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Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
1
Course Book of
Fundamentals of Petroleum
(PETE 205)
2nd
stage
By
Mr. Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf
Petroleum Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Koya University
2013-2014
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
2
CONTENT ……………………………………………………… 2
1. Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course..................... 3
2. Course Overview......................................................................................... 4
3. Course Objectives....................................................................................... 4
4. Course Reading List.................................................................................... 5
5. Grading……………..................................................................................... 5
6. Syllabus…………………………………………………………………… 6
7. Topics Covered............................................................................................ 7
8. Sample of Questions ……………………………………………………... 14
9. Answers ………………………………………………………………….. 15
10. Student Feed Back …………………………………………………….. 18
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
3
Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course
Course Name: Fundamentals of Petroleum (Theory)
Lecturer: Mr. Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf
Department: Petroleum Engineering
Faculty: Engineering
University: Koya
Email: [email protected]
Course Name: Fundamentals of Petroleum (Tutorial)
Instructor: Mr. Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf
Department: Petroleum Engineering
Faculty: Engineering
University: Koya
Email: [email protected]
Course coordinator: Dr. Nawzat R. Ismail
Department: Petroleum Engineering
Faculty: Engineering
University: Koya
Email: [email protected]
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
4
Course Overview
This course basically covers almost all petroleum engineering sections including
petroleum definition, composition, nature of oil and gas reservoirs, petroleum geology;
traps, reservoir rocks properties; porosity, permeability and saturation. Properties of
liquid petroleum; oil formation volume factor, solution gas oil ratio, oil viscosity, total
formation volume factor and oil compressibility. Natural gas engineering; ideal gas law,
real gas law and mixture of gases. Gas properties; gas density, gas specific gravity, gas
viscosity, gas formation volume factors, gas isothermal compressibility, Pseudo critical
properties and Pseudo reduced properties of gas. Drilling rigs; cable tool drilling and
rotary drilling. Drilling fluids; types, functions and density calculations. Casing,
cementing and completion. Basic phase behaviors; single, binary and Multicomponent
system. Reservoir drive mechanisms and Petroleum refinery products.
Course objectives
During the fundamentals of petroleum course students will be introduced to the
fundamental Engineering science concepts related to the petroleum Engineering.
On successful completion of this course students will:
Be able to know the nature of petroleum, and describe the chemical composition
of liquid and gaseous petroleum.
Know the concepts of petroleum geology and basic rock properties, and the
mechanisms of the origin and accumulation of petroleum.
Be able to describe the cable tool drilling equipments and the general basic
drilling techniques.
Be able the composition, functions, and nature of rotary drilling fluids.
Know the oil well cementing and casing practices.
Be able to know the well completions.
Know the reservoir drive mechanisms.
Know the main products which can be produced at the refineries.
Know the properties of reservoir rocks and fluids (oil and gas).
Be able to know the calculations of drilling fluid density.
Know the of phase behavior.
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
5
Course reading list
Ahmed, T. (2001) Reservoir Engineering Handbook. 2nd
edn. Texas:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Amyx, J. W., Bass, D. M. and Whuting, R. I. (1988) Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering: Physical Properties. California: McGraw-Hill Company, Inc.
Gatlin, G.(1996) Petroleum Engineering: Drilling and Well Completion.
Texas: Prentice – Hall, Inc.
Cosse, R. (1993) Basics of Reservoir Engineering: Oil and Gas Field
Development. Paris : Editions Technip.
Craft, B. C. and Hawkins, M. (1991) Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering. 2nd
edn. Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Holstein, E.D. (2007) Petroleum Engineering Handbook: Volume V
Reservoir Engineering and Petrophysics. Richardson, Texas: Society of
Petroleum Engineers.
Rabia, H. (2001) Well Engineering and Construction. Halesowen: ENTEC.
Tiab, D. and Donadson, E.C. (2004) Petrophysics: Theory And Practice Of
Measuring Reservoir Rock And Fluid Transport Properties. 2nd
edn. Oxford:
Gulf Professional Publishing.
Grading
Grading is based on:
Homework and attendance
Quizzes
Two courses exams
Final Examination
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
6
Syllabus
Weeks Contents 1 Introduction and Overview.
2 Petroleum definition, Chemical composition, Classification, Source, Traps, Products and API definition
3,4,5 Basic reservoir rock properties, Porosity and its types, Porosity calculation, Pore volume by saturation method and Bulk volume by displacement method.
6 Oil and water saturation and Quantitative use of porosity data.
7 Permeability and Darcy's law, Linear incompressible fluid flow and Radial incompressible fluid flow.
8 Conversion to practical units with applications.
9 Primary Recovery Mechanisms.
10 Drilling, Cable tool drilling and Rotary drilling.
11 Drilling Fluids, Composition, Types and Functions. 12 Drilling mud density calculations.
13 Casing, Cementing and Completion definitions.
14 Natural Gas Engineering, Ideal gas law and Mixture of gases (volume, mole and weight fractions).
15 Gas molecular weight, Gas density, Gas specific gravity and Real gas law.
16 Gas formation volume factor and Gas expansion factor.
17 Pseudo critical properties and Pseudo reduced properties.
18,19 Treating the C7+ mixture, Effect of non-hydrocarbon composition on the z-factor and Gas viscosity.
20,21 Initial gas in place calculations by: A-Volumetric method, B- Material balance method.
22,23 Basic concepts of phase behavior; Single component systems, Binary systems and Multi-component systems.
24,25 Properties of liquid petroleum; Oil’s density, Oil formation volume factor, Solution gas oil ratio, Oil viscosity with: Flash vaporization and Differential vaporization.
26 Total formation volume factor with an application on oil properties.
27,28 Isothermal compressibility, Gas compressibility factor and Oil compressibility factor with applications.
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
7
First subject: Petroleum (general view)
Subject objectives:
1. Petroleum definition and its chemical composition, classification, products.
2. API definition for crude oil evaluation
3. Source and traps
Subject details:
Petroleum may be defined as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, which may be either
gas, liquid or solid, depending on composition and the pressure and temperature.
The principal series found in petroleum are:
1. Paraffins which have the general formula CnH2n+2
2. Cycloparaffins having the general formula CnH2n
3. Aromatics having the general formula CnH2n-6
In addition to hydrocarbons, petroleum may contain impurities such as CO2 , H2S and
others.
Second subject: Porosity
Subject objectives: 1. Porosity measurement (by the calculation of Vb and Vp).
2. To calculate the initial oil or gas in place by the quantitative use of porosity data
3. Porosity value can be use in many reservoir engineering calculations.
Subject details: Porosity and its types
Porosity is a measure of the void space (pore space) with in a rock expressed as a
fraction (or percentage) of the bulk volume of that rock. The general expression for
porosity is
ф =Vp
Vb
ф = (Vb − Vg ) Vb
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
8
Where ф =porosity
Vb =bulk volume of the rock
Vg=grain volume
Vp=pore volume=the difference between bulk and grain volume
Third subject: Permeability
Subject objectives:
1. To determine the well flow rate for the producing fluid that can be use in petroleum
reservoir engineering calculations.
2. To be use in petroleum production engineering calculations.
Subject details:
Permeability definition and Darcy’s law
Permeability is defined as a measure of rock’s ability to transmit fluids. Darcy’s law in
differential form for linear incompressible fluid flow is:
υ = −k
µ
dp
dl
Where: υ=apperant flow velocity, cm/sec
µ=viscosity of the flowing fluid, cp
dp
dl=pressure gradient in the direction of flow, atm. / cm
k=permeability of the porous media, darcys
υ =q
A
Where : q=volumetric flow rate of fluid flow, cc/sec
A=total cross sectional area perpendicular to flow
direction, cm2
Darcy’s law for linear incompressible fluid flow is:
q =AKΔP
µL
Darcy’ law for radial incompressible fluid flow is:
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
9
q =2ΠKh(Pe − Pw)
µ ln(rerw)
Forth subject: Rotary Drilling and drilling mud functions Subject objectives:
1. To define the meaning of rotary drilling and basic rig components.
2. To describe the main functions of the drilling fluids.
3. To define the meaning of casing, cementing and completion.
4. To practice some calculations on drilling mud density.
Subject details:
In the rotary method, the hole is drilled by rotating a bit with down force load. The bit is
rotated by a drill string. The drill string is composed of drill pipe and drill collars. The
cuttings are lifted from the hole by the drilling fluid which is circulated down inside the
drill string through nozzles in the bit and upward in the annular space between the drill
pipe and the bore hole. At the surface, the returning fluid (mud) is passed through a
series of tanks (pits) to allow cutting separation and any necessary treating. In the last of
these pits the mud is picked up by the pump suction and repeats the cycle.
The basic functions of the drilling fluid are:
1. To cool and lubricate the bit and the drill string.
2. To remove and transport cutting from the bottom of the hole
to surface.
3. To suspend cuttings during times when circulation is stopped
4. To control encountered subsurface pressure.
5. To wall the hole with an impermeable filter cake.
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
10
Fifth subject: Natural gas engineering
Subject objectives:
Because of the use of natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG-butane and
propane), the natural gas and its products are as much in demand as oil.
Subject details:
Ideal and real gas law
The simplest equation of state is called the ideal gas law and is given by Boyle’s and
Charles’s law :
PV = nRT
Where: P is absolute pressure, psia
V is total volume, ft3
n is moles, Ib-mole=wt./Mw
T is absolute temperature °R(Rankine)
R is the gas constant=10.73
The number which is a measure of the amount the gas deviates from perfect (ideal)
behavior is called gas deviation factor, symbol Z. Then the real gas law is:
PV = ZnRT
Z-factor depends on P, T and type of gas.
Sixth subject: Basic concepts of phase behavior
Subject objectives:
From the P-T (Pressure-Temperature) diagram, we can define the type of reservoir fluid
and its behavior during the production time.
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
11
Subject details: Single component system: for example, P-T diagram of ethane
Binary system: For example, P-T diagram for ethane-n-heptane system is the following:
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
12
Multicomponent system: The phase for this system is shown in the following figure:
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
13
Seventh subject: Properties of liquid petroleum
Subject objectives:
1. To study the behavior of oil sample on isothermal pressure reduction above and below
the bubble point pressure.
2. To study the difference between flash and differential vaporization in PVT (Pressure-
Volume-Temperature)cell.
3. To define the oil properties as PVT relationships which are of fundamental importance
to the solution of many petroleum engineering problems.
Subject details:
Oil formation volume factor
This is the quantity denoted by Bo ,the reservoir volume occupied per volume of tank oil
(oil reduced to standard conditions s. c.)
Bo =reservoir oil volume at any p
oil volume at s. c. in
bbl
STB
Solution gas oil ratio
Denoted by Rs ,is the number of standard cubic feet of gas dissolved per barrel of tank
oil.
Rs =volume of dissolved gas at any P
volume of oil at s. c. in
SCF
STB
Oil viscosity (µo)
This is found by stepwise determination in a high pressure viscometer.
Total formation volume factor (Bt)
This is the total formation volume factor of one stock tank barrel of oil plus the originally
associated gas.
Bt = Bo + Bg Rsb − Rs in bbl/STB
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
14
Sample of Questions
Q.1/A) Calculate the initial gas formation volume factor at initial pressure 5000 psi and temperature 200°F for miscellaneous 0.75 gas gravity (assuming real gas behavior). B) Calculate the initial gas in place G(SCF) for the gas of part A with the following field data: Area=1000 acres Average porosity=0.2 Average connate water saturation=0.25 Average thickness=12 ft Q.2/A) A crude oil has a compressibility of 20*10-6 psi-1 and a bubble point of 3200 psia. Calculate the relative volume factor at 4400 psia, assuming constant compressibility. B) What is the meaning of the above compressibility value (20*10-6 psi-1 ) ? Q.3/A) Derive the flow equation for radial incompressible fluid flow ? B) Convert the equation of part A to field units ? Q.4/A) How much fresh water and clay must be mixed to prepare 1 liter of 1.05 specific gravity mud? B) How much Barite should be added to the mud of part A to increase its density to 9.5 Ib/gal? Note Ib /gal =0.1198 gm /cc Good luck Instructor
Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
15
Answers
Q1./Solution:
(A) At gas specific gravity =0.75 from the chart pPc=665 psia , pTc=405 °R
pPr=5000/665=7.52 , pTr=(200+460)/405=1.63
from the chart Z=0.98
𝐵𝑔 = 0.028𝑍 𝑇
𝑃
Bgi=0.0280.98∗660
5000= 0.003622 𝑓𝑡3/𝑆𝐶𝐹
(B) 𝐺 = 43560𝜑∗ 1−𝑆𝑤𝑐 ∗𝐴∗
𝐵𝑔𝑖
𝐺 = 435600.2 1 − 0.25 ∗ 1000 ∗ 12
0.003622
G=21.6*109 SCF=21.6 MMM SCF
Q2./Solution:
(A) 𝐶𝑜 = −1
𝑉 𝛥𝑉
𝛥𝑝
20 ∗ 10−6 = −1
𝑋
𝑋 − 1
4400 − 3200 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
24000*10-6
X = - X+1
1.024 X = 1
X = 0.9766 = RVF = Relative Volume Factor at P=4000 psia
(B) The meaning of Co=20*10-6
psi-1
is that the volume of 1 million barrels of
reservoir fluid will increase by 20 bbls for a reduction of 1 psi in pressure.
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
16
Q3./Solution:
(A)
𝑞
𝐴= +
𝑘
µ 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑟
𝐴 = 2𝜋 𝑟 Where: r=radius or distance from center, cm
And h=thickness of bed, cm
𝑞 𝑑𝑟
𝑟=
2𝜋 𝑘
µ 𝑑𝑝
𝑝𝑒
𝑝𝑤
𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑤
𝑞(ln 𝑟𝑒 − ln 𝑟𝑤) =2𝜋 𝑘
µ (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)
𝑞(ln 𝑟𝑒/𝑟𝑤) =2𝜋 𝑘 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)
µ
𝑞 =2𝜋 𝑘 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)
µ ln(𝑟𝑒/𝑟𝑤)
Where: q=is the flow rate in cc/sec, µ= the fluid viscosity in cp, re is the external
drainage radius in cm, rw is the well radius in cm, Pe,Pw are the pressure at re,rw in atm.
(B)Conversion to field units:
𝑞𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝑑𝑎𝑦∗
159000 𝑐𝑐
𝑏𝑏𝑙∗
𝑑𝑎𝑦
24 𝑟𝑠∗
𝑟𝑠
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛∗
𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
=2𝜋 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 ∗
30.48 𝑐𝑚𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑎𝑡𝑚14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
µ ln(𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑤)
𝑞 =24 ∗ 3600 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 30.48
159000 ∗ 14.7∗𝑘 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)
µ ln(𝑟𝑒/𝑟𝑤)
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
17
𝑞 =7.08 𝑘 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)
µ ln(𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑤)
Where h in ft, k in darcy, (Pe-Pw) in psia, µ in cp, q in bbl/day
Q4./Solution:
(A)
𝑉𝑠 =𝑉𝑚2(𝜌𝑚2 − 𝜌𝑚1)
𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑚1
𝑉𝑠 =1000(1.05 − 1.0)
(2.5 − 1.0)= 33.3 𝑐𝑐
𝜌𝑠𝑉𝑠 = 2.5 ∗ 33.3 = 83.3 𝑔𝑚
𝑉𝑚1 = 1000 − 33.3 = 966.7 𝑐𝑐= volume of fresh water
𝜌𝑚2 =1.05
0.1198= 8.765 𝐼𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙
(B)
𝑉𝑠 =𝑉𝑚1(𝜌𝑚2 − 𝜌𝑚1)
𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑚2
𝑉𝑠 =1000(9.5 − 8.765)
(4.3 ∗ 8.33 − 9.5)= 27.93 𝑐𝑐
𝜌𝑠𝑉𝑠 = 4.3 ∗ 27.93 = 120 𝑔𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒
Course book Fundamentals of petroleum
18
فيدباكي قوتابي خويَهدكار بؤ بابةتةكة
2013-2014: ڵيسا: رسۆك: روارەب
Fundamentals of petroleum :تە بابى واوویشانپشتیوان تحسیه محمد : ستاۆمام
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