Country Presentation

- Pakistan

Qurban Ali

Format of Presentation

• Pakistan a Geographical Overview

• Food Producing Livestock Resource

• Importance & Production Systems

• Vet Establishments & Lab Network

• Diagnostics & Prevalence of Brucellosis

• Diagnostics Strategy for Brucellosis Diagnostics

• Prevention and Control

• Regional ILPT 2013 – Procedure

• Test Results

• Policy & Plan for control of B. melitensis

Pakistan

Total area = 803,940 km2

Total human population =180 Million

Arabian Sea

Afghanistan

2430 km

India

2912 km

China

523 km

Iran

909 km

Livestock Population - Pakistan

Species 2010-11* 2011-12* 2012-13* Percent

Growth

Cattle 35.6 36.9 38.3 3.77

Buffalo 31.7 32.7 33.7 2.97

Sheep 28.1 28.4 28.8 1.18

Goat 61.5 63.1 64.9 2.71

Camels 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.30

Horses 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.58

Asses 4.7 4.8 4.9 1.85

Mules 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.76

Livestock Population (Million No)

• Estimated Figure based on inter census growth rate of Livestock Census 1996 & 2006

• Contributes 55.1% to the agriculture value added • Share in National GDP is 11.5% with 3.7% growth rate • Share in Total Foreign Exchange Earnings is more than 8.5% • Nearly 8 million families involved with 30-35% income dependent

on livestock production activities • Value of livestock & its products is more than the combined value

of major and minor agricultural crops. • Provides raw material to Leather Industry, Carpet industry, Soap

industry, Pharmaceutical industry, etc.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK

SECTOR OF PAKISTAN

Livestock Production

Livestock Production and Consumption 2012-13 (000 Tons)*

Species Milk Meat

Gross Production Human Consumption

49,512 39,945 3,397

Cow 17,372 13,897 Beef 1,829

Buffalo 30,462 24,370 Mutton 643

Sheep 37 37 Poultry Meat 907

Goat 801 801 *Ministry of National Food Security & Research; Year Book 2012-13.

Camel 840 840

Livestock Production Systems

• Large Ruminants

– Subsistence small holdings

– Small market oriented small holdings

– Rural commercial farms

– Urban/peri urban dairy farming

– Desert cattle farming

• Small Ruminants

– Nomadic

– Transhumant

– Stationary

Veterinary Establishments

PROVINCE Vet. Hospital

Vet. Dispensary

Vet. Centers

Diagnostic Labs.

Mobile Dispens

ary

Punjab 565 1595 1972 36 106

Sindh 179 ---- 607 10 23

KPK (NWFP) 127 341 204 17 ----

Balochistan 101 715 ---- 06 ---

Northern Areas 11 150 0 02 ---

AJK 12 26 - 03 ---

ICT/ NVL 07 05 05 01 ---

Pakistan 1002 2832 2788 75 129

Veterinary Laboratory Network

Districts

Laboratories

Attendance of outbreaks

Sampling & Dispatch

Simple laboratory

procedures

Provincial

Laboratories

Veterinary

Research Institutes

Central Labs

Quarantine Labs

National

Veterinary

Laboratory

World Reference Lab UK

Diagnostics and Prevalence (%)of Brucellosis

Area Cattle Buffalo

Sheep Goats Human Study Reference Tests used

Overall country

Incidence varied 3.25-4.4 - Naeem et al. (1990) RBT, SAT, MRT

Kohat

17.58

32.5

Hamidullah et al. (2009)

RBT, SAT

Punjab 5.06 7.74 - - - Abubakar et al. (2010) ELISA

Quetta 3.0 8.5 - - Shafee et al. (2011) MRT, i-ELISA

Quetta 3.0 3.2 - - - Shafee et al. (2012) RBPT, i-ELISA

AJK - - 11.33 7.55 Din et al. (2012) RBT, SAT

ICT/ N. Punjab

6.9 6.6 - - - Ali et al. (2013) MRT

Use of ELISA, PCR and Isolation have gradually evolved and is increasing

Current Scope of Brucellosis Diagnostics

• More widely performed tests – RBT , MRT and SAT

• Less frequently used confirmatory tests – ELISA, PCR

• Isolation least frequently attempted and if ever, mainly for research

• More institutions need to be involved in Brucella antigen production and training on Brucellosis related tests and analysis

Prevention and Control

• Brucellosis is a neglected disease with increasing incidence in large dairy herds

• Official Control Policy

– need from curative to preventive strategy

– need from voluntary to mandatory/ compulsive

– need to be reviewed for considering, Proper Diagnosis; Screening of herds, markets,

abattoirs; removal of +ve reactors and awareness as way forward

• Due to high price of cattle/ buffalo Test-n-Slaughter is neither feasible nor pragmatic

• Immuno-prophylaxis as an option to control

– Main obstacles to such control are less adequate investments on veterinary services;

different herding system; lack of local vaccine production

• Testing-Isolation-Separate Management of positive reactors is viable option in official

and large private herds, to limit spread

– impact of this approach will need to be demonstrated

Procedure for Conducting the ILPT

• Organizers and the Coordinator – NIAH – Brucellosis Laboratory; Dr. Monaya Ekgatat

• Participating Laboratory ID – National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad

• Diagnostics & Surveillance Section

• Material received – 17 vials of bovine serum having antibodies against Brucellosis – RBT antigen (LOT RBA0513)

• Date samples were analysed – 26-12-2013

• Date results were sent – 27-12-2013

• Methods and procedures used – RBT; OIE Terrestrial Manual 2008, Chapter 2.4.3; 2 (a)

• Equipment used – White Tile

Brucellosis Serum Proficiency Test 2013 - Results

Tube ID: Result(1) Interpretation (P/N)(2)

Positive control PC(a) +4 P

Internal Positive control IPC(a) +4 P Negative control NC(a) 0 N

1 443 0 N 2 1580 0 N 3 836 0 N 4 1014 +4 P 5 1155 +4 P 6 1366 +4 P 7 286 +4 P 8 586 0 N 9 1264 +4 P

10 735 +4 P 11 1662 +4 P 12 949 0 N 13 400 +4 P 14 698 0 N 15 1439 0 N 16 102 +4 P 17 18 +4 P

Policy/ Plan for Control of B. melitensis

• Pakistan has been actively participating efforts towards control of diseases of economic importance and of veterinary public health significance

• It is imperative to enhance efforts and regional collaboration on understanding of diagnostics, distribution and epidemiology of B. melitensis in the region and developing strategy to control the disease

Thank You!