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Transcript of Country Analysis of Canada with team
Country Analysis of Canada
Group Members: Iman Adem
Clark Bridgman Victoria Cannon Taylor Gaines Daniel Latto
Maryclair McDonald Teva Seale
Kirby Stewart
Table of Contents: Legal and Political Systems …………………………………………………. 2
Cultural Differences and similarities to US ………………………………... 4
Economic Characteristics …………………………………………………… 6
Foreign Direct Investment Issues ………………………………………….. 12
Key Industries and Trading Partners ……………………………………... 14
Human Resource Management issues and practice ……………………… 16
Risks of Doing Business in Canada ………………………………………... 22
Work Cited ………………………………………………………………….. 26
1
Legal and Political Systems:
A brief History of Canadian politics and legal system begins in 1945, where Canada
became a founding member of the United Nations; it has continued to play a peacekeeping role
for the UN since. In 1963, under liberal prime minister Lester Pearson, Canada had gained
medical care and a social security system for citizens, as well as gaining a national flag. The
Canadian government then agreed on prearrangement of an amended constitution, proposing that
they replace the British North America Act and make future amendments to be the privilege of
Canada. The Canada Act of 1982 was the final act adopted by UK Parliament in Canadian
constitutional development, and gave Canada power to change the Constitution with regards to
the Constitutional Act 1982(Turner).
The Canadian Parliamentary System includes three branches working together:
legislative, executive, and judicial. This system is somewhat similar to our own in the United
States. The parliament of Canada is the legislative section of the government, which includes the
Senate, the Monarch, head of state, and the House of Commons, the lower house of elected
members of parliament. The executive branch, is where the decisions are made, consisting of the
Prime Minister, the Monarch, who is usually represented by the Governor General, and the
Cabinet, the council advising the sovereign. The judicial branch is multiple independent court
systems that interpret the laws that have been passed by two branches listed above(Overview).
The parliamentary cabinet has it where there is a concentration of powers instead of a separation.
Any government bill that is introduced has to be introduced by the minister themselves or
someone that is speaking on his/her behalf. Also, all ministers have to be in Parliament to answer
questions and rebuttal issues on policies as well as to be in defense of the bills.
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The terms of the Canadian office is very different from our own in the US. All the
publicly funded bills have to be introduced by the government and neither of the houses are able
to raise the amount of money involved. An interesting fact with their government is that as long
as they have majority of support from the House of Commons, it is able to pass any legislation
that it sees fit(Canadian and American Gov.).
The method of Canada regarding elections does not contain a syllable when it comes to
prime minister qualifications, or on the method of their election and removal of someone from
their office. When majority of support is lost from the House of Commons, it has to call for a
new election or allow another party from government intervene; this is very different from our
own approach in the United States because the house opinion does not have such a strong
influence(Canadian and American Gov.).
Canada is a monarchy, it has been for centuries, which means that one person reigns the
government system. It currently recognizes Queen Elizabeth as the Monarch, and Justin Trudeau
was appointed as their Prime Minister/Head of their Government in 2015. If there is any change
to the Queen’s position, or her representatives, in Canada it now would require the unanimous
consent of the House of Commons, the Senate, and all provinces legislatures. There are currently
three territories, and ten provinces of Canada, each having a separate administration and
Lieutenant Governors (Canada). There are five women and five men as individual lieutenant
governors at the present time, They each have an important social and constitutional role, being
able to give the royal assent of legislation for the Queen. Their social impact is giving their
support to a wide variety of community events and causes, empowering Canadians to continue to
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give their best. The Lieutenant governors each represent the Queen in a personal style, which is
reflective of their own province (The Monarchist).
There are also many interesting facts when comparing Canada and the United States’
political system. They are actually both federal states, as well as democracies. Some Canadian
provinces actually has two official languages, put in place by the Fathers of Confederation,
French and English. Quebec, New Brunswick, and Manitoba must have these as their official
languages, but every other province, under the Constitution, is allowed to have as many official
languages as they please. The United States doesn’t have an official language, but of course
English is the primary language used.
Cultural Differences and similarities to US:
Canada and United States are two of the largest countries in the world, Canada being
second, the State's third. Although both are found in North America, those in the United States
are referred to as Americans. They are known as friendly neighbors sharing the longest
international (and undefended) border in the world. Canadians, just like the rest of the world,
know a lot more about Americans than they know about Canadians. It’s not very likely that
Americans will have equal knowledge about countries around the world as they do about
America. Citizens across the globe have their eyes on the United States, and due to that
Americans think they are superior. They have the media, the most influential tool, to thank for
that. The media is seen molding the world today. And the culture of the States is greatly
influenced by the development of mass media. Although they have a number of cultural
differences, Canadians and Americans are more alike than assumed. The two can be easily
understood when compared in regional societies. For example, Quebec, the Canadian province
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with English and French as official languages, and the U.S. conservative South share many of the
same attitudes and behaviors. The rest of English Canada can be compared to what Americans
refer to as ‘the North’. Those residing in Toronto, Canada, are similar to those in New York.
Majority of Canadians live extremely close to the U.S border; this explains why they are
influenced by nearby cities. Some even argue the East and West coasts of America and have
more cultural differences than the general Canada and America.
Despite all of their similarities, the two do have several minor differences. The
government of Canada has a great influence on their culture. Canadians are viewed as peace
seekers that promote support within their societies. Americans are known to be all about
individuality and personal freedom. They take pride in what they believe in and are very self
driven. Canada, comes from the Iroquian word Kanata meaning village or community. And
Canadians truly seem to care about the wellbeing of their societies. Americans on the other hand
have a strong gun culture compared to Canadians, who have strict gun laws but dramatically less
crime rates. Furthermore, Canadians are stereotyped to be polite, while Americans are generally
loud or rude. Americans are known to have an urge to fight while Canadians try and
compromise.
The United States is evidently viewed as a melting pot filled with people of different
countries, races, beliefs, etc. Additionally, 1 in 5 Canadians is foreign born. Americans are
generally more religious, and this is proven through its influence on government. Canadians are
less conservative and reject religious influences when running a government. Canada has an
apparent French culture in certain locations and has a similar sense with America and Hispanic
countries. However, the English region of Canada has created some vocabulary differences with
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the States. Canada is the world's most educated country; this explains why their world status is so
highly respected. They definitely admire key aspects of America, but are smart enough to learn
from their mistakes as a whole. The Canadian government generates high taxes, yet provides
healthcare for all citizens giving them a major win.
Economic Characteristics:
Canada’s Economy as you will see in the next few images (Images from Trading
Economics) follow a very similar pattern to that of the United States. Or that we are similar to
them. Either way our economies Gross Domestic Product is very similar with Canada. We seem
to go up and down with each other. When we had a sharp fall or peak they also seemed to of fell
or raised with us, not at the same slope or level, but the movements occur at the same time. This
was not just a one time occurrence. It has happened throughout time.
While on the subject of Canada’s GDP. This year Canada’s GDP outlook for 2016 has
been decreased from 1.6% increase to 1.4% by the Think Tank (a group of experts on politics
and economics). Canada have had an outburst of wildfires in Alberta, Canada in May. Alberta
had many drilling sites where the wildfires occurred. These wildfires this summer have since
halted the production of energy oil in this area. With this occurrence there is also a halting in
investments in Canada’s energy industry.
This set back in the second quarter is why the outlook decreased. The Think Tank thinks
that the momentum in the first quarter has been set back by this and it will be difficult for the
Canadian GDP to rise back to where it would have been if not for the wildfires. The Think Tank
says that without a raise in non energy exports the GDP will not raise this year, but should
improve by 2017. (Mackrael)
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These two charts are The GDP for 2016 Starting in January
Top represents Canada, Bottom represents US for all Charts
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These two charts are the GDP over the Last Five Years
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These two charts are GDP for the Last 10 Years
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Canada tariff codes include a list of what is imported with and without the tariff on the
item. Out of live animals the only animals to have tariff charges are certain foul that is imported
for nonbreeding purposes. Primates are imported without a tariff charge. Out of imported
chemicals the only chemical that has a tariff is Mercury.
Canada uses the dollar and cent currency system. The Canadian Banknotes (Bills) are
different colors for the different bank notes (see image below). In (insert year) Canada switched
to a new type of banknote to help end counterfeiting of the bills. The Bank of Canada added
several security factors such as raised ink, holographic imaging, hidden numbers, and (insert
other stuff) Canada uses similar coins as the United States. They just look slightly different (see
image below) and the Canadian Dollar is a coin instead of a bill. They also have a two dollar
coin. (Images are from Bank of Canada)
One currently alarming issue for Canada is their currency exchange rate has been
decreasing over the last two years and has dropped significantly in the last few months. The
Canadian Dollar is Currently exchanging at 75 cents to the American Dollar. The Canadian
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Dollar is also exchanging at 68 cents to the Euro. In the early 2010s the Canadian Dollar was
almost equal to the United States Dollar, but since 2014 its value has been steadily falling.
Canadian Dollar to Euro has fell and raised since the early 2010s differently from Canada
compared to the United States. However it is much lower trading in both the United States Dollar
and Euro compared from 2012 to today. (Images from Canada Foreign Exchange)
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Foreign Direct Investment Issues:
Canada’s External investing in other country’s industries is extensive and diverse. They
have a strong focus in financial and insurance companies via their outstanding stocks. The focus
is outlined by owning double the amount of capital in the financial and insurance than the closest
industry of mining and oil extraction. That being said, there is no shortage of funds being
invested in many realms of the market. Besides the already mentioned industries, Canada also
has a major stake in managing companies and enterprises. An exact number for the three in 2014
is $587,730,000,000 and individually stand out from the 4th industry by double, 60 billion.
http://www.international.gc.ca/economisteconomiste/statisticsstatistiques/investmentsinvestissements.aspx?lang=eng
Among other barriers that individuals and companies face to push their investments to an
international such as currency, added risk, and market research difficulties, Canada has an act
that prevents individuals and companies from entering their market without a process. There is
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an extensive application and acceptance process that ensures all investments are going to be
profitable for the country as well as safe. Only 15 applications were approved just last year
totaling 21.8 billion in assets acquired by foreign investors. This exclusive crowd joins a select
group of investors that are totaling 42.7 billion in assets across the nation which they are still
looking to grow which is a very good thing for external investors looking to enter the strong
market. However there is a minimum entry value of 369 million that the initial investment must
total other wise it is filed under a notification that will not be reviewed. Though this is a large
sum of money to invest, the Canadian market is showing growth over the past year that is worthy
of the challenges. “Canada led all G7 countries in economic growth over the past decade
(2006–2015).” (international.gc.ca) With Canada’s consistent growth and stable economic
conditions, it is a no brainer to look into investing in the Canadian market.
Moving into the Canadian market in 2016 moving soon into the 2017 year is a healthy
business move right now. The close proximity and good relations America has with them opens
up many opportunities just as long there is a market for the product. America and the world has
invested heavily in the manufacturing market because of the good healthcare and wages offered
to the workers. Canada is becoming a leader in the manufacturing field boasting 21 different
areas of manufacturing ranging from food to petroleum. These 21 areas also generate 215 billion
worth of investments fueling investors pockets to further their stake in Canada. There is still a
fear from the 2008 recession that is holding back many investors and business expansions, yet
there is growth to be seen since that year of 2008. This company will have to do some research
in their selected field and ensure that regulations are being followed and the right actions are
being followed through the company’s policies. Making this move cannot be a rash decision and
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needs to be well funded and thought out. Whether the investment be starting an operation
buying in, or simply investing they all have their risks associated with their reward. The more
risk is associated with the larger reward when it comes to investing in the industry or the
production. The move that is best with the company is what can ensure the company will grow
at a steady maintainable rate.
Key Industries and Trading Partners:
Canada’s top 5 export partners are the United States, China, United Kingdom, Japan, and
Mexico. The top 5 import partners are the United States, China, Mexico, Germany, and Japan.
(“Canada: Trade Statistics”) U.S. goods and services trade with Canada totaled an estimated
$662.7 billion in 2015. Exports were $337.3 billion; imports were $325.4 billion. The U.S. goods
and services trade surplus with Canada was $11.9 billion in 2015. (“Canada…”) The top five
goods exported by Canada are oil & mineral fuels, motor vehicles and parts, industrial
machinery, precious stones and metals, and items not otherwise specified. The top 5 goods
imported by Canada are motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, oil & mineral fuels,
electrical machinery, and plastics. (“Canada: Trade Statistics”) As of 2014 Canada had a positive
trade balance of $7.49B in net exports. As compared to their trade balance in 1995 when they
still had a positive trade balance of $30.4B in net exports. (Simoes) As part of the World Trade
Organization, Canada practices fairtrading by ensuring whatever it puts on the market
agriculturally doesn’t influence the price of crops in other countries. Canada’s agricultural sector
is steadily growing every year and accounts for 8% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. It’s
hard to ignore the fact that Canada’s industries are booming. With the abundant natural
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resources, government incentives, and stellar workforce, it’ll continue to prosper for years to
come. (Groff)
According to The World Factbook, the key industries in Canada are transportation
equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper
products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas. Canada not only has the third largest oil reserve
in the world, it’s also a world leader in hydroelectric power with Quebec, Ontario, and
Saskatchewan all using vast amounts of hydroelectric energy. Canada also contains 9% of the
world’s renewable water supply and is one of the largest suppliers of agricultural products in the
world. (Groff) American and Japanese auto industries are attracted to Canada’s highly educated
workforce and low labor costs making it a goto destination for automobile manufacturing.
Automotive parts production is one of the fastest growing manufacturing sectors in the country.
Because of the abundant energy resources available, Canada’s oil exporting and other energy
related products make up for 2.9% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. Canada has also
adopted solar and wind energy production as the next major industry in the energy sector. (Groff)
Although the global financial crisis took its toll on Canada from 2008 to 2010, the country’s
manufacturing industries are on the rebound and make up for 14% of Canada’s GDP. The
Canadian economy’s recovery from the recession has had wideranging impacts on domestic
industries over the past five years. The ten fastestgrowing industries over the past five years,
measured by average growth in sales per year and compiled from IBIS World’s 424 Canadian
industry reports, feature industries from a variety of sectors, including heavy manufacturing,
wholesaling and professional business services. (“The 10 Fastest…”)
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Human Resource Management issues and practice:
There are many factors that must be considered before moving a U.S. based company
into Canada. One of the most important factors to be considered is the human resource
management issues and practices. Human resource management (HRM) is defined as the
process of hiring and enriching the employees to become more valuable to the company.
Examples of these practices include: training, benefits and incentives, promotions,
communication with the employee, and much more.
While researching the human resource management practices in Canada there seems to be
only relatively small differences between the practices of large and small firms. Typically the
small firms in the Canadian economy play a huge role considering they provide more than 50%
of the new jobs in the country. The large firms in Canada compete for new employees with
smaller firms, when they are needed, by providing a substantial wage differences compared to
that of the small businesses. There are four major HRM items that were identified in the surveys
that researched Canadian firms large and small which include: workforce characteristics,
recruitment strategies, selection instruments used, and other HRM practices (Golbar).
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The first item to be familiar with in a Canadian companies HRM department should be
workforce characteristics. There are nine workforce characteristics that are important to human
resource management practices. The important functions include; firm’s success, worker
flexibility, ability to work in groups, ability to inspect their work, problem solving skills,
selfdisciplined, communication skills, multiskilled workforce, and quantitative skills (Golbar).
All nine characteristics are ranked in the picture below by how important they are to a large and
small manufacturing firm.
By looking at the graph above we can tell that most of the characteristics are of the same
importance in small and large firms, with a few differences. One of the biggest differences is that
in a smaller firm you should be able to inspect your own work and be selfdisciplined, while in a
larger firm you have the ability to work more in groups and have more flexibility with your
work.
Recruitment strategies are useful in Canada’s HRM practices. The 10 different
recruitment strategies that are used include job posting and bidding, laid off workers, promotion,
advertisements, transfers, educational institutions, employees’ reference, previous applicants,
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temporaries, and employment agencies (Golbar). The picture below ranks them in both large and
small firms.
Canadian firms use both internal and external efforts to hunt for employees. Although
with small firms they tend to get out beat by some larger firms in the search for job candidates
since the large firms can offer more benefits and compensation packages than smaller firms can.
Both small and large firms in Canada lean toward hiring from within the company first to save
money on having to search for talent outside of the company.
When the recruitment process is in full swing it moves on to the selection process, where
instruments are used to help evaluate job candidates. The selection process instruments are part
of the four items of HRM that are widely used in Canada. “Selection instruments are used by
firms to process a high number of applicants by evaluating their knowledge, meaningful
responses, and other abilities. There are four main selection instruments used in Canada
including; oneonone interview, written tests, panel interview, and job tryouts (Golbar).” The
instruments and their ranking of how they are used in large and small firms are shown below.
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Large firms and small firms before prefer to have oneonone interviews with job
candidates. A oneonone interview is the used more widely since employers are able to get a
better understanding of the person they are interviewing since they can give more meaningful
answers to the questions that they are asked (Golbar).
The last item that is used is other HRM practices. There are 17 HRM practices
that are used in Canadian firms large and small. The HRM practices are open communications,
employee participation initiatives, training for new employees, competitive wages, training to
enhance group orientation, pay based on performance, job security for employees, collective
responsibility, training to enhance quantitative skills, job rotation, pay based on acquired skills,
individual incentive programs, specialized career paths, group incentive programs, profit sharing
schemes, pay based on seniority, and rapid promotions. They are listed by ranking of importance
to each type of firm in the graph below.
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There are no big differences in the rankings of the HRM practices used at large and small
firms in Canada. They both lean toward making open communication and employee participation
at the top of the list. The biggest difference is of course the difference in competitive wages.
Large firms in Canada are able to provide larger wages and more incentives than most smaller
firms. The HRM practices used in firms are aimed at reinforcing workforce characteristics that
the firms believe are important to the success of their firms.
Successful entry into Canada for American companies is no simple feat, but is fortunately
aided by the North American Free Trade Agreement. Because of NAFTA, economic activity has
been strongly promoted and encourages international business relationships throughout the North
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American continent. American ventures setting up shop in Canada have the benefit of operating
within a country with close economic, political, and social ties. Last year alone Canada’s “33
million citizens purchased $204 billion worth of American goods last year (ICN)” which is a
sure testament to the similarity in culture. These aforementioned factors cause many companies
to seriously consider the idea of starting business operations in Canada.
Many American companies have attempted to enter the Canadian market, some with
tremendous success and others landing on the other end of the spectrum. Companies that achieve
success and companies who unfortunately fail to successfully enter the market can both attribute
their fate to their strategic entry decisions. These decisions relate to understanding many facets
of the market such as understanding the potential trade barriers within the country as well as
what type of entry strategy would best suit the company upon entrance. There are trade barriers
that seem somewhat universal and include things such as: the local government restrictions,
regulations, tariffs, and taxation, as well as location, population, the market, competition/
industry saturation, infrastructure, demand for goods, government policy and taxing, as well as
many other barriers which are also present in Canada. Some of the strategies that should be
explored before beginning international business would be to decide whether or not partnership,
joint ventures, franchising, or buying a company would be appropriate for the given business
model.
One of the most perfect examples of a recognizable and successful company failing to
successfully enter a foreign market is actually an American based company attempting to enter
Canada: Target. The American retail giant failed to appropriately calculate many strategic fields
of entry and subsequently folded after only two abysmal years of operation in Canada, losing
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upwards of “some $2 billion (Wahba)” in revenue. One of the first mistakes the American based
company made was failing to recognize a proper time to expand into another country, the retail
giant was in the midst of reinventing itself at home and somewhat struggling when they decided
to enter a new foreign market. The aforementioned comment coupled with the strategy Target
used to enter the market was more less doomed from the start: purchasing another company.
Target purchased “Canadian discount chain, Zellers, for $1.8 billion (Wahba)” which was a
dying company and described as dumpy amidst Targets own fiscal and image troubles.
On top of Targets poor entry strategy the location of their new Zellers locations were also
a negative for the company. The locations of their new stores were “in areas not frequented by
the middle class customers (Wahba)” which given Targets targeted population is a huge issue for
the retail company. Target falls into the same category like many other Americans having the
misconception that “Canada looks big on a map, it has a big consumer population. It doesn't
(Klonksy)” which they seem to have grossly miscalculated given they set up “133 stores in
Canada (Wahba),” despite the fact that the Canadian market was already somewhat saturated
with competition in the form of WalMart “which has been in Canada since 1994 (Wahba)”.
Had Target successfully identified and calculated their strategic entry decisions the retail
giant very well may have become a household name of sorts similar to the likes of walmart and
tapped into the growing middle class of Canada and become a successful international company.
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Risks of Doing Business in Canada:
When thinking of taking a company based out of the U.S. and doing business in Canada,
it’s important to understand the type of market that they would be heading into. Currently the
risks of doing business in Canada for U.S. companies that want to enter are very scarce, however
though they are scarce, they’re very important to get right. To name a few of the different risks
that a company could face in the Canadian market would be things such as different
demographics, a higher labor and operating cost than the United States, a heavy dependency on
the U.S. economy , and a general lack of research by a company before going into the market.
To start out with let’s think about one of the more important risks on the list, dependency on
another countries economy and more specifically ours.
The U.S. is currently Canada’s biggest buyer of two of its biggest exports, oil, gas and
even electric energy (“Canada:Economy”). This dependency on a foreign economy to run its
own means that the day that Americans stop spending, or cut spending on any of these resources
the economy of Canada would dramatically decrease because its largest supplier for export
capital would be gone. So though the Canadian economy is stable, it’s best to look at our own
economy in accord with theirs when deciding whether to enter from a business standpoint
because chances are if we start to struggle so will they.
To help with showing the risks to a specific type of U.S. business let’s think about a retail
store as basis for the next few points. The second biggest risk that I came across in my research
was the fact that Canadian demographics were so much more different than our own even though
they’re out neighbor to the North and our countries seem a bit similar when compared at a
surface level. A few things according to a study done by TD Economics is that the average age
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of a consumer in Canada is older than the average aged consumer in the United States. This
means that their tastes no matter what the product or service is going to differ than what
American companies are used to selling stateside. That also means they have to do research to
see what would appeal to their specific aged tastes to get their products off the shelf. Another
part of demographics they found that differed from the U.S. to Canada is that more people in
Canada are foreign born than here. They stated that over 20% of their population is born from a
foreign background whereas here in the U.S. its right under 13% (Petramala,Gulati). Combined
these can make up a consumer preference that can impact and has impacted an American
company’s success when entering into Canada.
The one clear example to show that retail stores can succeed in Canada was that of the
ever present Walmart. Part of their success as mentioned was knowing their demographic and
how the people of Canada differed in their tastes than Americans. This is still the key today
because it was said in 2012 that the Walmart stores in Canada only offered about 20 percent of
what their American counterpart stores offered on their shelves. (Austen, Clifford)
The next risk to look at and be aware of is the costs associated with entering into
Canada’s market to do business. The costs aren’t astronomical if you look at it objectively
before and anticipate that at first it’s going to be a bit more expensive than at home. The reason
for this is that Canada has a higher labor cost, meaning that their average minimum wage is
higher than ours is. The average minimum wage in Canada is about $10.50 (“Minimum wage in
Canada”), whereas here its $7.25, which may not look like much at first glance but can definitely
start to add up as the company continues to expand in Canada. On top of paying the labor force
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you have to think about the price of getting products and inventory across the border into Canada
with customs and taxes that accompany such moves.
The combination of the two could be disastrous for a company that doesn’t do its due
diligence in research before attempting to enter into the Canadian market. So in short when
looking into entering Canada’s open market it’s going to be smart to consider the risks of their
economy counting on ours to succeed in large part, as well looking at how different the
consumers are in Canada as opposed to here by understanding what they need and want, then
finally being prepared to undertake a little bit more operating expenses than in the U.S..
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