Course Overview EdSc 121- Fundamentals of Geology (3 hours lecture/week) Structure, origin, geologic...
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Course Overview
EdSc 121- Fundamentals of Geology(3 hours lecture/week)
Structure, origin, geologic processes and materials of the earth, classification of minerals, rocks,
importance, utilization and conservation of mineral resources, and effects of explorations of earth
resourcesJun Karren V. Caparoso
Department of Science and Mathematics Education
College of EducationMSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
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What is Matter?
Matter – the substance of which any physical object is composed
States of Matter:• Solid • Liquid• Gas
Controlling factors:• Temperature• Pressure
Examples: Gold Mercury Oxygen
solid liquid gas
(review)
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The stuff that makes up all matter
The make-up of solid matter on Earth:
Atoms Elements Compounds Minerals Rocks
(smallest) (largest)
Elements:– fundamental building blocks– smallest matter that can’t be broken down
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Periodic Table of Elements
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The stuff that makes up all matter
The make-up of solid matter on Earth:
Atoms Elements Compounds Minerals Rocks
(smallest) (largest)
Atoms:– the stuff that builds elements– the smallest particle that uniquely defines an element
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Atomic Structure
Particles that make up an atom:– Protons: positive (+) charge – Neutrons: no charge– Electrons: negative (-) charge
Protons + neutrons define the nucleus of an atom.
Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells.
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Atomic Structure
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Atomic Structure
Atoms of the same element:• have the same number of protons
(i.e., same atomic number)• can have different numbers of neutrons
(referred to as isotopes)• can have different numbers of electrons
Ion – an atom that has gained or lost an electron
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Sodium atomloses an electron(becomes positively
charged)
Chlorine atomgains an electron(becomes negatively
charged)
Atomic Structure
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Types of IONS:
• CATIONS – a loss of electrons, resulting in a positive (+) charge
• ANIONS – a gain of electrons, resulting in a negative (-)
charge
Examples: Na+ (cation) Cl
– (anion)
NaCl (table salt)chemical compound
Atomic Structure
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• Definition:– A chemical compound consists of elements
that combine in a specific ratio.
Examples: NaCl H2O
• The smallest quantity of a compound is called a molecule.
• Molecules are held together by chemical bonding.
Atomic Structure
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Bonding – chemical matrimony
• Chemical bonding:– formation of a compound by combining two or more
elements– manner in which electrons are distributed among atoms
• In bonded atoms, electrons may be lost, gained, or shared.
• 4 types of bonding:ionic covalent metallic van der Waals
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• Ionic bonding:– electrons are transferred between atoms
forming attracting ions (e.g., NaCl)
Na+ Cl–
Bonding – chemical matrimony
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• Ionic bonding:– orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions– bonds are moderately strong (salt dissolves in water)
Bonding – chemical matrimony
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• Covalent bonding:– electrons are shared between atoms
– generally strong bonds
(e.g., diamond, pure C)
Chlorine gas molecule, Cl2
Bonding – chemical matrimony
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• Metallic bonding:– electrons drift around from atom to atom
(e.g., copper, gold, silver)
– good conductors of electrical current
– generally weaker, less common than other bonds
Gold, Au
Bonding – chemical matrimony
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• Van der Waals bonding:– sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together
by weak electrostatic forces
– very weak bonds
examples: graphite, mica
Bonding – chemical matrimony
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Atoms Elements Compounds Minerals Rocks
(smallest) (largest)
The stuff that makes up all matter
The make-up of solid matter on Earth:
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Minerals: the building blocks of rocks
Definition of a Mineral: naturally occurring inorganic solid characteristic crystalline structure definite chemical composition
Definition of a Rock:• A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals
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Rock: A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals
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Mineral characteristics
• Definition of a Mineral:1. naturally occurring
2. inorganic
3. solid
4. characteristic crystalline structure
5. definite chemical composition
steel plastic sugar table salt mercury ice coal
basalt obsidian mica gold paper chalk coral
no, #1 no, #1 no, #1,2 YES! no, #3 YES! no, #2
no, #5 no, #4 YES! YES! no, #1,2 no, #2 no, #2
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• Naturally formed– No substance created artificially is a mineral. examples: plastic, steel, sugar, paper
• Inorganic– Anything formed by a living organism and
containing organic materials is not a mineral. examples: wood, plants, shells, coal
• Solid– Liquids and gases are not minerals. examples: water, petroleum, lava, oxygen
Mineral characteristics
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• Characteristic crystalline structure– must have an ordered arrangement of atoms
– displays repetitive geometric patterns in 3-D
glass not a mineral (no internal crystalline structure)
• Definite chemical composition– must have consistent chemical formulaexamples: gold (Au), quartz (SiO2), orthoclase (KAlSi3O8)
basalt (like many other rocks) contains variable ratios of different minerals; thus, has no consistent formula
Mineral characteristics
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– Only ~30 occur commonly
– Why not more?• Some combinations are chemically impossible
• Relative abundances of elements don’t allow more
How many minerals are there?
Nearly 4,000 types of minerals
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Element abundances in the crust
All others: 1.5%