultivar development- testing, release and notification, mainte-nance breeding. Inbreeding and depression, heterosis, recurrent selections. hetero-beltiosis. Male sterility and factors affecting it. Breeding asexually propagated cultivars. Breeding hy-


brid cultivars. Self-incompatibility and male sterility in crop plants and their commercial ex-ploitation. Breeding Self-pollinated crops: introduction, mass selection, pure line selection; hybridization, pedigree method, bulk method and backcross technique. Breeding cross-pollinated crops: introduction, mass selection, recurrent selection, development and evalua-tion of inbred lines, development of hybrids, synthetic and composite populations. Special breeding techniques- Concept of karyotype and polyploidy. Role of polyploidy and applica-tions in natural, conventional breeding. Exploitation of natural polyploidy. Developing poly-ploidy through breeding and chemical mutagenesis (colchicines). Breeding for bacterial, fun-gal, viral diseases Insects Pests, Nematodes Resistance. Concept of quantitative, qualitative traits and their analysis. Genetic variability and basis of plant breeding, components of varia-bility. Threshold characters: penetrance and expressivity. Chi-square test. Variance and co-variance: components of variance and covariance. Regression and correlation. Heritability types, selection pressure, selection differential, response to selection and genetic advance. Potence ratio and combing ability. Introduction to different genetic models. Importance of indigenous and wild relatives of cultivated plants in breeding and crop improvements.

Practical Descriptive study of floral biology in self and cross pollinated species, scientific names and practices for crop plants and new varieties. Chromosome number and ploidy level of some important field crops. Selfing and crossing techniques in major crops. Selection methods in segregating populations and evaluation of breeding material. List of approved varieties in ma-jor field crops. Practical Selfing and crossing techniques in cereal/mustard crops. Identifica-tion of different genotypic phenotypic traits in species of different cereal, legumes, mustards. Collection of data on different quantitative traits of crop varieties, data analysis and its inter-pretation. Analysis of variance (ANNOVA). Estimation of heritability and genetic advance. Maintenance of experimental records. Learning techniques in hybrid seed production using male-sterility in field crops. Testing nutrient traits in cereals. Visit to research stations and breeding laboratories.

Theory breakdown

SN Lecture topics Periods

1 Introduction to plant breeding and its role in crop improvement. History, achievements, objectives, and strategies of plant breeding.

1

2 Scientific Plant Breeding (Pre and post-Mendelian era). Principles, methods and applications of plant breeding and genetics to the im-provement of crop plants.

1

3 Patterns of Evolution in Crop Plants-Vavilov Centres of Origin-biodiversity and its significance.

1


4 Reproductive systems and floral organization. Modes of reproduction (Asexual, Sexual - Meiosis). apomixis, parthenogenesis.

1

5 Genetic basis of breeding self- and cross - pollinated crops including mating systems and response to selection - nature of variability, compo-nents of variation

1

6 Heritability and genetic advance, genotype environment interaction; General and specific combining ability; Types of gene actions and im-plications in plant breeding;

2

7 Pure line theory, pure line selection and mass selection methods; Line breeding, pedigree, bulk, backcross, single seed descent and multiline method. Testing.

2

8 Population breeding in self-pollinated crops (diallel selective mating ap-proach). Self-Pollinated Crops – IB lines, pedigree, single seed descent, backcross.

2

9 Breeding methods in asexually/clonally propagated crops, clonal selec-tion, apomixes and its clone selection.

1

10 Hybrid breeding - genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and in-breeding, production of inbreds, breeding approaches for improvement of inbreds.

1

11 Predicting hybrid performance; seed production of hybrid and their par-ent varieties/inbred.

1

12 Cultivar development- testing, release and notification, maintenance breeding,

1

13 Inbreeding and depression, heterosis, recurrent selections. hetero-beltiosis,.

1

14 Male sterility and factors affecting it. Breeding asexually propagated cultivars. Breeding hybrid cultivars. Self-incompatibility and male ste-rility in crop plants and their commercial exploitation

2

15 Breeding Self-pollinated crops: introduction, mass selection, pure line selection; hybridization, pedigree method, bulk method and backcross technique.

2

16 Breeding cross-pollinated crops: introduction, mass selection, recurrent selection, development and evaluation of inbred lines, development of hybrids, synthetic and composite populations

2


17 Special breeding techniques- Concept of karyotype and polyploidy. Role of polyploidy and applications in natural, conventional breeding. Exploitation of natural polyploidy. Developing polyploidy through breeding and chemical mutagenesis ( colchicines).

2

18 Breeding for bacterial, fungal, viral diseases Insects Pests, Nematodes Resistance.

1

19 Concept of quantitative, qualitative traits and their analysis. Genetic variability and basis of plant breeding, components of variability. Threshold characters: penetrance and expressivity.

1

20 Chi-square test. Variance and covariance: components of variance and covariance. Regression and correlation.

1

21 Heritability types, selection pressure, selection differential, response to selection and genetic advance. Potence ratio and combing ability. Intro-duction to different genetic models.

2

22 Importance of indigenous and wild relatives of cultivated plants in breeding and crop improvements.

1

Total 30

Breakdown of practical

SN Practical topics Peri-ods

1 Floral biology and reproductive system of a typical crop plant. 1

2 Selfing and crossing techniques in major crops 1

3 Practical Selfing and crossing techniques in mustard crops/vegetables 1

4 Identification of different genotypic phenotypic traits in species of dif-ferent cereal, legumes, mustards.

1

5 Selection methods in segregating populations and evaluation of breeding material

1

6 Chromosome number and ploidy level of some important field crops. 1

7 Scientific name practices for crop plants and new varieties. 1

8 Identification of different genotypic phenotypic traits in species of dif-ferent cereal, legumes, mustards.

1

9 Collection of data on different quantitative traits of crop varieties, data analysis and its interpretation

1


10 Estimation of heritability and genetic advance 1

11 Testing nutrient traits in cereals 1

12 Analysis of variance (ANNOVA) 1

13 Maintenance of experimental records. 1

14 Learning techniques in hybrid seed production using male-sterility in field crops

1

15 Visit to research stations and breeding laboratories 1

Total 15

Textbooks and reference book Readings:

1. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding. by Chahal, G.S. and S.S. Gosal. 2003. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.

2. Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Singh, B. D. 2003. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.

3. Essentials of Plant Breeding.. Singh, P. 2003. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.

4. Acquaah, G. 2009. Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding. John Wiley & Sons, UK.

5. Breeding Field Crops. (5 th ed.) by Sleper, D. A. and J.M. Poehlman. 2006. Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA.

Course Code: CropSc 223 Plant Biotechnology (2+1)

FM: 75 ( Th: 50 Pr: 25) Theory

Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering

Introduction: Plant molecular biology and genetic engineering in relation to biotechnology. Nucleic acids. DNA/RNA as a genetic material and central dogma of molecular biology. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). History and theory of PCR technique. Role of DNA, dNTPs and RNA polymerase, buffers, Mg ion, temperature in PCR. Reverse-transcription PCR and Real-time PCR in gene expression. Different uses of PCR in molecular cloning and diagnostics. Recombinant DNA and gene cloning techniques- Restriction Enzymes, liga-tion of DNA fragments, Plasmids, other Vectors and artificial chromosomes. Recombinant DNA methods, creating gene libraries. Metabolic engineering and molecular farming: I) Direct Transformation: Direct uptake and horizontal gene transfer, heat shock, electro-


poration, microinjection, transfections. II) Indirect transformation- Ti-plasmid mediated transformation. Exploitation of metabolic pathways and genomics for obtaining valuable plant products through genetic engineering and synthetic biology. Genetic transformation in bacteria (E. coli), fungus (yeast), and plant (arabidopsis) with examples. Introduction to CRISPR technology and its applications in agriculture and medicine. Molecular tools in ge-netic engineering, diagnostics and plant molecular epidemiology- Use of different molec-ular tools and techniques in research and biotechnological, detection of pathogenic and sym-biotic microbes in plants with examples. Southern blotting. Northern blotting pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), RFLP, RAPD, Ribotyping, serotyping techniques. Single Nucle-otide polymorphisms (SNPs) and differences among closely related population and cultivars. Phyllogenetic analysis of closely related species and cultivars by using different molecular methods. Concept of Molecular Markers and Marker-assisted selection. Principles, tech-niques and applications of DNA Bar coding in plant species and varieties. Importance of Ge-netic engineering in agriculture, medicine and industrialization.

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant cell and tissue culture in biotechnology

History of plant cell and tissue culture in biotechnology. Basic principles of cell cycle, cell divisions, totipotency of cells, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, mor-phogenesis. Techniques in tissue culture lab– sterilization of equipments, explants and germplasm, different media types and composition, growth hormones and vitamins. Princi-ples and techniques applied for cell differentiation and organogenesis, callus culture and growth patterns, protoplast and cell suspension culture, root, meristem, anther, ovule, embryo culture. Factors important for callus culture, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. In vitro pollination and fertilization: wide hybridization and embryo rescue. Androgenesis: An-ther and pollen culture. Gynogenesis-ovule and ovary culture. Dihaploids and their applica-tions in genetics and plant breeding. Lab to field transfer of micropropagation – plant multi-plication, hardening, acclimatization, transplantation, genetic fidelity and quality assurance, scale up and cost reduction. Protoplast culture: isolation and purification; protoplast viability test; culture and regeneration. Somaclonal variation– in-vitro somatic mutation, somaclonal and gametoclonal variations, In-vitro selection of somaclonal mutants. Somatic hybridization: somatic hybrids, Cybrids. Artificial seeds. Secondary metabolites in plant biotechnology: Large-scale production of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites through cell, callus and organ culture techniques; high yielding cell lines, factors affecting metabolite production, bi-otransformation, elicitors induced production, Hairy root culture in production of secondary metabolites. Hairy root culture in production of secondary metabolites. Bioreactor and factor affecting secondary metabolites production.

Biodiversity and Bioethics in Biotechnology:

Plant Biotechnology in Nepal and its relation to crops, fruits and medicinal plants. Plant Genetic resources: Germplasm conservation and cryopreservation, cryoprotectants and DNA Gene bank, case studies on success stories on commercial application of plant tissue culture


in medicinal and industrial plants. Bioethics and Biotechnology. Bioethics in handling GMOs and native plants.

Practical and Experiments on Molecular Plant Biotechnology and Tissue culture

All practical classes and works are actively participatory, connected with theoretical under-standings and research literature surveys, discussions and presentations along with available practical laboratory works. Preparation of all necessary materials needed for the initiation of the experiments for molecular cloning and plant tissue cultures. Equipment and supplies. Sterilization techniques. Demonstration of basic techniques and application/training of the students. • Genomic DNA extraction from selected fruit crops. • Quantification of DNA by using lamda DNA markers on a horizontal agarose electrophoresis gel. PCR application in plants. Molecular Diagnostics. Detection of pathogenic microbes in plants by PCR • Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products, visualization and analysis. Purification of PCR products using spin columns and quantification. DNA sequencing and use of GeneBank to compare with known sequences. Phyllogenetic analysis of closely related fruit cultivars by using the RAPD profiling technology. •Practical information on Plasmids, vectors and artificial chro-mosomes: Introduction, construction and applications of different vectors and artificial chro-mosomes. Cutting and Joining DNA: restriction endonucleases, ligases, polymerases. Prepa-ration of LB, X-Gal/IPTG sterile selective media. Strategies for gene cloning. Application of cloning techniques using E. coli competent cells on X-Gal/IPTG selective media• Selection and identification of clones: direct and indirect methods. Plasmid DNA extraction and quanti-fication. Preparation of samples for sequencing. Genomic tools. . Genomic tools- Introduc-tion of basic genetics software for the analysis of DNA sequences- Entrez and the BLAST, TAIR family of programmes. • Basics on DNA sequencing and bioinformatics for analysis of annotated sequences of PCR products, DNA sequence, genes and proteins. Chromosomal localization of these DNA fragments based on the World’s Gene Bank Sequence Information. • Basic tutorial for analysis of genes and the annotated sequences of PCR products. . Visit to and/or research plant biotechnology laboratories/institutes depending on season and time ac-cessibility

Theory breakdown

SN Plant Biotechnology-Topical Breakdown Theory Pe-riod

1 Introduction to Plant molecular biology and genetic engineering in relation to agricul-ture, biotechnology, health and industrialization.

1

2 Review on nucleic acids and central dogma: DNA/RNA as a genetic material and the relationship of central dogma of molecular biology to biotechnology.

1

3 Introduction to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Theory of PCR, Role of DNA and RNA polymerase, buffers, Mg ion, temperature and nucleotides in PCR. The Use of PCR in molecular cloning and diagnostics.

2

4 Reverse-transcription PCR and Real-time PCR in gene expression. 2


5 Molecular cloning techniques- Restriction Enzymes, ligation of DNA fragments, plasmids, different vectors, artificial chromosomes, recombinant DNA methods, gene libraries

2

6 Metabolic engineering and molecular farming: Direct Transformation: Direct uptake and horizontal gene transfer, heat shock, electroporation, microinjection, transfec-tions,

1

7 Metabolic engineering and molecular farming: Indirect transformation- Ti-plasmid mediated transformation. Exploitation of metabolic pathways and genomics for ob-taining valuable plant products through genetic engineering and synthetic biology.

2

8 Metabolic engineering and molecular farming: Genetic transformation in bacteria (E. coli), fungus (yeast), and plant (arabidopsis) with examples.

2

9 Molecular typing, diagnostics and plant molecular epidemiology- Use of different molecular tools and techniques for research and detection of pathogenic and symbi-otic microbes in plants with examples. Examples with use of Southern blotting, Northern blotting, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR, RFLP, RAPD, Ribotyping, DNA Bar coding Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) techniques.

2

10 Introduction to CRISPR technology, CRISPR as a tool in gene editing and its applica-tions.

1

Total periods 16

SN Course Breakdown Plant cell and tissue culture in biotechnology Pe-riods

11 History of plant cell and tissue culture in biotechnology. Basic principles of cell cy-cle, cell divisions, totipotency of cells, differentiation, dedifferentiation and, morpho-genesis.

1

12 Techniques in Tissue culture lab– sterilization and handlings of equipments and germplasm, different media types and composition, hormones and vitamins.

1

13 Principles and techniques applied for cell culture, growth patterns, callus culture, or-gan culture.root, meristem, anther, ovule, embryo culture. Factors important for callus culture, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.

2

14 In vitro pollination and fertilization: wide hybridization and embryo rescue. Androgenesis: Anther and pollen culture. Gynogenesis-ovule and ovary culture. Dihaploids and their applications in genetics and plant breeding.

2


15 Lab to field transfer of micropropagation – plant multiplication, hardening, acclimati-zation, transplantation, genetic fidelity and quality assurance, scale up and cost reduc-tion.

1

16 Protoplast culture: Preparation, isolation and purification; protoplast viability test; culture and regeneration. Somatic hybridization: somatic hybrids, Cybrids. Artificial seeds.

2

17 Somaclonal variation: in-vitro somatic mutation, somaclonal and gametoclonal varia-tions, In-vitro selection of somaclonal mutants.

1

18 Secondary metabolites in plant biotechnology: Large-scale production of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites through cell, callus and organ culture techniques; high yielding cell lines. Hairy root culture in production of secondary metabolites. Bioreactor and factor affecting secondary metabolites production.

2

19 Biodiversity in Biotechnology: Plant Genetic resources: Germplasm conservation and cryopreservation, cryoprotectants, DNA and Gene bank, case studies on success stories on commercial application of plant tissue culture in medicinal and industrial plants

1

20 Bioethics in handling GMOs and native plants. 1

Total lectures 14

Grand Total lectures including plant molecular biology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and bioethics

30

Practical: Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic engineering and plant tissue culture

Practical : Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic engineering and plant tissue culture

All practical classes and works are actively participatory, connected with theory course as supplementation, practical and research literature surveys, discussions and presentations along with available practical laboratory works

SN Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic engineering Practical Periods

1 Introduction for preparation steps for all necessary materials needed for the initiation of the experiments for molecular biology and plant tissue cultures, Equipment and supplies.

1

2 Sterilization techniques-Demonstration of basic techniques and appli-cation/training of the students

1


3 Genomic DNA extraction from selected plant or fruit crops. Quantifi-cation of DNA by using lamda DNA markers on a horizontal agarose electrophoresis gel.

1

4 PCR and its application in plants. Molecular Diagnostics. Detection of pathogenic microbes in plants by PCR, case from literatures and prac-tical works on availability. Detection of pathogenic microbes in plants by biochemical or PCR methods

1

5 PCR: steps in PCR, primer design, calculations of quantity for required reagents like DNTPs, polymerase enzyme, Mg salt. Agarose gel elec-trophoresis of PCR products, visualization and analysis. Purification of PCR products using spin columns and quantification. Purification of PCR products using spin columns and quantification. DNA sequencing and use of GeneBank to compare with known sequences. Application of cloning techniques using E. coli competent cells on X-Gal/IPTG se-lective media• Selection and identification of clones: direct and indirect methods.

1

6 Reverse Transcription PCR and Real time PCR- Concept, and applica-tions in basic and applied science, discussions from literature and prac-tical works

1

7 Practical information on plasmids, vectors and artificial chromosomes: Introduction, construction and applications of different vectors and ar-tificial chromosomes Bacterial and yeast transformation by heat shock and electroporations methods. Plasmid DNA extraction and quantifica-tion. Preparation of samples for sequencing.

1

8 Phyllogenetic analysis of closely related fruit cultivars by using the RAPD profiling technology.

1

9 Cutting and joining DNA: restriction endonucleases, ligases, polymer-ases: literature and practical

1

10 Genomic tools- Introduction of basic genetics software for the analysis of DNA sequences- Entrez and the BLAST, TAIR family of programs. Chromosomal localization of these DNA fragments based on the World’s Gene Bank Sequence Information. • Basic tutorial for analysis of genes and the annotated sequences of PCR products. .

1

Plant Tissue Culture

11 Concept on tissue culture laboratory and sterilization techniques. 1

12 Preparation of Buffers and media-Murashige and Skoog medium, 1

13 Stocks of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins and hormones, au-toclaving, filter sterilization of hormones and antibiotics. .

1


14 Surface-sterilization of seeds, establishment of axenic plants, acclima-tization of tissue culture plants and establishment in greenhouse.

1

15 Callus induction in leaf discs, or stems, regeneration of shoots, root induction, role of hormones in morphogenesis and plant propagations. Acclimatization

1

16 Anther culture and ovule culture, artificial ovary 1

17 Somatic hybrids and cybrids, –concept, importance, literature discus-sions and practical works

1

18 Preparation of Protoplast, isolation, viability test and culture. 1

19 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation-discussions and importance, Rhizobum and mycorrhiza inoculation in seeds and plant roots.

1

20 Visit to research and commercial plant biotechnology laborato-ries/institutes depending on season and time accessibility

1

Total practical 15

Course Code: Patho 222 Crop Disease Management (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Topical Breakdown Lectures

1 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Damping off of vegetables

1

2 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Late blight of potato and tomato, Cucurbits and grapes

1

3 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Powdery mildews of pea, grapes, and Cu-curbits

2


4 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Smut of wheat and barley, Rusts of wheat and barley, Leaf spot of rice, wheat and corn.

2

5 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Soil born diseases of crop plants, root rot of apple.

2

6 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Early blight of potato and tomato

2

7 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Tikka diseases of groundnut, blast of rice

2

8 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Botrytis Grey mould of gram

2

9 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Potato wart, Stalk rot of corn, wilt of vege-tables, peach leaf curl, club root of crucifies, Red rot of sugarcane

2

10 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Citrus decline, papaya ring spot, yellow vein mosaic of okra

2

11 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Root knot of crop, viral diseases of potato & tomatoes

2


12 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of apple scab diseases, guava wilt

2

13 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Citrus nematode

2

14 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Disorders due to deficiency (Molybdenum, Boron, and Zinc), Mango malformation, Khaira disease of rice, bacte-rial lead blight and streak of rice, bacterial wilt and brown rot of pota-to, black leg of crucifers

2

15 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Papery bark of apple and pear, white rust of crucifers, golden nematode of potato, barley yellow dwarf, tomato mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus

2

16 Study of the following diseases, their life cycles, mode of transmis-sion, over wintering of pathogens, environment favoring the patho-gens, secondary mode of infection, epidemiology, important symp-toms and management of Mycoplasm and Rickettsia diseases of crop plants, disease of phanerogemic plant parasites.

2

Total 30


1 Collection of different infected plant parts 1

2 Preservation of diseased materials. Test of pathogenicity 2

3 Identification of different disease symptoms and management of these diseases

6

4 Methods of fungicidal application. 2


5 Isolation of fungi, bacteria and viruses from soil and infected plants

3

6 Pure culture preparation and maintenance. 2

Total 15

Course Code: Ento 222 Crop Pests and Management (2+1) FM: 75 Th:50 Pr: 25 Theory: Topical breakdown- Crop Pests and Management Lecture

Hours

1 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance(cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fruits, vege-tables, fiber crops, narcotics and stored products including mites, ro-dents and bird pest).

1

2 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Rice (Stem borers, Rice leaf hoppers and plant hoppers, Rice ear cutting caterpillar, Rice leaf folders, Rice hispa, Grass hoppers, Rice gall midge, Mole cricket, Seed bed beetle, Rice ear-head bug, Rice case worm, Grain moths, Grain weevils)

2

3 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Maize( Maize stem borers, Field crick-ets, White grubs, Black beetle, Maize shoot fly, Rice ear cutting cater-pillar, Cutworms, Leaf folders, Soybean hairy caterpillar, Grass hop-pers, Maize aphids, Termites, Grain moths, Grain weevils)

2

4 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Wheat (Aphids, Stink bugs, Wire-worm, Termites, Grain Weevils).

2

5 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Pulses (Pod borers, Cutworms, Hairy caterpillars, Pod weevils,

1


6 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Leaf folders, Banded blister beetle, Pod fly, Stem fly, Plant bugs, Leaf miners, Aphids, Spotted beetles, Mites, Semiloopers, Pulse beetles)

1

7 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Oil seeds (Mustard saw fly, Flea bee-tles, Aphids, Painted bugs, Leaf miner, Cabbage butterfly).

1

8 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Temperate Fruits (Aphids, Fruit fly, Scale insects, Wooly aphid, Apple stem borers).

1

09 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Citrus (Citrus leaf miner, Scale in-sects, Aphids, White flies, Mealy bugs, Citrus psylla, Stink bugs, Stem borers, Fruit flies, Citrus mites).

2

10 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Mango (Mango hopper, Mango fruit fly, Stem borer, Mango stem weevil, Red ant, Bark eating caterpillar, Mealy bugs, Scale insects, Gall maker (shoot gall & leaf gall).

1

11 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Litchi (Litchi leaf curl mites).

1

12 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Banana (Banana skipper, leaf and fruit scarring beetle, banana aphid, stem weevil, rhizome weevil).

1

13 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Potato (Potato tuber moth, cutworm, red ants, aphid, leaf hoppers, flea beetle, and wireworms).

1

14 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Tomato (Tomato fruit worm, tobacco caterpillars, aphids, jassids and mealy bugs).

1


15 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Eggplants (Fruit and shoot borer, leaf folder, Epilachna beetles, cotton jassids, cotton aphid).

1

16 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Cole crops (Cabbage butterfly, dia-mond back moth, aphids, tobacco caterpillar, cabbage semilooper, flea beetle, mustard sawfly, painted bug, cutworm, blister beetle

1

17 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Cucurbits(Fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle, stink bug, epilachna beetle, cucurbit stem borer, pumpkin cat-erpillar and blister beetle).

1

18 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Okra (Jassids, cotton leaf roller, shoot and fruit borer, cotton semilooper, red cotton bug

11

19 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Chilli (Chilli thrips, Cutworms, Soy-bean hairy caterpillar).

1

20 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Onion thrips

1

21 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Cotton ( Ball worm, Cotton leaf roller , Cotton jassids , cotton aphid , red cotton bugs , white fly .

1

22 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Tea mosquito, Mites, Leaf rollers, Bunch Caterpillars).

1

23 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance jute (Hairy caterpillar, Mealy bug, Bugs, Jute apion).

1


24 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Sugarcane (Sugarcane borers, Sug-arcane leaf hopper , Black bug

1

25 Systemic position, distribution, nature and extent of damage, biology, seasonal history and management of economically important insect pests of agriculture importance Other pests (Rodents, Snails, Slugs, Birds).

1

Total 30

Practical SN Title Hrs

1 Periodical visits to field for insect pest survey, collection, preservation 2

2 identification of various stages of major insect pests of agriculture im-portance

3

3 Survey, collection , preservation and identification of major insect pests of Cereal Crops, Tomato, Eggplants, Colecrops, Cucurbits, Pulse Crops, Potato, Bulb Crops, Fruit Crops, Citrus, Mango, Banana, Litchi, Stored Grains

10

4

Course Code: Soil 223 Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management: (2+1)

F M 75: Th: 50, Pr: 25 SN Topics Lecture

Hour(s)

1 Introduction Fertilizer definition, History of fertilization, Single nutrient fertilizers, Multi nutrients fertilizers, Application of solid and liquid fertilizer

1

2 Nitrogenous fertilizer Origin and production; Ammonium and nitrate fertilizer, Amide ferti-lizer (urea and calcium cynamide); manufacturing process of urea, be-havior of urea and ammonium sulfate in soil, Principle of nitrogenous fertilization; Efficient use of nitrogenous fertilizer

5


3 Phosphatic fertilizer Origin, production and solubility; P fertilization (SSP, DSP, TSP, DAP) and their properties, Manufacturing of SSP, DSP, TSP; Principle of phosphatic fertilizers application; Rock phosphate and phosphate rock and their properties, Behavior of phosphatic fertilizer in soil.

5

4 Potash fertilizer origin and production, K-fertilizers (MOP and SOP) and their proper-ties, Application of K fertilizer, Behavior of MOP and SOP in soil

4

5 Ca, Mg, S fertilizer Magnesium, Calcium, and Sulfur fertilizers-production and application

2

6 Micronutrient fertilizers (B, Zn, Cu, Cl, Mn, Mo, Fe, Ni)

1

7 Sustainable soil Management Concept of Sustainable Soil Management, Components of SSM, Prin-ciples of SSM, Fertilizer for soil improvements, Farm yard manure (FYM) improvement , urine collection and utilization, SSM practice in Nepal

4

8 Balanced Fertilization Concept of Balanced fertilization, Principles (Nutrient and crop yield relationship; (Leibig's Law, Mitscherlich's law of diminishing return, quadric function); Nutrient interaction, Nutrient behavior in soil) Op-timal amount of fertilizer-optimal nutrients content of plants and soil (Sufficiency/deficiency level), Criteria of nutrients requirement; Inte-grated Plant Nutrient Management system (concepts, components and importance)

3

9 Fertilizer recovery Fertilizer recovery and nutrients removal, Fertilizer use efficiencies, Fertilizer as function of cropping system and soil types

2

10 Influence of fertilizer on the environment Nitrate pollution, Eutrophication, Green House Gases emission (CO2, CH4, N2O) due to use of organic and inorganic fertilizer, Fertilizer Management to reduce environmental effect: Best Management Prac-tices (BMPs) – Nitrogen-BMPs, Phosphorous-BMPs, Potassium-BMPs.

2

11 Economics of fertilizer use Maximum economic yield (calculation of fertilizer rate for maximum yield, fertilizer rate for maximum profit).

1

Total 30


Practical

1 Fertilizer sampling techniques 1

2 Fertilizer assessment survey in nearby district and report writing 1

3 Principles of Kjeldahl apparatus, Spectrophotometer, Flame photome-ter and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

1

4 Analysis of nitrogen content in urea 1

5 Moisture content in fertilizers 1

6 Free acid content in ammonium sulphate 1

7 Phosphorous content in DAP/SSP/TSP 1

8 Potassium content in MOP 1

9 Organic carbon in FYM 1

10 Moisture content in FYM/Compost 1

11 Water holding capacity of organic manures 1

12 Plant sampling, preparation and preservation for analysis 1

13 Nitrogen content in plant part 1

14 Phosphorous content in plant 1

15 Potassium content in plant 1

Total 15

Course Code: Hort 224 Fruit Crop Cultivation (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Topical breakdown Hrs

1 Importance, scope and potentiality of fruit production in relation to local as well as international markets

3

2 Constraints in commercial Fruit production and possible remedies 2

3 Agro-climatic zones in fruit production in Nepal. 1


4 Detail description of cultivation practices, including , post harvest, handling and marketing of mango, banana, litchi, pineapple, citrus (mandarin, sweet orange, lime, lemon, pummelo) , pomegranates, grape, guava, ber, bel , papaya, amala, sapota, fig , lapsi, apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, persimmon, walnut, pecanut, chestnut, kiwi fruit, Strawberry cultivation.

24


1 Layout of orchard by hexagonal and contour system use of A frame 2

2 Planting of fruit use of planting board 1

3 Training and pruning of various fruit trees 1

4 Application of manure and fertilizer, Irrigation , mulching 3

5 Practice on desusuckering deblussing and sucker management 1

6 Protection of fruit trees against insect pest and diseases 1

7 Maturity judgement, harvesting, handling and storage of fruit. 3

8 Budget estimation of orchard establishment 1

9 Visit to fruit orchard. Visit to fruit market. 2

Title 15

Course Code: CropSc 222 Plant Biotechnology (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Topical Breakdown Theory Period

1 Introduction to Plant molecular biology and genetic engineering in rela-tion to agriculture, biotechnology, health and industrialization.

1

2 Review on nucleic acids and central dogma: DNA/RNA as a genetic material and the relationship of central dogma of molecular biology to biotechnology.

1

3 Introduction to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Theory of PCR, Role of DNA and RNA polymerase, buffers, Mg ion, temperature and nucleotides in PCR. The Use of PCR in molecular cloning and diagnos-tics.

2


4 Reverse-transcription PCR and Real-time PCR in gene expression. 2

5 Molecular cloning techniques- Restriction Enzymes, ligation of DNA fragments, plasmids, different vectors, artificial chromosomes, recom-binant DNA methods, gene libraries

2

6 Metabolic engineering and molecular farming: Direct Transformation: Direct uptake and horizontal gene transfer, heat shock, electroporation, microinjection, transfections,

1

7 Metabolic engineering and molecular farming: Indirect transformation- Ti-plasmid mediated transformation. Exploitation of metabolic path-ways and genomics for obtaining valuable plant products through ge-netic engineering and synthetic biology.

2

8 Metabolic engineering and molecular farming: Genetic transformation in bacteria (E. coli), fungus (yeast), and plant (arabidopsis) with exam-ples.

2

9 Molecular typing, diagnostics and plant molecular epidemiology- Use of different molecular tools and techniques for research and detection of pathogenic and symbiotic microbes in plants with examples. Exam-ples with use of Southern blotting, Northern blotting, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR, RFLP, RAPD, Ribotyping, DNA Bar coding Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) techniques.

2

10 Introduction to CRISPR technology, CRISPR as a tool in gene editing and its applications.

1

Total periods 16

SN Course Breakdown Plant cell and tissue culture in biotechnology Period

11 History of plant cell and tissue culture in biotechnology. Basic princi-ples of cell cycle, cell divisions, totipotency of cells, differentiation, dedifferentiation and, morphogenesis.

1

12 Techniques in Tissue culture lab– sterilization and handlings of equipments and germplasm, different media types and composition, hormones and vitamins.

1

13 Principles and techniques applied for cell culture, growth patterns, cal-lus culture, organ culture.root, meristem, anther, ovule, embryo culture. Factors important for callus culture, organogenesis and somatic embry-ogenesis.

2

14 In vitro pollination and fertilization: wide hybridization and embryo rescue. Androgenesis: Anther and pollen culture. Gynogenesis-ovule and ovary culture. Dihaploids and their applications in genetics and

2


plant breeding.

15 Lab to field transfer of micropropagation – plant multiplication, hard-ening, acclimatization, transplantation, genetic fidelity and quality as-surance, scale up and cost reduction.

1

16 Protoplast culture: Preparation, isolation and purification; protoplast viability test; culture and regeneration. Somatic hybridization: somatic hybrids, Cybrids. Artificial seeds.

2

17 Somaclonal variation: in-vitro somatic mutation, somaclonal and gametoclonal variations, In-vitro selection of somaclonal mutants.

1

18 Secondary metabolites in plant biotechnology: Large-scale production of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites through cell, callus and organ culture techniques; high yielding cell lines. Hairy root culture in production of secondary metabolites. Bioreactor and factor affecting secondary metabolites production.

2

19 Biodiversity in Biotechnology: Plant Genetic resources: Germplasm conservation and cryopreservation, cryoprotectants, DNA and Gene bank, case studies on success stories on commercial application of plant tissue culture in medicinal and industrial plants

1

21 Bioethics in handling GMOs and native plants. 1

Total lectures 14

Total lectures including plant molecular biology, genetic engineer-ing, tissue culture and bioethics

30

Practical

SN Topics Practi-cal

1 Preparation of all necessary materials needed for the initiation of the ex-periments for molecular cloning and plant tissue cultures Equipment and supplies. Sterilization techniques

1

2 Demonstration of basic techniques and application/training of the stu-dents. Session Four: Lecture and Laboratory Exercises • Genomic DNA extraction from selected Mediterranean fruit crops. Quantification of DNA by using lamda DNA markers on a horizontal agarose electropho-resis gel.

1


3 PCR application in plants Molecular Diagnostics Detection of pathogen-ic microbes in plants by PCR

1

4 Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products, visualization and analysis Purification of PCR products using spin columns and quantification DNA sequencing and use of GeneBank to compare with known se-quences.

1

5 Phyllogenetic analysis of closely related Mediterranean fruit cultivars by using the RAPD profiling technology Practical information on Plasmids, vectors and artificial chromosomes

1

6 Introduction, construction and applications of different vectors and arti-ficial chromosomes Cutting and Joining DNA: restriction endonucleas-es, ligases, polymerases. Preparation of LB, X-Gal/IPTG sterile selec-tive media. Strategies for gene cloning.

1

7 Application of cloning techniques using E. coli competent cells on X-Gal/IPTG selective media• Selection and identification of clones: direct and indirect methods

1

8 Plasmid DNA extraction and quantification. Preparation of samples for sequencing. Genomic tools. 9. Genomic tools- Introduction of basic ge-netics software for the analysis of DNA sequences- Entrez and the BLAST, TAIR family of programmes.

1

9 Basics on DNA sequencing and bioinformatics for analysis of annotated sequences of PCR products, DNA sequence, genes and proteins Chro-mosomal localization of these DNA fragments based on the World’s Gene Bank Sequence Information

1

10 Basic tutorial for analysis of genes and the annotated sequences of PCR products. Visit to and/or research plant biotechnology laborato-ries/institutes depending on season and time accessibility

1

11 Concept on sterilization techniques. Preparation of Buffers and media-Murashige and Skoog medium, stocks of macronutrients, micronutri-ents, vitamins and hormones, autoclaving, filter sterilization of hor-mones and antibiotics

2

12 Surface-sterilization of seeds, establishment of axenic plants, acclimati-zation of tissue culture plants and establishment in greenhouse

1

13 Callus induction in leaf discs, or stems, regeneration of shoots, root in-duction, role of hormones in morphogenesis and plant propagations.

1

14 Anther culture . Preparation of Protoplast, isolation, viability test and culture. Rhizobum and mycorrhiza inoculation in seeds and plant roots.

1


Total 15

Course Code: PC 222 Plant Clinic (0+2) FM:50, Pr:50 Practical In this course, all the aspects of diagnosis of physiological disorders, entomological, patho-logical problems of crops and their best possible management will be covered. Departments involved will be Pathology, Entomology, Soil (nutrient deficiency) and Agronomy (weed).Importance of plant clinic. Regular field visits, monitoring and sampling. Lab and field diagnosis for problem identification and practical recommendation for problem man-agement


Year III Semester V Course Code: AF 311 Agroforestry (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Topics Lecture

Hours

1 Concept and importance of Agro-forestry 2

2 Forest systems in Nepal 2

3 Major forest groups of Nepal 2

4 Forest cover of Nepal. Agro-forestry systems. 2

5 Important Agroforestry trees (sisham, ipil ipil, Uttis, eucalyptus, poplar, Neem, Bakaino, bamboo, Bhimal)

4

6 Silvicultural techniques in Agroforestry 1

7 Important field, vegetable and fruit crops suitable for agro-forestry plantations

4

8 Compatibility between crops, animals and woody perennials. MPTS (Multipurpose Tree Species

4

9 Different types of waste lands and planting techniques in waste lands. Shifting cultivation. Energy plantation and HDEP (High Den-sity Energy Plantation).

4

10 Agroforestry in conservation of natural resources. Participatory for-est management (concept of community forestry

4

Total 30


1 Identification and herbarium preparation of important agro-forestry crops

2

2 nursery raising and management 2

3 propagation techniques, 2

4 disease and insect pest control etc 2

5 Agroforestry practices, Wind breaks and shelter belts. 2


6 Agroforestry and stream bank stabilization 2

7 Determination of age of a tree 1

8 Determination of height of a tree. 1

9 Visit to different community forests. 2

Total 15

AnSc314 Aquaculture (2+1) F M: 75; Th: 50; Pr: 25 Theory : SN Topcs Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction, scope and principles of aquaculture 2

2 History and development of aquaculture in Nepal. 3

3 Biology of cultivated fish species 5

4 Water qualities and their management in fish ponds 3

5 Plankton and its role in fish production 3

6 Fish farming systems 3

7 Fish nets and their use 3

8 Fish breeding 3

9 Common fish diseases and parasites- causes, etiology, symptoms and their control measures.

5

Total 30

Practical SN Topics Practical

1 Visit to different fish farm facilities and GoN aquaculture centres 1

2 Identification of fish species of Nepal. 1

3 Anatomy of fish. Water sampling, identification of planktonic or-ganisms

2

4 Acidity and alkalinity test of fish pond water 2


5 Determination of pH of water. Determination of dissolved oxygen and turbidity of water.

3

6 Identification of fish breeding equipments and brood fish. 2

7 Use of fishing nets 2

8 Evaluation of behavioral signs related to fish diseases 2

Total 15

Course Code: Hort 315 Post Harvest Technology (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Title Lecture

hours

1 Importance and status of post harvest horticulture in Nepal 2

2 Post harvest physiology of fruits, vegetables and flowers- water loss, ripening, respiration and role of ethylene

3

3 Optimal crop harvesting for fresh, processing and storage purposes 3

4 Principles of marketing perishable crops 2

5 Principles of fruit and vegetable preservation and processing 2

6 Product quality and its control 2

7 Principles and types of storage 2

8 Causes of post harvest losses and its control. 2

9 Post harvest diseases and their control 2

10 Post harvest physiological disorders and their control 2

11 Curing, degreening and treatment of horticultural produce 2

12 Packing methods and materials and transportation 2

13 Marketing and market planning 2

14 Food act, its regulation and ethics. 2

Total 30


Practical: SN Title Practi-

cal

1 Measurements of temperature and Relative humidity 1

2 Firmness, Total soluble solids and titratable acidity 1

3 Maturity judgement and harvesting of fruits and vegetable 1

4 Evaluation of various commodities for their post harvest life in the labora-tory

1

5 Artificial ripening of fruit and vegetables 1

6 Preparation of jam , jelly, squash , juice, pickles, dry product of fruit and vegetable

8

7 Markets study and estimation of loss due to the marketing of fruit and veg-etable .

2

Total 15

Course code: PP311 Integrated Pest Management (2+1) FM:72, Th:50, Pr:25 Theory SN Total Lec-

ture Hours

1 Concepts of pests, and losses due to pests 1

2 Factors responsible for pest outbreaks 1

3 Concepts of injury levels in pest management (PM). 1

4 Physical and mechanical methods of Pest Management. 2

5 Cultural and biological methods of Pest Management. 1

6 Host plant resistance and botanical methods of PM 1

7 Chemical and Legislative methods of PM. 1

8 Organic pest management Methods of PM 1

9 Biotechnological methods of PM 1

10 Hormones, Pheromones, Sterile insect technique methods. 2

11 Concepts of Integrating insect pest management methods. 1


12 Overview of pest management and IPM in Nepal 1

13 Dissemination of IPM approach through FFS 1

14 Pesticides and their classification 1

15 Pesticide residue, residue levels, tolerance limits, Pesticide residue analy-sis technique.

3

16 Pesticide toxicity to targeted and non-targeted organisms 1

17 Safe use of chemical pesticides 1

18 Insecticide resistance management 1

19 General principles of plant disease management 1

20 Plant diseases management through cultural and chemical methods 1

21 Host plant resistance in disease management 2

22 Integration of different components of Pest Management in IPM system. 2

23 Developing IPM techniques against some important pests. 1

24 Economic viability of the system and environment protection. 1

Total 30

Practical: SN Title Practi-

cal

1 Periodic survey of insect pest on crop production farm. 1

2 Use of insect monitoring tools for study of insect pest population. 2

3 Survey and sampling of insect pests 1

4 Study of pesticide formulations and their application 1

5 Mass rearing of bio-control agents & test insects. Insect bioassay 1

6 Development of IPM model for important insects and diseases of major crops and their use in fields.

2

7 Identification of natural enemies, parasites predators and their use culture and multiplication.

2

8 Collection and use of locally available botanicals 1

9 Use of rodent management techniques in household and field. 2


10 Prepare a review report of commonly used pest management practices in Nepal.

2

Total 15

Course Code: Econ 321 Agricultural Resource and Marketing Management (2+1)

FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Breakdown of topoics Lecture

Hours

1 Farm Management – meaning, scope and importance; it s relation with other sciences;

1

2 Production economics, production function and its types, 1

3 Cobb Dauglas production function 2

4 Production Relationships – factor-factor relationship, factor-product relationship and product-product relationships

2

5 Basic principles in farm management decision; Farm resource man-agement – land management,

2

6 farm value appraisal, types and systems of farming, farm labour management and capital equipment management;

2

7 Tools of farm management – farm planning and budget ing; Farm business analysis – farm records, accounts and their types

2

8 Farm inventory – methods of valuation and depreciation 2

9 Measuring financial conditions, farm efficiency measures; 2

10 Introduction to basic analytical tools; 2

11 Farm specialization and diversification 2

12 Value chain analysis 2

13 Marketing and its importance, Meaning of producer , consumer and middleman

2

14 Standardization and grading of agricultural products 2

15 Marketing margins and price spread 2

16 Logistic management, promotion tools 2


Total 30

Practical

SN Total Practical

1 Application of basic principles of farm management 2

2 Appraisal of farm resources; 2

3 Farm record analysis and net worth statement analysis 2

4 Enterprise budgets, comparison of new farm with existing one 2

5 Farm efficiency measures 2

6 Exercises on simple solution to least cost combination or profit max-imization using basic analytical tools

3

7 Visit to various marketing centers and processing industries 2

Total 15

Course code: CropSc 313 Seed Technology (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr:25 Theory SN Title Lecture

hours

1 Introduction, history, present status and scope of seed industry in Ne-pal.

3

2 General principles of seed production 3

3 Seed production techniques of field crops ( cereals, pulses, oil crops, fibre crops, forage crops )

6

4 Seed production techniques of vegetable crops ( Cole crops ,Root crops, Leafy vegetables, Tuber and tuberous root crops ,Legume vege-tables, Cucurbitaceous crops, Solanaceous crops , Bulb crops , Perenni-al crops , Spices )

6

5 Seed processing, storage and marketing 3

6 Seed testing: purity, germination, viability, and moisture tests 3

7 Seed certification and seed legislation: minimum certification standards for foundation and certified seeds

3


8 Participatory seed production of field crops and vegetable crops 3

Total 30

Practical SN Total Practical

1 Selection of the seed production pocket area 1

2 Identification of the crop cultivar and participating farmer 1

3 Involvement in the seed production practices of major field and vege-table crops

2

4 Maturity judging of the seed crops 1

5 Methods of field inspection of the seed crops. 1

6 Seed crop harvesting and threshing operation. 1

7 Seed cleaning, drying, grading, treatment, packaging and storage. 3

8 Seed sampling, testing and labeling. 2

9 Visits to the seed production pocket area, government farms, seed la-boratory and processing units

2

Total 15

Course code: AnSc 315 Animal Biodiversity and Management (2+0) Full Marks: 50; Th: 50 Theory: SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Importance of animal biodiversity, animal genetic resources and farm animal genetic resources

5

2 Status of animal genetic resources and methods of categorizing the breeds and species

5

3 Strategies for conservation practices 5

4 description of endangered and economically important AnGR and their promotional activities.

5


5 National and international laws, policies and legal initiatives and their harmonization with national policies.

5

6 Different programmes initiated for maintaining the different animal genetic resources

5

Title 30

Course Code: PW 312 Project Work on Livestock/ Poultry Production (0+2) FM:50 The.0, Pr: 25 Practical Each student or group of students will have to identify different areas of work under this course. A complete project work on general production and management techniques of live-stock / poultry for raising, housing and Feeding, vaccination and disease management. Mar-keting of products. Maintenance of farm records. Student must write project report and sub-mit through a seminar.


THIRD YEAR SEMESTER VI Course Code: AnSc 326 Animal Breeding and Genetics (2+1) FM: 75; Th: 50; Pr: 25 Theory: SN Title Lecture

hours

1 Review of physical basis of inheritance and basic principles of genetics 3

2 History of animal breeding and common terminologies 3

3 Genetic principle of animal breeding 3

4 Gene and genotypic frequencies. 3

5 Qualitative and quantitative inheritance and genetics of population 3

6 Concept of variation and its importance in animal improvement 3

7 Resemblance between relatives 3

8 concept of heritability, repeatability and their estimations. 3

9 Breeding systems and selection 3

10 Breeding plans. 3

Total 30


1 Use of Statistics in Animal Breeding 1

2 Selection differential/intensity. 2

3 Estimation of genetic gain 1

4 Estimation of heritability 1

5 Estimation of repeatability 1

6 Estimation of different correlations 1

7 Selection index 1

8 Sire index. Calculation of inbreeding 2

9 Coefficient of relationship. 1


10 Computation of Heterosis 1

11 Determination of Fertility Index of Bulls 1

12 Determination of Breeding Efficiency of Cows 1

13 Breeding Plan. 1

Total 15

Course Code: Soc 322 Social and Economic Development (3+0)

FM:75 Th: 75

Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Concept of Development 3

2 Indicators of development, their strengths and weakness 4

3 Key concepts in sociology: social structure, social action, function-al integration, power and culture

4

4 Social stratification, cast and class system, poverty and income in-equality

4

5 Population and growth and urbanization 4

6 Society and the environment 4

7 Gender issues 4

8 People's participation 3

Total 30

Course Code: Agron 326 Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (2+1) FM: 75Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Title Lec-

ture

1 Historical review of agricultural developments and their achievements 1


2 Definition and scope of sustainable agriculture 1

3 Concept and features of sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD).

2

4 Food and nutrition security- national nutrition security systems in Nepal. 2

5 Sustainable livelihood security for rural poor 2

6 "Symphonic" agricultural systems 1

7 'Green revolution' and sustainable agriculture 1

8 Agroecology: goals and concepts 2

9 Comparison between 'green revolution' and agroecological technologies 2

10 Agroecological principles essential for sustainable agriculture and rural development.

2

11 Concept of carrying capacity of the resources 2

12 Basic technical elements of an agroecological strategy for sustainable ag-ricultural development:

2

13 conservation and regeneration of natural resources, indigenous knowledge and skill sharing, management of renewable resources (crop diversification, recycling of nutrients and organic matter, biotic regula-tion in regard to crop protection and animal health).

2

14 Land use diversification and management of biodiversity, generation of more opportunities for on-farm and off-farm employment.

2

15 Documented effects of agroecological productive strategies. Converting agricultural farms from conventional to agroecological management

2

16 Economic analysis of sustainable agriculture. 2

17 Ecological agriculture, its approaches and their application in Nepalese context

1

18 Recent trend and advances in sustainable agriculture. 1

Total 30



1 Case studies, report writing and seminar presentation in coopera-tion with the institution engaged in managing sustainable agricul-ture, permaculture, bio-intensive farms in various parts of the country.

5

2 Visit to the farmers using the approaches to sustainable agriculture and interaction with them.

5

3 Rapport building with the stakeholders and preparation of papers for publication.

5

Total 15

References

1. Fundamentals of sustainable agriculture and rural development by Binayak P Rajbhandari, HICAST Publ., Kathmandu, 2015

2. Bio-intensive farming system and sustainable livelihoods by Binayak P. Rajbhandari,

HICAST Publ., Kathmandu, 2016. Course Code: PW 323 Project Works on Mushroom Cultivation Techniques (0+2)

FM: 50 Pr: 50 Practical Importance of mushroom in Nepalese agricultural systems. Important cultivated and wild mush-rooms of Nepal. Spawn production and cultivation of important mushrooms in lab and farmer's field. Collection, identification and management of important diseases and pests of mushrooms. Harvesting, packing and preservation.. Visit to Khumaltar and other institutions involved in mushroom cultivation. Course Code: Hort 326 Ornamental Horticulture (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory SN Topical breakdown Lecture

Hours

1 Importance, present status and scope of floriculture in Nepal 1

2 Importance and potential of wild showy flower as ornamental flower plants and their domestication and introduction to floriculture market

1


3 Cultivation practices of (marigold, chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera narcissus, orchids ,dahlia, tuberose, gladiolus, roses, shrubs, hedges, climbers (jasminum), bulbous and ornamental trees with reference to soil, climate, variety, fertilizer requirement and other cultural operations

12

4 Botany of wild flower plants with potential to domestication and intro-duction to floriculture market - Primulas, Rhododendrons, Wild Lily

3

5 History, concept and styles of gardening 1

6 Salient features of ancient and contemporary gardens of Asia. 2

7 Aesthetic and bioaesthetic planning of public parks, schools and home 2

8 Preparation and maintenance of lawns. 1

9 Shrubbery and herbacious border. 1

10 Rock gardening 1

11 Hedges and edges 1

12 Topiary 1

13 Water garden. 1

14 Indoor plants and indoor gardening 1

15 Flower arrangement 1

16 Bonsai making. 1

Total 30


1 Identification of various ornamental plants 2

2 Preparation of various types of borders 2

3 Layout of garden 1

4 Training and trimming of hedges, shrubs, climbers and trees 2

5 Raising of annuals and propagation of ornamental trees 2

6 Practices of indoor gardening 2

7 Flower arrangements 1


8 Bonsai making 1

9 Visit to flower nursery and Botanical Park. 2

Totle 15

Course code: Ento 323 Apiculture and Sericulture (2+1) FM: 75; Th 50; Pr: 25 Theory: SN

Title Lecture Hours

1 Introduction, Important, scope and present status of Apiculture and Sericulture

2

2 Type of honeybees 2

3 Organization of bee colony 2

4 Life history of honeybee 2

5 Comb and It types 2

6 Language and other behaviors of the bees 2

7 Diseases of honeybees 2

8 Enemies of honeybees beekeeping 2

9 Methods of beekeeping Equipments needs for beekeeping 2

10 Bee products and it use 2

11 Extraction of honey. 2

12 type of sericulture 1

13 Silk producing moths 1

14 Cultivation of food plants. Distribution and management 2

15 Life-history 2

16 Cocoon production and processing . Diseases and enemies of silk-worms .

2

Totle 30


Practical: SN Title Practical

1 Identification of honeybee and silkworm 2

2 Identification of beekeeping equipments 2

3 Artificial comb manufacture 2

4 Honey product and extraction 2

5 Cocoon production and processing 2

6 Method of silk extraction 2

7 Field visit of Apiculture and sericulture farm 3

Totle 15

Course code: Ext 322 Agriculture Policy and Planning (3+0)

FM: 75 Th: 75 Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Policy and policy formulation 3

2 National agriculture plans and planning process 6

3 Critical review of agricultural development in different plan periods with respect to resource allocation, objectives and achievements

9

4 Agricultural perspective plan its objectives and features 9

5 Overview of governmental and non-governmental institutions and their roles in national development

9

6 Policies and efforts in poverty alleviation, gender and ethnic ine-quality

3

Total 45


FOURTH YEAR SEMESTER VII CORE COURSES Course Code: Stat 411 Bio-statistics (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25

Theory S.N. Title Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction-definition and scope of statistics in agriculture. 3

2 Frequency distribution-classification, tabulation and graphical rep-resentation.

3

3 Measures of central tendency-introduction, mean, median, mode; relative merits and demerits of the measures of central tendency

3

4 Measures of variation and dispersion, range, quartile, 3

5 Standard Deviation, Skewness and kurtosis 3

6 Probability Theory - introduction, event, trial, exhaustive group, mutually exclusive events, equally likely events, independent and dependent events, simple and compound events.

3

7 Theorems of probability (addition and multiplication). 3

8 Sampling and methods of estimation-introduction; simple random sampling; stratified random sampling; systematic sampling; cluster sampling; estimation of parameters (unbiased efficient estimates); sampling distribution

4

9 Binomial distribution-binomial experiment, conditions to be satis-fied in binomial distribution, problems on binomial distribution, fit-ting of binomial distribution. Normal distribution-properties of normal distribution, problems based on normal distribution

5

Total 30

Practical S.N. Breakdown CHrs


1 Numerical problems on classification; tabulation; graphic represen-tation, calculation of range, deviations and variance, coefficient of variation

10

2 Problems based on theorems of probability 2

3 Problems on binomial distributions 3

Total 15

Course Code: Stat 412 Research Methodology (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50 Pr: 25 Theory S.N. Topical Breakdown Lectures

1 Review of Measure of central tendency and dispersion 2

2 Hypothesis and Hypothesis testing, types of hypotheses and their statements

2

3 Test of significance, level of significance and types of errors 2

4 Variables and their measurements: types and classification, meas-urement scales; mean comparison—two sample mean (large and small) and three sample mean tests, confidence interval and least square difference

10

5 Chi-square test of independence and goodness of fit. Bivariate corre-lation and regression analyses.

4

6 Research designs of field research: CRD, RBD, LSD, 5

7 Uniformity trial and its use in choice of plots, blocks and their shapes and sizes

5

Total 30

Practical S.N. Title Practical

1 Use of computer software program (SPSS) for the analysis of z-test, t-test, f-test, correlation and regression

3

2 Experimental design, research design and sampling methods 2

3 Development of PCN and full proposal 2

4 Analysis of data and preparing report 2


5 Questioners development. 2

6 Data management and statistical analysis. technical writing, editing and formatting.

2

7 Literature citation and final hand copy production. 2

Total 15

Course Code: Stat 413 Proposal Writing (0+3) FM: 75 Th: 0 Pr: 75 Practical S.N. Title Practical

1 Introduction of project component; selecting a topic. 3

2 Identification of problem, issues Setting problems by problem tree analysis.

5

3 Setting objectives, definition, scope and limitation 5

4 Identification of resources and methodology 3

5 Development of protocols for technology transfer or researches. 5

6 Experimental design, research design and sampling methods. 5

7 Development of PCN and full proposal 4

8 Analysis of data and preparing report 3

9 Questionnaire development 3

10 Data management and statistical analysis. 3

11 Thesis writing, editing and formatting. 3

12 Literature citation and final hand copy production. 3

Total 45


ELECTIVE COURSES SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Course code: CropSc 415E Bio-intensive Farming System and Livelihoods (3+0) FM: 75 Th: 75 Theory S.N. Title Lecture

Hours

1 Concept and agroecological principles of SARD 5

2 A holistic systems approach to understanding smallholder limited resources agricultural systems

5

3 Degradation of natural resources: factors and approaches of conser-vation and revitalization

3

4 Interaction between the physical, biological, economic, political di-mensions of agricultural systems

5

5 Determinants of agricultural systems and sustainable livelihood 3

6 Assets; Sustainable livelihoods approach 3

7 Bio-intensive farming system-concept, features and implementation strategies

5

8 Women in agricultural cooperatives and extension 2

9 Land rights; food security; sustainability 2

10 Diversity; and the issues of women's and marginalized household's role in bio-diversity conservation

3

11 Access and control over resources; model farms - participatory re-search and extension

5

12 Conversion of conventional farms into sustainable bio-intensive farms;

2

13 Evaluation of sustainability of farms 2

Total 45

References

• Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems (2nd Edition) B. A. Gliessman, Stephen R. 2006. . Rickerl, D. and C. Francis (Eds.) 2004.


• Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. 2007. Gliessman SR. CRC Press.

• Bio-intensive farming system and sustainable livelihoods, B.P. Rajbhandari, HICAST. Course code: CropSc 416E Agro-biodiversity Conservation (3+0) FM: 75 Th: 75 Theory SN Topical breakdown

1 Scope of agro-biodiversity in sustainable agriculture and livelihood security

5

2 Indigenous plant genetic resources: diversity, conservation and utili-zation

5

3 Definitions of biodiversity, ethnobotany, organic farming system 5

4 Biodiversity integrated in the organic farming systems- crop rotation, mixed farming, agroforestry,

5

5 cover cropping, alley cropping and mixed cropping systems. 4

6 Biodiversity integrated in soil fertility management- green manuring, composting, legume-based rotations, fallow

6

7 Use of biodiversity in crop protection- local plant species/ varieties, indigenous cultural and sanitation practices as well as biological con-trol.

6

8 Gender issues in biodiversity conservation and management 3

9 Biodiversity and nature conservation-diversity in flora and fauna; mu-tual reinforcement between beneficial insects, plants and the soil mi-croorganisms in the agro-ecosystem.

6

Total 45

Course code: CropSc 417 E Agro-Ecosystem and Environment (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50; Pr:25 Theory SN Topical Break down Periods


1 Basic concept on ecology, agroecology, ecosystem and agroecosystem. Natural ecosystems vs. agroecosystems.

1

2 Structure and function of agroecosystems- Agroecosystems over time: productivity, stability (variability), sustainability, and equitability.

2

3 Agroecological approach to cropping system improvement; systems vs. reductionist approaches.

2

4 Functioning of ecosystem and agro-systems - Energy flow and material flows in ecosystems. Photosynthesis, photorespiration, energy efficiency and trophic level relations in agro-ecosystem.

2

5 Global warming and climate change with the impact of industrial agricul-ture and animal husbandry.

1

6 Farmer’s indigenous knowledge and perceptions in climate change. 1

7 Agroecological subsystems: Soil as Subsystems in Agro-ecosystem: Soil fertility, geography and major limiting factors. Soil erosion and conserva-tion: The problem of soil erosion; mechanisms of soil erosion by water; estimating (predicting) soil losses by water and wind; management prac-tices to reduce soil loss.

2

8 Weeds as subsystem in Agro-ecosystem – weed biology, ecology, and management: The role of weeds in agroecosystems; the selection for herbicide-resistant weeds; crop-weed interactions – factors that determine outcomes of competition; approaches to weed management – industrial, integrated, and agroecological.

2

9 Water as subsystem in Agro-ecosystem: Hydrological cycle, Plant-water relations-plant need a lot of water for photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and crop water use. Natural and man-made water reservoirs, irrigation, rice fields, and global warming. Agricultural inputs and impact on water quality.

2

10 Nutrients dynamics as Subsystems in Agro-ecosystem: Biogeochemical cycle in natural and agro-ecosystem. Nutrients management and envi-ronmental quality; the nitrogen (N) cycle and N management; improved N use efficiency – soil testing, nutrient crediting, application timing;

2

11 The phosphorus (P) cycle and available phosphorous to crop plants; P management strategies;

1

12 Nutrients dynamics as Subsystems in Agro-ecosystem: N and P manage-ment on traditional farms. Micronutrients management issues in tradi-tional, sustainable and modern agriculture in Nepal.

2


13 Plant genetic resources and agrobiodiversity: importance of nutritionally important but neglected crops of temperate, subtropical and tropical eco-logical zones of Nepal.

2

14 Distribution pattern of major crops, vegetables, fruits, timber, fodder and domesticated plant diversity in relation to longitudinal and latitudinal eco-zones of Nepal.

2

15 Cropping Diversification: Importance and impact of cropping diversifi-cation in agroecosystem:, historical context; importance, applications and impacts of cropping system simplification;

1

16 Cropping Diversification: Crop rotation- risks and benefits; the rotation effect on soil quality, pests, and simple vs. complex rotations – long-term productivity, profitability, and environmental impacts; organic cropping systems.

2

17 Sustainability and agroecology: Sustainable, substantial and organic agri-culture-concepts and differences, the agroecological approach for moving towards sustainability: Sustainable agriculture in the context of an bal-anced agro-ecosystem approach

2

18 Sustainable agriculture and organic farming for healthy agro-ecosystems- the bridges and the gaps in between the substantial and industrial agricul-ture.

1

Total lectures 30

Practical SN Practical Topical breakdown Periods

1 Class Orientation on Agro-ecosystem analysis. Agro-ecosystem Analysis (Research and Development) .

1

2 Field study with sampling of plant specimens, crops, weeds, 2

3 Field study with sampling and study of ecosystem factors like water, soil, 2

4 Field study with sampling and study of ecosystem factors like microflora, pollutants, fertilizer uses.

3

5 Observation of Agro-meteorological Station . 1

6 Review of long term data (Climate and crop yield) 1

7 Review Nepal weather data from data bank and analysis of current events 1


8 Documentation of agroecosystem management practices by district agri-culture offices, practice and local knowledge.

2

9 Seminar and Field Visit. 2

Total 15

Text and reference Books:

• Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems (2nd Edition) B. A. Gliessman, Stephen R. 2006. . Rickerl, D. and C. Francis (Eds.) 2004.

• Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. 2007. Gliessman SR. CRC Press.

• Ecology of Weeds and Invasive Plants. 2007. Radosevich SR, Holt JS, Ghersa CM. 3rd edn. Wiley Inter-Science.

• Organic Farming: The Ecological System. 2009. Francis C. (ed.) Agronomy Mono-graph 54. ASA-CSSA-SSSA. Principles of Ecology in Plant Production. 2010. Sin-clair TR, Weiss A. 2nd edn. CAB International.

• Soil and Water Conservation for Productivity and Environmental Protection. 2004. Troeh FR, Hobbs JA, Donahue RL. 4th edn. Pearson, Prentice

• Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture. 2011. Hatfield JL, Sauer TJ (eds.) ASA-SSSA. 11) The Conversion to Sustainable Agriculture: Principles, Pro-cesses, and Practices. 2010.

• Advances in Agroecology. Gliessman SR, Rosemeyer M (eds.) CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group

Course code: PW 414E Project Work on Sustainable Agriculture (0+3) PM:75, Pr: 75 SN Works Hours 1 Guided field-based case study on sustainable / organic farm (proposal

writing with appropriate tools and methodology and conducting case studies),

25

2 Technical report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45 HORTICULTURE Course Code: 417E Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (2+1)

FM75 Th 50;Pr 25


Theory: Introduction, Importance, Scope and Present status of Medicinal and Aromatic plants. Cultiva-tion practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation, sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of the follow-ing medicinal and aromatic plants (Medicinal yam, Fox-Glove, Pyrethrum, Sarpagandha, Senna, Isubgol, Periwinkle, Belladonna, Rye Ergot Lemongrass, Citronella grass, Palmarosa grass, Vetiver, Geranium, Mints, Ocimum, Patcholi, Lavender, Sandalwood, Rosemary, Chammomila, Sayapatri, Chirayito, Pipla, kurilo, Sugandhawal and Jatamansi) . Practical: Identification of major Medicinal and Aromatic plants. Practical works on Herbarium prepara-tion and collections of herbarium of locally available MAPs. Visit to local herbaria and na-tional herbarium. Visit to local herb traders. Visit of processing plants for MAP trading and commercialization. Visit to commercial farmer field of Medicinal and Aromatic plants. Visit of processing unit of Major Medicinal and Aromatic plants. Course Code: 417E Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (2+1)

FM75 Th 50;Pr 25 Theory

Breakdown of course

SN Title Lecture hours

1 Introduction, Importance of, Medicinal and Aromatic plants 1

2 Scope and Present status of, Medicinal and Aromatic plants 1

3 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Medicinal yam

1

4 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Fox-Glove

1

5 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation, sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Pyrethrum

1


6 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Sarpagandha

1

7 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Senna

1

8 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Isubgol

1

9 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Periwinkle

1

10 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Belladonna

1

11 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of RyeErgot

1

12 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation, sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon sp)

1

13 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation, sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Citronella grass

1

14 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation, sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Palmarosa grass

1

15 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Vetiver

1


16 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Geranium

1

17 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Mints

2

18 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Ocimum

1

19 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Patcholi

1

20 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Lavender

1

21 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Sandalwood

1

22 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation, sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Rosemary

1

23 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Chammomila

1

24 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Sayapatri

1

25 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Chirayito

1


26 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation, sow-ing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural opera-tion ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvesting, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Pipla

1

27 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Kurilo

1

28 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Sugandhawal

1

29 Cultivation practices such as climatic and soil , land preparation ,sowing/transplanting, manuring and fertilization, irrigation, intercultural operation ,integrated insect pests/diseases and weed management, harvest-ing, yield, post harvest handling , storage and marketing of Jatamansi

1

Total 30

Practical:

SN Title Practical

1 Identification of major Medicinal and Aromatic plants 2

2 Practical works on Herbarium preparation and collections of herbarium of locally available MAPs

2

3 Visit to local herbaria and national herbarium. 2

4 Visit to local herb traders 2

5 Visit of processing plants for MAP trading and commercialization 2

6 Visit to commercial farmer field of Medicinal and Aromatic plants 3

7 Visit of processing unit of Major Medicinal and Aromatic plants 2

Total 15

Course Code: 418E Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development in Horticulture (2+1) FM75; Th 50; Pr 25 Theory


SN Title Lecture Hours

1 Concept of entrepreneurship 2

2 Enterprises creation, types and development 3

3 Market analysis and development 3

4 Business counseling, professional ethics 3

5 Value chain analysis of selected crop Industrial: tea, coffee & carda-mom. Vegetable: tomato, ginger, garlic, onion, cucumber and aspara-gus

8

6 Value chain analysis. Example: Fruit: apple, mandarin, sweet orange, mango, and banana

5

7 Recourse analysis 3

8 Flower: rose, carnation, gerbera, orchid 3

Total 30


1 Resource analysis 3

2 Marketing survey 3

3 visit to agricultural cooperative, 3

4 visit to wholesale market (fruit and vegetable) 3

5 visit to vegetable processing industry 3

Total 15

Course Code: 419E High Value Horticultural Crops (2+1) FM75; Th 50;Pr 25 Theory: SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction, Importance, Scope and Present status. 3


2 Role of High value crops for income generation and Economic devel-opment of farmers and Country

4

3 Export markets for high value crops in Nepal (Present status, Potenti-ality and Problems

4

4 Identify the high value crops and pocket area in Nepal 4

5 Modern production Techniques of Major high value crops such as Fruit and plantation (Apple, Mango, Mandarin, Sweet orange, Lime, Lemon, Litchi, Banana, Pineapple, Tea and Coffee etc.).

7

6 Vegetable and Spices Crops (Tomato , Capsicum , Chilli, Radish , Carrot , Asparagus ,Ginger , Garlic , Onion , Cardamom ).

4

7 Ornamental (Rose, Carnation, Gerbera, Orchid etc.). 4

Total 30

Practical: SN Title Hrs

1 Identify the high value Horticultural Crops and pocket area in Nepal 7

2 Case study, report writing and project planning of high value horticul-tural crop for income generation.

8

Total 15

Course code: PW 414E Project Work on Horticulture (0+3) PM:75, Pr: 75 SN Works Hours 1 Guided field-based case study on horticultural farm / enterprises/

market (proposal writing with appropriate tools and methodology and conducting case studies),

25

2 Technical report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45


PLANT BREEDING Course code: PB 411E Applied Plant Breeding (Agronomical and Horticultural) (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50;Pr:25 Theory SN Topics on Applied Plant Breeding (Agronomical and Horticul-

tural Lecture Hours

1 Introduction, Importance, scope and present status of breeding of Agronomical and horticultural Crops

5

2 Breeding Methods of field crops ( cereal , legumes , oil seeds and fiber crops )

5

3 Breeding Methods of Horticultural crops ( cole crops , root vegetable crops, leafy vegetable crops , tuber crops , fruit vegetable crops , bulb crops and cucurbitaceous vegetable crops ).

20

Total 30


1 Applying the breeding techniques and field inspection of agronomi-cal and horticultural crops.

10

2 Visit in related field 5

Total 15

.Course code: CropSc 415E Agro-biodiversity Conservation (3+0) FM: 75 Th: 75 Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours


1 Scope of agro-biodiversity in sustainable agriculture and livelihood security

2

2 Indigenous plant genetic resources: diversity, conservation and utili-zation

2

3 Definitions of biodiversity, ethnobotany, organic farming system 3

4 Biodiversity integrated in the organic farming systems- crop rotation, mixed farming, agroforestry, cover cropping, alley cropping and mixed cropping systems

5

5 Biodiversity integrated in soil fertility management- green manuring, composting, legume-based rotations, fallow

5

6 Use of biodiversity in crop protection- local plant species/ varieties, indigenous cultural and sanitation practices as well as biological con-trol

7 Gender issues in biodiversity conservation and management 3

8 Biodiversity and nature conservation-diversity in flora and fauna; mutual reinforcement between beneficial insects, plants and the soil microorganisms in the agro-ecosystem.

10

Total 30

Course code: PB 413E Organic Agriculture (2+1) FM: 75 Th: 50; Pr:25 Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction , Importance and scope of organic Agriculture 2

2 Organic crop production standards (Organic crops and varieties , Conversion period , crop production diversity , Nutrient management , pest and disease management , weed management handling stand-ards)

8

3 Procedure to evaluate additional inputs to organic agriculture (Evalu-ation , nature and way to production , environment , human health and quality, socio-economic aspects).

8

4 Certification : Introduction, organic certification, standards 3

5 Organic certification 1


6 Procedure for organic certification 2

7 Organic certification requirement. 2

8 Accreditation Agencies 1

9 Certifying agencies. International organization (IFOAM, Codex Al-imentation, ISO , Un/FAO) .

3

Total 30

Practical: SN Works Hours 1 Guided field-based case study on organic farm 6 2 Report writing and submission, 6 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 3 Total 15 Course code: PW 414E Project Work on Plant breeding (0+3) FM: 75 Pr: 75 SN Works Hours 1 Field and lab works on breeding techniques of cereals or vegetables;

rapport building 25

2 Technical report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45 PLANT PROTECTION Course Code: PP 412 E Diseases of Field and Vegetable Crops (2+1) F M: 75; Th. 50, Pr. 25 Theory Topics on Diseases of Field and Vegetable Crops Lecture

Hours

1 Important diseases, their etiology, epidemiology, life cycles, spread, symptoms and management of disease of cereals (Rice, wheat, corn and millet),

5

2 Important diseases, their etiology, epidemiology, life cycles, spread, symptoms and management of disease of(Soybean and other pulses

5


3 Important diseases, their etiology, epidemiology, life cycles, spread, symptoms and management of disease of Diseases of commercial and plantation crops (sugarcane, ginger, cardamom, Jute, Coconut, Arecanut, Tea and Coffee).

10

4 Important diseases, their etiology, epidemiology, life cycles, spread, symptoms and management of disease of Diseases of cole crops (cau-liflower, cabbage, radish, broad leaf mustard), tomato, potato, brinjal, okra, chilies, cusrbitacecous crop (Cucumber, Pumpkin, Sponge And Ridgegourd and Other Gourds, Cowpea, Beans, Peas, Carrot).

10

Total 30


1 Study of symptoms, isolation of pathogen and test of pathogenicity of major diseases covered in theory

3

2 Chemicals in plant disease management 3

3 Disease management and evaluation of managemental strategies 4

4 Farmers field visit and Preparation of report on disease incidence and symptoms

5

Total 15

Course Code: PP 413 E Insect Pests of Field and Vegetable Crops (2+1) F M: 75; Th. 50, Pr. 25 SN Topics on Insect Pests of Field and Vegetable Crops Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction, natural and extent of damage, life and seasonal histo-ries and management of following insect pests of cereals (Rice, wheat, corn and millet),

10

2 Introduction, natural and extent of damage, life and seasonal histo-ries and management of following insect pests of Soybean and other pulses

10

3 Insect pests of Vegetable (Potato, Tomato, Eggplant. Cole crops, Cucurbits, Beans and Peas,Okra, chilli, Onion , garlic )

10

Total 30


. Practical: SN Title Practical

1 Periodical visits to field for insect pest survey, 5

2 collection, preservation and identification of various stages of major insect pests of Field and vegetable crops

10

Total 15

Course Code: PP 414 E Insects Pests and Disease of Fruit Crops (2+1) F M: 75; Th. 50, Pr. 25 Theory: SN Topics Hrs

1 Introduction , identification , and control of insect of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruits which are commercial crowing in Nepal (E.g. Mango, Litchi, Banana, Pineapple, Guava, Papaya and Jackfruit , Apple, Peach, Pear, Plum etc)

15

2 Introduction , identification and control of diseases of tropical, Sub-tropical and temperate fruits which are commercial growing in Nepal ( E.g. Mango, Litchi, Banana, Pineapple, Guava, Papaya and Jack-fruit ,Apple, Peach, Pear, Plum etc.).

15

3 Total 30

Practical: SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Periodical visits to field for insect pest survey 2

2 collection, preservation and identification of various stages of major insect pests of common fruits crops and Insect management

3

3 Study of symptoms, isolation of pathogen and test of pathogenicity of major diseases covered in theory

4

4 Chemicals in plant disease management. 2


5 Disease management and evaluation of managemental strategies 2

6 Farmers field visit and Preparation of report on disease incidence and symptom.

3

Total 30

Course Code: PW 414 E Project Work on Plant Protection (0+3) FM: 75, Pr: 75 SN Works Hours 1 Collection, identification and preservation of insects pest and dis-

eased plant samples from the field. 25

2 Technical report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45 ANIMAL SCIENCE Course Code: AnSc 4110E Applied Animal Breeding (3 + 0) FM 75 Th: 75 Theory SN Topics on Applied Animal Breeding Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction of livestock breeding strategies and development. 2

2 Breeding goal and definition in relation to farm animal genetic re-sources.

4

3 Basic elements of genetic improvement 4

4 Development objective in agricultural production and characteriza-tion of animal production systems

5

5 Livestock straight breeding system for sustainable grazing system. 2

6 Cross breeding structure utilizing only indigenous animal genetic re-sources.

3

7 Straight and cross breeding structure utilizing exotic animal genetic resources

3

8 Economic evaluation of straight and cross breeding program 4

9 Breeding strategies for low input animal production systems 4


10 Breeding strategies for Sheep, Goat, Chicken, Duck, Cattle, Buffalo, Yak and chauries production. Field performance recording.

14

Total 45

Course code: AnSc 4111 E Feeds, Fodder and Feed Industries (2 + 1) FM 75, Th: 5 0; Pr: 25 Theory SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Classification and characteristics of feeds, fodder and feed sup-plements

3

2 Utilization of agro-industrial by-products 3

3 Terminology in improving feed quality 3

4 Cultivation practices of common leguminous and non-leguminous fodder/forages

5

5 Fodder planning for dairy animals. Conservation of feeds and fodder. 5

6 Feed industries and their common products. 3

7 Principle feeding stuffs used in milling industry, Feeds acts and laws 5

8 Lay-out plan for feed industry 3

Total 30


1 Planning of fodder as seasonal requirements for different category of livestock

2

2 Demonstration on the production and planning of fodders. 1

3 Visit of feed industry. 2

4 Practice of preparing bone meal and fish meal 2

5 Preparation, physical, chemical and biological treatment of poor quality roughages

2

6 Preparation of micro mixes 2

7 Planning and Lay out of feed mill and processing unit. 2

8 Conservation practices of forage/fodder crops. 2


Total 15

Course Code : AnSc 4112E Sustainable Livestock Development and Management (3+0)

FM: 75 Th: 75 Theory Title Lecture Hours

1 Introduction to sustainable livestock development 1

2 Livestock production system 3

3 Livestock development and poverty. 3

4 Knowledge – a ke y to empowerment. 3

5 Livestock products and marketing. 3

6 Climatic stress, livestock and environment. 3

7 Animal response to nutrient supply 3

8 Feeds and feeding to improve productivity and survival. 3

9 Breeding strategy for sustainable improvement. 3

10 Improvement of the health of livestock in the developing coun-tries.

3

11 Small scale production systems of different livestock species in developing countries.

5

Total 30

Course Code : PW 414E Project Work on Animal Science (0+3)

FM: 75 ,Pr. 75 SN Works Hours 1 Guided field-based case study (proposal writing with appropriate

tools and methodology and conducting case studies) on animal and poultry farm

25

2 Technical report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45


SOIL SCIENCE Course Code: Soil 414E Soil Chemistry: (2+1)

F M: 75; Th: 50, Pr: 25 Theory: SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Introduction of soil chemistry. 1

2 Water movement; Diffusion 1

3 Dispersion and flocculation 2

4 Wetting and drying; Expansion and contraction, cementation and decementation

2

5 Alternation of minerals of parent materials 1

6 Primary minerals in soils; Layer silicate & clay minerals of soils; Crystal structure of the layer; Micas;

2

7 Vermiculite; Montmorillonite; Attapulgite; Chlorite; Oxide minerals in soil; Factor affecting frequently distribution of soil minerals

2

8 Content of chemical elements in soils. 1

9 Physical Chemistry: Nature of the soil colloidal; Colloidal properties of soil and clay minerals;

2

10 organic matter; Re-charging soil, +vely/ -vely, Adsorption and ex-change of cations;

2

11 Adsorption and exchange of anions; Dynamic concept of soil colloids 2

12 Biochemistry of soil: Biochemical activities of microorganism; Or-ganic matter transformations;

2

13 Acid soils; Factor affecting pH measurement; Buffer relation; Fixa-tion of plant nutrients in soil.

2

14 Soil Chemistry and plant nutrition: Mechanism of ion adsorption by plant roots; ionic form in soil

2

15 Exchange properties of soil & plant roots (Cations & anions) and fac-tors affecting the properties

2

16 Chelation of plant nutrients; effect of lime on phosphorus availability; Clay bonding energy and relative potassium uptake

2

17 Antagonistic and synergistic effects of plant nutrients 2

Total 30



1 Determination of CEC 1

2 total exchangeable bases and base saturation 2

3 Total nitrogen, Total phosphorus and Total potassium in soil 2

4 Soil pH by different methods and lime requirement estimation 2

5 Exchangeable aluminum, 2

6 Total acidity; Secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg, and S) and micronutrient determination (Zn, B, and Mo) in soil

4

7 Water analysis for irrigation purpose (EC, Dissolved or soluble salts 2

Total 15

Course Code: Soil 415E Soil Genesis and Classification (2+1)

F M: 75;Th: 50, Pr: 25 Theories: SN Topics- Soil Genesis and Classification Lecture

Hours

1 Pedology in relation to other discipline 1

2 Geomorphic process in land evolution 1

3 Geomorphology in soil mapping. 2

4 Soil-landscape relationships; Basic concept of soil genesis. 2

5 Soil forming materials, rocks and minerals and their weathering 2

6 Factors of soil formation 2

7 Pedogenic process of soil development 2

8 Pedon, Polypedond, Profile, Horizons and their nomenclature 2

9 Basic concept and history of soil classification 2

10 FAO/UNESCO World soil reference system 2

11 USDA Soil Taxonomy-epipedons, diagnostic sub-surface horizon and other diagnostic characteristics

2


12 soil moisture and temperature regimes; categories of the system and criteria

2

13 Orders, sub-orders, great-groups and other categories of taxonomic classification

2

14 Soil micro-morphology-important; thin section studies for identifi-cation of diagnostic horizons and other pedological features, and their interpretation for soil genesis and classification

5

15 Soils of Nepal and their placement in soil taxonomy 1

Total 30

Practical: Title Practical

1 Digging of a pit in the field to study the soil profile 1

2 Study of various soil morphological characters of the profile; 2

3 Identification of various diagnostic horizons of the profile and com-pare these to other profiles

2

4 Classification of the soil pedon based on the morphologic and diag-nostic characters studied.

3

5 Identification of the land capability class based on the information of the soil profile studied and suggests appropriate land use

3

6 Field visit to different regions to study physiographic and soil types of the region, report writing and presentation.

4

Total 15

Course Code: Soil 416 E Bio-fertilizers & Organic Farming (2+1)

F M: 75; Th. 50, Pr. 25 Theory: SN Title Lecture

Hours

1 Role of organic matter in crop production 1

2 Organic sources of plant nutrients 1

3 Farmyard manure, Poultry manure, Compost (Rural compost, Urban compost

2


4 Animal urine and Biogas slurry management, 2

5 Improved techniques of quality compost preparation with biological and physical management

2

6 Green manures, Sewage sludge, Waste products of plant and animal origin, Soil organisms responsible for nutrient transformation,

2

7 Biological nitrogen fixation, Mechanism involved in nitrogen fixa-tion in leguminous crops

2

8 Organisms associated with nitrogen fixation (Rhizobium bacteria, Free living bacteria, Azospirillum,

2

9 Blue green algae, Azolla, Phosphate solublizing microorganisms (Mycorrhiza), Solubilization of inorganic phosphate

2

10 Mineralization and immobilization of organic phosphorus 2

11 Major role of microorganisms in soil fertility improvement, Biofertilizers, bacterial culture, inoculation techniques and its role in the legume & non legume crops

2

12 Importance of mixed cropping with legumes and crop rotation with legumes, Crop residues management;

2

13 Optimum condition of nitrogen fixation 1

14 Appropriate time of green manuring, In-situ manuring 1

15 Factors affecting green manuring, Effect of green manuring in crop yield

1

16 Concept of organic farming, integrated plant nutrient management system (IPNMS) and its importance in Nepalese farming systems

2

17 Basic principle of biofertilizers preparation in laboratory, Biofertilizers and their role in sustainable agriculture.

2

18 Enzyme activity in soil; Organic matter transformations; and Occur-rence of Vitamins and Antibiotics in soil

1

Total 30


1 Analysis of organic manures (N, P, K and Organic Carbon); 3

2 Observation and collection of root nodules from seasonal legumes crops

3


3 Preparation of synthetic medium for Rhizobium and Azotobacter multiplication and maintenance

3

4 Isolation of Rhizobium from nodules 3

5 Azotobacter from compost or soil and their multiplication and utili-zation in Bio-fertilizer production Method of biofertilizers prepara-tion

3

Total 15

Course Code: PW 414 E Project Work on Soil Science (0+3)

F M: 75; Pr. 75 SN Works Hours 1 Guided field-based work of soil profiling, mapping, soil fertility as-

sessment and determination of N,P,K and OM 25

2 Technical report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Course Code: Ag Econ 412 E Agricultural Finance and Business Management (2+1)

F M: 75; Th. 50, Pr. 25 Theory SN Title Hrs

1 Introduction, scope and significance of Agricultural Finance 2

2 Money and Banking; Introduction and functions of Central Bank 3

3 ADB/N, Commercial banks in Nepal 2

4 Development Banks and cooperatives 2

5 Role of finance in agricultural development; characteristics and problems of rural financial markets

3

6 Classification of farm credit and its use in farm business 2

7 Three R's of credit; Capital investment analysis, time value of money; ap-praisal

3


8 Important sources of agricultural credits in Nepal, loan interest rates, credit acquisition and repayment schedule; Rural indebtedness in Nepal: prob-lem, causes and solution

4

9 Principles to agricultural business; use of regression and linear program-ming as management tools ,risk management; insurance

3

10 budgets and capital investment analysis; business organization forms, 2

11 legal aspects of borrowing, cost concepts 2

12 Agribusiness institutions in public and private sectors. 2

Total 30


1 Visits to nearby financial institutions and preparation and presenta-tion of case studies;

2

2 Exercises on preparation and analysis of balance sheet and income statement;

2

3 Analyzing profitability, liquidity and solvency ratios 3

4 Exercises in time value of money, 2

5 break even analysis and Use of Compounding/ Discounting tables 3

6 Computing interest rates by different methods. 3

Total 15

Course Code: AgEcon 413 E Development Economics and Project Planning (3+0)

F M: 75; Th. 75 Theory SN Title Hours

1 Development; concepts and meaning 2

2 Land – character istics and theories of rent (Recardian theory and Mod-ern theory),

3

3 Labour – characteristics and theori es of wage (Marginal productivity theory and Modern theory);

3


4 Malthusian and Optimum theory of population 2

5 Efficiency and Division of labour; theories of interest and profit; 3

6 Globalization, theories of growth, structural changes and technical pro-gress, trade and industrial policies, employment multinational

13

7 Corporate, Social justice and Equity. 4

Total 30

Course Code: AgEcon 414 E Agricultural Marketing and Cooperation (2+1)

F M: 75; Th. 50, Pr. 25 Theory SN Title Hours

1 Definition – Market and marketing; Importance of ag ricultural product prices and marketing of both inputs and outputs

2

2 Demand for agricultural products and their derivation through response 2

3 Market structures 2

4 Price discrimination, marketing channels and marketing functions (collec-tion, storage and dispersion, grading, packaging, standardization and transportation);

2

5 Marketing research 2

6 Meaning of producer, consumer and middleman 2

7 Importance of Storage in marketing 2

8 Future trading and hedging, warehousing and cooperative marketing

9 Concept of free market and liberalization 2

10 Price index for various commodities; Trends for price and their analysis; 2

11 Government regulations for stabilizing prices and farm incomes 2

12 Price and Supply forecasts. Export and import situations of food products in Nepal.

2

13 Balance of payments; Introduction to AIC, NFC, WTO and GATT 2

14 Marketing information system and transparency 1

15 Concept , Meaning and scope of cooperative in Nepal 1


16 Cooperative farming and marketing 1

17 Present status and development of cooperative in Nepal 1

Total 30


1 Observation on quantities of major food and vegetable products de-manded and supplied at various prices in local market

3

2 Calculation of price spreads or marketing margins for various farm and farm based industrial products

3

3 Visit to various markets and cooperative concerned organizations, marketing centres and processing industries for studying the market-ing channels, their problems, processing techniques and cost involved

3

4 Estimation of production costs for major farm products 3

5 Case studies of marketing information systems and marketing man-agement

3

Total 15

Course Code: PW 414 E Project Work on Ag. Economics & Business Management (0+3)

F M: 75; Pr. 75 SN Works Hours 1 Guided field-based case study on promising agri-business enterprise

(proposal writing with appropriate tools and methodology and con-ducting case studies),

25

2 Report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45


DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Course Code: DS 411 E Development Planning (3+0)

F M: 75; Th. 75 Theory Title Hours

1 Concept, meaning and definition of development planning 3

2 Development theories and models 3

3 Development planning approaches 3

4 Development Planning Processes in Nepal 3

5 Decentralized v/s Centralized Development Planning 3

6 Planning Cycles 1

7 Needs assessment and goals and objectives of development plan 3

8 Formulation of plans, projects and programs. 3

9 Types of Development Plans (Strategic plan, Perspective Plan 3

10 Master Plan, Periodic Plan, Rolling Plan 3

11 Planning processes (Participatory v/s Centralized 3

12 Implementation strategies for different plans 3

13 Resources estimation and allocation for development plan 3

14 Monitoring and Evaluation of development plan, projects and programs. 3

15 Over view of periodic development plans 2

16 Over view of integrated rural development projects (IRDPs). 3

Total 45

Course Code: DS 412 E Sociology of Development (3+0)

FM: 75; Th. 75 Theory SN Title hours

1 Concept, meaning and definition of social development

3


2 Theories of social development 3

3 Characteristics of Nepalese Societies 3

4 Major Social Systems of Nepal. Measures of Social Development. 5

5 Factors Affecting Social Development 3

6 Stages of Social Development. 3

7 State’s interventions for planned development and social transformation – Israel, China, and India

5

8 Contemporary Social Development Issues of Nepal. 4

9 Overviews of past Development Policies 3

10 Strategies and Plans in Nepal. 3

11 Capitalistic views of social development. 3

12 Socialistic view of social development 3

13 Paradigm shift in social development models in Nepal 4

Total 45

Course Code: DS 413 E Social Mobilization (3+0)

FM: 75; Th.75 Theory SN Title Hours

1 Concept, Meaning and Definition of Social Mobilization 3

2 Methods of Social Mobilization 2

3 Social Mobilization Processes 2

4 Identification and development of local leaderships 4

5 Organization of target groups and group dynamics. Assessment of group/client needs and resource mapping.

4

6 Capacity building programs for effective social mobilization 4

7 Communication methods and tools for social mobilization. 4

8 Factors facilitating and inhibiting social mobilization process 4

9 Tools of Social Mobilization. Roles of Social Mobilizers (Leaderships, Educator, Mentor, Facilitator, Coordinator etc).

4


10 Characteristics of a good Social Mobilizer. 4

11 Dos and Do Nots for Social Mobilizers 4

12 Planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of social mo-bilization program

4

Total 45

Course Code: PW 414 E Project work on Development Studies (0+3)

FM: 75; Pr. 75 SN Works Hours 1 Guided field-based case study (proposal writing with appropriate

tools and methodology and conducting case studies), 25

2 Report writing and submission, 15 3 Presentation (seminar) of the findings in department. 5 Total 45

Courses of Studies of B. Sc. (Honours) Agriculture Programme

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