Counting Triangles & The Curse of the Last Reducer
Transcript of Counting Triangles & The Curse of the Last Reducer
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Counting Triangles & The Curse of the Last Reducer
Siddharth Suri
Sergei Vassilvitskii
Yahoo! Research
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Why Count Triangles?
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Why Count Triangles?
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G = (V,E)
=|{(u, w) ∈ E|u ∈ Γ(v) ∧ w ∈ Γ(v)}|
�dv
2
�
Clustering Coefficient: Given an undirected graph
cc(v) = fraction of v’s neighbors who are neighbors themselves
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Why Count Triangles?
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G = (V,E)
=|{(u, w) ∈ E|u ∈ Γ(v) ∧ w ∈ Γ(v)}|
�dv
2
�
cc ( ) = N/A
cc ( ) = 1/3
cc ( ) = 1
cc ( ) = 1
Clustering Coefficient: Given an undirected graph
cc(v) = fraction of v’s neighbors who are neighbors themselves
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Why Count Triangles?
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G = (V,E)
=|{(u, w) ∈ E|u ∈ Γ(v) ∧ w ∈ Γ(v)}|
�dv
2
�
cc ( ) = N/A
cc ( ) = 1/3
cc ( ) = 1
cc ( ) = 1
Clustering Coefficient: Given an undirected graph
cc(v) = fraction of v’s neighbors who are neighbors themselves
=#∆s incident on v
�dv
2
�
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Why Clustering Coefficient?
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Captures how tight-knit the network is around a node.
vs.
cc ( ) = 0.1 cc ( ) = 0.5
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Why Clustering Coefficient?
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Captures how tight-knit the network is around a node.
Network Cohesion:
- Tightly knit communities foster more trust, social norms. [Coleman ’88, Portes ’88]
Structural Holes:
- Individuals benefit form bridging [Burt ’04, ’07]
vs.
cc ( ) = 0.1 cc ( ) = 0.5
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Why MapReduce?
De facto standard for parallel computation on large data– Widely used at: Yahoo!, Google, Facebook,
– Also at: New York Times, Amazon.com, Match.com, ...
– Commodity hardware
– Reliable infrastructure
– Data continues to outpace available RAM !
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How to Count Triangles
Sequential Version: foreach v in V
foreach u,w in Adjacency(v)
if (u,w) in E
Triangles[v]++
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v
Triangles[v]=0
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
How to Count Triangles
Sequential Version: foreach v in V
foreach u,w in Adjacency(v)
if (u,w) in E
Triangles[v]++
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v
u
wTriangles[v]=1
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
How to Count Triangles
Sequential Version: foreach v in V
foreach u,w in Adjacency(v)
if (u,w) in E
Triangles[v]++
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v
u
w
Triangles[v]=1
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
How to Count Triangles
Sequential Version: foreach v in V
foreach u,w in Adjacency(v)
if (u,w) in E
Triangles[v]++
Running time:
Even for sparse graphs can be quadratic if one vertex has high degree.
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�
v∈V
d2v
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Parallel Version
Parallelize the edge checking phase
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Parallel Version
Parallelize the edge checking phase– Map 1: For each send to single machine.
– Reduce 1: Input:
Output: all 2 paths where
( , ); ( , ); ( , );
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(v,Γ(v))v
�(v1, v2);u� v1, v2 ∈ Γ(u)�v; Γ(v)�
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Parallel Version
Parallelize the edge checking phase– Map 1: For each send to single machine.
– Reduce 1: Input:
Output: all 2 paths where
( , ); ( , ); ( , );
– Map 2: Send and to same machine.
– Reduce 2: input:
Output: if part of the input, then:
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(v,Γ(v))v
�(v1, v2);u� v1, v2 ∈ Γ(u)
�(v1, v2);u� �(v1, v2); $� for (v1, v2) ∈ E
�v; Γ(v)�
�(v, w); u1, u2, . . . , uk, $?�$ ui = ui + 1/3
( , ); , $ −→( , ); −→
+1/3 +1/3 +1/3
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Data skew
How much parallelization can we achieve? - Generate all the paths to check in parallel
- The running time becomes
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maxv∈V
d2v
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Data skew
How much parallelization can we achieve? - Generate all the paths to check in parallel
- The running time becomes
Naive parallelization does not help with data skew– Some nodes will have very high degree
– Example. 3.2 Million followers, must generate 10 Trillion (10^13)
potential edges to check.
– Even if generating 100M edges per second, 100K seconds ~ 27 hours.
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maxv∈V
d2v
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“Just 5 more minutes”
Running the naive algorithm on LiveJournal Graph– 80% of reducers done after 5 min
– 99% done after 35 min
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Adapting the Algorithm
Approach 1: Dealing with skew directly– currently every triangle counted 3 times (once per vertex)
– Running time quadratic in the degree of the vertex
– Idea: Count each once, from the perspective of lowest degree vertex
– Does this heuristic work?
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Adapting the Algorithm
Approach 1: Dealing with skew directly– currently every triangle counted 3 times (once per vertex)
– Running time quadratic in the degree of the vertex
– Idea: Count each once, from the perspective of lowest degree vertex
– Does this heuristic work?
Approach 2: Divide & Conquer– Equally divide the graph between machines
– But any edge partition will be bound to miss triangles
– Divide into overlapping subgraphs, account for the overlap
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
How to Count Triangles Better
Sequential Version [Schank ’07]:
foreach v in V
foreach u,w in Adjacency(v)
if deg(u) > deg(v) && deg(w) > deg(v)
if (u,w) in E
Triangles[v]++
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Does it make a difference?
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Dealing with Skew
Why does it help? – Partition nodes into two groups:
• Low:
• High:
– There are at most low nodes; each produces at most paths
– There are at most high nodes
• Each produces paths to other high nodes: paths per node
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L = {v : dv ≤√
m}H = {v : dv >
√m}
n O(m)
2√
m
O(m)
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Dealing with Skew
Why does it help? – Partition nodes into two groups:
• Low:
• High:
– There are at most low nodes; each produces at most paths
– There are at most high nodes
• Each produces paths to other high nodes: paths per node
– These two are identical !
– Therefore, no mapper can produce substantially more work than others.
– Total work is , which is optimal
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L = {v : dv ≤√
m}H = {v : dv >
√m}
n O(m)
2√
m
O(m)
O(m3/2)
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Approach 2: Graph Split
Partitioning the nodes:- Previous algorithm shows one way to achieve better parallelization
- But what if even is too much. Is it possible to divide input into
smaller chunks?
Graph Split Algorithm:– Partition vertices into equal sized groups .
– Consider all possible triples and the induced subgraph:
– Compute the triangles on each separately.
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O(m)
p V1, V2, . . . , Vp
(Vi, Vj , Vk)
Gijk = G [Vi ∪ Vj ∪ Vk]
Gijk
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Approach 2: Graph Split
Some Triangles present in multiple subgraphs:
Can count exactly how many subgraphs each triangle will be in
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Vi Vj
Vk
in 1 subgraph
in p-2 subgraphs
in ~p2 subgraphs
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Approach 2: Graph Split
Analysis:– Each subgraph has edges in expectation.
– Very balanced running times
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O(m/p2)
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Approach 2: Graph Split
Analysis:– Very balanced running times
– controls memory needed per machine
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p
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Approach 2: Graph Split
Analysis:– Very balanced running times
– controls memory needed per machine
– Total work: , independent of
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p
p3 · O((m/p2)3/2) = O(m3/2) p
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Approach 2: Graph Split
Analysis:– Very balanced running times
– controls memory needed per machine
– Total work: , independent of
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p
p3 · O((m/p2)3/2) = O(m3/2) p
Input too big: paging
Shuffle time increases with duplication
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Overall
Naive Parallelization Doesn’t help with Data Skew
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Related Work
• Tsourakakis et al. [09]: – Count global number of triangles by estimating the trace of the cube
of the matrix
– Don’t specifically deal with skew, obtain high probability approximations.
• Becchetti et al. [08]– Approximate the number of triangles per node
– Use multiple passes to obtain a better and better approximation
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
Think about data skew.... and avoid the curse
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Conclusions
Think about data skew.... and avoid the curse– Get programs to run faster
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Conclusions
Think about data skew.... and avoid the curse– Get programs to run faster
– Publish more papers
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Conclusions
Think about data skew.... and avoid the curse– Get programs to run faster
– Publish more papers
– Get more sleep
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Conclusions
Think about data skew.... and avoid the curse– Get programs to run faster
– Publish more papers
– Get more sleep
– ..
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WWW 2011 Sergei Vassilvitskii
Conclusions
Think about data skew.... and avoid the curse– Get programs to run faster
– Publish more papers
– Get more sleep
– ..
– The possibilities are endless!
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Thank You