Course-4 Rapersheet dr.balakrishnan - finaltnteu.in/pdf/CT4.pdf · 2 nzG.nzG ...!!!!2!olipqBl
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Transcript of Course-4 Rapersheet dr.balakrishnan - finaltnteu.in/pdf/CT4.pdf · 2 nzG.nzG ...!!!!2!olipqBl
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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14
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15
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!!!!
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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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27
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28
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30
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31
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3/!Ohs<Solipq!we<xiz<!we<e@!nK!wPk<K!olipqbqzqVf<K!wu<uiX!OuXhMgqxK@!
4/! uGh<hjxbqz<! Ohs<SolipqjbBl<?! wPk<K! olipqjbBl<! ! uti<k<kqMl<! upqLjxgjt!
uqtg<Gg/!
5/!h{<him<cje!gx<hqg<Gl<!n[GLjxgjt!uquiqg<g/!
32
nzGnzGnzGnzG....3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!olipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jlolipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jlolipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jlolipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jl!!!!
(Language Diversity in Classrooms)
himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!!!!(COURSE OBJECTIVES)
-h<himh<! ohiVtqjeg<! gx<x! hqe<H! Nsqiqb.li{ui<gt<! gQp<g<gi[l<! gx<xz<! -zg<Ggjt!
njmui</!
• Lkz<! olipqbqje! Lbe<X! njmkz<! lx<Xl<! ! -v{<mil<! olipqbqje! Lbe<X!
njmkjz!hx<xq!nxq<f<K!ogit<tz<!
• olipqh<Hzjl!lx<Xl<!himh<Hzjlg<G!-jmObbie!okimi<hqje!Hiqf<Kogit<tz<!
• olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<!lx<Xl<!uti<s<sq!hx<xqb!nxquqjeh<!ohxz<!
!
3/1/3/1/3/1/3/1/Le<ELe<ELe<ELe<Ejvjvjvjv!!!!
! olipq! we<hK! yV! Oksqb?! nZuzg! olipqbqje! gx<hqg<gh<! hbe<hMl<! himlig!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/! OlZl<! -K!-zg<gqbk<Kme<! okimi<HjmbK/!dkiv{lig! hqvie<̂ <!
fim<cz<! hqovR<Sl<?! gqiq^<! fim<cz<! gqOvg<gLl<?! klqp<! fim<cz<! klqPl<! gx<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
olipq!yV!himlig!slQhgizk<kqz<!hz<OuX!nl<sk<Kme<!uti<f<K!uVgqxK/!Hkqb!okipqz<!
Fm<hr<gt<?! Hkqb! Ogiiqg<jggTme<! hivl<hiqbligh<! hqe<hx<xh<hMl<! gVk<kqje! lix<xq!
njlh<hK!nusqbl</!ye<Xg<Gl<!Olx<hm<m!Oksqb!olipqgt<!ogi{<m!fiMgtqz<?!olipqbqe<!
gVk<jk!yV!ohiVtigg<!gVk!LcbiK/!
3/2/!3/2/!3/2/!3/2/!Lkz<olipq?!-v{<miLkz<olipq?!-v{<miLkz<olipq?!-v{<miLkz<olipq?!-v{<mil<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkl<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkl<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkl<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<z<z<z<!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!(First Language and Second Language Acquisition)!!!!
3/2/2/!3/2/2/!3/2/2/!3/2/2/!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;....!!!!ohiVt<;ohiVt<;ohiVt<;ohiVt<;!!!!(Language Acquisition – Meaning)!!!!
! olipqbqe<!ohiKuie!okimg<gl<!we<hK!olipqjbh<!hx<xq!OhSl<ohiPK?!nux<xqe<!
hz<OuX! osbz<hiMgtqz<?! gVk<Kgjt! hiqlixq<g<! ogit<tz<?! leh<hie<jljb!
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! olipq! we<hK! -bx<jgbig! Lbe<X! ohXkz<?! olipqbqe<! upq! h{<him<Mg<!
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33
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ohVl<hiZl<! Wx<hMgqxK! we<xiz<?! olipq! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqe<! lk<kqbqzqVf<K!
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3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/3/olipqBl<!gx<xZl<olipqBl<!gx<xZl<olipqBl<!gx<xZl<olipqBl<!gx<xZl<!!!!(Language and Learning)!!!!
! olipqbqe<! h{qbieK! kguz<! okimi<hqx<Glm<Mlqe<xq! w{<{r<gtqe<! Oll<him<OmiMl<!
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34
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olipqjb!hbe<hMk<kq!himg<gVk<Kgjt!outqh<hMk<KuK!lx<Xl<!!Oll<hMk<Kuke<!&zl<!
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ofxqh<hMk<Kukx<Gl<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!
! olipqbieK! SbOll<him<cz<! yV! Lg<gqb! hr<G! ugqg<gqxK/! OlZl<! flK!
d{i<UgjtBl<?! ohiXh<HgjtBl<!ujvbjx!osb<gqxK/! olipqjb!yV!ht<tqh<! himlig!
juh<hkx<gie! Lke<jlbie! Ofig<gl<! gx<OhivK! Sb! uti<s<sqjb! Oll<hhMk<KukiGl</!
-ke<! &zl<! olipqjb! Ng<gh<H,i<uligUl<?! d{i<Uh<H,i<uligUl<! hbe<hMk<k! LcgqxK/!
dkiv{lig! gjk! wPKkz<?! himz<! -bx<xz<! OlZl<! olipqbqje! ht<tqh<himlig!
hbe<hMk<Kukiz<! li{ui<gt<! kr<gTjmb! himg<gVk<kqje! Sblig! nxqf<Kogit<tUl<!
hbe<hMgqxK/!
3/3/!3/3/!3/3/!3/3/!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<!!!!(Language Acquisition)!!!!
! h{<jmb! gizr<gtqz<! olipqg<! gx<xzieK! olipq! nxqf<kui<gtqml<!
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olipqbqbz<! sii<f<k! Fm<hlie! nxqju! ohXukqz<! kuXgt<! Wx<hMgqxK/! leqki<gtqe<!
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kie<! Hiqf<K! ogi{<mux<jx! hqxVg<G! d{i<k<k! olipq! nusqbligqxK/! leqki<gt<!
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osix<oximi<gTl<!dVuig<gh<hm<M!uVgqxK/!
3/3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<!!!!(Language Acquisition and Development)!!!!
! he<olipqg<ogit<jggt<! li{ui<gt<! klK! nxqUsii<! uti<s<sq! osbz<hiMgtqz<!
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35
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ds<siqk<kZl<!uzqBXk<kh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!!
! olipqjb!yV!ht<tq<h<!himlig!gx<hqk<kzqz<!-V!OuX!g{<O{im<mr<gt<!dt<te/!
njubiue;!
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uGg<gh<hm<Mt<t! kqm<mum<m! uqkqLjxgjt! hqe<hx<xqMl<! LjxbiGl</! -K! olipqjbk<!
K~b<jlbig!hbe<hM<k<KkZg<G!nkqg!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<gqxK/!
)N*! -K! olipq! wu<uiX! Ohsh<hMgqxK! we<hjk! ui<{qh<hkqz<! guel<! osZk<Kukiz<?!
ui<{je! Ljx! we<X! njpg<gh<hMgqxK/! -u<u[GLjx?! ouu<OuX! gizgm<mr<gtqz<!
olipqbqe<!hbe<hiMgt<?!olipqbqe<!uti<s<sq?!olipqs<!sQi<kqVk<kl<!Ohie<xux<jx!uquiqk<Kg<!
%XgqxK/!olipqjb!hbe<hMk<Kl<!Ljxgtqz<!wK!siq?!wK!kuX!Ohie<x!fqbkq!wjkBl<!
%Xukqz<jz/!!
3/3/3/!3/3/3/!3/3/3/!3/3/3/!olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<!!!!(Language Theory & Pedagogy)!!!!
!!!! gx<hqk<kz<! Ogim<hiMgjtBl<?! uGh<hjx! osbz<hiMgjtBl<! giv{! –! givqb!
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njmbitl<!gim<Ml<!Le<EiqjlgTl<!sqxh<hqml<!ohXgqe<xe/!
! olipqjb! ht<tqbqz<! yV! himligg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! -V! n[GLjxgt<!
hqe<hx<xh<hMgqe<xe!–!)n*!Lx<Ohig<G!n[GLjx!! )N*!lvHiQkqbqzie!n[GLjx/!
)n*)n*)n*)n*!!!! Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;! (Progressive Approach) -kqz<! d{i<U! H,i<ulie!
gx<hqk<kZl<?! gx<hqk<kzqe<! ohiPK! himh<ohiVTg<G! uqtg<gltqh<hkqz<! keqk<Kuk<jk!
36
outqh<hMk<KuKl<!sqxh<hqml<!ohXgqe<xe/!Neiz<!-l<Ljx!lvH!lQxqb!Sboutqh<him<Mg<G!
nkqg!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqh<hkig!uqli<sqg<gh<hMgqxK/!!
)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;!!!! (Traditional Approach)! fQ{<m! ofMr<gizlig!
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Lg<gqbk<Kul<!kvh<hMukqz<jz/!
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-zg<gigqxK/!!
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Le<%m<cOb!kbiiq<k<K!nkx<Ogx<h!gjzk<kqm<mk<jk!dVuig<g!Ou{<Ml</!
3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!himk<kqxe<gt<himk<kqxe<gt<himk<kqxe<gt<himk<kqxe<gt<!!!!(Subject Skills)!!!!
olipqjb!yV!himligg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<?“dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<”!)Receptive Skills)!
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connected)!NGl</!dkiv{lig?!yV!li{ui<!himh<hGkq!ye<jxh<!hck<kxqBl<OhiK?!nK!
Gxqk<K! sg! li{ui<gtqml<! OhsUl<?!nui<gtK!gVk<Kgjt! Ogm<mxqf<kqmUl<?! SVg<glig!
Gxqh<Hgt<!wPkqmUl<!Lx<hMujk!fil<!gi{zil</!!-u<uiX!osbz<hMl<OhiK?!nl<li{ui<!
kie<!hck<kxqBl<!himh<!hGkqjb!fe<G!Hvqf<K!ogit<t!LcgqxK/!weOu!ouu<OuX!gx<xz<!
$pZg<G! Wx<hUl<?! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<! olipqg<! gx<hqk<kZg<gie! g{<O{im<mk<jkh<!
ohiXk<Kl<!himk<kqxe<gTg<G!ntqg<gh<hMl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!OuXhMgqxK/!!!
37
! SVr<gg<! %xqe<?! gz<uq! njlh<hqz<?! okipqx<! ! hqvquqz<! )Vocational stream) hbqZl<!
li{ui<gt<! lx<Xl<! gjzh<himh<! hqvquqz<! (Academic stream)! hbqZl<! li{ui<<gt<! ohx<xqm!
Ou{<cb!olipqh<himk<!kqxe<gt<!lx<Xl<!nux<xqx<G!ntqg<gh<hMl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!Ngqbju!
OuXhMgqe<xe/! ! dkiv{lig! okipqx<hqvquqz<! “dt<uir<gqg<! ! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gTg<Gl<!
Gxqh<hig! Ohs<S! kqxe<gTg<Gl<?! gjzh<himh<! hqvquqz<! hbqz<OuiVg<G! outqh<hMk<Kl<!
kqxe<gTg<Gl<! Gxqh<hig! wPKkz<”! kqxe<gTg<Gl<! nkqg! Lg<gqbk<Kul<!
ntqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!!
3/3/5/!3/3/5/!3/3/5/!3/3/5/!olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<!!!!(Language and Literature)!!!!
! olipqsii<f<k!gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<!-v{<M!ujgbie!n[GLjxgt<!dt<te/!
• gz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjxgz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjxgz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjxgz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjx!olipqbqe<!njlh<hqjeh<!hx<xq!uqtg<GgqxK/!
• kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!olipqbqe<!hbe<him<cje!uqtg<GgqxK/!
!!!!
-u<uqV! n[GLjxgTl<?! ouu<OuX!ntUgtqz<! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<! hbe<hMk<kh<.
hMgqxK/! olipqbqbz<! kqxe<gjt! Oll<hMk<Kukx<G! -zg<g{! nxqUl<?!
osix<gtR<sqbLl<!nch<hjm! Okjubig!dt<tK/! hz<ujgbie!olipq!nxquqje!
ohXkz<?!olipqg<!gx<OhivK!olipqbqbz<!kqxe<gjt!uZh<hMk<KgqxK/!!
3/6/!3/6/!3/6/!3/6/!olipqh<himk<kqe<!gxolipqh<himk<kqe<!gxolipqh<himk<kqe<!gxolipqh<himk<kqe<!gx<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(Teaching Approaches in language as Subject: Genres and Tasks)!!!!
olipqjb! yV! himligg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! dt<t! suizie! h{qOb! yVHxl<! dVuig<gh<hm!
Ou{<cb!olipqsii<!osbz<kqxe<gt<!( Linguistic competencies), uqPlr<gt<?!leh<hie<jlgt<!
Ngqbux<xqx<G! -jmObBl<?! lXHxl<! gjzk<kqm<m! dt<tmg<gk<kqz<! -ml<! ohx!
Ou{<cbux<xqx<gqjmObBl<! slfqjzjb! Wx<hMk<kqMukqz<?! gx<xz<! .! gx<hqk<kz<! osbz<!
we<hK!olipqbix<xjz!li{ui<gtqml<!uti<k<kqMkz<!we<hjkBl<!gVk<kqz<!ogit<t!Ou{<c!
-Vk<kziGl</!!
! li{ui<gtqe<! olipqbxqjuh<! hbe<hMk<kq! olipqsii<! osbz<kqxe<gjt!
Oll<hMk<Kkz<?‘hck<kz<<’! kqxje! uZh<hMk<Kuke<! &zl<! olipq! uibqzig! h{<him<M!
nxquqje! li{ui<gt<! ohx<xqMkjz! Dg<Guqk<kz<?! h{<him<Ms<! osbz<hiMgtqz<! hr<G!
ogit<ts<! osb<kz<! Ohie<xux<jx! klK! -zg<Ggtigg<! ogi{<M! olipqbisqvqbi<gt<!
osbz<hMuK!!nusqbliGl</! !-kx<gig!Nsqvqbi<gt<! hGk<kxqBl<!n[GLjx! (Analytic
38
approach)!lx<Xl<!LPjlbie!n[GLjxjb! (Holitic approach)! hbe<hMk<Kkz<?! himh<!
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osbz<gjt! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<m! n[GLjx! (Process Oriented approach)! Ohie<x!
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lx<Xl<! okiGfqjz! Osikje! Ljx! (Summative approach) &zl<! li{ui<gtK! gx<xz<!
njmju!nu<uh<OhiK!lkqh<hqmjzBl<!ohiVk<kligg<!jgbit!Ou{<cBt<tK/!!!
!!!!!-K! Ohie<Ox! olipqg<! gx<hqk<kZg<gie! gjzk<! kqm<mk<kqz<! olipqbqz<! -ml<! ohx!
Ou{<cb! himh<ohiVtqe<! hz<OuX! ucur<gt<! )guqjk?! osb<Bt<?! djvfjm?! fimgl<!
Ohie<xju*! gx<hqk<kz<! &zl<! dVuig<gh<hm! Ou{<cb! kqxe<gtqe<! hz<OuX! ucur<gt<!!!!!!
)w.M*! ! li{ui<gTg<G! “wPKkz<’! kqxeqz<! hbqx<sqbtqk<kzqe<! hz<OuX! Ofig<gr<gt<!
)nxqg<jg! kbivqk<kz<?! gckl<! wPKkz<?! guqjk! Hjekz<?! gm<Mjv!ujvkz<! Ohie<xju*!
Ngqbux<jxg<!gVk<kqz<!ogi{<M!olipqbisqvqbi<gt<!osbz<hm!Ou{<cBt<tK/!!
3/3/7/!3/3/7/!3/3/7/!3/3/7/!olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<!!!!(The Domains of language as a subject)!!!!
olipqjb!yV!himligg<! (Subject*! gVKl<OhiK?!nke<! fie<G!Lg<gqb!osbx<gtr<gtig!
(i)! uisqk<kz<?(ii)wPKkz<?(iii)! OhSkZl<! Ogm<mZl<! (Speaking and listening) (iv)! olipq!
hx<xqb! nxqU! )Knowledge about language)! Ngqbju! ui<{qg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! ohiKuig!
olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!him!Fijzh<!hbe<hMk<kqMl<OhiK!(Using a text)!-f<fie<G!%XgTl<!
yVr<gqj{g<gh<hMgqe<xe/! dkiv{lig?! him! Fijz! uisqk<K! nke<! nch<hjmbqz<!
uquikk<jk! uGh<hjxbqz<! Olx<ogit<Tl<OhiK?! nKOu! wPKl<! h{qg<gie! Ki{<mzig!
njlgqxK/! olipqjb! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<! yV! himlig! (subject)! njlk<kqMl<OhiK?!
yu<ouiV! osbx<gtg<! %Xg<Gl<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<gh<hMgqxK/! ! -u<uiX! yu<ouiV!
osbx<gtg<! %Xg<Gl<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<g! Lx<hMl<OhiK! hz<OuX! hqvs<sjegt<!
wPgqe<xe/!dkiv{lig?‘wPKkz<’!we<El<!osbz<kqxe<?!ouu<OuX!$pz<gtqz<?!ouu<OuX!
Ofig<gr<gTg<gig! hbe<hMk<kqMl<! OhiK?! uisqk<kz<! kqxe<! -Vh<hkiOzOb! nK! kiOe!
Wx<hm<M! uqMukqz<jz/! ! Ljxh<hc?‘wPKkz<’! kqxeqz<! hbq<x<sqbtqk<kz<! &zOl! nkje!
Oll<hMk<kqm!LcBl</!!okimg<gg<!gz<uqg<gie!uGh<HgtqzqVf<K!ht<tqg<!gz<uqbqe<!-Xkq!
uGh<Hgt<!Lcb!wPKkz<!kqxje!Oll<hMk<kqm!Ljxbie!hbx<sqbtqk<kz<!nusqbligqxK/!!
Nvl<h! gizr<gtqz<! Gxqh<hig! HGfqjz! ht<tq! fqjzbqz<! (Pre-school stage)! wPkh<hcg<g!
li{ui<gTg<G!hbqx<sqbtqk<K!wkqi<giz!gx<xZg<gie!nck<ktk<jk!Wx<hMk<kqm!Ou{<Ml</!
uGh<Hfqjz!dbv!dbv!hz<OuX!!osbx<gtk<!kqxe<gTl<!uqvqujmf<K!Oll<hiM!njmBl<!
ujgbqz<!olipqh<!himk<kqx<gie!gjzk<kqm<mk<jk!dVuig<gqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!!
39
‘uisqk<kz<’!we<hK!ht<tqg<!gz<uqObiM!fqe<X!uqMukqz<jz?!!uip<fit<!LPuKl<!fQcg<gg<!
%cbkiGl</! weOu! hz<OuX! ujg! F~z<gjt! )Hkqel<?! sqXgjk?! ofMr<gjk?! guqjk?!
kqxeib<Ug<!gm<Mjv!Ohie<xju*!hch<hkx<gie!uib<h<jh!gjzk<kqm<ml<!ntqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
! h{<mjmb!olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<! OhSkz<?! Ogm<mz<?!gzf<Kjvbimz<! Ohie<xux<xqx<G!
Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<gh<hmuqz<jz/! Neiz<! kx<OhiK! uib<olipq! hbe<him<Mg<G! nkqg!
Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<gh<hMgqxK/! yV! olipqjbh<! OhsUl<?! hqxi<! OhSujk! Hiqf<K!
ogit<tUl<! LcBl<! we<hkiOzOb?! yV! li{ue<! olipqbqz<! Oki<s<sq! ohx<X?! Ohs<sqe<!
hz<OuX! ucur<gtie! djvbiMkz<?! uikqMkz<?! osix<Ohii<! Hiqkz<?! osix<ohipqU!
fqgp<k<Kkz<! Ohie<xux<xqz<! hr<G! ohXl<! kqxe<! ohx<Xuqm<mkig! gVkLcbiK/! kuqv!
ouu<OuX!olipqjb!kib<olipqbigg<!ogi{<Omii<!dt<t!uGh<hjxbqz<!olipqg<!gx<hqk<kz<!
&zl<!li{ui<gtqml<!olipqk<kqxe<gjt!dVuig<Gukqz<?!wf<okf<k!osbx<gtg<!%XgTg<G!
wf<k! ntU! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<hKl<! guek<kqz<! ogit<t! Ou{<cb!
hqvs<sjebiGl</! nkiuK! yV! olipqjb! himolipqbigg<! gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK! nkje!Lkz<!
olipqbigg<! )kib<olipq! Ohie<X*! gx<hqk<kZg<Gl<?! -v{<miuK! olipqbig! )kib<olipq!
nz<zik!hqx!olipqbig*!gx<hqk<kZg<Gl<!-jmOb!ohVk<k!OuXhiM!dt<tK/!
x*! -v{<miuK! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<! Gpf<jkbqe<! Lkz<! olipqbqe<! GXg<gQM! (Interference)!
gi{h<hMl</!
xi*!Gpf<jkbqe<!kib<olipqBl<?!nK!hqxf<K!uti<f<k!hGkqbqz<!ohVl<hiOziviz<!Ohsh<hMl<!
olipqBl<! Ouxig! -Vh<hqe<?! nu<uqV! olipqgjtBOl! wtqkigg<! gx<Xg<! Gpf<jk!
‘-Volipqbqee<’! NgqxK/! -Vf<kOhikqZl<! ohiKuig! kib<olipqbqz<kie<! Gpf<jkbqe<!
Hzjl!nkqgiqk<Kg<!gi{h<hMl<?!Neiz<!-v{<miuK!olipqbqz<!nui<gtK!olipqk<kqxe<?!
nkje!Glvh<hVuk<kqz<!gx<Ohiiqml<!gi{h<hMkjzuqm!lqg!dbi<uigOu!-Vg<Gl</!
3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!–!!!!
Oux<Xjlgt<Oux<Xjlgt<Oux<Xjlgt<Oux<Xjlgt< (Differences and Similarities between First and Second Language
Acquisition)!!!!
Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<miuK!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!-jmObbie!OuXhiMgtqz<?!Lke<jlbig!
ohVl<hiOziviz<! gVkh<hMuK! ohxh<hMl<! Oki<s<sqbtU! (Level of mastery) lx<Xl<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hmik! fqjzbqz<! lxf<K! OhiGl<! uqgqkl<! (Rate of forgetting when not in
use)NGl</![h<Ot!lx<Xl<!u<Ovilie<!(Bley and Vtoman, 1989)].
40
! Olx<g{<m! -VuvK! Nb<Ugjtk<! okimi<f<K?! wz<zq <̂! (Ellis,1994)! we<hii<!
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ye<hK!OuXhiMgjtg<!Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tii</!
2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!(Overall Success):!-v{<mil<!olipqg<!gx<Ohii<!Lkz<!
olipqg<!gx<Ohijvh<!Ohie<X!LPjlbie!olipqk<!Oki<s<sq!ohXukqz<jz/!
3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H!3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H!3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H!3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H! (Chances of general failure):! -v{<mil<!
olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?!Lkz<! olipqg<! gx<xjzh<! Ohize<xq?! olipqk<! kqxe<! Oki<s<sq! Wx<hmilz<!
Ohiukx<Gl<!uib<h<H!dt<tK/!
4/4/4/4/!!!!liXhiM!)liXhiM!)liXhiM!)liXhiM!)Variation):!-v{<mil<!olipqg<!gx<xzqz<?!Oki<s<sq!ntU!keqfhi<!OuXhim<ce<!
hikqh<Hg<G!dt<tigqxK/!
5/! -zg<Ggt<!5/! -zg<Ggt<!5/! -zg<Ggt<!5/! -zg<Ggt<! (Goals): olipqg<! gx<xzqz<! njmb! Ou{<cb! -zg<gig! Gxqh<hqmh<hMl<!
osbz<kqxe<! )Target competence*! ntju! uqm?! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<Ohii<! Gjxf<k!
njmuqjeOb!ohXgqe<xei</!
6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!(Fossilisation):!okimi<f<K!hbe<!hMk<kilz<!-Vf<kiz<!gx<Xg<!ogi{<m!
-v{<miuK!olipq!ouGsQg<gqvl<!lxf<K!OhiGl<!nhibl<!dt<tK/!
7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<!7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<!7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<!7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<! (Intution): -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<Ohii<! -zg<g{! iQkqbig! oktquie!
LcUgt<!wMh<hkqz<!kq{Xui</!
8/8/8/8/gx<hqk<kz<!gx<hqk<kz<!gx<hqk<kz<!gx<hqk<kz<!(Instruction): Lkz<olipqg<!!gx<xZg<G!gx<hqk<kz<!wKUl<!Okjuh<hMukqz<jz/!
Neiz<!-v{<mil<!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!gx<hqk<kz<!nusqbligqxK/!
9/9/9/9/kqVk<Kuke<! Okju!kqVk<Kuke<! Okju!kqVk<Kuke<! Okju!kqVk<Kuke<! Okju! (Need for correction )!!!! ;!;!;!;! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! kqVk<kl<!
ntqh<hK!gx<OhiVg<G!dkuqgvlig!-Vh<hkigg<!gVkh<hMgqxK/!
:/:/:/:/d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM!d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM!d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM!d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM! ( Affective factor in learning ): -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?!
gx<OhiVg<G! Lkz<olipqg<! gx<xzqz<! -Vh<hK! Ohie<x! d{i<U! h,i<ulie! =MhiM!
-Vh<hkqz<jz/!!
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njmkzqz<!yx<Xjl.Oux<Xjlgtig!gQp<g<g{<m!d{<jlgjt!wz<z}Q̂ <!Gxqh<hqMgqxii</!!
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2/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<!nkqg! olipqk<kqxe<gjth<! ohXuK! olipqg<! gx<xZg<gig!
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olipqg<gx<xjzuqm!uqjtbim<M?!-js!Ohie<x!hqx!osbz<hiMgtqz<!guel<!osZk<KgqxK/!!
6/! Lkz<! olipqg<! gx<xzieK! hqxh<hqOzObk<! K~{<mh<hm<M! -bz<H,g<gk<kqe<! nch<hjmbqz<!
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dt<tQMgt<!OkjubigqxK/!!
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-Vh<hqEl<!nuvK!kib<olipqbqje!LPjlbigUl<!sqxh<higUl<!OhSui</!Neiz<!-v{<mil<!
olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!sqxh<Hk<kqxEl<!%Mkz<!Lbx<sqBl<!nusqbligqxK/!
9/! Lkz<! olipqg<! gx<xz<! nxqUsii<! uti<s<sqObiM! -j{f<K! fjmohXgqxK/! -v{<mil<!
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:/! Lkz<! olipq! gx<xhqe<! ouGgizl<! nkje! hbe<hMk<kilz<! -Vf<kiZl<! lxf<K!
Ohiukqz<jz/! -v{<mil<! olipq! gx<xhqe<?! nkje! ouGgizl<! hbe<hMk<kilz<! -Vf<kiz<!
lxf<KOhiGl<!uib<h<H!nkqgl</!!
21/Gpf<jk! YovPk<K! osiz<?! =ovPk<K! osiz<! we<X! hch<hcbig! wtqbux<xqzqVf<K?!!
gcelieux<jxg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<Tl</!-v{<mil<! olipqg<!gx<xzqe<! wPk<Kg<gjtg<!gx<xz<?!
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gx<Xg<!ogiMg<gh<hMl</!
42
22/! Gpf<jkgt<! Lkz<olipqjb! wPKukx<G! Le<! Ohsg<! gx<Xg<! ogit<Tl</! -v{<mil<!
olipqg<!gx<xzqz<!wPkg<!gx<Xg<!ogi{<m!hqe<Oh!OhSkz<!YvtU!sik<kqbliGl</!
23/! Gpf<jk! hVuk<kqOzOb! -V! olipqgjt! gx<hqg<Gl<! ohiPK! nkqz<! -v{<mil<!
olipqbieK! Lkz<! )kib<*! olipqg<gx<xzqz<! OlOzir<gqbqVg<gqxK/! NbqEl<! lx<oxiV!
olipqBl<?!olipqk<kqxEl<!uti<s<sq!ohx<xkig!dt<tK/!
3/5/!3/5/!3/5/!3/5/!uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<!!!!
( Using of First and Second Language in the Clasroom)
!!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<Gl<!OhiK?!Lkz<!olipqbqe<!hbe<hiM!Gxqk<K!
%xh<hMl<!gVk<Kgtiue;!
<̂Coue<!g<Ov<̂Coue<!g<Ov<̂Coue<!g<Ov<̂Coue<!g<Ov]]]]eeee<! (Steven Krashen)!we<hii<!Le<olipqf<k! “olipqg<gx<xzqz<!-bx<jgbie!
n[GLjx”( Natural approach to language acquisition ) we<hK!%XukiuK;! “li{ui<gt<!
Lkz<! olipqjbg<! gx<Gl<! uqkk<kqOzOb! -v{<mil<! olipqjbBl<! gx<gqe<xei<<?! -v{<mil<!
olipqjb!!Ofvqjmbig!d{i<f<kxqukx<gie!!OhvtU!uib<h<H!! ( Massive exposure to the
second language)! Lkz<! olipqjb! lqgg<! Gjxf<k! ntU! hbe<hMk<Kkz<! Ngqbux<xqe<!
&zl<! -v{<mil<! olipq! lqg! fe<xig! gx<gh<hMgqxK/”! nu<uh<OhiK! Lkz<! olipqjb!
Nsqvqbi<gTl<! li{ui<gTl<! hbe<hMk<kqMuke<! &zl<! -v{<mil<! olipqjb! li{ui<gt<!
fe<G!ohiVt<!d{i<f<K!sqxh<higg<!gx<g!LcBl<!we<X!Nb<U!LcUgt<!okvquqg<gqe<xe/!
3/5/2/NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!(Teachers uses in First Language)!!!!
!!!! gQp<g<gi[l<! $pz<gtqz<! Nsqiqbi<! Lkz<! olipqjb! Nvl<hfqjz! uGh<HgtqZl<!
-jmfqjz!uGh<HgtqZl<!hbe<hMk<Kgqxii</!
• li{ig<gVg<G! nui<gTg<Gk<! kvh<hm<Mt<t! h{qgt<! Gxqk<K! Gxqh<Hjv!
upr<Gl<OhiKl<?!
• Hkqb!osix<gtqe<!ohiVt<!Gxqk<K!uqtg<Gl<!OhiKl<?!
• sqg<gzie!gVk<Kgt<?!dujlgt<!Ohie<xux<jx!uqtg<Gl<!OhiKl<?!
• sqg<gzie!-zg<g{!uqkqgjt!uqtg<Gl<!OhiKl<!
!!!!!!Nsqvqbi<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kg<!%Ml</!
!!!!
!!!!
43
3/5/3/!3/5/3/!3/5/3/!3/5/3/!li{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiMli{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiMli{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiMli{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiM!!!!(Students uses in First Language)!!!!
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Lx<hMl<OhiK! klg<Gt<! Lkz<! olipqbqOzOb! Ohsqg<! ogit<ui</! Lkz<! olipqjbh<!
hbe<hMk<Kuke<! &zl<! li{ui<gt<?! jugim<̂ <gq! (Vygotsky)! %XuK! Ohie<X! ‘hqxi<!
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Development) -br<gqm! LcBl</! -v{<mil<! olipqjbg<! gx<Gl<OhiK! li{ui<gt<! Lkz<!
olipqjb! nu<uh<OhiK! hbe<hMk<Kuke<! &zl<! gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! himg<! gVk<Kgjt!
dbi<sqf<kje!ogi{<M!hiqsQzqg<g!LcgqxK! (Able to cognitively process at a higher level)/!
li{ui<gt<! klg<Gt<! djvbiMl<OhiKl<?! him! sl<hf<klig! gzf<KjvbiMl<! OhiKl<!
Gvz<olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kui</!dkiv{lig!gx<Gl<!-v{<miuK!olipq!okimi<hig!fqgPl<!
li{ui<gtK! gzf<Kjvbimzqz<! yV! li{ui<! ohiVk<klx<x! uii<k<jkjbh<!
hbe<hMk<kqMl<OhiK! lx<xuiqml<! dkuq! Ogm<Gl<ohiPK?! le<eqh<H! ! Ogm<Gl<! ohiPKl<!
‘please’, ‘sorry’ we<X! %xq! siqbie! uii<k<jkjb! )-v{<mil<! olipqbqz<*! %xqMuii</! -K!
Ohie<Ox!li{ui<!yVui<!“I like the ice-cream”!we<X!%Xl<OhiK!nkjek<!kqVk<kq!“I like
ice-cream”! we<X! kie<! %x! Ou{<Ml<! we<X! osiz<Zl<OhiKl<?! Lkz<! olipq!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/! li{ui<gt<! yV! gVk<kqjeg<! %x! kq{Vl<OhiK?! klK!
Lkz<olipqjb!dmOe!hbe<!hMk<kqMuK!-bz<hie!ye<Ox?!Neiz<!uGh<hqz<!-v{<miuK!
olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! hbqx<sq! osb<Bl<! OhiK?! -v{<miuK! olipqs<! osix<gjt! lm<MOl!
hbe<hMk<kqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!
• Lkz<! olipqbqe<! osix<gtR<sqblieK! -v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<gik! $pzqZl<!
nkqZt<t! gVk<<Kg<gjt! dbi<f<k! ntuqz<! Hiqf<K! ogit<ukx<G! dkuqbig!
njlgqxK/!
3/5/4/3/5/4/3/5/4/3/5/4/li{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hli{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hli{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hli{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<Mk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<Mk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<Mk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<!!!!
� li{ui<gt<! klg<Gt<! himg<gVk<jk! oktqUhMk<kqg<! ogit<Tl<! ujgbqz<! Ogt<uq!
Ogm<mz<!(Students ask each other clarifying questions)
� gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! himh<ohiVt<! Hiqbik! fqjzbqz<! li{ui<gt<! nK! Gxqk<K!
leuVk<kk<jk! outqh<hMk<kqmz<! (Express frustrations concerning their lack of
understanding).
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&zl<!uqtg<gl<!ohXkz</!
44
� Lkz<! olipqbqz<! klg<G! Wx<geOu! okiqf<kqVg<Gl<! osix<gTg<G! -j{bie!
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sf<Okgr<gjt!sl!li{ui<gtqml<!uquikqk<K!nxqkz</!
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-bzuqz<jz!weqz<?!nVgqZt<t!li{uiqml<!Ogm<mxqkz<!-bz<OhbiGl</!sqz!uqeig<gtqz<!!
uqjmgjt!siqhii<k<Kg<!ogit<tUl<?!sqX!uquikr<gtqz<!=MhMl<OhiKl<?!Nsqiqbi<!uqtg<gl<!
%xiK!uqm<mOhiKl<!OuoxiV!li{uVme<!Lkz<!olipqbqOzOb!OhSkz<!-bz<H!NGl</!
3/5//5/3/5//5/3/5//5/3/5//5/uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!(Using of Second Language in
the class)
! -v{<miuK!olipq!we<hK!kib<olipq!nz<zik!OuoxiV!olipq/!hbqx<X!olipqbig!
-Vg<gg<%Ml</!klqp<fim<cz<!klqp<!Lkz<!olipqbigUl<?!Nr<gqzl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbigUl<!
Wx<Xg<! ogit<th<hm<Mt<tK/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! himg<gVk<Kgjth<! Hiqf<K!
ogi{<M!nl<olipqbqz<!Gxqh<hqm<m!njmjuh<! (Achievement)!ohXkz<!lm<MOl!Ofig<glig!
dt<tK/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! WOkEl<! sqz! osix<gt<! nz<zK! uig<gqbr<gt<!
uqtr<guqz<jz!we<X!li{ui<gt<!gVkqeiz<?!nux<jx!Nsqiqbjvg<!Ogm<Mk<!oktqUhMk<kqg<!
ogit<tzil</! hzi<?! dme<! hbqZl<! li{ig<giqml<?! uGh<hqz<! kie<! Ogm<gk<! kuxqb!
kguz<gt<?! osix<gt<?!dujlgt<?! fjgs<Sjuk<!K[g<Ggt<?! Ohie<xux<jx!-vi{<miuK!
olipqbqOzOb!km<Mk<kMlixqObEl<!Ogm<M!nxqf<K!ogit<uii<gt</!
3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!
-jmObbie!OuXhiM!-jmObbie!OuXhiM!-jmObbie!OuXhiM!-jmObbie!OuXhiM! (Difference Between Language as a school Subject and Means of
Communication)
3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H!!!!(Communication****!!!!
3;6;12;2!3;6;12;2!3;6;12;2!3;6;12;2!‘kguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<H’!!!!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!(Meaning of Communication)
! -Vui<! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<Omii<! klg<Gt<! osb<kqh<! hiqlix<xl<! osb<K!
ogit<TkOz! ‘kguz<! okimi<H’! we<X! nxqbh<hMgqxK/! kguz<! okimi<H! we<hK! Ohs<S!
olipq?! wPk<K! olipq?! GxqbQMgt<! (Signs)?! jsjggt<! (gestures)?! Lghiur<gt<! (Facial
expressions)?! uqgml<! (Mimicry)! hqvhz! leqki<gt<! Ohiz! OhSkz<?! lqVgr<gt<! Ohiz! yzq!
45
wPh<Hkz<! Ohie<xju?! gim<sq! ucuqzie! nz<zK! fch<H! ucuqzie! gjzgt<! (Visual or
dramatic arts)! Ohie<xju! &zl<! fqgpg<%Ml</! -e<X! upg<G! olipqObiM! %m! sr<Ogk!
olipqBl<!(Code language)!kguz<!okimi<hqz<!-ml<!ohXgqxK/!
3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!(Methods of Communication)
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! okie<Xokim<M! hbe<hMk<kh<hm<M! uVl<! kitqz<! wPkh<hm<m/hkqU! osb<bh<hm<m!
gckr<gt<?! nxqg<jggt<?! Nu{r<gt<! Ohie<xjuObiM! lqe<e[! siker<gt<! uibqzig!
nEh<hh<hMl<!Nu{r<gt<?!lqe<eR<sz<gt<!(e-mails)?!GXR<osb<kqgt<!(SMS)!Ohie<xjuBl<!
wPk<K!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kq!kguz<!okimi<H!ogit<Tukqz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!(Oral Communication)!!!!
! OfVg<G! Ofi<! djvbiMkz<?! okijzOhsq?! gio{itq! gim<sq! (Video Conferencing)!
-j{bktk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!&zl<!djvbiMkz<!Ohie<xju!-kqz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!(Non-verbal Communication)
! Lghiur<gt<?! dmz<olipq?! jsjggt<?! Gvz<! yzq! Ohie<xju! -u<ujgk<! kguz<!
okimi<hqz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
! Ohs<S! lx<Xl<! wPk<K! ucuqzie! kguz<! okimi<H?! ‘olipqsii<! kguz<! okimi<H’
(Linguistic Communication)!weUl<?!osix<gtqe<xq!dmz<olipq!&zl<!fjmohXkz<!kguz<!
okimi<H! ‘olipqsivi! kguz<! okimi<H’ (Non-linguistic Communication)! we<Xl<!
njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM!3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM!3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM!3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM! (Difference Between
Language and Communication)
! olipqBl<?! kguz<! okimi<Hl<! ofVr<gqb! okimi<Hjmbkigg<! gi{h<hm<miZl<!
nux<xqg<G!-jmOb!OuXhiMgt<!dt<te/!
! kguz<!okimi<H!we<hK!OhSkz<?!wPKkz<!nz<zK!hqx!Dmgr<gjth<!hbe<hMk<kq!
osb<kqh<!hiqlix<xl<!Wx<hMk<Kkjzg<!Gxqg<gqxK/!!
!
46
u/u/u/u/!!!!w{<w{<w{<w{<!!!!
olipqolipqolipqolipq!!!! kguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<H!!!!
2! olipq! we<hK! yzqg<GxqbQMgt<!
nux<xqx<gie! ohiVt<! Ngqbju!!
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-j{h<H?! uig<gqb! njlh<H!
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njlgqe<xe/!
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Ohs<S?! wPk<K?! jsjggt<?! fch<H!
Ohie<xju! &zl<! osb<kq! hiqlix<xl<!
fqgp<uK!NGl</!
3! yVui<! keqbigg<! %m! olipqjbh<!
hbe<hMk<kqmzil</!
kguz<! okimi<hqz<! -Vui<! nz<zK!
nkx<G!Olx<hm<Omiiqe<!-jm!uqjegt<!
-ml<!ohXgqe<xe/!
4! kguz<! okimi<hqz<?! olipq! yV! upq!
Ljxbigh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
kguz<! okimi<H! we<hK! hvf<K! uqiqf<k!
gtl<!NGl</!
5! olipq! yzqg<GxqgTg<Gl<?! GxqbQM.
gTg<Gl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<gqxK/!
kguz<! okimi<H! we<hK! hvf<K! uqiqf<k!
gtl<!NGl</!
6! dbqVt<t! olipq! Okg<gljmuK!
-z<jz?!nK!lix<xljmf<K!ogi{<M!
uVl</!
kguz<!okimi<hqe<!nch<hjmg<!%Xgt<!
liXukqz<jz/!
!!!!
3;6/3/3;6/3/3;6/3/3;6/3/!!!! Lkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqxLkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqxLkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqxLkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqx!!!! himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!
ohx<xqMkZl<ohx<xqMkZl<ohx<xqMkZl<ohx<xqMkZl<!!!!
! -f<kqbs<$pzqz<! ht<tqg<gz<uq! ntuqz<! Lkz<olipq! lifqz! olipqbigUl<?!
-v{<miuK! olipq! Nr<gqzl<! nz<zK! hqxqokiV! -f<kqb! olipq! nz<zK! dzg!
olipqbigUl<!dt<te/!yV!sqz!-mr<gtqz<!lm<Ml<!lifqz!olipqjbk<!kib<!olipqbigg<!
ogit<tikui<gTg<G! nui<gtK! osif<k! olipqjb! )uQm<M! olipqjb*! Lkz<! olipqbig!
hbqZl<!uskq!dt<tK?!
3/6/4/!3/6/4/!3/6/4/!3/6/4/!Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<!!!!
! kib<olipqh<!Ohs<S!we<hK!hqxf<k!Gpf<jkgt<!utv!utv?!lqg!-bz<hig!nkeqml<!
dVuigqxK/! Gpf<jkgtqml<! kib<olipqh<! Ohs<S! uti<s<sq! wu<uiX! Wx<hMgqxK! we<hK!
Gxqk<k!sqz!dtuqbzxqRi<gtK!gVk<Kgjtg<!gi{<Ohil</!
47
! \Qe<!hqbiO\\Qe<!hqbiO\\Qe<!hqbiO\\Qe<!hqbiO\!!!!(Jean Piaget,!29:7.2:91*;!okimg<gfqjzbqz<!Gpf<jkbqe<!nxqUuti<s<sq!
olipqk<! okimi<hqe<xq! fqgp<ukiGl</! GxqbQMgjth<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! Ljxgtqz<! olipqBl<!
ye<xiGl</!olipqbqe<xqBl<!sqf<kjebqz<!hqx!GxqbQMgjth<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!
! N^<GmN^<GmN^<GmN^<Gm<! (Osgood)?! osuqObigosuqObigosuqObigosuqObig<! )Seviyok*! Ohie<Oxii<! olipqsii<! leuqbz<! (Psycho-
linguistics)!we<gqx!gjzs<!osiz<jz!hqvhzh<hMk<kqeii<gt</!
! olipqsii<! leuqbz<! we<hK! olipqk<kqxe<! jguvh<! ohxz<?! njk! ujgh<hMk<kz<?!
hbe<hMk<kz<?! Ohs<S?! hck<kz<?! -Volipq! NTjg?! lx<Xl<! olipqg<Gl<! sqf<kjeg<Gl<!
-jmOb! dt<t! okimi<H! Ngqbux<jxg<! Gxqh<hkiGl</! -K! njek<K! olipqgTg<Gl<!
ohiKuieux<jx! )-zg<g{k<jk*! Nvib<uke<! &zl<! Gpf<jkbqe<! dt<tii<f<k! gx<xz<!
Fm<hr<gjtg<! g{<mxqBl<! Lbx<sqbiGl</! -f<k! nxquqbz<hqiqU! n{<jlg<! gizlig!
kib<olipq!lx<Xl<!hqxolipqgjtg<!gx<hqh<hkqz<!osz<uig<Gjmbkig!-Vg<gqxK/!
! dzg! olipqgTg<Gh<! ohiKuie! -zg<g{l<! (Universal Grammar)! we<hK! Ohs<S!
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Osil<̂ <gq!uquiqk<Kt<tii</!
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biux<Xg<Gl<! ohiKuigs<! sqz! h{<Hgt<! dt<te! weh<hMgqxK/! hz<OuX! olipqgtqz<!
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Ohie<xju! -kje! hikqh<heuigk<! okiqbuqz<jz/! yu<ouiV! olipqg<Gl<! nch<hjmbie!
Np<fqjz! njlh<H! (Deep Structure)! d{<ome<Xl<?! hz<OuX! olipqgtqe<! Olx<hvh<H!
njlh<hqz<! yx<XjlBt<tK! we<Xl<! Osil<̂ <gq! Gxqh<hqMgqxii</! -uvK! gVk<KgTg<G!
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! Osil<̂ <gqbqeqe<Xl<! liXhm<M! ^<gqe<ei<^<gqe<ei<^<gqe<ei<^<gqe<ei<! Ohie<Oxii<! olipqk<kqxe<! uti<s<sqbqz<!
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48
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! Gpf<jkgtqe<!uti<s<sqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!sqz!fqjzgjt!-eq!gi{<Ohil</!
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Ohs<S!yzqgjtg<!gueqg<gqxK/!ds<siqh<H?!yzqg<Gl<!Ljx?!hiujegt<!Ohie<xju!njk!
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osiz<?!km<Mk<kMlixq!sqz!osix<gjtg<!%x!Lbx<sqk<kz<!Ohie<xju!&zl<!njeujvBl<!
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okiquqk<kz</!lqVgr<gt<?!hxjugt<?!h,s<sqgt<!Ohie<xux<jx!yOv!osiz<ziz<!yV!okiGh<H!
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gx<Xg<!ogi{<M!uqMgqe<xei</!!
2.6.‘HzjlHzjlHzjlHzjl’!!!!we<hke<!ujvbjxwe<hke<!ujvbjxwe<hke<!ujvbjxwe<hke<!ujvbjx!!!!(Defiition of Mastery)!!!!
olipqh<! Hzjl! we<hK! gx<xzqz<! hbEt<t! lix<xk<kqz<! fl<hk<kGf<k?! Ohix<xk<kg<g!
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49
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fl<hk<kg<gux<jx!Osikqk<K!hbEt<t!lx<Xl<!gim<sqgtig!himk<kqz<!osbz<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!!
3/7/2/!3/7/2/!3/7/2/!3/7/2/!himr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjlhimr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjlhimr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjlhimr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjl!!!!(Mastery in First Language and Subject)!!!!
he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt<he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt<he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt<he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt< ( Nature of Multilingualism)!!!!
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dzglblig<gz<!fjmLjxg<G!uf<k!giv{k<kqeiz<!lg<gt<!yVuOviM!yVui<!okimi<hqje!
Wx<hMk<kqg<! ogit<uK! nusqbligqxK/! Gxqh<hig! fiMgTg<gqjmOb! lx<Xl<!
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50
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Hiqkz<!Lkzqbux<jxh<!hx<xq!nxqf<Okil</!
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51
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(Position of Mother Tongue in Classroom Instruction)
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4/4/4/4/Le<EjvLe<EjvLe<EjvLe<Ejv!!!!
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!!!!
52
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!!!! ht<tqbqOzi! nz<zK! outqbqOzi! gx<xz<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! gVk<Kh<! hiqlix<xl<! lqg!
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!!!! Lkziukig!Ofig<Gl<!OhiK!osb<kqgjt!yVuiqmlqVf<K!lx<xui<!leKg<G!ogi{<M!
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53
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72
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73
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75
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Nsqiqbi<gt<!li{ui<gtqe<!uti<s<sqg<gie!siqbie!gx<hqk<kz<!dk<kqgjt!g{<mxquK!
nusqbl</dkiv{lig! yV! Gpf<jk! lx<xui<gtqe<! d{i<Ugjt! nr<gqgiqh<hkqz<!
Okiz<uq! njmf<kiz<! himohiVtqzqz<! nf<k! -bz<Hgjt! d{i<U! ujvumk<kqe<!
&zlig! njlk<K! nu<U{i<ju! outqh<hMk<kOu{<Ml</! -f<k! upqbqz<! Gpf<jkgt<!
Hiqkz<! sl<lf<klie! dk<kqgjt! wu<uiX! ohXuK! we<hjkBl<! nu<Uk<kqgjt!
Hiqf<Kogit<ukqz<! wr<ogz<zil<! hqvs<sjegt<! Okjuh<hMgqe<xOki! wh<hc! njkh<!
hbe<hMk<KuK!we<hjk!li{ui<gt<!okiqf<Kogit<uK!nusqbl</!
5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!
nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/!!!!
2/ uii<k<jkgt<!lqg!nmi<k<kqbiekig!dt<tohiPK!!
3/ nkqghcbig!Hiqbik!sqg<gzie!uii<k<jkgt<!gi{h<hMgqe<xohiPK!
4/ F~z<!Nsqiqbiqe<!uii<k<jkgtqe<!nEGLjx!
5/ -zg<gqb!fjmgt<!okiqf<kjubig!dt<tki@!
6/ nxqkqxe<! lx<Xl<! gz<uq! nxqU! ucujlh<hqx<Gk<! Okjubie! nEhur<gtqz<!
Wx<hMgqe<x!GjxhiM!Ohie<xju!lqg!Lg<gqblig!Gxqh<hqmh<hmOu{<cbju/!
!!!!
!!!!
76
hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!dk<kqgt<!dk<kqgt<!dk<kqgt<!dk<kqgt<!!!!!
2/ g{qh<H!!
3/ Ogt<uq!Ogm<hK!
4/ oktqUh<hMk<Kkz<!
5/ gx<hje!osb<kz<!!
6/ SVr<gg<!%XuK!!
5/34/!g{qh<H!5/34/!g{qh<H!5/34/!g{qh<H!5/34/!g{qh<H!!!!!
! gx<hje! we<hK! lefqjz! gx<hjebqe<! hbjeg<Gxqg<gqxK/yV! uig<gqbk<kqe<!
lefqjz!likqiqjb!lkqh<hqMuke<!&zl<!uig<gqbk<kqe!Hiqkjz!dbi<k<KgqxK/lqgnkqglig!
oux<xqbjmf<k!Hiqkz<!ke<jl!djmbui<gt<!kr<gtqe<!gx<hjegjt!okimi<s<sqbig!olipq!
lix<xl<! osb<gqe<xei</wMk<Kg<gim<mig! hml<! wMh<hK! gx<hjegjt! lix<xq! gjkbig!
dVuig<GuK/Gpf<jkgt<! -f<k! gx<hjejb! Sblig! osb<K! himk<kqe<! jlb!
gVk<Kg<gjt!wu<uiX!yVr<gqj{h<hK!Ohie<xux<jx!hx<xq!hbqi<s<sq!ntqh<hK!nusqbl</!
5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!!!!!
SVg<glig%XuK! we<hK! $pfqjz! likqiqObiM! ofVr<gqb! okimi<HjmbK/OlZl<!
SVr<g!wPKkz<!we<hK!njek<K!nl<sr<gjt!dt<tmg<gqbK/okimi<s<sqbig!gVh<ohiVt<!
we<hK!hx<xqb!LPjlbie!uquvl<!yk<k!gVk<Kg<gjt!yVr<gqj{k<K!LPjlhMk<KuOk!
Ohie<x! dm<%Xgjt! dt<tmg<gqbK/! OlZl<! lkqh<hQm<M! Ljxgt<! lefqjz! lx<Xl<!
dVuig<Gukqz<!ohiKjlh<hMk<Kkz<!Ohie<x!dm<%Xgjt!dt<tmg<gqbK/OlZl<!SVr<gg<!
%Xkz<! we<hK!nch<hjm!olipq! kqxe<!nEliel<! sii<f<k! kqxe<gt<!uig<gqbk<Kme<! yV!
=MhiM!lx<Xl<!nux<jxh<!hx<xqb!nxqU!Ohie<xju!nusqbligqe<xK/!
Fiwghl;LfFiwghl;LfFiwghl;LfFiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL (; Nfhl;ghL (; Nfhl;ghL (; Nfhl;ghL (Deficit theory)::::
Fiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ gpd;jq;fpa khzth;fs; gs;spfspy; cah; tpfpjq;fspy;
Njhy;tpia mDgtpg;gJ Vd; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; xU Kaw;rpahf 1960fspy; cUthdJ. . . .
Fiwe;j r%f nghUshjhu tPLfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; Foe;ijfs; nghUshjhu
Fiwghl;bdhy; tskpy;yhj tha;nkhopiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf mwpTWj;JfpwJ. Vnddpy;
mth;fs; tPLfspy; tha;nkhopf;fhd Jhz;ly; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gNjahFk;.
ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd nkhopapay; tsq;fs; vJTkpd;wp gs;spapy; Eiofpd;wdh;. ,e;j
tskpy;yh tha;nkhopiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; cz;ikapy; jpwikahd
nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jgth;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; jq;fs; nkhopj; jpwid ep&gpf;ff;
$ba #o;epiyfs; mikahJ Nghdjhy; mth;fs; tha;nkhop Fiwe;jjha; fhzg;glyhk;.
Fiwe;j r%fg; nghUshjhu tFg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; Foe;ijfshy; KOikahd
77
thf;fpaj;ijg; Ngr KbahJ. nghJthf nghUl;fspd; ngah;fs; njhpahJ, fUj;Jfis
cUthf;f KbahJ my;yJ jUf;f vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;j KbahJ kw;Wk;
tha;nkhop ntspg;ghLfs; kpf nrhw;gkhd mstpYk; juj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W
Fiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL $WfpwJ. vdNt gpd;jq;fpa FOtpy; ,Ue;J tUk; Foe;ijfs;
Fiwthd nkhopapay; tsh;r;rpapd; tpisthf mwpthh;e;j epiyapy; gpd;jq;fp cs;sdh;
vd;W Fiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL $WfpwJ.
4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (Discontinuity theory):):):):
nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfis jq;fs; mbg;gil Cfq;fspd;gb
gphpf;fyhk;. nkhop vd;gJ xU rpf;fyhdjhf ,Ug;gjhy; mJ ntWkNd
xd;wpkpy;yhikapypUe;J Njhd;wp ,Uf;fhJ. Mdhy; ek; Kd;Ndhh; eLtpy; Ke;ija
nkhopapay; mikg;gpy; ,Ue;J cUthfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L rpy Nfhl;ghLfs; cs;sd. . . . ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vy;yhk; njhlh;r;rp rhh;e;j
Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;W miof;fg;ngWk;.
nkhopia kdpj ,dk; my;yhjJ eLtpy; fhzg;gLk; vijAk; nfhz;L xg;gpl
KbahJ vd;W nrhy;YksT jdpg;gl;l kdpjg; gz;G nfhz;lJ. vdNt kdpj ,dk;
jsph;f;Fk; Kd;dpiyapypUe;J Muk;g kdpjDf;F khWk; NghJ jpBnud Njhd;wpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhlh;r;rp rhh;e;j Nfhl;ghLfSf;F vjph; Nfhzj;jpypUe;J rpy
Nfhl;ghLfs; vOe;jd. mtw;iwj; njhlh;gpd;ik rhh;e;j Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;W
tiuaWf;fyhk;.
nkhop ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapy; njhlh;r;rp rhh;e;j Nfhl;ghLfs; ek; Kd;Ndhh; eLtpy;
njhlq;fp kf;fs; Ngr;R jw;NghJ cs;sJ Nghy xj;jpUf;Fk; tiu nkhop gbg;gbahf
gy;NtW epiyfspy; tsh;e;J gy;NtW mk;rq;fshy; tsh;e;J te;jjhff; $Wg;gLfpwJ.
,jw;fpilapy; njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL kdpj nkhop xg;gpl;Lf; $Wk; msT $l Mjp
kdpjDf;F Kd; xj;j vJTk; ,y;iy. vdNt nkhop, kdpj rhpj;jpuj;jpy; jpBnud
Njhd;wpajhf cs;sJ vd;W $WfpwJ. ,J jdp egh; cs;Ns kugZ khw;wj;jpd;
tpisthf epfog;gl;L ek; Kd;Ndhh; topahf fle;J te;J ,Wjpapy; xU Nkyhjpf;f
jpwdhf nkhop khwp ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
Kjy; njhlh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ kdpjj; njhlh;G kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; njhlh;G
,ilNa mbg;gil NtWghL ,y;iy vd;w ek;gpf;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
,UtUk; nra;jpiag; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba jq;fsJ ,dj;jhhpiliaNa jftiyg;
ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. kdpjh;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; ,UtUf;FNk jfty; njhlh;G
Njit kw;Wk; xypfs;, ,iur;ry; kw;Wk; mwpFwpfs; gad;gLj;Jjy; rk mstpy;
Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhj;jpakhd nra;jpfs; mstpy; Kuz;ghL ,Ue;jhYk; kw;Wk;
xypfs;, ,iur;ry;, mwpFwpfs; Nghd;wit NtWgl;lhYk; ,itaidj;Jk; xU tsh;e;j
nkhop my;yJ nkhopapd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapy; njhlh;e;J tsUk; nkhopapd; tbtq;fshf
78
,Uf;fpd;wd. jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfspd; tsh;r;rp, nkhop Nehf;fpa xU Neh;topr;
rhiy vd;W ,e;jj; J}z;ly; Nfhl;ghl;lhsh;fs; vz;Zfpd;wdh;.
vdpDk; Ez;zwptpy; kdpjh;fSf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
kdpj Ez;zwpitf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ vd;W miof;f KbAk;. Vndd;why; nkhopapd; msit
mjpfhpf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; nghUl;fisAk; , rk;gtq;fisAk; kw;Wk;
#o;epiyfisAk; ngahpl KbAk;. ,e;j tifahd Ez;zwpT tpyq;Ffsplk; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gpl;l Ez;zwpT, nkhopf;F xU Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; mbg;gil rhuhk;rkhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
kdpj ghpzhkj;jpd; NghJ jpBnud;W Njhd;wpa nkhop xU jdpg;gl;l gz;ghFk;. – Nehk; Nehk; Nehk; Nehk;
Nrhk;];fpNrhk;];fpNrhk;];fpNrhk;];fp
njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL cyfj;jpy; cs;s ve;j nkhopfisAk; tpl kdpj nkhop
mikg;G kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ vd;W fhl;LfpwJ. Nehk; Nrhk;];fp cyfpd; Kd;dzp
nkhopapayhsh;fspy; xUth;. ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspy; xUtUf;F rhj;jpakhd kugZ
khw;wj;jhy; Ngr kw;Wk; nkhop Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd; fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mjd;
%yk; mth;fs; re;jjpapdUf;F flj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;gij xg;Gf; nfhs;fpwhh;.
4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (Educational implications of Language)::::
nkhop kw;Wk; fy;tpawpT Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;f
Kf;fpa fUtpfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. nrhy;yfuhjp kw;Wk; fUj;J tsh;r;rp gs;spapy;
,Uf;Fk; Mz;Lfspy; Foe;ijfsplk; njhlh;fpwJ. thrpj;jy; kw;Wk; vOJjy; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ijfs; tsu tsu nkhopapd; Ghpjy; kw;Wk; gad;ghL ,d;Dk;
rpf;fyhfpwJ. ve;j ghlj;jpd; Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhYk; nkhop vt;thW
fw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ? kw;Wk; fy;tpr; #oy;fspy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? vd;w
mbg;gil Ghpjy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; midj;Jg; ghlf; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy;
nray;ghLfspy; nkhop ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. nkhop kw;Wk; fy;tp tpthjq;fspy;
nkhopahdJ tha;nkhop FwpaPLfshyhd gfpug;gLk; mikg;G vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; nkhopahdJ xU nghJthd njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; epfo;T Fwpg;ghf fw;wypy;
tpsf;fq;fisj; juf;$ba njhlh;ghf tiuaWf;f KbAk;. Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fs;
xUtiu xUth; njhlh;G nfhs;s Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
gzpfis toq;f, fw;wy; nray;ghLfspy; <Lgl, fy;tp ghlg;nghUis toq;f, fw;wiy
kjpg;gpl, mwpT kw;Wk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;j kw;Wk; tFg;giw tho;f;ifia cUthf;f
nkhop gad;gLfpwJ. $Ljyhf khzth;fs; fw;Fk; midj;JNk nkhopahFk;. mth;fs;
thrpf;fTk; kw;Wk; vOjTk; (fy;tp vOj;J nkhop) fw;fpd;wdh;. gpw ghlj;Jiwfspd;
Ngr;R gw;wpAk; fw;fpd;wdh;. nkhopapd; ,U tiuaiwfSk; nkhop kw;Wk; fy;tpapd;
njhlh;igg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kf;fpakhdJ.
79
Foe;ijfs; Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhop ,uz;bidAk; fw;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs;
nrhy;yfuhjp kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd ,yf;fz fl;likg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jtijj;
njhlh;Gj;jpwd;(gy;NtW r%f #o;epiyfspy; nkhopiag; nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk; gaDs;s
tifapy; gad;gLj;j tpjpfs;) Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhopiag; Ghpjy; kw;Wk; jq;fis
ntspg;gLj;Jk; topfs; Mfpatw;iw tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,sk; Foe;ijfSf;fhd
fy;tpj; jpl;lk; ngUk;ghYk; nkhopf; fw;wiy vspjhf;fpLk; ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;
topKiwfis typAWj;JfpwJ.
Ngr;R nkhopiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lq;fs; gy;NtW tiffspy;
cgNahfpf;Fk; KiwapypUe;J tUzidf;Fg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s tha;g;GfisAk;>
Kfghtid Kiwfisg; gapw;rp nra;jpl tha;g;GfisAk; typAWj;JfpwJ.
vOj;J nkhopapy; ,sk; Foe;ijfSf;fhd tFg;giwfs; mfu vOj;Jf;fisAk;
vOj;J–xyp njhlh;igAk; mbg;gilf; fhl;rp nrhy;yfuhjp kw;Wk; Ghpjy; cj;jpfs;
Mfpatw;wpw;F tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;. NkYk; ,sk; Foe;ijfSf;fhf
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fijfis thrpj;jYk; ,lk; ngWk;. Foe;ijfs; jq;fis vOj;J
nkhop %yk; vt;thW ntspg;gLj;JtJ vd;W fw;wpLk; tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;. mit
vOj;Jf;fs; , nrhw;fs; , thf;fpak; kw;Wk; ciu fl;likg;Gfs; mikf;fTk; kw;Wk;
midj;ijAk; xd;whfr; Nrh;j;J vt;thW xU fij mikf;fg; ngWk; vd;Wk; fw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;GfshFk;.
Foe;ijfs; ,ay;ghfNt nkhopf; fw;gth;fshf nkhopAld; gpd;dg;gl;L kw;Wk; ,J
mth;fis NkYk; J}z;LfpwJ. cah; nkhop #oy; mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd fw;wy;
fUtpfisj; je;J nkd;NkYk; mth;fspd; Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhopj; jpwd;fis
tsh;f;fpwJ vd;w khw;W tpthjKk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mrphpah;fs; nkhopf; fw;wiy
toq;fpdhYk; toq;fg;gLk; fw;wy; Kiw Kd;dNu jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lijg; ghpe;Jiug;gjhf
,Ug;gijf; fhl;bYk; Foe;ijfspd; Mh;tk; , <LghL kw;Wk; Njitfisg; gpd;gw;wpajha;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpf;fyhd nkhop nray;Kiwfspy;; Njitg;gLtJ Foe;ijfs; jdpj;j jpwd;
fw;Fk; nkhop nray;ghLfis tpl KOikahd my;yJ KO nkhop nray;ghLfspy;
mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; jdpj;j jpwd; fw;wy; nkhop nray;Kiwiar;
rpijj;J NkYk; rpf;fyhf;fp tpLk; nkhopf; fw;wiy NkYk; fbdkhf;fp tpLk;. vOj;J
nkhopf; fw;wy;, Ngr;R nkhopf; fw;wypypUe;J NtWgl;ljhfg; ghh;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt
Ngr;R nkhopf; fw;wypy; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;wy; Kiwfis vOj;J nkhopf; fw;wYf;Fk;
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
cah;epiy kw;Wk; Nky;epiyg; gs;sp khzth;fs; nkhopiag; gue;j Jiwfspy;
fw;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspy; vt;thW thjpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspd; ciufisj; jq;fs; nkhopapd; kuNghL vOjTk;
kw;Wk; gbf;fTk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwfspy; fw;wy; nkhopia
80
Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ. Mrphpahpd; tphpTiu, Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;ly; ,
tpthjq;fisj; jpl;lkpLjy; kw;Wk; thrpj;jy; kw;Wk; vOJjy; gzpfis mspj;jy; Mfpa
midj;Jk; nkhopapd; %yNk eilngWfpwJ. khzth;fs; thrpj;jy;, vOJjy; kw;Wk;
,izaj;ij Muha;jy; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpy; mspj;jy; , Mrphpah; tphpTiufisf;
Nfl;ly; , khzth;fspd; xg;gilg;Gfs; , KO tFg;giw kw;Wk; FO tpthjq;fs; ,
vOjg;gl;l ciu kw;Wk; nrhy;yfuhjp Mfpatw;iw kddk; nra;jy;;> Nghd;w
midj;jpYk; nkhopapd; %yNk fy;tp nray;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wdh;. fy;tpapy;
jha;nkhop kl;Lky;yhJ ,uz;lhk; nkhop kw;Wk; %d;whk; nkhopapYk; khzth;fs; Gyik
ngw;W cyifNa tyk; tUfpwhh;fs;.
5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<!
Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! -jmfqjz! lix<xl<! we<hk! hvf<k! d{i<UmEl<! lqGf<k!
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5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)Strategies of Promoting
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5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )Building Positive
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Question for discussion of reflection:
1. Explain uses of language in various subjects.
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2. Explain effectiveness of medium of instruction in language across curriculum.
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3. Explain advantage mother language as a medium of instruction and why?
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(Language Related Issues)
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!
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