Course Introduction Kundanpassade kretsar Custom Designed Integrated Circuits

joal 2005 HT:1 Em3 Custom Designed Integrated Circuits

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Course Introduction Kundanpassade kretsar

Custom Designed Integrated Circuits

Lecturer/Examinator:Alf Johansson Senior Lecturer, Embedded Systems

[email protected] 0705-43 98 44 / 15 74 78

All documents are stored in the PingPong activity:

Custom Designed Integrated Circuits 5p –HT05


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Course introduction

Kurslitteratur på svenska:VHDL för konstruktion.Lennart Lindh, Stefan Sjöholm. Studentlitteratur (ISBN 9144024711)

Litterature in English:VHDL for designers. Stefan Sjoholm/Lennart LindhPrentice Hall (ISBN 0134734149)

Reference book: Designers Guide To VhdlAshenden, PeterElsevier, UK, 2000 (ISBN 1558606742).


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Course Introduction

ScheduleLectures/exercises(2p): Tuesdays 15– 17

Wednesdays 8 - 10

Labs/Projects(1+2p): Wednesdays 13 – 17

ExaminationWritten exam + labs + project.


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1. Course introduction. Custom Designed Integrated Circuits.

Week Lecture Ref Exercise Lab

1/W35 Introduction to ASIC.Concurrent VHDL

1/W35 Concurrent VHDL Chap1-3

Chap 3: 3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 14

Lab 1, Concurrent VHDL

2/W36 Sequential VHDL Chap 4 Chap 4: all Lab 2, Sequential VHDL

3/W37 Library, structural VHDL. State machines FSM

Chap 5, 6, 9 Chap 5: 4,7,8,9Chap 6: 1,2,6Chap 9: 1,2,4,5,9

Lab 3State machines

4/W38 Test benches Chap 8,10,11,12 Chap 8: 1,3,4,5 Lab 4Test benches

5/W39 Coding style. Design hints. Project example.Introduction to project..

Chap 13,14 Project

6/W40 VHDL-AMS, Design tools ASIC technology Test

Chap 15,16 Project

7/W41 Behavioural synthesis. SoC Chap 17 Project


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Customer Integrated Circuits

ASIC

Gate Array Std Cell Full Custom

Field programmable

FPGA PLD

CPLD PLD

FPGA = Field Programmable Gate Array. >1 milj gates!

PLD = Programmable Logic DeviceCPLD = Complex PLD. <10k gates

ASIC = Application Specific Integrated CircuitGate Array = Prefabricated wafer with logic+added

interconnections (metal layers). Vol > 10kStandard Cell = Library with components (e.g. gates,

multiplexors, flip-flops). Precompiled on transistor level. Vol >100k

Full Custom = Transistor level design. Used for analogue circuits.

SOC = System On Chip (processors, memories, logic)

SOC SOC


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Motivation for HDL (Hardware Description Language)

• Standardised HDL enables use of IPs, Intellectual Properties.

• More and more complex circuits require efficient design and verification methods.

• Technology independent. We have a rapid change in technology.

• Design on a higher abstraction level and automatic ”codegeneration” (synthesis).

• Using a HDL for design is as natural as using C or ADA instead of assembler.

• Design and verification/test in one environment (language).


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VHDLVHSIC Hardware Description Language

(VHSIC=Very High Speed Integrated Circuit)

• Initiated by DoD (Department of Defense) early 1980s

• Specified by Intermetrics (they also specified ADA)

• Standard IEEE 1076-1987 (VHDL-87, VHDL-93, VHDL-2000, VHDL-2002)

• Standard language for specification and modelling

• Subset of language for synthesis


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Why use VHDL ?

• Technology independent => Technologies change during the life time of electronic products. Use automatic tools to implement new technologies.

• Modifiability => Easy to read, hierarchical and structured.

• Hierarchical => Structural VHDL (block diagrams).

• Abstraction levels => Behaviour, RTL and gate level.

• Supports concurrent and sequential language constructions (C only sequential).

• Reuse of designs and part of designs => components.

• Can be verified in a (technology independent) simulator.

• De facto standard for design (synthesis) => Synopsys.


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Development flow

Development phase

Result Documentation

Analysis Specification What has to be done?

Design VHDL code How?

Technology mapping

Netlist How?

Prototyping Prototype What is the result?


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History

Verification with ”black box” prototype

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Signal generator Prototype Oscilloscope


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History

Verification with a schematics in the computer

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Input signal file ”signal gener.”

Computer model. Netlist prototype.

Output signal file ”logic analyser”


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History

Synthesis to gates and flip-flops

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Prototype model

SynthesisVHDL

Input signal file ”signal gener.”

Output signal file ”logic analyser”

Netlist


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History

Verification with a testbench (A and B) in the computer

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VHDL component ”signal gener.”

VHDL component ”logic analyser”

Computer VHDL ”prototype”

A B


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Synthesis

• Synthesis = Translate VHDL to logic

• Logic synthesis = Translate Boolean functions to gates

•RTL synthesis (Register Transfer Level) = Logic synthesis + sequential constructs to gates and flip flops. All clocking defined by designer.

• Behavioral synthesis = reuse of components (e.g. a common multiplier). Clocking defined by synthesis tools.

process(sel,a,b)begin if sel=’1’ then c<=b; else c<=a; end if;end process;

&

1

&

1

a

b

selc

ca

b

sel

0

1

SynthesisTechnology mapping


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VHDL abstraction levels

Higher abstraction levels conceal details.

SystemFunctional level

Behavioural level

Computer model

information

RTL level

clk

res

&

&&

Logic level


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Design domains and abstraction levels in Y Charts

Behavioral domain

Structural domain

Physical domain

Algorithms

RTL

Boolean

Transistor functions

Transistor layout

Transistors

BehavioralProcessors, mem

Registers, ALUs

Gates, Flip-Flops

Cells, modules

Chips, ASICs

Boards, MCM

Functional design

Physical design of chips

More details when we move towards center


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Design Process Representation in Y- Chart

Behavioral domain

Structural domain

Physical domain

Algorithms

RTL (VHDL)

Boolean

Transistor functions

Transistor layout

Transistors

Behavioral (VHDL)Processors, mem

Registers, ALUs

Gates, Flip-Flops, muxes, adders

Cells, modules

Chips, ASICs

Boards, MCM

Synthesis

Implementation(technology mapping)

Gates, FF

netlist

e.g. bit file


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Comp1

VHDL abstraction levels and hierarchies

• Behavioural level: Reuse of instantiated components. No architecture is required. Research area. Few tools on market.

• RTL (Register Transfer Level): Logic + sequential circuits like registers andstate machines. At RTL all registers are defined in VHDL code.

• Logic level: Boolean algebra or gate network.

• Compare abstraction levels with programming languages: UML – C – assembler –machine code

Abstraction levels:

• Complexity not reduced but easier to understand.

Design hierarchies:Comp21 Comp22


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VHDL• VHDL components: Central concept in VHDL. The components can be

stored in libraries. A component can be a simple gate or a complex system like a microprocessor. The internal behavior can be concealed from the designer (black box) and only the component interface is shown.

• Entity: The entity declaration defines the interface between an entity and the environment. The entity name is the same as the component name.

• Architecture: An architecture defines the body of a component entity and specifies the behavior between inputs and outputs. An architecture is tied to one entity and one entity can have several architectures.


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entity and_gate is

end;

port (a,b: in std_logic, c: out std_logic);

-- ****************************************-- My first VHDL program-- Kundanpassade kretsar HT 2001-- ****************************************

The entity describes the boarder of a

component

Component name: and_gate

port describes the input and output signals of a

component.a and b are input signals

c is an output signalstd_logic describes

signal type

Two hyphens -- indicate start of a comment for the rest of a

line

architecture rtl of and_gate isbegin

end rtl;

c <= a and b;

architecture describes what shall be done Signal c is assigned the boolean

and of a and b

library ieee;use std_logic_1164.all;use std_logic_unsigned.all;

library for signal types

rtl is an arbitrary name of an architecture

Let’s make a very simple VHDL

program


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VHDL Syntax

Syntax (VHDL-93)

entity <identifier_name> isport ([signal] <identifier>:[mode]<type_indicator>; [signal] <identifier>:[mode]<type_indicator>; …… [signal] <identifier>:[mode]<type_indicator>);end [entity] <identifier_name>;

<mode> = in, out, inout, bufferin: input signal to componentout: output signal from componentinout: bidirectional signalbuffer: output signal that can be read (out signal can’t be read!!!)

Exampleentity ex is

port (a,b: in std_logic; c: out std_logic);

end ex;


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-- Exampleentity ex isport (a,b: in std_logic; c: out std_logic);end ex;

VHDL Syntax

Syntax (VHDL-93)

architecture <architecture_name> of <entity_identifier> is[<architecture_declarative_part>]begin <architecture_statement_part>end [architecture] <architecture_name>;

architecture rtl of ex isbegin c <= not (a and b);end rtl;


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Logical operators

not inverted a<=not b;and a<=b and c;nand a<=b nand c a<=not(b and c);or a<=b or c;nor a<=not(b or c);xor a<=not((b and c) or (not b and not c));xnor a<=(b and c) or (not b and not c); (VHDL –93)


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The three faces of VHDLVHDL has three different parts:

• Concurrent VHDL (Parallell VHDL)

• Sequential VHDL (Sekventiell VHDL)

• Structural VHDL (Strukturell VHDL)

Some constructs are only allowed in the concurrent part other constructs only in the sequential part. The syntax may differ in the different parts ( in order to show the differences).

The timing is different in concurrent and sequential VHDL

Concurrent

with xx select q<=a when ”00”, b when ”11, ’0’ when others;

Sequential

case xx is when ”00” => q<=a; when ”11” => q<=b; when others => q<=’0’;end case;


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Concurrent VHDL

Signal assignmentThink of signals as physical connections

Syntax (VHDL –93)

Signal assignment:<target_identifier>’<=’ <selected_expression>’;’

Syntax (VHDL –93)

Signal assignment with delay:<target_identifier>’<=’ <selected_expression> ’after’ 10 ’ns’ ’;’

The nature of hardware is parallel. A HDL must have features to describe the parallel behavior of hardware. In VHDL this is called ”concurrent VHDL”.

NB ”after” can’t be synthesised and is dismissed by synthesiser.

Examples: a<=’0’; a<=b after 10 ns; a<=b and c; a<=’0’, ’1’ after 20 ns, b after 30 ns;


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Concurrent VHDL. Delays• Inertial delay (tröghets): Default in VHDL. Spikes are not propagated (if ’after’ is used).

Often used in electronic component delays.

• Transport delay: Pulses are always propagated. Used for delay lines.

• Reject delay: Is used when spike filtering is not the same as the circuit delay (VHDL-93).

• Inertial delay is ignorded by synthesis tools. Transport delay will give errors (often).

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 [ns]

a b

a

b1 <= a inertial after 10 ns;b2 <= a transport after 10 ns;b3 <= a reject 4 ns inertial after 10 ns;

b1

b2

b3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 [ns]

a


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Concurrent VHDL. Assignment order

• Concurrency: Hardware is parallel in nature. VHDL has constructions for concurrency (e.g C has not but SystemC has).

• Concurrent constructions in VHDL are executed concurrently and the order in which the code is written is irrelevant.

• Concurrent commands in VHDL are event-controlled.

architecture rtl of ex1 isbegin c <= b; b <= a;end rtl;

architecture rtl of ex2 isbegin b <= a; c <= b;end rtl;

cba

cba


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Concurrent VHDL. Delta time

• Delta time is used for queuing up sequential events. Delta times are executed while the simulation clock is stopped. When combinational logic has 0 ns delay the simulator counts up one delta time for each assignment. The delta time will count up until all signals are stable.

• What happens with the assignment: q <= not q; ??

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 [ns]

A

B

C D&A

B

D<= not C;C<=A and B;

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 [ns]

D

C

30 ns+2 delta 57 ns+2 delta

30 ns+1 delta 57 ns+1 delta


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Concurrent VHDL. When statement

Syntax

When statement:<target>’<=’ <expression> [after <expression>] when <condition> else <expression> [after <expression>];

Several when else lines can be used!

-- Examplearchitecture rtl of ex isbegin q<= a when data=”00” else b when data=”11” else c;end rtl;


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Concurrent VHDL. When statement

-- Example-- Useful when statement

architecture rtl of three_state isbegin dbus0<= data0 when enable=’1’ else ’Z’;end rtl;

enable

data dbus


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Concurrent VHDL. With statement

Syntax

With statement:with <expression> select <target>’<=’ <expression> when <choose>; <expression> when <choose>;

All possible <choices> must be enumerated!

Remaining choices can be collected in when others!

-- Examplearchitecture rtl of ex isbegin with data select q<=a when ”00”, b when ”11”, c when others;end rtl;


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Concurrent VHDL. Object, class and typeClass Object Typesignal a: std_logic;

Class• constant• variable• signal ”a wire”, time dependent

constant a: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0):= ”1111”;signal b: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);variable c: std_logic;

TypeDatatypes to be used in this course:

• integer NB: Length is implementation dependent!Use range! signal my_int: integer range 0 to 255;

• std_ulogic• std_logic (resolved type of std_ulogic).

Signal driver and resolve function (read the book!!).

Std_ulogic/std_logic:

’U’ – uninitialized (start value=left)

’X’ – forcing unknown

’0’ – forcing 0

’1’ – forcing 1

’Z’ – high impedence

’W’ – weak unknown

’L’ – weak 0

’H’ – weak 1

’-’ – don’t care

Every signal assignment in concurrent VHDL will create a driver. Two or more assignments of the same signal require resolved types.


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Concurrent VHDL• Type declarations of std_logic_vector:

type std_logic_vector is array (natural range<>) of std_logic;

• Declaration.signal a_vect: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); -- normal way to write with MSB to the leftsignal a_vect: std_logic_vector(0 to 7); -- LSB to the left

signal a_vect: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

a_vect<= ”10101010”; -- Note double quotation marks!

a_vect<= b_vect;

Slice of arraysignal a_vect: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);signal b_vect: std_logic_vector(5 downto 0); -- length differs

a_vect(0)<= ’1’;

a_vect(0)<= b_vect(1);

a_vect(7 downto 1)<=a_vect(6 downto 0); --Left shift one step!

a_vect<=(1=>’0’, 4=>’0’, others =>’1’);


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Concurrent VHDL. Vector assignmentConcatinationsignal a_vect: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);signal b_vect: std_logic_vector(5 downto 0); -- length differs

a_vect<=”00” & b_vect; -- add two msb

Aggregatesignal a_vect: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

a_vect<=(others=>’0’); -- a_vect>=”00000000”a_vect<=(1=>’0’, 4=>’0’, others =>’1’);

Bit string literals

a_vect<=B”11110000”; -- B”1111_0000” more readablea_vect<=X”FFA0”;


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Concurrent VHDL. OperatorsRelational operators= equal/= not equal< less than> greater than<= less than or equal>= greater than or equal

Can be used on integers and std_logic_vectors

= and /= can be used on all defined data types

Arithmetic operators+ addition- subtraction* multiplication/ divisionabs absolute valuerem remaindermod modulus** exponantiation

These operators are predefined for integer and time.

If std_logic_vector shall be used the operators must be defined in a package e.g. std_logic_unsigned.

library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all


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Concurrent VHDL. Internal signal. Init values

Left-hand values

The default init value is the left-hand value in the value list.

e.g. for std_logic the init value is ’U’.

Init in entity or architecture (Not for synthesis)

entity ex isport(a: in std_logic:=’0’;

b: out std_logic);end;

architecture behv of ex issignal i1: std_logic:=’1’;signal i2,i3: std_logic:=’H’;signal i4: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0):=”0000”;

begin

……..end;

Internal signals

No in, out etc!


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Concurrent VHDL. Block statement

architecture behav of ex issignal a

beginaddr_decode: block

signal cs_b: std_logic;signal addr: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);

begin……..

end block;end behav;

• The block statement can be used to make the text more readable.• The scope of signals that are declared in a block is the block.• Signals from a block can be loaded into the simulator as one unit.• The block statement is a concurrent statement.

Block declarations

scope


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Introduction to labexercises

VHDL source

Compiler/Simulator

Synthesis

Place & Route

Load circuit

Xilinx CPLD/FPGA

Mentor Leonardo

Mentor HDesigner

Mentor Modelsim

Xilinx Foundation

Netlist (.edif)


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FPGAs in the future?

• Miljons of gates. 10 miljon gates circuits soon available.

• Lower cost. Now 0,1 öre/gate.

• Soft IP (microcontrollers, DSPs, etc ) IP=Intellectual Properties.

• FPGAs with hard IP cores. E.g. microcontrollers and FPGA in one circuit (SOPC) .

• SOPC, System On Programmable Chip.


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Moore’s law

108

106

Moore’s law: The capacity ( e.g. # of gates) of integratedchips doubles every 18-20 months.

toolscircuits

gap


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VHDL Examples

Ex 1.

Design a XOR-gate with AND and OR functions (entity xorgate) that has 2 inputs and one output. Use std_logic as signal type.

a

bQ

a b Q

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 0


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VHDL Examples

Ex 2.

Design a multiplexor (entity MUX8) that has 8 inputs, 3 selection lines and 1 output. The output is three_state type. Use std_logic as signal type.

a0-a7 8

s0-s2 3

Q

s3-s0 Q (E=’1’) Q (E=’0’)

000 a0 Z

001 a1 Z

010 a2 Z

011 a3 Z

100 a4 Z

101 a5 Z

110 a6 Z

111 a7 Z

E


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VHDL Examples

Ex 3.

Design an inverter (entity openc) that has an output as in the figure below. Use std_logic as signal type.

Q

a Q

0 1

1 0

a

Vdd

Vss

Course Introduction Kundanpassade kretsar Custom Designed Integrated Circuits

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