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Deakin University

Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies

Course Guide forMaster of Arts

(Strategic Studies)

January 2013

A/Prof Claude Rakisits

Director – MA/Grad Dip ProgramsAcademic Adviser

Deakin University: Course Guide for Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) 2

Deakin University: Course Guide for Master of Arts (Strategic Studies)

IntroductionThe purpose of this Course Guide is to inform Course Members (CMs) undertaking the Master of Arts (MA) of the academic requirements and standards that Deakin University requires in order for you to complete the MA.

Deakin University’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs (who is also CDSS Academic Adviser), will be the Deakin University person with whom CMs doing the MA option have the most direct and regular contact. The role of Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs includes:

briefing CMs and answering your queries about the requirements and processes involved in obtaining a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies);

helping you to select relevant and ‘doable’ topics for Assignments One and Two and the two major papers that you must complete in order to obtain your MA: the Strategic Assessment Paper (SAP) and the Security Policy Paper (SPP);

arranging an academic supervisor/s who will guide and advise you about the research and writing aspects involved in completing your SAP and your SPP;

organising examiners to mark your SAP and SPP and providing the examiner’s result and feedback to you;

addressing your queries, suggestions or complaints regarding Deakin University’s and/or your supervisor’s role with, or input into, your MA;

Providing academic support and advice to DSSC course members to assist them with the successful completion of the MA;

examining your Assignments One and Two; and acting as the single point of contact between the Centre for Defence and

Strategic Studies (CDSS) and Deakin University on all aspects of the Master of Arts component of the Defence and Strategic Studies Course (DSSC).

Please do not ask me to read or comment on draft copies of your Assignments One and Two as I will be marking them. Similarly, please do not ask me to read or comment draft copies of your SAP and SPP as this will be part of the role of the external supervisor appointed to you after you have determined your topics for these papers.

I look forward to getting to know you all throughout this year as you undertake the Defence and Strategic Studies Course. I wish you a productive, enjoyable and successful time at the CDSS.

A/Prof Claude RakisitsDirector – MA/Grad Dip ProgramsSchool of Humanities and Social StudiesFaculty of Arts and EducationDeakin UniversityBurwood VIC 3125

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]



ContentsINTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................2

CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................................3

PART I MASTER OF ARTS ACADEMIC OPTION.........................................................................5

ELIGIBILITY AND ENROLMENT...................................................................................................................5REQUIREMENTS FOR MA CMS..................................................................................................................6SUBMISSION DATES FOR ALL WRITTEN ACADEMIC WORK.........................................................................6EXTENSION POLICY....................................................................................................................................7RESUBMISSION POLICY..............................................................................................................................7GRADES AND GRADUATION.......................................................................................................................8

PART II YOUR WRITTEN WORK.................................................................................................9

ACADEMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSIGNMENTS, SAP AND SPP...............................................................9FORMAT OF YOUR ACACEMIC PAPERS.....................................................................................................11ASSIGNMENTS 1, 2 AND 3........................................................................................................................12CHOOSING AND SUBMITTING YOUR SAP TOPICS.....................................................................................12COMPLETING A LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................14SAP OUTLINE..........................................................................................................................................15WHAT IS A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT PAPER (SAP)?..............................................................................16CHOOSING AND SUBMITTING YOUR SPP TOPICS......................................................................................17SPP OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................17WHAT IS A SECURITY POLICY PAPER (SPP)?..........................................................................................18

PART III.....................................................................................................................................................20

ACADEMIC SUPERVISION, RESEARCH AND WRITING.............................................................20

THE ROLE OF YOUR SUPERVISOR.............................................................................................................20KEY STAGES OF FEEDBACK WITH YOUR SUPERVISOR..............................................................................21UNDERTAKING RESEARCH.......................................................................................................................22DEAKIN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SERVICES................................................................................................22ACADEMIC WRITING AND THE ARGUMENT..............................................................................................23WHAT IS EVIDENCE?................................................................................................................................24THE CHATHAM HOUSE RULE..................................................................................................................24CHEATING, PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION................................................................................................25TIPS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM.....................................................................................................................26SOME TIPS WHILE WRITING......................................................................................................................26STYLE GUIDES..........................................................................................................................................27

PART IV REFERENCING AND YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................28

REFERENCING..........................................................................................................................................28INTERNET SOURCES..................................................................................................................................29DATABASE SOURCES................................................................................................................................29BIBLIOGRAPHIES; LIST OF REFERENCES...................................................................................................29

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APPENDIX A: EXAMPLE OF SAP MINUTE......................................................................................30

APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE OF SPP MINUTE.......................................................................................31

APPENDIX C: STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP...............................................................................32

APPENDIX D: LITERATURE REVIEW -----EXAMPLE 1................................................................33

Appendix D: Literature Review -----Example 2......................................................................................45

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Part I Master of Arts academic optionEligibility and enrolment

Course Members (CMs) doing the Defence and Strategic Studies Course (DSSC) who consider themselves eligible to undertake a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) may apply in February to Deakin University to be enrolled in this course. Deakin’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits, will provide interested CMs with an enrolment form.

To be eligible to enrol in the MA option, a CM must have an undergraduate or postgraduate university degree or, alternatively, recognition of prior learning (RPL), as assessed or verified by Deakin’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs. Applicants in the RPL category will need to set out on the enrolment form the scope of their professional training, experience and responsibilities. This is a Deakin University requirement.

Because the Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) is taught and assessed in English, there is also a language requirement that applies to overseas CMs.

Either Your first language must be EnglishOr Satisfactory completion of a post-secondary qualification within the last five years at

an institution where English is the language of instruction and assessment and evidence of at least two academic years of English language study. (A copy of the applicant’s studies record, clearly indicating that English was the language of instruction, must be supplied.)

Or Satisfactory completion of at least two academic years of full-time study in a

university degree program where English is the language of instruction and assessment no more than two years preceding the date of enrolment at Deakin. (A copy of the applicant’s studies record, clearly indicating that English was the language of instruction, must be supplied.)

Or You have obtained an overall band of 6.5 or better in the International English

Language Testing System (IELTS) test (with no individual band less than 6) which will have been taken no more than two years before the date of enrolment at Deakin.

Course Members who are required to take the IELTS are only allowed to so once prior to enrolment in the MA Program at the beginning of the year.

For more detailed English language requirement to enrol in Deakin’s MA/Grad Dip Programs, go to: http://www.deakin.edu.au/future-students/international/assets/resources/documents/course-guides/pg-english-requirements-2010.pdf

If you are accepted into the MA Program, Deakin University will provide you with an information pack that contains relevant details about the university and the MA Program. It will also issue you with a Student Card that will entitle you to utilise Deakin University’s library facilities.

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http://www.deakin.edu.au/future-students/international/assets/resources/documents/course-guides/pg-english-requirements-2010.pdf

http://www.deakin.edu.au/future-students/international/assets/resources/documents/course-guides/pg-english-requirements-2010.pdf


Requirements for MA CMs

To qualify for the award a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies), you need to obtain 12 credit points. DSSC CMs who successfully enrol to undertake the MA (Strategic Studies) program must complete all of the DSSC assignments and requirements as detailed in the applicable CDSS Handbook, ‘Standard Operating Procedure’ and other relevant CDSS documentation, including the Course Guide for Master of Arts (Strategic Studies). Deakin University requires that you fully participate in the five lecture blocks and exercises within the DSSC and satisfactorily complete the three internal CDSS assignments. Deakin grants eight credit points to each CM undertaking the Master of Arts who successfully completes these blocks and assignments.

N.B. This Course Guide for Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) does not deal with completing the three internal CDSS assignments detailed in the document titled ‘CDSS Written Assignment Tasks for 2011’. It is a requirement, however, that these assignments be completed in accordance with the instructions, requirements and guidance given in the CDSS’s Course Guide for Graduate Diploma (Strategic Studies).

For the additional four credit points required to obtain a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies), Deakin University requires each MA CM to research, write and produce:

a 10,000-word Strategic Assessment Paper (SAP); and a 10,000-word Security Policy Paper (SPP).

The SAP and SPP must meet Deakin University’s academic requirements and standards as set out in this Course Guide and as altered or amended in the Deakin University Official Handbook from time to time. Deakin University will appoint examiners external to the CDSS to assess and mark each CM’s SAP and SPP. This examiner will be a different person from the CM’s SAP and SPP supervisor.

CMs will usually nominate their own topics for their SAP and SPP. For the SPP, however, a course sponsor or service chief may, in some cases, provide a topic for an SPP to a CM. The SAP and SPP topics may or may not be related.

To facilitate the researching and writing of SAPs and SPPs, each CM must provide their supervisor with: 1) a Literature Review of material associated with their SAP topic; and, 2) a plan that outlines how they intend to structure and complete each paper. The supervisor will mark these documents as ‘satisfactory’ or ‘unsatisfactory’ and return them to the CM under their supervision.

Submission dates for all written academic workThe CDSS sets the submission dates for the various pieces of academic work that you must submit to Deakin University this year. Deakin adheres strictly to these dates. Given the tight turnaround times involved marking and returning your SAP and SPP, these submission deadlines cannot be changed.

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Extension PolicyAll CMs must submit their various items of written work on the due dates detailed. An extension to any piece of written work is normally only granted to a CM where unforeseen personal or compassionate circumstances have arisen. The maximum period of extension for 2,500 word assignments is two weeks. Where a CM considers there is a case to request an extension, the CM must:

discuss the matter with the on-line SD and Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs; and

submit a minute or email to the DSTUDS (information copy to Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs and the relevant SD) not later than a week prior to the submission date.

The same principles apply for any CM seeking an extension to the SAP. The maximum period granted for an extension will be two weeks after the original SAP submission date. No SAP will be accepted after this date. The delegate for extensions is the DSTUDS. Due to the tight timelines involved with marking, no extension will be granted for the SPP. If the SPP is not submitted in the manner and at the time prescribed, it will not be accepted.

Resubmission PolicyShould an external examiner fail a CM’s SAP, there is some provision for the CM to resubmit his/her SAP. It is important to note that the CM will not be automatically entitled to resubmit.

Ordinarily resubmission of the SPP will not be allowed as all CMs should have reached the appropriate academic standard by the time that this major paper is submitted.

A resubmission of a SAP or SPP will only be allowed on a case-by-case basis and as a result of the Principal, the Director of Studies and Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs all agreeing that this is appropriate and/or that the CM can achieve the required standard via an amended and resubmitted SAP or SPP.

If a resubmission is granted for a SAP, the CM will be allowed up to a maximum of four weeks to re-work their paper and resubmit this for examination. This will be from the date of return of the examiner’s report to the CM. The CM specifically will have to address the examiner’s criticisms in his/her resubmitted SAP. Deakin’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs will oversee the resubmission process with the CM.

If a resubmission is granted for a SPP, the CM will be given until Monday 27 January 2014 to re-work his/her paper and resubmit this for examination.

In both cases, the maximum grade that a CM will be entitled to for his/her SAP or SPP is a pass.

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Grades and graduationAs the DSSC is a non-competitive course, all SAPs and SPPs that meet Deakin University’s requirements are, from the CDSS’s perspective, non-graded passes that ‘meet the required standard’. This means that the Examiner’s Report that you receive for your SAP and for your SPP will not contain a numerical mark or an actual grade. Rather, the report will inform you if your SAP or SPP has ‘met the minimum requirements’ or not, i.e. whether it has passed or failed. You will also receive some comments, feedback and/or advice from the examiner in this report.

For those CMs interested, you will be able to access the formal numerical grades that you obtained from Deakin University for your SAP and SPP in December 2013 or early January 2014 (i.e. some time after you have left the CDSS).

Each paper will be awarded one of the following grades: 50-59: Pass (Fair); 60-69: Credit (Good); 70-79: Distinction (Excellent); >80: High Distinction (Outstanding).

Deakin University will award a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) to those CMs who successfully meet the necessary requirements by the due date/s. The physical awarding of MA testamurs (a testamur is university terminology for the actual certificate or document awarded to eligible students for a degree) coincides with the Faculty of Arts Graduation Day ceremonies that will occur in 2014. These ceremonies usually take place in Melbourne or Geelong in April and October - but you will need to check the actual dates and venue.

A CM must apply to graduate in order to obtain a testamur. Information will be provided about this process around the time that you submit your SPP. It is not necessary to attend a Deakin University Graduation in order to obtain your testamur. Deakin can send a testamur to any eligible CM who is unable to, or who chooses not to, attend a graduation ceremony at Deakin University. You will still graduate via a graduation ceremony, but in absentia. After this ceremony has been completed, Deakin will physically mail your testamur to you. It is therefore imperative that both before and after you leave the CDSS later this year that you provide Deakin University with up-to-date contact details.

If a CM fails to meet the necessary requirements to obtain a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) degree from Deakin University, the matter will be referred to the Principal of CDSS.

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Part II Your written workThis section discusses the written pieces of work that each CM undertaking a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) must complete this year.

Each CM must submit the following written pieces in the following order: Assignment 1; A Minute to Deakin’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs that informs him of the

topic for your Strategic Assessment Paper; Assignment 2; A document to your Deakin University-appointed supervisor that contains: 1) a

Literature Review of material associated with your SAP topic; and, 2) an ‘SAP Outline’ plan that details how you intend to structure and complete your SAP;

Strategic Assessment Paper (SAP); A Minute to Deakin’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs that informs him of the

topic for your Security Policy Paper (SPP); A document to your Deakin University-appointed supervisor that contains an ‘SPP

Outline’ plan that details how you intend to structure and complete your SPP; Assignment 3; and A Security Policy Paper (SPP).

Each piece is discussed below. These are followed by a discussion about the academic requirements and standards that your SAP and SPP must meet.

Academic requirements for Assignments, SAP and SPP Must have an ‘argument’; must be fully referenced; must include a bibliography.

Each assignment, SAP and SPP must be written in English to the highest academic standards possible. It must have an argument, be fully referenced and have a bibliography or list of references. For referencing, CDSS uses the Oxford system to provide details of the evidence supporting your argument. CDSS provides a Style Guide to assist the Course Members complete their references correctly.

For each assignment, SAP or SPP, there is a specific word limit (2,500 words for Assignments 1 and 2; 2,000 words for Assignment 3; 10,000 words for the SAP and the SPP), plus or minus 10 per cent. That is, if the word limit is 2,500 words, the assessors will accept any piece that is between 2,750 and 2,250 words. Your footnotes, bibliography and any appendixes are not included in the word count. However, be warned: if your footnotes contain large amounts of unreferenced ‘supporting’ material that is excessive and/or that makes it look like you are writing another thesis in your footnotes in order to avoid having these words counted in your word count, you will lose marks.

Each written piece should have an introduction, a middle section that makes your argument and provides your supporting analysis, observations and evidence, and a conclusion. Your argument should be structured logically. Do not number each paragraph. Your conclusion also should not be a reiteration; rather, it should tell your assessor what you ‘conclude’ or deduce from the material and the argument that you

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have presented. In other words, you need a conclusion that points to and/or discusses the implications or ramifications of your argument for future events and developments.

Each written piece should provide a comprehensive an answer to the question being asked (within the word limit) and should demonstrate a full understanding of the topic. This could include defining key terms in the question, placing the question in a broader relevant context (e.g. theoretical or empirical) and stating why the question is important in this context. Also, try to use shorter sentences rather than longer, more complex ones - they are both easier to write and to read!

Your piece should also mount and build a logical and analytical argument that states your ‘case’ - or answer - in relation to the topic. This argument must be supported and/or substantiated by evidence inserted into the piece via references. It does not matter whether your assessor personally dislikes or disagrees with the argument that you advance; rather, your argument must be convincing and well supported by credible evidence.

If you say something that you consider to be a ‘fact’ (but which may or may not be known to your assessor or which he/she potentially may contest or disagree with), you must support this ‘fact’ by providing a reference that tells your assessor where you obtained this ‘fact’ from: e.g., a newspaper report, a journal article, a book, an official publication, a recorded interview with someone, etc. Equally, if you state something significant or controversial or contestable without providing evidence, you assessor may well ask you to provide evidence to support your statement or proposition. Hence, you must provide suitable evidence to support or substantiate your argument when needed and/or as appropriate. These references must be from unclassified and, principally but not necessarily solely, English-language sources. They must be inserted into your document in an appropriate, consistent and accurate format that adheres to academic standards. Your assessor also must be able to find and access these references in order to check or investigate your argument. You should always provide a page number/s for the document given in each reference when this comprises a book or a journal article.

Sloppy referencing suggests poor scholarship and may detract from your argument. On the other hand, good referencing strengthens your argument and your overall written piece. It is better to over reference than under reference, but obviously there is no need to reference a non-controversial fact known by all. Importantly, references also guard against plagiarism (also known as intellectual theft!), an academic misdemeanour that is totally unacceptable and will not be tolerated at the CDSS. See ‘Cheating, plagiarism and collusion’ below.

When you cite or quote from other written works, these must be done accurately via a reference/s. Indeed, when quoting someone else, each quotation must be inserted into your own text exactly as per the original, errors and all (in which case, insert [sic] after the error). If you omit something from the quote, use an ellipsis (…); if you alter or add something to the quote, put this in square brackets ([ ]).

A bibliography or list of references should be included at the end of each written piece. Works should be listed alphabetically by author’s family name or, if the report is an official document without an author, by title. Beware using an excessive number of Internet sources. While these are easy to obtain, their veracity and reliability is not always good.

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In summary, you need to present an answer that comprises a logical and analytical argument. We do not want mere descriptive pieces or unconnected observations that tell us what happened and when this happened, but, rather, an answer that addresses the question and tells us why certain things happened and their ramifications.

In relation to what comprises ‘the required standard’, the following table provides advice:

Criteria Requirement

Fulfilment of the overall task The task was fully comprehended. The author offered an analysis and an argument. The material presented was linked to the task, topic or question asked. The paper was submitted on time.

Use of information, including evidence and examples

Well researched with good use of material, information or evidence that is appropriate, consistent and supportive of the analysis and conclusions. References used to acknowledge all sources of information and all use of others’ ideas. Bibliography or list of references also provided.

Application of theories and/or concepts dealt within the topic or unit

Relevant theories and concepts, etc., applied in an appropriate way. No major misunderstandings; logical connections between ideas made; no serious omissions.

Structure and organisation Sequence and structure logical and easy to follow. Introductory and concluding sections used effectively. Paragraphs and appropriate headings used throughout. Word count requirement met.

Language use The English language used is generally sound and clear throughout. Spelling, punctuation and grammar generally satisfactory.

Format of your academic papersProduce your academic papers in Microsoft Word. These must be 1.5 spaced, with a 2.5 cm (1 inch) margin on the top, bottom, left and right margins. Use either Arial or Times New Roman. This must be in 12 point.

Print your papers single-sided in black and white format (apart from any graphics that may need to be printed in colour). Avoid the excessive use of graphics, except maps (which are very useful in academic works), charts and tables.

It is not good academic style to use photos. While these may be interesting, aim to produce an academic document with a strong argument, not a journalistic one with pretty photos that actually lessen or detract from your argument.

Photos also take up a lot of space and memory. Based on past experience, these could make it difficult to email your documents from the CDSS system.

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Assignments 1, 2 and 3The CDSS’s document titled ‘CDSS Written Assignment Tasks for 2013’ provides the topics for assignments 1, 2 and 3. Each written assignment must meet the academic requirements and standards as detailed above in the section ‘Academic Requirements for Assignments, SAP and SPP’ below.

Assignment 1 requires you to write a 2500-word essay in which you must ‘Analyse two key security challenges facing your organisation at the strategic level in the next ten years’. You will receive the assessors’ reports that will give you feedback on this assignment and advise whether or not your assignment ‘meets the required standard’.Assignment 2 requires you to write a 2,500-word essay on a topic that relates to the core elements of Block 2. You can select this topic from a list or devise your own. Assignment 3 requires an individual 2,000-word essay on a strategic management issue arising from Block 4. You can select the topic from a list provided during the Assignment brief or devise your own and have it cleared by the relevant SD.In writing these three assignments, you must seek to answer the question set and try to fulfil the criteria given in the table above. Also, you should assume that your reader or assessor knows little or nothing about the subject (even if you know that they do - your assessor particularly wants to know what you know about the subject). You should therefore seek to define your terms, mount an argument and provide analysis that explains why things are the way they are (rather than simply detailing what or how things are). In relation to these matters, see ‘Academic writing and the argument’ below.

Choosing and submitting your SAP topicSelect one topic; advise your choice in a signed Minute.

You need to start thinking about the theme—or topic—for your Strategic Assessment Paper now. (To find out what an SAP is see ‘What is a Strategic Assessment Paper (SAP)?’ below.) You are encouraged to discuss your SAP topic with Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits.

Once you have determined your SAP topic, put this information into a signed Minute addressed to Deakin’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs as well as send him an e-mail copy of it. Appendix A provides an example of an SAP Minute. Your Minute must not be more than a page. It must nominate the topic that you will write about and why you have chosen it. The Minute must also include your name and email address. You will not be held rigidly to the title of the topic provided in the Minute, although you must stay in the same subject and/or geographic area. If unsure, see Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits.

To submit your Minute, see ‘Submission of documents’ below. Deakin University will allocate you a supervisor for your SAP based on the topic that you select. You will be advised by email of your supervisor’s name and email address. You should have been informed of your academic supervisor by Monday 15 March 2013.

In selecting the topic for your SAP, bear in mind that the aim of the paper is to display that you are able to understand and synthesise some of the issues and their implications that you have examined in ‘Block 2: The Contemporary and Future Strategic Setting’.

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Hence, the topic for your SAP should involve issues or drivers that come out of the discussion of this environment. Your SAP must also attempt to project 10 years into the future for each chosen issue.

As examples (only!), some of the issues that you could think about investigating in your SAP are (in no particular order): major security themes occurring in, or impacting on, the Asia-Pacific region or a

nation or nations within this region, e.g. the impact of globalisation on Indonesia/Malaysia/Vietnam; weapons proliferation in North Korea; development and/or potential use of weapons of mass destruction in Pakistan/Singapore/Iran; the response to terrorism in Pakistan/the Philippines/Indonesia/Australia/Fiji; resource politics and rivalry over gas, oil, water, minerals; ethno-nationalism in the Philippines/Indonesia/India; health and demographic/population issues and their impacts; environmental and other trans-national issues and their impact on Australia (or any other nation); peacemaking and peacekeeping; etc.;

strategic developments in a particular region, e.g. the growing strength of China in Northeast Asia; Iran’s development of a nuclear capability and its impact on South and Southwest Asia; China’s or India’s development of a ‘blue-water’ navy; instability and state ‘failure’ in the Pacific Islands; the impact of the isolation of North Korea or Myanmar; the diminution (or otherwise) of New Zealand’s strategic and military capability; etc.;

developments—or lack of developments—in bilateral/trilateral/multilateral relations, e.g. the Australia-Indonesia relationship; the increasingly volatile China-Japan relationship; the role of the US in the China-Japan relationship; the functioning (or non-functioning) of ASEAN; the inability of the United Nations Security Council to enforce its will; the role and future of OPEC; etc.;

the regional policies of a major power and their actual and potential impacts, e.g. the role of the US in Northeast Asia; the role of China in East Asia; India’s role in South Asia; the role of Indonesia in the ASEAN region; the growing role of Australia (or New Zealand) in the Southwest Pacific; China’s strategic rivalry with India; etc.; and

particular points of conflict, e.g. potential conflict over the Taiwan Strait; territorial rivalry in the South China Sea; instability in the Korean Peninsula; the ongoing Kashmir dispute; security of sea lines of communication and the transportation of energy; piracy in the Malacca Strait; territorial disputes; etc.

The above (non-exhaustive) list is a guide only. Decide yourself the issue that you wish to research and write about. However, in deciding your SAP topic, ensure that: the topic/s that you select interest you—it will be hard to research and write a

10,000-word paper if you find the topic/s uninteresting, meaningless or irrelevant; there is sufficient English-language material available for your topic/s. You will

need to do some preliminary research in a library database (e.g. the CDSS’s library or the Deakin University Library) to quickly determine this. If a search on your potential topic returns few ‘hits’, it may be too obscure or too narrow;

the topic is feasible and you are able to write approximately 10,000 words on that topic. This means that a broad topic such as ‘China and its future’ will need to be narrowed down to something like ‘The Chinese Communist Party and its immediate future’ or ‘China’s military economy and its future’.

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Completing a Literature ReviewLists key reference material and its relevance.

You are required to submit a Literature Review to your supervisor. This is a prerequisite to completing your Strategic Assessment Paper and obtaining your Master of Arts (Strategic Studies).

The role of a Literature Review is to identify significant and/or key English-language references in relation to your SAP topic. It acts as a database of potential material on your topic that you will need to read and consider. It is quite possible that it will not be the only material you will use to research your SAP. It helps you to focus and narrow your research efforts by finding and including - or, just as importantly, excluding - material related to your SAP topic.

The overwhelming majority of the publications that you use as references, discuss in your Literature Review and /or list later in a bibliography should be in English. This is because the medium of instruction at the CDSS is English and because all of your assignments also must be written in English. If you provide a non-English language publication, you may be asked by your examiner to provide a translation.

As a guide (only), a Literature Review is normally about 8-10 pages long, citing 20 to 30 major and relevant sources of information and/or data for the topic of your SAP. At the very least, the Literature Review must identify and briefly describe the key reference materials that you have found through undertaking searches of library and other databases for your particular SAP topic. Such materials will include: books and monographs; academic and other journal articles; official documents, reports and papers; reports from multilateral and non-government agencies and bodies; newspaper and magazine articles; radio and TV transcripts; items from Hansard (printed transcripts of parliamentary debates) and other official records of conversations and/or speeches; items on the Internet. The material in your Literature Review may include works that are theory-oriented, as well as works of detailed empirical content, i.e. material that is ‘[b]ased on, guided by, or employing observation and experiment rather than theory’.1

Say something about the content and potential relevance of each item to your research, even if you have only initially skimmed these items. Some material that you identify may seem authoritative and central; other material may seem to be of potential interest, or it may be addressing only one aspect of the topic. You may be able to group the material that you identify under a number of sub themes, e.g. theoretical pieces, books and articles, Internet sources, etc.

Importantly, do not include any material - nor build your argument on any material - that is not in the public domain. (For what is meant by the term ‘argument’, see ‘Academic writing and the argument’ below.) This includes items such as unpublished reports, classified material, and presentations and/or handouts given by presenters at the CDSS under the Chatham House Rule. (See ‘The Chatham House Rule’ below.) Your examiner must be able to access all material that you cite as references and/or that you list in your bibliography. Therefore, if it’s a scarce or unusual source, you may want to keep a copy in case your examiner asks to see it.

Your Literature Review also provides the basis of the bibliography that you must compile of the resources used in the process of researching your SAP topic and/or that 1 Lesley Brown, Editor, The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Volume I (A-M), Oxford, Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, 1993, p. 809. (Please note that the footnote number is after the full stop.)

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have influenced the writing of your SAP. (See ‘Referencing and your bibliography’ below.) This bibliography will expand over subsequent months as you continue your research, including as a result of ‘leads’ obtained in various CDSS sessions.

To submit your Literature Review, see ‘Submission of documents’ below. Your supervisor will return your Literature Review to you soon after you submit it. It will be marked as ‘satisfactory’ or ‘unsatisfactory’. He/she may also provide some feedback on your Literature Review and offer you some further ‘leads’ for you to pursue. Two examples of Literature Reviews have been provided at Appendix D.

SAP OutlineA plan that details how you intend to complete your SAP.

In conjunction with your Literature Review, you must submit a plan to your supervisor that informs him or her of how you intend to complete your Strategic Assessment Paper. Do this in a document titled ‘SAP Outline’. It is also a prerequisite to completing your Strategic Assessment Paper and obtaining your Master of Arts (Strategic Studies).

Your SAP Outline needs to provide a research and writing plan that shows your supervisor how you intend to undertake the completion of your SAP. It must briefly and clearly:

identify your intended argument/s for your topic (even though you may not have fully determined these argument/s at the time of submitting your plan, writing it will start you thinking about these vital matters);

show the possible sections of your SAP; and, provide a proposed timetable for writing the various sections of your SAP.

More specifically, your plan must include a synopsis of the main argument/s for your SAP topic, along with four or five proposed section headings, each with a (brief) paragraph summarising the contents.

At this stage, it is important to have thought out - or at least to have started to think about - the main points of your proposed argument/s, the key theories and analytical concepts that you will employ, and how you intend to develop these in your sections. However, your outline is a guide only. It is designed to get you focusing on what is needed to complete your SAP. You will not be rigidly held to the details provided in it.

It is acceptable to incorporate your Literature Review and SAP Outline into a single document, as long as they comprise two clearly-defined sections within it. Your Literature Review must come first, followed by your SAP Outline.

To submit your SAP Outline, see ‘Submission of documents’ below. Your supervisor will return the plan to you soon after you submit it. It will be marked as ‘satisfactory’ or ‘unsatisfactory’. He/she may also provide some feedback on it and may suggest modifications, additions, etc.

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What is a Strategic Assessment Paper (SAP)?Discusses one challenge; needs 10-year projection.

For CMs undertaking the Master of Arts (Strategic Studies), the Strategic Assessment Paper is a written piece of 10,000 words. It is also one of the major requirements needed to obtain your MA.

Each SAP must be fully referenced, using footnotes at the bottom of each page. You are free to determine the structure of your SAP, although this would best be done in consultation with your supervisor.

Your Strategic Assessment Paper must explore one current or future challenge to national or regional security. It may be written from the perspective of Australia or another nation in the Asia-Pacific region.2

Your Strategic Assessment Paper is an analytical document. It must critically analyse, assess and interpret the political and strategic dynamics of the topic that you have chosen to explore. Put differently, it must examine the impact of the topic you have chosen on inter-state relations. Most importantly, its focus is strategic (big picture), not tactical (in the weeds). It must also include some theoretical or conceptual discussion of the descriptive and analytical approaches of your analysis. That is, you must discuss what the issue is, why it is important, and where it sits in the prevailing political, strategic and intellectual framework. Furthermore, this must be done analytically and critically. That is, you must offer an argument that provides compelling reasons or proof as to why the situation is the way it is, why it is important, the ramifications of the situation, and why it may or may not change in the future.

Hence, the requirement is for a factually-grounded, well-reasoned and well-structured paper, with a clearly-stated central argument (or arguments) that informs your reader - who, in this case, will be your supervisor and, most importantly, your examiner - why the situation you have chosen to analyse is the way it is and, based on your research and/or the theoretical approach that you have adopted to inform your argument, what is likely to happen in future.

You must therefore demonstrate a sound knowledge of the subject and employ a wide range of source materials both for your research and in your supporting references.

It is also a requirement that you must attempt to project 10 years into the future. That is, you must offer a prognosis or forecast and some informed suggestions and/or analysis as to the likely future and/or prospective future developments in relation to the issue or topic that you have chosen to examine.

As with all university assignments, you are encouraged to develop and present your own ideas on your topic. Wherever possible, these must be supported with evidence from the sources that you have used. (See the section ‘What is Evidence?’ below.)

To submit your SAP, see ‘Submission of documents’ below. On (or before) Monday 6 August 2012, you will receive an external Examiner’s Report that gives you feedback on your SAP and advises you whether or not it has ‘met the minimum requirements’.

2 Note: This includes what the United Nations refers to as ‘South West Asia’ or more commonly, the Middle East.

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Choosing and submitting your SPP topicSelect one topic; advise your choice in a signed Minute.

More than two weeks before you submit your SAP, you have to determine your topic for your Security Policy Paper. (To find out what an SPP is see ‘What is a Security Policy Paper (SPP)?’ below.) Your SPP topic may or may not be related to your SAP topic.

In some cases, a course sponsor or service chief may provide a CM with a topic for their SPP. Please advise Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits, if this applies to you.

You are encouraged to discuss your SPP topic and the scope of this paper with Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits, prior to the topic proposal date.

Once you have determined your SPP topic, put this information into a signed Minute addressed to Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs as well as send him an e-mail copy of it. Appendix B provides an example of an SPP Minute. Your Minute must be no more than a page. It must nominate the topic that you will write about and why you have chosen it. The Minute must also include your name and email address. You will not be held rigidly to the title of the topic provided in the Minute, although you must stay in the same subject and/or geographic area. If unsure, see Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits.

To submit your Minute, see ‘Submission of documents’ below. Deakin University will allocate you a supervisor for your SPP based on the topic that you select. You will be advised by email of your supervisor’s name and email address. You should have been informed of your academic SPP supervisor by Monday 22 July 2013.

In deciding the choice of your topic for your SPP, bear in mind that the aim of the paper is to display that you are able to understand and synthesise some of the issues and their implications that you have examined in ‘Block 3: Higher Command and the Conduct of Joint and Combined Operations’, ‘Block 4: Capability and Force Development’, and ‘Block 5: Policy Formulation and Decision-Making. The topic for your SPP should therefore be about issues or drivers that you think will come out of the discussion of these more security- and defence-related environments and to which you can formulate appropriate, viable and achievable policy responses.

SPP OutlineA plan that details how you intend to complete your SPP.

You must submit a plan to your supervisor that informs him or her of how you intend to complete your Security Policy Paper. This must be in the form of a document titled ‘SPP Outline’. It is also a prerequisite to completing your Security Policy Paper and obtaining your Master of Arts (Strategic Studies).

Your SPP Outline needs to provide a research and writing plan that shows your supervisor how you intend to undertake the completion of your SPP. It must briefly and clearly:

identify the main policy recommendation for your topic; show the possible sections of your SPP; and, provide a proposed timetable for writing the various sections of your SPP.

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More specifically, your plan must include a synopsis of your SPP’s policy points, along with four or five proposed section headings, each with a (brief) paragraph summarising the contents.

At this stage, it is important to have thought out - or at least to have started to think about - the main points of your proposed policies, how and which bodies will implement these, any likely outcomes and obstacles that they may confront, the financial cost and implications of your proposed policies, etc. However, your plan is a guide only. It is designed to get you focusing on what is needed to complete your SPP. You will not be rigidly held to the details provided in it.

To submit your SPP Outline, see ‘Submission of documents’ below. Your supervisor will return your plan to you soon after you submit it. It will be marked as ‘satisfactory’ or ‘unsatisfactory’. He/she may also provide some feedback on it and may suggest modifications, additions, etc.

What is a Security Policy Paper (SPP)?

Offers realistic policy; has resource implications statement.

For CMs undertaking the Master of Arts (Strategic Studies), the Security Policy Paper is a written piece of 10,000 words. It is also one of the major requirements needed to obtain your MA.

Each SPP must provide full references where appropriate or needed. However, some policy that you formulate may be your own original work/ideas and therefore will not need to be referenced. You are free to determine the structure of your SPP, although this would best be done in consultation with your supervisor.

If your SPP flows from or is related to your SAP, you will need to acknowledge this via a footnote early on in your SPP. The text for both documents will also need to be totally different, i.e. you cannot ‘cut and paste’ text from your SAP into your SPP. This is totally unacceptable. The two papers must be ‘stand alone’ documents.

Your SPP must discuss and provide appropriate, viable and achievable policy responses to a security3 and/or defence-related issue. The paper may be written from the perspective of Australia or another country in the Asia-Pacific. You must make it clear from which national government perspective you are writing (e.g. Australia, China, PNG, etc.).

Your SPP must then identify and discuss the significant security or defence issue, defect/shortcoming or need that you have identified to be the problem. It must discuss and analyse why this issue is important and/or why it is a current (or future) problem. As a rough rule, use about 20 per cent of your paper to place the issue in context. That is, about 2,000 words.

The rest of your SPP - the bulk of it: about 80 per cent - must then provide appropriate, viable and achievable policies that address how to deal with this issue that you have raised. In other words, you must propose policy options that will overcome or remedy the problem that you have identified and argue why and how these policies would/will successfully work to solve or overcome the problem. You may propose various economic, military, diplomatic, environmental and other policies as you see fit - and can

3 The term ‘security’ can be very broad. CMs should discuss and confirm these issues with the Academic Adviser.

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reasonably argue. These of course may be original ideas and/or policies never before envisaged or espoused, in which case you probably will not be able to support them with references. It is fine to be original.

Your SPP should therefore seek to argue that ‘a’ or ‘a and b’ or ‘a, b and c’, etc., are the problem and that ‘x, y and z’ policies, etc., should be implemented - and why these policies will work. These must be specific policy prescriptions, not broad and sweeping generalisations. Your SPP must also detail how and which bodies (government or other organisations) should/would implement your policies, and argue why and how these policies would work. You may also need to consider how you may overcome any potential opposition to the policies that you propose.

Your SPP therefore gives you the chance to be creative and formulate imaginative policy responses to the significant issue/defect/need that you have raised. However, the options and suggestions that you make in your SPP must be realistic.

To avoid creating expensive policy ‘wish lists’, it is a requirement that you must include a resource implications statement in your SPP. This must take into account the current budgetary parameters of ‘your’ government and/or otherwise fully justify any change in national spending priorities. In other words, if you don’t believe that what you are proposing will cost any more money, then you must say so - although you may also need to discuss where you will get/move the money from to implement your policies. Equally, if you are proposing something that would radically alter the current budgetary position of ‘your’ nation, you need to discuss and/or justify where the new revenue will come from, e.g. from increased taxation, a reallocation of resources, a re-ordering of capability development priorities, a ‘fire sale’ of national assets, etc.

The resource implications statement does not need to be long or detailed - a paragraph or two will be sufficient. But somewhere in your SPP, your examiner will be looking for some words on the issue of how you will finance the policies that you have recommended.

To submit your SPP, see ‘Submission of documents’ below. You will receive an Examiner’s Report that gives you feedback on your SPP and advises you whether or not it has ‘met the minimum requirements’.

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Part IIIAcademic supervision, research and writingIt may be some time since you have researched, written and produced any academic-type documents. This section deals with these matters and offers suggestions about the type of prose and documents that Deakin University expects you to provide in order to obtain your MA. It also discusses the role of your supervisor.

One useful way to focus your research and writing is to determine, then answer, one ‘big question’. Once you have formulated this question, it is easier to collect relevant information and write a focused paper that mounts and sustains an argument that seeks to answer your question. Don’t be afraid to mount an argument that puts your point of view - supported by relevant evidence, of course. This is good academic ‘form’.

The role of your supervisorYou are not alone as you research and write your SAP and SPP. Deakin University allocates a supervisor to you who will offer you guidance, instruction and help, who will act as a sounding board for your ideas and plans, and who will review drafts of your written material. Deakin tries to allocate a supervisor whose expertise matches your SAP or SPP topic. This may be a different person for each paper.

Apart from your supervisor, if you feel that you are alone or that you are struggling with researching and/or writing your SAP or SPP, or if you have any other academic issues, contact Deakin’s Director—MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits. If you are having any difficulties, it is better to do this sooner rather than later.

In essence, your supervisor is your personal adviser and critic who can: help you to refine the definition and scope of your topic; assist you by offering relevant titles of sources and/or by recommending other

appropriate reading; help you to formulate or clarify your argument; read and/or comment on your Literature Review, your SAP Outline, the full draft of

your SAP, your SPP Outline, the full draft of your SPP; and inform Deakin University about your progress in the MA process.

Once you are engaged in your research, it is important - indeed, it is imperative - to ensure that you establish and maintain regular contact with your supervisor. Some supervisors periodically visit the CDSS. However, most supervisors are located outside Canberra. Almost all supervisors will have supervised previous CDSS CMs and so will ‘know the ropes’. It is not necessarily an advantage or a disadvantage to have a non-Canberra supervisor, as there are many good supervisors who only engage with their CM via email.

You must initiate this relationship after you have been advised by email of your supervisor’s name and email address. It is your responsibility, not your supervisor’s, to initiate and maintain this relationship. Contact your supervisor either via email, and/or by telephone. Apart from the formal documents that you must send your supervisor, your contact with him or her could include informal discussions about your topic,

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asking specific questions about issues that are unclear, and/or asking for advice about any problems that you meet in your research or writing.

However, please remember that supervisors are also busy people. This means that you may require a little patience in relation to the frequency of your contact with your supervisor and/or with their responses. You will therefore need to manage the relationship well. Expect responses, but not rapid-fire ones. Depending on their workload at the time, it may take a few days for your supervisor to respond to an email. If he/she doesn’t respond within a week, start to be a little concerned. If he/she only responds intermittently or irregularly, or if you have any other difficulties in establishing or maintaining contact with your supervisor or, indeed, if you have any other issues with him/her, contact Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits.

Key stages of feedback with your supervisorWhile your supervisor is there to assist and guide you, it is up to you to establish and sustain the relationship with him/her. This relationship will necessarily change over time. At the outset, you can expect help in clarifying your research project and topic, and in preparing a research plan and timetable. As the project proceeds, your supervisor’s role becomes more one of providing assistance and ideas, or in monitoring your progress. You should try out theories/ideas, potential arguments, and your preliminary findings with your supervisor and write up sections of the work for your supervisor to consider and critique. He/she should then offer suggestions and feedback on your work that you may or may not choose to accept.

However, your final ‘product’ will depend on what you write and how it is written, with your supervisor only really able to help with structure, in the development of your style and with a critique of your content, argument and academic practices. Hence, your SAP and SPP are works for which you are responsible and with which ultimately you must be happy and satisfied - regardless of what your supervisor says or does.

There are a number of key stages at which you would benefit most from your supervisor’s feedback: discussion of your Literature Review and your SAP Outline plan, after which your

supervisor may give you some feedback; discussion of your draft SAP. At this stage your supervisor will comment on your

overall style, content, structure, argument, etc., and advise on possible omissions, changes, etc.;

analysis of the result and feedback that you obtained for your SAP; and a similar process and set of responses as above for the instigation and completion of

your Security Policy Paper (although the SPP does not require a Literature Review).

Depending on the availability and inclination of your supervisor, he/she may be prepared to read a number of drafts of your paper/s—although don’t count on this.

Check that your supervisor will be available in the period just before you have to submit your SAP or SPP. Around this time, you may need extra help and/or rapid responses to your queries and/or drafts. DO NOT leave it until the final two weeks.

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Undertaking researchIt is essential to read both widely and intensively on the topics that you have chosen for your SAP and SPP. When taking notes and/or photocopies of research items, it is better to take more notes rather than less. This invariably will save you time in the long run. Always be sure to note the full publication details of the item you are reading, including: the name of the author/s or editor/s; its full title; place of publication; publisher; date of publication; edition (first, second, fifth, etc.) or volume number; and, most importantly, the page number/s from which you have taken any notes or quotes. It is also handy to note the publication’s location and call number in case you need to check on something at a later date, e.g. the wording or page number of a quote.

The first place to begin your research is in the library, either the Australian Defence College (ADC) Library or by going on-line to the Deakin University Library. (See ‘Deakin University Library services’ below.) Canberra also has a number of world-class libraries you can access. These include the Australian National Library and libraries at the Australian National University, the University of Canberra and the Australian Defence Force Academy. There are also good local public libraries.

CMs should also keep up to date in their area of interest—and with international relations/strategic policy/news in general—by accessing on a daily basis a ‘quality’ newspaper, such as The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Australian or The Australian Financial Review. The ADC Library has copies of such newspapers, other current affairs-type magazines and a range of interesting academic journals that would be useful for your research. These may also offer further ‘leads’ in your area of interest.

The Internet is another source of information, although you must be realistic about using websites as references, chiefly as you cannot always be sure of a site’s veracity. Many websites lack balance and objectivity; some are plain bogus or propaganda tools. Website material also has another major flaw: material from it often disappears as websites come and go and/or are altered or reorganised from time to time. Therefore, if you use Internet material, keep a hard copy of any key material that you decide to use in your SAP/SPP as your examiner may ask to see it if he/she cannot find it elsewhere.

Deakin University Library servicesAll CMs enrolled in the MA/Grad Dip Programs have access to the Deakin University Library. The URL for this site is: http://www.deakin.edu.au/library/

Your borrowing rights at the Deakin University Library allow you to: borrow any non-reference book, document or audio-visual item in the Library; order copies of relevant journal articles held by the Library; access on-line journals and download full-text articles from various on-line

databases; request materials and communicate with the Library by mail, fax, phone, electronic

mail or via the Internet; renew items on loan by telephone or by accessing the Library catalogue yourself; and have Library materials sent to you by courier or post, with return to the Library at no

cost to yourself.

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http://www.deakin.edu.au/library/


The University’s computer network allows 24-hour access to the Library computer system and other electronic services.

You need to establish a Deakin network user name and password to use many of these abovementioned options. This can be done after you have successfully enrolled in the MA/Grad Dip Programs. If, after some time, you do not have a network user name and password, contact Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs, Dr Claude Rakisits.

Academic writing and the argumentAcademic writing is different from government report writing or journalism. Generally speaking, a government report may operate inside a taken-for-granted set of conceptual and political assumptions. It usually describes the situation and analyses possible policy options and their consequences, often from the perspective of those who are inside the prevailing political, administrative and ‘in’ group. On the other hand, academic writing assumes far less about its audience and their knowledge - or lack of it - about a certain subject.

Academic writing defines its terms and mounts an ‘argument’.4 Instead of just describing a situation or problem, academic writing provides a line of reasoning or a point of view that proposes why the situation or problem is the way that it is. It supports or justifies this proposition with compelling and supportive reasoning and/or factual evidence.

Academic writing is therefore somewhat similar to mounting a law suit: it must mount a compelling case, or argument, that seeks to convince a critical

audience (in your case, your examiner); it must be to the point, interesting and avoid using jargon and acronyms as your

assessor either may have limited or no knowledge of areas related to your expertise, or, if they do have knowledge and expertise (as your examiner almost certainly will have), they will want to be sure that you know what you are talking about;

it must prove - or substantiate - every topical or contestable point by providing relevant evidence, preferably from a primary source (see next section);

it must acknowledge where its ideas and/or evidence came from (in your case, via references and a bibliography);

the assessor must be able to procure copies of the evidence advanced, or, if they can’t, then the person mounting the case must have copies of the evidence that he/she can make available to the assessor.

4 Brown, The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Volume I (A-M), p. 112, states that an argument is a ‘connected series of statements or reasons intended to establish a position’.

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What is evidence?Evidence is a vital academic tool that scholars - of which you are one while writing your SAP and SPP - use to substantiate or support their argument. They insert this into their written work by using references, usually in the form of footnotes. These comprise pieces of supporting information - usually references to published works and/or to other sources - which other scholars (especially your examiner) can also access in order to verify this information and thereby help to confirm your argument, and/or to further their knowledge of a subject.

Evidence comprises primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are those written, compiled or produced by people or organisations present when an issue or event took place. Secondary sources are interpretations of primary accounts. Primary sources include original accounts or versions of an event, occurrence or issue, such as: oral statements, personal journals and diaries; letters; newspapers and magazines published at the time; censuses; government reports published at the time; treaty texts; radio broadcasts, television programs and films produced at the time; etc. Secondary sources include: books, journals, and other interpretations of first hand accounts or versions.

Primary sources are important for original academic scholarship. Indeed, wherever possible, these are the best sources to use. Secondary sources play an important role where primary source documents are not readily available.

The Chatham House RuleAn excellent primary source is often public talks, speeches and presentations. However, beware! All presenters at CDSS give their presentations under the Chatham House Rule. It states that:

When a meeting, or part thereof, is held under the Chatham House Rule, participants are free to use the information received, but neither the identity nor the affiliation of the speaker(s), nor that of any other participant, may be revealed.5

The CDSS policy is that anything said by any person who presents at CDSS, and/or any handouts that he/she provides at the CDSS, cannot be included in any written work that you submit (nor, indeed, in any written work that you do after the DSSC). This is to prevent misrepresentation or misquotation of a presenter and his/her stance (as happened a few years ago to a Director of Australia’s Defence Intelligence Organisation whose supposedly confidential speech at a university was reported in a newspaper by a journalist who had been in attendance as a student).

Should a CM wish to quote material from a presentation, the CM should contact the presenter separately and quote the subsequent discussion or correspondence. A copy of the Chatham House Rule is displayed in the Spender Theatre and each Syndicate Room.

5 For further information on the Chatham House Rule, see http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/ [accessed 22 August 2012].

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Cheating, plagiarism and collusionDeakin University considers plagiarism and collusion to be extremely serious issues. Indeed, both are academic offences. They are also serious breaches of academic ethics and of Deakin University’s rules, and can result in failure on this course. They are considered forms of cheating, and severe penalties are associated with them, including cancellation of marks for a specific assignment, for a specific unit or even exclusion from the course.

Deakin University’s definitions of plagiarism and collusion are as follows:• Plagiarism occurs when a student passes off as the student’s own work, or copies without acknowledgment of its authorship, the work of any other person.• Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignment or other work.

Whenever you refer to another person’s research or ideas (either by directly quoting or by paraphrasing them), you must acknowledge your source. Deakin University’s policy on plagiarism and collusion is available at The Guide http://theguide.deakin.edu.au/. Regulation 4.1(1) Student Discipline also contains important information regarding academic misconduct, including plagiarism and collusion.

Unauthorised collaborationUnauthorised collaboration is a related form of cheating. It involves working with others with the intention of deceiving your markers about who actually completed the work. If you have collaborated with others in preparing an individual assessment item, you must disclose this to Deakin’s Director - MA/Grad Dip Programs. Even with group work you will generally have to write up your own report.

PenaltiesDeakin University’s Faculty of Arts’ Academic Progress and Discipline Committee will impose a penalty on any student who is found to have committed an act of academic misconduct such as plagiarism, collusion, examination cheating or unauthorised collaboration. These penalties can include:

a reprimand; a fine not exceeding $500; allocation of a zero mark in the relevant task (or another such mark as is

appropriate); allocation of a zero mark in the relevant unit (or another such mark as is

appropriate); allocation of a zero mark in such other units in which the student is enrolled; suspension of the student for up to one year; and exclusion of the student for a minimum of one year.

If a Course Member enrolled in the MA Program is guilty of plagiarism, it will be at the discretion of the Academic Adviser to decide whether the Course Member will fail instantly that essay or if the Course Member will be required to re-submit a new essay. If allowed to re-submit, the Course Member will only be entitled to a pass grade, i.e. 50 per cent, for his/her re-submitted essay.

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http://theguide.deakin.edu.au/


Tips to avoid plagiarismTo plagiarise is to take someone else’s ideas and present them as your own. Never copy the words used by an author or anyone else and present them as your own. When you use the words of others, make it clear that you are making a direct quotation and cite this source via a reference/footnote. When you use ideas discovered or obtained from other people, acknowledge this source via a footnote.

Paraphrasing is when you summarise someone else’s ideas and/or words and insert these into a document of your own. You should try to avoid such a practice as experience shows that it can very easily lead to plagiarism. That said, should you decide to paraphrase another author’s words and/or ideas (see below), you must make it clear when you are doing so by citing this source via a reference/footnote. Furthermore, when paraphrasing, it is important that you avoid close paraphrasing, i.e. only changing one or two words in a sentence. Such paraphrasing amounts to plagiarism and is totally unacceptable. Should you be found to be engaging in such a practice, your assignment will be deemed to be unsatisfactory. You may - or may not - be given a chance to rectify this issue. This will be decided by the Principal.

You should also avoid paraphrasing your own words that you may have used in another document submitted to the CDSS or any other body/institution, e.g. using/paraphrasing words from your SAP in your SPP. If you really need to use some of your own words, you should quote yourself exactly and/or reference yourself and your relevant document. However, please bear in mind the point mentioned above that your SAP and SPP must be ‘stand alone’ documents in which the text is totally different.

In relation to using someone else’s ideas in your work, you must provide a reference to show where you obtained these. Your reference/s must also show the source of the major arguments of others that you may be using to mount your own argument and/or whose ideas you may be using, or building upon, in your own written work. This is good academic scholarship. Your references must also indicate the sources of all direct quotations.

If you are in any doubt about the meaning of plagiarism, discuss it with your supervisor or with the Academic Advisor.

Some tips while writingWhile research is vital and interesting, it is essential to stop reading and researching at particular points and begin to write up sections of your SAP or SPP. Even so, your research and writing tasks may be intermingled until about a month or so before your final submission date, after which the emphasis should be on refining your written product rather than engaging in further extensive research or reading. Your aim is not to submit a piece that has the latest, up-to-date information, but a piece that has excellent analysis, argument/s and/or policies. In other words, for your SAP, you want a paper that has lots of ‘why’ and ‘so what’, not lots of ‘what’ or ‘how’. For your SPP, you want lots of ‘here are my policies’ and ‘this is why and how they will work’.

Some people struggle with writing. However, if you don’t write anything, your supervisor will have nothing about which he/she can comment. It is better to get something down on paper, even if it is only a rough draft, rather than nothing at all. If you are having what amounts to ‘writer’s block’, i.e. you feel unable to write anything

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or are thoroughly confused about how to begin writing your SAP or SPP, contact the Academic Advisor, Dr Claude Rakisits, immediately.

Often just before you submit a piece of work, there may be some panic about important academic requirements that seemed trivial at the time when you were merrily writing your prose and expounding your argument. Matters that may rear their ugly heads include things such as: ‘Where did I get that reference from?/Where will I get a reference for that controversial point from?; What are the publication details for that book/article that I used as a reference?; What page was that quote on?’.

To save some time with such matters - that comprise vital aspects of excellent academic scholarship but which examiners love to detect mistakes in - the following may help: insert in full in the footnote the details, including the relevant page number/s, about

an issue that you are writing about at the time that you are writing about it; insert the full title and publication details for your reference with each footnote. This

avoids mistakes when cutting and pasting text that may have short forms of titles or terms such as ‘ibid.’ or ‘op cit.’ embedded in it;

as one of the last tasks that you do (probably the final thing before creating a Contents page), edit these long titles down to short titles;

be careful when inserting quotes: quotes must be exactly as per the original, including with any errors (in which case, insert [sic] after the error);

always insert the full title for a website and the date that you accessed it. Try to copy and paste these titles into your document as one mistake in a URL makes it impossible to retrieve a website. It also makes your scholarship look sloppy - and makes examiners very wary!

Style guidesThe key to good writing is to be consistent. Choose a particular style guide and stay with it. With the world becoming an increasingly globalised/globalized place, it is now acceptable to spell this word, and other such words that use either an ‘s’ (the British and Australian traditions) or a ‘z’ (the United States tradition), either way. This applies to other such words like internationalise, recognize, materialise, democratize, etc. Just be consistent.

The reasonable use of acronyms and abbreviations is acceptable and the meaning need only be stated with its first use. Hence, write out the full title of the abbreviation the first time you mention it in your text, followed by its abbreviation in parentheses: thus the first reference to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) reads as such.

Avoid jargon. The overuse of acronyms is sometimes a form of defence jargon known in the United States as ‘Pentagonese’. ‘NATO’ is fine but ‘MRE’ for ‘Meals Ready to Eat’ is certainly not. It may therefore be useful to provide a list of all the acronyms you have used in a glossary (like the one at the end of this document). This is not included in the word count. Also, be aware that your supervisors and examiners may not be familiar with the technical specifications and capabilities of particular weapons systems.

The last two pages of CDSS’s Style Guide (included in your orientation pack) provide a few stylistic points to assist you with this issue.

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PART IV Referencing and your bibliographyRemember: You have been issued the Deakin University’s ‘Guide to assignment writing and referencing’. The notes in this section reinforce the guidance in that guide.

Referencing and bibliographies are important scholarly disciplines that mark one of the big differences between academic writing and journalese and/or official/secret report writing: the writer must substantiate his/her case or argument by providing references to open-source, public material that supports this case or argument. This is done via specific footnotes in the text of the essay/paper or endnotes at the end of it and by the inclusion of a bibliography or a list of references at the end of the essay/paper that shows the various sources and documents that the author consulted.

You must include a bibliography of works cited, accessed or used at the end of your document. It must include all sources that you have used as references, as well as any other sources that influenced your thinking on the issue about which you have been writing. List these in alphabetical order based on author’s name or, if there is no author, on the name of the organisation responsible for compiling the papers, report or document.

At CDSS we use the Oxford referencing system. In order to assist you, CDSS has provided a separate Style Guide which was included in your orientation pack. It is slightly different from the Oxford style used at Deakin University.

Referencing Every scholarly piece of writing needs references to confirm and/or enhance the argument. Indeed, references strengthen an argument. And it is better to over reference than to under reference. However, if a paragraph is based on one reference, it is more helpful to the reader or assessor to put the footnote at the end of the paragraph’s first sentence and then to put some words in the footnote like ‘This paragraph is based on (then list the document/s and its/their details)’. Hence, if in doubt, put in a supporting reference. These can be shortened later if needs be. Good references and good referencing only strengthen your argument.

Hence, you use referencing systems for citing references to quotations and to sources of information and argument. One also uses it if you wish to direct the reader to further reading on an issue dealt with in the body of the essay/paper.

In the Oxford system, references entail small numbers inserted (after the punctuation) in the body of the text either after a relevant point that needs a reference or after a quotation. A footnote at the bottom of the page is then used to provide the details of the reference or to expand on the point being made.

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Internet sourcesIt is acceptable to use Internet references, although academic assessors are still quite wary of the excessive use of Internet sources in an essay, as they suggest laziness and a lack of solid or substantial research. The excessive use of such sources also sometimes makes academic assessors wary of plagiarism. Beware of electronic material that you cite as it may disappear from the Internet. Therefore, it is a good idea to save copies of key Internet material in case it has been removed from the Internet and/or your assessor wishes to see it. In your reference to Internet material, cite the author or the organisation that owns the website, the title of the piece within the website, the website’s URL inside < > brackets and the date that you accessed this material.

Database sourcesDatabases are an excellent resource that can provide you with a wide range of scholarly and analytical materials as well as news items. Databases include the Jane’s online materials, as well as Proquest, CIAONet and Emerald, which are accessible through the Vane Green or Deakin libraries. However, unlike the Internet, a database resource should not be cited by the search string that appears in your browser address. It should be cited by author, name, date, publication and other information as if it is a hard copy. Basically, you need to give a citation as information that helps another reader to find it in conducting their own search. For Jane’s online materials, the citation to the title, author where known, and referenced to Jane’s online, and date accessed is acceptable.

Bibliographies; list of referencesYou must include a bibliography of works cited, retrieved or used at the end of your document. It must include all sources that you have used as references, as well as any other sources that influenced your thinking on the issue about which you have been writing. List these in alphabetical order based on author’s family name or, if there is no author, on the name of the organisation responsible for compiling the papers, reports or documents.

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Appendix A: Example of SAP Minute

MINUTE

To: Director MA/Grad Dip Programs

From: GPCAPT Billy Bloggs

Subject: Topic for Strategic Assessment Paper (SAP)

Topic: ANZUS obligations in the event of a military confrontation between China, Taiwan and the US

ANZUS is the pre-eminent treaty in regard to Australia’s National Security Strategy. It (supposedly) ties Australia closely to the United States on defence and security issues. With recent tensions between China and Taiwan over Taiwanese aspirations for independence, questions have arisen as to what Australia’s actions would—and should—be in the event of a military conflict between China, Taiwan and the US. This paper will examine the perceived and explicit obligations of each party under the various articles of the ANZUS Treaty. It will use current theories on International Relations to assess the influences of national policy drivers such as interests, competition, ideals and uncertainty on any decision to commit Australian military forces to such a conflict. It will also examine the likelihood of such a security situation developing and the ramifications of this for Australia and for US-Australia relations.

Name: GPCAPT Capt. Billy BloggsEmail address: [email protected]

Billy Bloggs

Date: 6 March 2011

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Appendix B: Example of SPP Minute

MINUTE

To: Director MA/Grad Dip Programs

From: GPCAPT Billy Bloggs

Subject: Topic for Security Policy Paper (SPP)

Topic: How Australia should deal with the rise of India and its growing military and maritime capabilities

Australia currently faces an array of actual and potential security challenges of both a conventional and non-conventional nature. One of the least considered of these challenges is the rise of India. Its development of a substantial military and maritime capability is significant. This will extend India’s strategic reach, give it a greater ability to project power, and enable it to have a greater influence on events in the South Asian, South-East Asian and Indian Ocean regions. India and Australia are both littoral Indian Ocean states. But will—or should—Australia and India compete or cooperate? This SPP will propose policies about Australia should deal with the rise of India and its growing military and maritime capabilities.

Name: GPCAPT Billy BloggsEmail address: [email protected]

Billy Bloggs

Date: 3 July 2011

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Appendix C: Statement of Authorship

AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE COLLEGE

DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES COURSE

CM:

SUBJECT TOPIC:

SYNDICATE:

DUE DATE:

WORD COUNT:

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP:

I certify that this material is the result of my own research and writing, except where otherwise acknowledged, and that this work in whole or in part has not been submitted to the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies as part of any other written work, nor has it been submitted to any other university or institution as part of any academic unit or program for any reward.

APPROVAL TO PUBLISH:

I grant/do not grant* approval for the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies, or an agent of that organisation, to publish this article and my biography, in whole or in part. I also retain the right to reproduce or publish this article, in whole or in part.

Note - * Delete as applicable.

Signature: …………………………………….

Date Submitted:………………………….

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Appendix D: Literature Review -----Example 1

Literature Review

Overview

This essay will review material regarding how non-traditional security threats, in particular transnational crime and illegal migration, may impact on the ADF over the next ten years. To locate appropriate material I consulted library catalogues, bibliographies, internet search engines, publications, thesis, fellow students and my Supervisor, Mr John McFarlane. Major library searches were conducted through: Deakin University Library (Deakin), the Australian National Library (ANL), and the Australian Defence College (ADC) Library at Western Creek. All have been successful with a good range of secondary and some primary source material identified. From this initial search, I identified an additional thematic library on crime at the Australian Federal Police (AFP) Library at Barton. AFP, Defence, DIMIA and Customs are strong on recent thematic monographs and primary source material reflecting Agency policy and technical material. Internet search engines and publications including Google, Defence Intranet and the AFP AUSTROM:AFPD provided some very recent and relevant articles. Bibliographies from key texts were useful in confirming the most commonly used sources but most bibliographies are a little dated with articles between 4 and 10 years old. There was a lack of material that forecast how non-traditional security threats will impact on Australia in the next 10 years. This area is likely to require original analysis by me and more research is needed in this area. Newspapers and magazines will provide topical material on the subjects.

The literature review has been useful in identifying what material is readily available, where there are gaps in the material, and how I might structure my paper. Interviews with key policy makers and authors may be a useful way to fill the gaps. Overall, sufficient suitable material appears available to support an argument that the ADF needs to be one part of a ‘whole of government’ approach to respond to non-traditional security threats. This ‘WOG’ approach requires Government to articulate a more comprehensive security concept and delegate lead responsibilities to specific agencies. A key challenge in gathering material will be to avoid overreach – collecting too much information on too diverse a range of issues. A second challenge may be to find statistical and primary material to support forecasts for the next ten years. Sources pertinent to the proposed chapters of the SAP are discussed below.

Chapter 1 – Towards a More Comprehensive Concept of Security

This introductory Chapter briefly defines the main types of non-traditional security. It asks whether traditional and non-traditional security are mutually exclusive. It very briefly explores whether existing International Relations theories address satisfactorily non-traditional security issues. It concludes that non-traditional security issues (NTSI) are of valid and growing significance to Australia and the ADF. However, as there is no comprehensive Australian concept of security, the relevant Australian security agencies are not focussed in any coordinated fashion on this emergent issue. The Chapter identifies that two non-traditional security issues: transnational crime and migration, will be studied in subsequent chapters.

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Literature

There is a good range of secondary material focussed on the impact of NTSI particularly in relation to East Asia. The South Pacific is less well covered and the impact of NTSI on Australia is sparsely considered by books although there are considerable number of monographs that address the topic. Du Pont (East Asia Imperilled) provides a balanced account of the significance of NTSI. He shows by evidence rather than conjecture that NTSI are a valid and growing concern. Chalk (Non-military Security and Global Order) provides a clear summary of the types of NTSI and the dilemma that these new areas provide for traditional concepts of security. The US Department of Defense Asia – Pacific Center has also produced a useful report summarising the types of NTSI. Noting that most NTSI involve ‘source’, ‘transit’ and ‘host’ nations, Tan (Non-Traditional Security Issues in South East Asia) and Dickens (The Human Face of Security: Asia – Pacific Perspectives) are good on the impact of NTSI on South East Asia but provide few links to the impact on Australia. A recent book by Molloy (The Eye of the Cyclone) has several relevant Chapters on Pacific security issues.

Buzan (Security: a New Framework for Analysis) provides an authoritative account of modern security concepts. Wing (Refocussing Concepts of Security: the convergence of military and no-military tasks) provides a comprehensive list of NTSI with useful definitions. He also extensively reviews the relationship of extant IR theory with these NTSI. Baylis and Smith (The Globalisation of World Politics) are also good in this regard. A number of short articles and monographs develop these views for specific NTSI. For example, McFarlane (Platypus: 1996 and in Simon, S (ed.) The Many Faces of Asian Security) points to the need to reassess our strategic security challenges in the post cold war world in relation to transnational crime (TNC). Jane’s Intelligence Review articles periodically address different aspects transnational threats including illegal immigration and TNC. A variety of Australian Government primary sources, including the Defence White Paper, DFAT White Paper, Hope Royal Commission provide primary evidence of the various Government agencies extant policy on NTSI from their sectional perspective. Significantly, no material articulating a comprehensive or whole of Australian government view of security was located. Instead it appears that each Agency takes a compartmented approach to its responsibilities and there is no lead coordinating agency, doctrine or consequence management. This apparent gap in policy needs further investigation. Possible sources for material include interviews with Dr Ross Babbage, Brig Wallace (Retd.) and Andrew Murray, Security Adviser in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. Finally, it is anticipated that further study into the impact of globalisation during Block 3 will unearth further relevant material.

Chapter 1 Annotated Bibliography

Baylis, J. and Smith, S., The globalisation of world politics: an introduction to international relations, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. Contains useful articles on IR theory, globalisation and the impact of NTSI.

Buzan, B. et al., Security: a new framework for analysis, Lynne Rienner, Colorado, 1998. Provides a succinct discussion on the current definition of security.

Chalk, Peter, Non-military security and global order, Macmillan Press Ltd, London, 2000. A key text covering the new challenges posed by NTSI.

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Day, Carla, ‘Dangerous new liaisons’: political non-state actors, rogue regimes and official corruption: a 21st Century risk to State Security’, 2002, [808.02 Day], ADC – DLS. Not yet read. May be useful particularly on the aspect of making policy to deal with non-state actors.

DFAT White Paper, Advancing the National Interest, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 2003. Provides Government policy toward NTSI and the seriousness with which it is being considered.

Defence White Paper, Defence 2000, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 2000. Provides Government policy on the extent to which Defence is considering and involved in addressing NTSI issues.

Dickens, D., ‘The human face of security: Asia – Pacific perspectives’, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU, Canberra, 2002. Recent and relevant collection of articles on NTSI.

Dupont, Alan, ‘Transformation or stagnation? rethinking Australia’s defence’, 2003, [P 355.033094 AUS / 374], Nowra –DLS (11) Challenging article on the need for Defence to better balance its responsibilities toward traditional and non traditional security challenges.

Dupont, Alan, East Asia imperilled: transnational challenges to security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. A key text. Provides a balanced and informative consideration of the types and significance of NTSI. Good endnotes, if a little dated.

Dupont, Alan, ‘Regional security concerns into the 21st Century’ in Ciccarelli, John (ed.), Transnational crime: a new security threat?, Canberra, The Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1996. Dated but a good introduction to the topic.

Hope Royal Commission, Not yet read. Hoping this will provide a good overview on the Government security apparatus and its strengths and weaknesses.

Jane’s International Review, 13:1, 2001, pp 46-49. Concise article on NTSI.

McFarlane John., Platypus, AFP Magazine, Canberra, 1996. Prescient call to re-assess Australia’s traditional approach to security in post cold war circumstances.

Molloy, I.,(ed.), ‘The Eye of the cyclone: issues in Pacific security’, Pacific Island Political Studies Association, Queensland, 2004. Several useful articles from the South Pacific perspective.

Simon, S., (ed.), ‘The many faces of Asian security’, Rowman and Littlefield, Oxford, 2001. Good from the regional perspective.

Tan A. and Boutin, J., Non traditional security issues in Southeast Asia, Select Publishing, Singapore, 2001. Useful on the regional perspective. Some good discussion on the tension between realist thinking and NTSI. Not a lot about Australia.

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US Department of Defense, Conference Report: ‘Transnational Security Threats in Asia’, Hawaii, Asia Pacific Centre 1999. Good summary of the types of NTSI.

Chapter 2: Transnational Crime and Australia

This Chapter investigates the growing significance of transnational crime (TNC) to Australia’s security. Initially it considers global developments and draws overseas comparisons. It describes the main types of TNC and how they threaten Australia and its region. Chapter 2 seeks to project the growing impact of TNC on Australia out ten years. Although TNC is considered to be primarily the concern of the Australian Federal Police, the ADF is expected to have a significant supporting role on and off shore in dealing with TNC. Given the success of the Solomons intervention, this may be a growing requirement in the Pacific over the next decade. While terrorism is an NTSI in its own right, one aspect – the link between TNC and terrorism will be considered. In particular, extant interagency cooperation and mechanisms will be reviewed to consider if they provide a suitable model for interagency cooperation on other NTSI. Chapter 2 also looks briefly at the impact of crime as a threat to ADF effectiveness and on the development of bilateral and multilateral relations with other militaries. Finally, observation will be made on the proactive, alliance initiatives being taken by the AFP to engage TNC. This observation will be expanded in Chapter 4 in regard to inter-agency cooperation.

Literature

Books by Ciccarelli (Transnational Crime: a New Security Threat), DuPont (East Asia Imperilled), Chalk (Grey Area Phenomenon in Southeast Asia: Piracy, Drug Trafficking and Political Terrorism) and several articles by McFarlane (SDSC Working Papers No 335, 341, 370) are key items. Clearly TNC is of great concern for proponents of both traditional and human security. While there is good coverage of TNC in East Asia the links into Australia are less well covered. A report by McDermid prepared for the Shadow Minister for Justice, Customs and Population in 2001 (Transnational Crime in the context of National Security) appears promising although it understandably takes a police rather than ADF perspective on the issue. The AFP library provided a large amount of unclassified AFP material through its quarterly magazine Platypus, police news and more scholarly articles in the International Police Review. These should provide evidence into the extent of the problem and the likely emergent threat in the next ten years.

While TNC is an acknowledged human security problem for Australia, it is harder to prove that it presents a direct threat to national security aside from the links of TNC to terrorist organisations in East Asia. However, as was apparent in the Solomons, TNC may be a cause for Pacific Island instability. In such circumstances an Australian response will be required and Defence can expect to be a significant contributor in any response. Molloy’s book on Pacific Security Issues, along with Defence and AFP publications and course members material on the lessons of the Solomons Islands intervention are useful on this aspect. Interviews with the principals of the AFP Transnational Crime Centre may assist in identifying further material relevant to the projected response by Whole of Government, the AFP and ADF to TNC over the next decade.

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Arlacchi, P., ‘A new tool to fight crime: the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime’, Palermo, Dec 2000. Outlines that the significance of the issue has led to a coordinated global effort against organised crime.

AFP Annual Report 2001 –2002, Canberra, 2003. Useful in establishing the functions of the AFP.

Attorney General Department Annual Report 2001 – 2002, APGS, Canberra, 2003. Provides insight into the policy and activity of the Attorney General’s Department in relation to crime.

Berdal, Mats and Serrano, Monica,(ed.), Transnational organised crime and international security: business as usual?, 2002, [364.106 TRA] Useful coverage of the main considerations.

Chalk, Peter, ‘Grey area pheromones in Southeast Asia: piracy, drug trafficking and political terrorism’ Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence, No 123, Canberra Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, 1997. Strong article on the difficulty of meeting this NTSI through traditional security paradigms.

Chalk, Peter, ‘Heroin and Cocaine: a Global Threat’. Jane’s Intelligence Review Special Report, No 18, London, Jane’s Information group, 1998. Information on another aspect of TNC.

Ciccarelli (ed.), ‘Transnational Crime: A New Security Threat’, The Australian Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, 1996. Dated but a good introduction to the topic. An important text that emphasises the significance of the link between the crime and security.

Dupont, Alan, ‘Drugs, ‘Transnational crime and security in East Asia’, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper, No 328, ANU, Canberra, 1998. An early article that outlines the key issues from a regional perspective.

Graycar, A. et al., Global and regional approaches to fighting transnational crime, Adelaide, 2001. Valuable in highlighting the tangible effects of transnational crime on Australia.

Journal of the Australian Federal Police, Platypus : (various articles from 1999 to 2004 including: No 58 Mar 1998, No 59 Jun 1998, No 63 Jun 1999, No 65 Dec 1999, No 69 Dec 2000, No 70 Mar 2001, No 71 Jun 2001, No 73 Dec 2001, No 75 Jun 2002, No 80 Oct 2003, and No 81 Dec 03, Canberra, 1996 –2004. Provides insight and case studies into a variety of criminal aspects and their impact on Australia. Highlights proactive AFP responses and the need for inter-agency and international cooperation on these issues.

McDermid Rian, ‘Transnational crime in the context of national security: implications for Australia’, Report prepared for the Shadow Minister for Justice, Customs and Population, Canberra, July 2001. A key text. Provides a useful structure for the discussion of crime within a broader security context. Excellent on Australian Government and agency structure and activity. Recommends responses that could

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be undertaken, albeit from a policing perspective. Valuable annotated bibliography.

McFarlane, John, ‘Organised crime and terrorism in the Asia- Pacific Region: the reality and the response’ Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper, No 370, ANU, Canberra, July 2002. Excellent article describing not only criminal activity in the region but outlining practical responses to address the issue.

McFarlane, John, ‘The Asian Financial Crisis: corruption, cronyism and organised crime’ Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper, No 341, ANU, Canberra, 1999. Thematic article addressing often overlooked aspects of criminality. Dealing with corrupt Defence and Police Forces is an issue for ADF attempts at multilateral cooperation on NTSI.

McFarlane, John. and Karen McLennan, Transnational Crime : the new security paradigm, [P 355.033094] ADC – DLS. Prescient article that clearly established TNC as a key NTSI that must be addressed.

McFarlane, J., ‘Transnational crime and illegal immigration in the Asia-Pacific Region: background, prospects and countermeasures’ Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper No 335, ANU, Canberra, July 1999. A pertinent article of value to discussions in both this chapter and the chapter on illegal migration.

‘Transnational Criminal Activity in the South Pacific’, Jane’s International Review, Vol 14, No 9, Sep 2002, pp 30-1. Useful article that covers the South Pacific perspective.

‘Legislative Guide for the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime’, International Centre for Criminal Law Reform, Vancouver, Mar 2003. Provides information on the Convention against Organised Crime, includes definitions.

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and Protocols thereto’. Covers the Convention and attached protocols that need guide national responses to Organised Crime.

Chapter 3: Illegal Immigration and Australian Border Security

This Chapter looks at illegal immigration within the Region and its potential impact on Australia. In particular it draws out the disproportionate sensitivity of Australia and Australian Governments to border security issues and illegal immigration. Books by Burke (In Fear of Security) and articles by Acherson appear useful in this regard. Although DIMIA and Customs have the lead on illegal immigration, clearly a coordinated whole of government response is needed and Defence is expected to play a significant role. DIMIA primary documents, and secondary demography and population growth material establish that Australia like other nations will face increasing pressure as East Asian nations modernise and prosper in the next 10 years. Australia’s particular sensitivity to border incursions will continue. As even small numbers of illegal migrants are a domestic political issue Defence is likely to get caught up in any Government response. This is particularly so for the Navy. The impact of these ongoing commitments on Defence is investigated. Chapter 3 concludes that there is a need for a

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coordinated whole of government response based on a comprehensive view of border security. This will require a greater level of inter-agency cooperation.

Literature

Again material by DuPont, McFarlane, and AFP sources are relevant. Articles by Loescheer, Boswell, from the International Criminal Police Review, Jane’s Intelligence Review and internet articles provide the more global perspective of immigration as a NTSI. DIMIA reports on Population Flows, and Border Protection provide useful Australian statistical information but are cautious about projections. Some of this material may require interviews with DIMIA officials to update. A key aspect in these statistics is how small is the number of unauthorised boat arrivals when compared with the number of overstayers and illegals arriving by air – yet it is the border security against boats that is attracting a major ADF effort. This issue of proportionality is raised by several authors. The recent book by Andreas Schloenhardt (Migrant Smuggling: Organised Crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region) offers a detailed and well researched account that includes UN and other efforts to address the issue and considers the way ahead. It has a very detailed bibliography of recent and pertinent articles. Anecdotal evidence on the rising significance of people smuggling is provided in a number of articles in Platypus from 1998 to 2004. Defence articles provide a good summary of ADF, particularly RAN commitment to border security. From these articles it is possible to reflect on the consequences of sustaining this rate of effort as a long term commitment. In this regard, further research, including interviews, is required with key RAN, ADF and Coastwatch personnel. A comparison of ADF, AFP, Immigration and Coastwatch documents will enable conclusions to be drawn on the relative importance of the issue to each agency and the amount of resources committed by them to it.


Abeyratne, R., ‘Smuggling of illegal migrants by air – air carrier liability’, Air and Space, 2000, pp 148 – 158. Provides material to compare with smuggling by boat.

AFP Platypus, No. 64 Oct 1999; No. 68 Sep 2000; No 75 Jun 2002; No 80 Oct 2003. A variety of short articles covering various aspects of the link between crime and migration. Includes case study material.

AFP Annual Report, Canberra,(ACT). Published annually. Provides description of AFP policy and activity on this issue.

AFP ‘Organised Crime Aspect of People Smuggling into Australia’, Canberra, unclassified version, 1998. Dated but provides the structure of the AFP approach to the issue.

Archavanitkul, K. and Guest, P., ‘Managing the flow of migration: regional approaches’, Nakhonpathom (Thailand), Institute of Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1999. Dated but promises a useful comparison of approaches.

‘Australia confronts illegal immigration’, Janes Intelligence Review; Vol 16, no 2, Feb 2004, [JIN-0091] Cadre in Canberra, pp51 –53. A pithy summary of the issue.

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Prime Minister’s Coastal Surveillance Task Force Report, Canberra, Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, June 1999. Gives insights into Government views on border security.

Boswell, C., ‘The external dimension of EU immigration and asylum policy’. Considers the issue of illegal immigration from a European perspective.

CSCAP Working Group on Transnational Crime, Sub-Group on People Smuggling, People Smuggling: Linkages to Transnational Crime, Identity Fraud and Terrorism, 2002. Provides evidence of multilateral cooperation in addressing this problem.

Defence White Paper: Defence 2000, AGPS, Canberra 2000. Provides the Defence policy position in regard to involvement border security and migration.

DIMIA, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, Belconnen (ACT),2000 Edition, 2001. Provides excellent statistics and summarises the Governments policy and annual activity on migration. Data, including that on its web site, is a little dated and will need interviews to get the latest information.

DIMIA, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2001 Edition, Canberra, 2002. Comments as for 2000 Annual Report. See above. Enables comparison of an immigration trend.

DIMIA, Protecting the Border: Immigration Compliance, 2000 Edition, Canberra, 2001. Very focused on border security. Again – great statistics but even the web site needs updating to 2003 /2004 statistics.

DIMIA Fact Sheet 74: Unauthorised Arrivals by Air and Sea (15 Oct 2002) www.immi.gov. au/ facts/index.htm. Provides useful statistical data.

Dupont, Alan., ‘Unregulated population flows in East Asia: a new security’ Pacific Review, 9/1, 1997. Useful starting point for tracking the main considerations of the issue.

Lewis, Anthony., Effective Surveillance and interdiction? : an evaluation of policy failure in Canberra’s response to illegal fishing and immigration in Australia’s northern waters., 2004, [R 333.9164150994 EFF] Nowra – DLS. Useful coverage of Australian responses.

‘People smuggling as an increasingly crucial factor in transnational organised crime’, The Indonesian Quarterly, Vol 30, No 2, Second Quarter, 2002, pp 146 –157. Reinforces consideration of migration as an activity that has source, transit and host countries. It also reinforces that single country initiatives and legislation are fated to be an incomplete solution. International cooperation and coordinated action is essential.

McFarlane, John., Transnational crime and illegal immigration in Asia – Pacific Region: background, prospects and countermeasures, 1999, [P 355.033094 AUS] ADC – DLS. Excellent article showing the link between crime and migration. It looks forward and proposes relevant preventative measures that might be taken.

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http://www.immi.gov/


McFarlane, John, Torres Strait: policing the open border, 1998, [P 341.4480916476 TOR] CANB –DLS Russell. Raises cooperation with PNG which may be an aspect of international cooperation worthy of specific ADF consideration.

Schloenhardt, A., Migrant smuggling: organised crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific region, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 2003. Superb reference. Excellently researched and very focused to my interests. Excellent statistical data. Considers the future and contains a detailed bibliography. A key text.

Tailby, R., ‘Organised crime and people smuggling / trafficking to Australia’ Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 2001, pp1-6. Relevant summary.

UN Centre for International Crime Prevention: Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings: An Outline for Action, Vienna: UNODCCP, 1999. A little dated but outlines a global response to the issue.

UNHCR: ‘2000 Global Refugee Trends: Analysis of the 2000 Provisional UNHCR Population Statistics’, Geneva, UNHCR, May 2001. Requires update but reinforces the significance of migration as a global issue.

Chapter 4: Military as Law Enforcers?

Chapter 4 draws on conclusions from the two studies of transnational crime and illegal migration to discuss the implications for Australia and the ADF in the next ten years. In particular it seeks out whether the Australian Government has a comprehensive vision of security or a compartmented one. Whether there is a coordinated approach to security issues or a disaggregated approach and what needs to be done to position Australia to meet the NTSI challenges of the next decade. The Chapter focuses on Australia's whole of government approach and its implications for the ADF. Several primary Government documents exist to spell out the formal Agency positions including various Defence and DFAT White Papers and AFP Vision statements. Generally they reveal that the responses are evolving, fractured and still immature. The Chapter concludes that there is much scope to reinforce the need for a proactive complimentary and cooperative WOG approach.

Literature

The article by Clarke Jones (Military as Law Enforcers? Coming to terms with the New Security Environment) is particularly relevant and has an excellent bibliography. However, I do not agree with its conclusion that ethos change from warrior to para-military is the solution. The monograph by Wing (Refocussing Concepts of Security: the convergence of military and non-military tasks) is also useful for its exploration of the challenges and opportunities for civil – military cooperation on NTSI. McFarlane and Maley’s Civil Police in UN Peace Operations and Wainright’s ASPI publication Police Join the Front Line provide a good account of AFP involvement and the way this could be expanded. Importantly all these articles point to the existing possibility of a clash of agency cultures on NTSI unless a coordinated WOG approach is proactively pursued. Various Platypus articles 1998 –2004 point to the proactive approach by the AFP to NSTI. Defence appears reticent on the issue by comparison. Material on ‘complex warfighting’ by LTCOL Dave Kilcullen will be considered as this provides a better basis on which to incorporate responses to NTSI. Again, the opportunities for

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AFP and ADF cooperation, using examples such as East Timor and Solomons Islands will be explored particularly through interviews and ADF / AFP publications. The legal and constitutional constraint of ADF involvement NTSI are well addressed in a Federal Law Review article by Michael Head. Potential differences with the US approach within Posse Comitatus are well covered in the article by Bolgiano.

The Chapter concludes that Government needs to lead by expounding a more comprehensive security concept that includes both traditional and non-traditional security issues. Material to support this view is limited and some of the originality of the Paper lies in this area. However, discussions to date have received widespread agreement on the need to coordinate inter-agency efforts under one comprehensive security vision provided by Government. Efforts on NTSI need to be coordinated by PM& C. I understand that Party policy papers on this issue of a whole of government, coordinated approach are currently being developed. Interviews with key proponents are anticipated to provide credible supporting evidence. The Chapter ends by contemplating some of the issues that Defence must address in concert with Government in relation to NTSI. These include: force structure, doctrine, command and control, and funding issues. Current defence papers reveal the paucity of the current ADF response. The Chapter concludes that responses to these issues will be explored in detail in the compendium Abridged White Paper.


Bolgiano, D., ‘Military support of domestic law enforcement: working within posse comitatus’, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol 70 No 12, Dec 2001, pp 16 –24. Addresses the US example and the relationship / constraint of legislation on the use of military in regard to NTSI.

Ciccarelli, J. (ed.), ‘Transnational crime : a new security threat?’, Australian Defence Studies Centre, Canberra 1996. Dated but asks the right questions regarding ADF involvement with the NTSI issue of organised crime.

Department of Defence: Defence 2000, AGPS, Canberra, 2000. Outlines Government defence policy and the activity of the ADF.

Dupont, Alan., Transformation or stagnation?: rethinking Australia’s defence, 2003, [P 355.033094 AUS / 374], Nowra –DLS (11) Challenging article on the need for Defence to better balance its responsibilities toward traditional and non traditional security challenges.

Gibbings, T. et al., ‘Interagency operations centres: an opportunity we can’t ignore’, Parameters, Winter 1998, 99-112, http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/parameters/98winter, Not yet read but could support one response that needs earnest consideration.

Head, M., ‘The military call out legislation – some legal and constitutional questions’, Federal Law Review, Vol 29 No 2, 2001, pp 273-294. Considers the legal and jurisdictional issues.

Kelly, M.., ‘Enforcing laws – is there a growing role for the military’, Australian Security in a New Era: Reform or Revolution?, Special Report No 5, Australian

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http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/parameters/98winter.


Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, pp 42 – 46. Useful article focussed on the role of the ADF in NSTI.

Keelty, M., ‘Transnational crime, police peacekeeping operations and Asia-Pacific security’ in Platypus No 70, Canberra, June 2001. Insight into the AFP Commissioner’s views on agency responses to NTSI.

McFarlane, J., ‘Enforcing laws: is there a role for the military?’ Australian Criminal Intelligence Digest, Canberra, August 1998. Not yet read and a little dated but the question is right on the money!

McFarlane, John and Maley, William, ‘Civilian police in United Nations peace operations: some lessons learned from recent Australian experience’, Australian Defence Studies Centre, Working Paper No 64, Canberra, 2001. A key text. Looks at the responses needed albeit from a policing perspective.

Jones, Clarke, ‘Military as law enforcers?: Coming to terms with the new security environment’, Australian Defence Studies Centre, Working Paper No 64, Canberra, 2002. A key text. Good discussion of the issues although I believe the conclusions on changing military ethos are wrong.

‘What does the public think?: about the effectiveness of Australia’s offshore surveillance and interdiction effort’, Maritime Studies; No 124, May-June 2002, pp 1-13 [MST-0013] Cadre in Cerberus. Evidence of ADF involvement in NTSI.

‘Hotch potch coastwatch’, Bulletin with Newsweek, Vol 117, No 6201, 23 Nov 99, pp 46-7, [9904571] Cadre – Russell. Evidence of ADF involvement in NTSI.

Smith, P., ‘Transnational security threats and state survival: a role for the military?’ Parameters, US Army War College Quarterly, Carlisle, 2000. Considers the issue from a US perspective.

‘Transnational security threats and state survival: a role for the military?’, Parameters; Autumn, 2000, pp77-91. [9909729] Cadre in Russell. Suspected duplicate previously commented on. Should be useful.

Wing, I., ‘Refocussing concepts of security: the convergence of military and non- military tasks’ Land Warfare Studies Centre, Working Paper No 111, Canberra, Nov 2000. Useful text. Considers some of the responses the ADF might take.

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Appendix D: Literature Review -----Example 2Strategic Assessment Paper – Literature Review

Author/s Publication Title Publication Particulars Application/relevance

Art, Robert J. and Seyom Brown, Editors

U.S. Foreign Policy: The Search For A New Role

New York, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993

The editors have compiled a range of essays on U.S. foreign policy, as well as insight into the workings of the US decision making process and key policy areas, including defense [sic] and trade policy.

Aylwin-Foster, Nigel R.F.

‘Changing the Army for Counterinsurgency Operations’

Military Review, Volume 85, Issue 6, Nov/Dec 2005, pp. 2-14

An assessment of the US Army’s counterinsurgency operations and its failures. Aylwin-Foster asserts that the US Army is ‘rightly, considering adjusting its core focus to encompass Operations Other Than War, …without compromising unduly the Army’s existing warfighting pre-eminence’.Personal note: Does the ADF face a similar challenge? The Australian Army structures for regular warfighting. Its capability acquisitions focus is on transforming the military into a ‘Hardened, Networked Army’. Does irregular warfighting have a limited scope within this objective.

Bandow, Doug ‘Seoul Searching: Ending the U.S.-Korean Alliance’

The National Interest, Number 81, Fall 2005, pp. 111-116

The author claims that the US-Korean Alliance has outlived its usefulness. Why? The ROK military capability is sophisticated and potentially self-reliant. ‘The American guarantee is turning decisions about South Korea’s defence over to

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Washington’. There is a concern that South Korea may not be able to influence American decision making; support for America is declining as the older generation dies and young people think of America’s support for ‘assorted military dictators’. (p. 115)


Barraclough, Geoffrey An Introduction to Contemporary History

Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973 [first published by C.A. Watts, 1964; published in Pelican Books 1967].

Barraclough observes that ‘We live today in a world different, in almost all its basic preconditions, …’. ‘How have these changes come about? What are the formative influences and qualitative differences which are the distinguishing marks of the contemporary era? These are valuable questions to ponder.’ (p. 9)

Beeson, Mark ‘American Hegemony: The View from Australia’

SAIS Review, vol. XXIII, no. 2, Summer-Fall 2003, pp. 113-131

Beeson argues inter alia that American economic and strategic policy is imposing major costs on even its most loyal allies, a situation that threatens to undermine the legitimacy of, and support for, U.S. hegemony.

Bell, Coral ‘The Twilight of the Unipolar World’

The American Interest, Volume 1, Number 2, Winter 2005, pp. 18-29

According to Bell, ‘Those global changes that will prove decisive, i.e. the current and rapid redistribution of power internationally, will prove decisive and unstoppable, since they are based on such ineluctable factors as changing population weights and economic capacities’. (p. 18)

Bull, Hedley The Anarchical Society: A Study of

London, Macmillan, 1977 Among other things, Hedley Bull discusses ‘The Balance of Power and International Order’ (Ch. 5).

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Order in World Politics

Of particular interest is the distinction between dominant balance and subordinate balance in the world, and the local balances of the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. (pp. 101-126)

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Carr, E.H. The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, with a new introduction by Michael Cox.

Palgrave, Houndsmill and New York, 2001

Carr attended the Versailles Peace Treaty in 1919. He found the negotiations would store up ‘major problems for the future’. He was proved right when Hitler came to power.

Carothers, Thomas Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve

Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999

The bottom line—there are no silver bullets when it comes to ‘spreading’ democracy. Carothers concludes that ‘Democracy aid often falls short in its methods of implementation. Democracy promoters have failed in many cases to seek a sophisticated understanding of the societies in which they work, resting on the misguided idea that their knowledge of democracy alone is sufficient guide to foster democracy wherever they go.’ (p. 338)

Cohen, Eliot ‘The US Military After Iraq: A Speculation’

The RUSI Journal, Volume 151, Number 1, February 2006, pp. 20-22

Cohen is concerned with the effect the Iraq War will have on the military. He believes that Iraq is going to force the military to rethink its educational system to prepare the US military to fight irregular wars.

Commonwealth of Australia

Advancing the National Interest: Australia’s Foreign

Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia, 2003

An underpinning document that articulates the Australian Government’s foreign and trade

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and Trade Policy White Paper

policy.

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Author/s Publication Title Publication Particulars

Application/relevance


Australia’s National Security: A Defence Update 2003


An underpinning document that articulates the Australian Government’s assessment of the changing security environment.


Australia’s National Security: A Defence Update 2005

Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005.

An Australian Government assessment of the ‘contemporary strategic environment [that] outlines the Department of Defence’s contribution to Australia’s whole-of-government national security policy.’6


Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force


An underpinning document that articulates Australia’s defence policy.

Diamond, Larry and Leonardo Morlino, Editors

Assessing the Quality of Democracy

Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005

A series of essays that address ‘challenges and problems confronting both the advanced democracies and those of the developing and postcommunist worlds’.

Embassy of Australia, Washington D.C.

Australia and the United States of America: Issues for the Clinton Administration

Washington D.C., Embassy of Australia, [no publication date given]

A small booklet outlining a range of issues based on key themes, such as international security, and geographical themes, such as the USA and the Asia-Pacific Region’.

Fullilove, Michael Bush Is From Mars, Kerry Is From Mars

Sydney, Lowy Institute for

America, whether under Republican or Democrat leadership, would continue to pursue

6 Refers to a ‘whole-of-government national security policy’, but, to date, such a policy does not exist in the public domain.

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Too: The Presidential Election and U.S. Foreign Policy

International Policy Issues Brief, October, 2004

‘an assertive foreign policy involving military force’. With US presidential elections in 2008, should Australia reconsider how it operationalises the Alliance?



Gause, Gregory

(Gause replies to a review essay titled ‘Aiming High’ by Paula J. Dobriansky and Henry A. Crumpton)

‘Tyranny and Terror: Will Democracy in the Middle East Make Us Safer?’

Foreign Affairs, Volume 85, Number 1, January/February 2006, pp. 65 - 85.

Despite claims by Dobriansky and Crumpton that ‘bringing democracy to the Middle East is crucial, Gause replies that democratization in illiberal circumstances can increase the chances of violence and war. He does not consider the points made by Dobriansky and Crumpton change any premises stated in his essay ‘Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?’ (Foreign Affairs, September/October 2005).

Gladwell, Malcolm ‘A Critic at Large: Connecting the Dots; The Paradoxdes of Intelligence Reform’

The New Yorker, 10 March 2003, pp. 83-88

This article explores, among other things, an unwillingness by those in authority to give ambiguous answers to decision-makers.It highlights the need for advisors and decision-makers to work confidently together to get the right result.

Gregg, Robert W. and Charles W. Kegley Jr.

After Vietnam: The Future of American Foreign Policy

New York, Anchor Books Doubleday & Company, 1971

Provocative essays re the future of US foreign policy. Cites the ‘highly volatile situation in the Middle East’ in the 1970s. Observes that ‘today’s diagnosis and prescription are vulnerable to tomorrow’s headlines’.

Hendrickson, David ‘The Freedom The National Interest, Discusses ‘Bush Doctrine’, freedom and

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C and Robert W. Tucker

Crusade’ Number 81, Fall 2005, pp. 12-21

democracy in the US tradition. Key issues: legitimacy of purpose; US’s right to use force to achieve US foreign policy.

Heritage Foundation, The

American Military Intervention: A User’s Guide

Washington, D.C., The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder, 1996

This discussion paper observes that the US (in 1996) did not have guidelines in place to decide ‘where and when American military intervention is most needed and how it can be most effective’. The paper also observes that Congressional and public support were very weak for US intervention in what it calls ‘peripheral areas of the world’.



Houck, James P. ‘President’s Address: The Comparative Advantage of Agricultural Economics’

The American Journal of Agricultural Economics, December 1992, pp 1059-1065

A discourse on ideas and vocabulary of international trade analysis, with reference to terms such as comparative advantage and opportunity cost.

Hubbard, Christopher

Australian and US Military Cooperation: Fighting Common Enemies

Hampshire, Ashgate Publishing, 2005

Contains the text of the ANZUS Treaty, the text of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, as well as chapters relating to Australia’s shared experiences with the US.

Kagan, Robert Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order

London, Atlantic Books, 2003

‘Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus.’ This is the phrase that Kagan uses to describe the US-European relationship, which begins the explanation of why the relationship remains tense, especially with regard to the

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Iraq War of 2003.

Limaye, Satu P., Editor

Special Assessment: Asia-Pacific Responses to U.S. Security Policies

Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, U.S. Pacific Command, the U.S. Department of Defense, March 2003

This assessment reflects two key considerations: first, the perspectives of regional countries about U.S. security policies; and, second, to explore U.S. relations with the Asia-Pacific.

Lyon, Rod and William Tow

The Future of the Australian-U.S. Security Relationship

Carlisle, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, December 2003.

The Australian–US alliance is undergoing major transitions. This explores Australia’s past and present role re the ANZUS Treaty and how such transitions will influence the Australian-US security relationship.

Meadows, Donella, Jorgen Randers and Dennis Meadows

Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update

White River Junction, United States, Chelsea Green Publishing, May 2004

If poverty is one source of friction, and if state building needs to be an objective of the 21st century, then trade inequities need to be addressed. Limits to Growth outlines a number of scenarios for consideration.



Mearsheimer, John J.

‘Realism is Right’ The National Interest, Number 81, Fall 2005, p. 10 (Comments & Responses)See also Mearsheimer’s lecture: ‘The position that Morgenthau would have taken on

Mearsheimer asserts ‘that Iraq has turned into a debacle for the United States, which is powerful evidence…that the realists were right and the neoconservatives were wrong’. The point of his assertion is to refute claims that Realists ‘dislike democracy’. He contends that Realists know how difficult it is to spread democracy, ‘especially by military means’.

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the Iraq War’: www.opendemocracy.net

Morgenthau, Hans J., revised by Kenneth W. Thompson

Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace

New York, McGraw-Hill, Sixth Edition, 1985

US is being called, in some circles, the new imperial power—not a comfortable concept for it. This revised edition of Morgenthau’s work provides an updated look at international politics, including the theory and practice of international politics and, of particular interest, the limitations of national power within an international law framework.

Narlikar, Amrita The World Trade Organization: A Very Short Introduction

New York, Oxford University Press, 2005

An overview of the creation and evolution of the WTO. Some insights into international trade relations.

Neuchterlein, Donald E.

America Overcommitted: United States National Interests in the 1980s

Kentucky, The University Press of Kentucky, 1985

Neuchterlein observes that the most divisive foreign policy issue with the US was Central America. When the US invaded Grenada in October 1983, ‘the real issue was whether the American public and Congress were willing to permit the President to use strong measures’. His book explores a number of key issues, including national interest as a basis of foreign policy formulation.


Nye, Joseph S, Jr., Editor

The Making of America’s Soviet Policy

New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984

A comprehensive look at the actors, the issues, the historical record and, finally, policy conclusions. The general principles underlying material in each

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http://www.opendemocracy.net/

http://www.opendemocracy.net/


chapter is still relevant more than twenty years later.

Pillar, Paul R. Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy

Washington, The Brookings Institution, 2001

Pillar observes that counter-terrorist policy intersects with broader U.S. foreign policy in numerous ways. Nevertheless, it is Pillar’s assertion that ‘Whatever the United States does to try to curb terrorism, it must do while upholding other important national objectives’.

Office of the Director of National Intelligence, United States of America

The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America: Transformation through Integration and Innovation

[Washington?], Office of the Director of National Intelligence, United States of America, October 2005.

US national intelligence agencies are set to become more unified, coordinated, and effective. Australia too must address the use of intelligence in its decision-making processes.

Rice, Condoleezza ‘Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest’

Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2000, retrieved 20 February 2006, <http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20000101faessay5/condoleezza-rice/campaign-2000-pr>

Written when Rice was foreign policy adviser to the then Republican presidential candidate, George W. Bush. Since then, the policy framework that she articulates has changed (evolved) several times, thus creating ambiguity in US international relations.

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http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20000101faessay5/condoleezza-rice/campaign-2000-pr





Thirwell, Mark P. Revaluing the Renminbi: A Case of ‘Déjà vu All Over Again?’

East Sydney, Lowy Institute for International Policy, Issues Brief, November 2003

According to Thirwell, ‘There are strong parallels between today’s US-China tensions over trade, and US-Japan economic relations in the 1980s’. But he concludes there are also differences.The most important lesson from the Asian Financial Crises is the propensity of American intervention in currency markets.

Thirwell, Mark P. The Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement: A Preliminary Assessment

East Sydney, Lowy Institute for International Policy, Issues Brief, February 2004

Thirwell provides a preliminary assessment of the benefits that Australia will derive from the FTA with the US. From the perspective of my paper, it is of interest that ‘political and security benefits’ are linked to the agreement. Indeed, the bilateral trade agreement with the US has become the fifth pillar of the ANZUS Treaty.

Tow, William and Russell Trood (with assistance from Brendan McRandle, ASPI)

Power Shift: Challenges for Australia in Northeast Asia

Barton, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, June 2004.

Among other things, the authors explore matters concerning the Australia-US alliance in Northeast Asia. According to them, the ‘key challenge in Australia’s ability to engage Northeast Asia through the nexus of the alliance lies in managing and adjusting to America’s often confusing policy approaches to the

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region’. (p. 23)

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United States Department of Defense

Quadrennial Defense Review Report February 6, 2006

http://www.defenselink.mil./pubs/pdfs/QDR20060203.pdf [accessed Wednesday 8 March 2006]

QDR ‘reflects a process of change that has gathered momentum since the release of its predecessor QDR in 2001…[it] provide[s] a roadmap for change, leading to victory.’ The ‘operationalisation’ of the QDR has implications for the Australia-US alliance.

White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America

Washington, The White House, 16 March 2006(George W. Bush’s second term National Security Strategy)

Sets out intentions of the Bush Administration to ‘advance American interests, enhance global security, and expand global liberty and prosperity’. Its operation affects the Australian-US relationship.

White, Hugh Correspondence commenting on the essay written by John Birmingham titled: ‘A Time For War’

Quarterly Essay, Issue 21, 2006, pp. 70-72

White writes that ‘Birmingham shows very well [that] the pendulum has swung back, and military operations are again seen by Western governments to be sensible and legitimate instruments of policy in a wide range of circumstances…Armed force again became central to Australia’s international posture, and the army regained its place a central national institution. And the War on Terror has reinforced these trends – at least until Iraq.’ (p. 71) The dilemma: should Australian armed forces undertake armed interventions in other countries in order

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http://www.defenselink.mi./pubs/pdfs/QDR20060203.pdf




to fix their internal problems?

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Zakheim, Dov. S. Blending Democracy: The Generational Project in the Middle East

The National Interest, Number 81, Fall 2005, pp. 40-48

Discusses the democratic process and its application in the Middle East. Highlights the election of Hamas in the Palestinian elections, and the democratically-elected Iranian president, Ahmadinejad. Both are the result of the democratic process, yet some would say these are not good results.

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