Counsels on Diet and Food - adventistmm.org
Transcript of Counsels on Diet and Food - adventistmm.org
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Ellen G. White a&;om;ûypkaom Counsels on Diet and Food
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"Testimony Studies on Diet and Foods" trnfjzifh 1926 ckESpfwGif
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qdkif&mtMuHay;csufrsm;udk pkpnf;xkwfa0onfh xdkpmtkyfonf
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xdkpmtkyfudk 0,f,lzwf½IMuojzifh xkwfa0onfhpmtkyfrsm;onf
ravmufrijzpfcJh&ygonf/
xdkaMumifh E.G. White \pmtkyfpmayrsm;udk xdef;odrf;
apmifha½Smufonfh a*gyutzGJU\vrf;ñTefrIatmufwGif 1938
ckESpfü þpmtkyf "Counsels on Diet and Foods" udk pkpnf;xkwfa0
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7/ tpm;MuL;jcif; ------------------------- 191
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[CTBH, pp. 41, 42] CH, pp. 107-108 (1890)
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udk,fawmfESifhtwlyl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&efrSm uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif
&rnfhtvkyfyifjzpfonf/
Letter, 73a, 1896.
touf½SifvIyf½Sm;aeaomudk,ft*Fgtaygif;onf xm0&
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t&mrsm;udk vk,laejcif;jzpfonf/
em;axmifjcif;qdkif&mar;cGef;wpfyk'f
MS, p. 49, (1897)
usef;rmoefYpifaomcE¨mudk,fudk udk,fawmfxHütyfESH
&rnfqdkonfhtcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYoabmraygufMuacs/
Letter 120, 1901.
touf½Sifvsuf½S daom cE¨mud k,f,EÅ&m;BuD;ud k
apmifha½Smuf&ef ysufuGufjcif;onf zefqif;½Sifudkapmfum;jcif;
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R & H, May 8, 1883.
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ay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfh usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
rvdkufemjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
COL, pp. 347-348 (1900)
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pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk vufñId;awmftm;jzifh a&;om;xm;
awmfrlonf/
MS 3, 1897.
vlom;rsm;udkzefqif;awmfrlonfh zefqif;½Sifonf
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wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf obm0w&m;wGif xif½Sm;
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ocif\vuf&mawmfonf tHhMop&mtaumif;qHk;jzpfygonf/
CTBH, p. 53 (1890)
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vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ pm;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? aomuf&mwGifvnf;
aumif; csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHrIr½Sdolrsm;onf cE¨mudk,fpGrf;tm;rsm;
udkûzef;wD;um pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udktm;enf;atmifvkyfaqmifaeMu
jcif;jzpfonf/
6T, pp. 369-370 (1900)
obm0w&m;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ynwfcsufrsm;yif
jzpfae&m xdkt&mrsm;udk *½kwpdkufavhvm&efrSm uREfkyf\wm0ef
omjzpfygonf/ cEmudk,fusef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfh vkyfaqmif
&eftcsufrsm;udkavhvmum xdktcsufrsm;ESifhtnD uREfkyfwdkY
touf½SifaexdkifoifhMuonf/ þtcsufrsm;udk rodusKd;uRef
ûyjcif;onf tjypfusL;vGefjcif;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
]]oifwdkYudk,fcE¨monf c&pfawmf\t*FgjzpfaMumif;udk
rodMuoavm/}} ]]oifwdkYudk,fcE¨monf bk&m;ocifay;oem;
awmfrlaom 0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom oifwdkYtxJüudef;0yfí
oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\AdrmefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
rdrdwdkYudk rdrdwdkYrydkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; rodMuoavm/
oifwdkYonf tzdk;ESifh0,fawmfrlaomoljzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;
ocifydkifawmfrlaom oifwdkY\udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOftm;jzifh
bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudk xif½Sm;apMuavmh/}} 1aum?
6;15? 19-20/ uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcEmonf tzdk;tcESifh c&pfawmf
0,fxm;onft&mjzpfojzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkudk,fcE¨mudk
rdrdwdkYoabmtwdkif; vkyfcsifovdkvkyfEdkifcGifhr½Sdygacs/ odkY&mwGif
vlom;rsm;onf vkyfcsifovdkvkyfaeMuacsNyD/ pnf;rsOf;Oya'
rsm;ü jypf'PfpD&ifrIr½Sdonfhtvm; vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\
udk,fcE¨mudkûyusifhaeMuacsNyD/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI
rsm;aMumifh cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;onf
tm;tifcsnfheJYum a&m*gb,rsm;ESifhjynfh0vsuf aumif;pGm
8 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 7
rvIyf½Sm;EdkifMuawmhacs/ pmwefonf xm0&bk&m;ociftm;
xduyg;&duyg;ajymqdk&ef ¤if;udk,fwdkifzefwD;vkyfaqmifcJhonfh
xdktusKd;qufrsm;udk toHk;ûywwfygonf/ olonf c&pfawmf
udk,fawmfwdkif tzdk;ay;í0,f,lcJhaom vlom;rsm;\udk,fcE¨m
rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocif\a½SUarSmufwGifwifjywwfygonf/
vlonf zefqif;½Sif\udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onfh
jrifraumif;? ½Iraumif;aomjrifuGif;wpfckjzpfaeygwum;/
vlom;rsm;onf rdrd\cEmudk,fudk tjypfESifhjynhf0apum ysufpD;
qHk;yg;apvsuf½SdaomaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocifonf toa&ESifh
uif;rJh&acsNyD/
vlom;taygif;wdkYonf trSefwu,fajymif;vJvmaom
tcsdefwGif udk,f? pdwf? ESvHk;? oHk;yg;udk xdcdkufepfemaprnfht&m
rsm;udk a½Smif½Sm;&ef êud;pm;um bk&m;ocifcsrSwfxm;awmfrlonfh
toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tav;teufxm;vmMuvdrfhrnf/
xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;trIudk yk*¾vdu
wm0efwpfcktjzpfrSwf,lvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufjcif;twGuf uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif qif;&Jjcif;a0'emcHpm;Mu
&rnf/ vkyfaqmifusifhMuHrItm;vHk;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifxH
wGif uREfkyfwdkYavQmufvJMu&ygrnf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf
ar;cGef;wpfckrSm ]]þavmuom;rsm;u rnfodkYajymqdkaeMu
oenf;}} qdkonfh ar;cGef;r[kwfbJ ]]c&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfaom
uREfkyfonf bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfhtoufwmudk rnfodkY
toHk;csusifhaqmif&rnfenf;/ uREfkyf\udk,fcEmudk oefY½Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfudef;0yf&ef Adrmefawmfwpfcktjzpf taumif;qHk;
tajctaeodkYa&mufvmatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufrnfvm;?
(odkYr[kwf) avmutawG;tac:? tusifhtMuHrsm;ü rdrdudk,f
udk uREfkyfepfûryfvdkuf&rnfvm;}} qdkonfhar;cGef;jzpfygonf/
rodem;rvnfjcif;twGufBuD;av;aomtjypf'Pf
Health Reform, October, 1866.
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,fzGJUpnf;
vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udktkyfpdk;&ef pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udkjy|mef;awmfrlcJhNyD;
jzpf&m þpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfvSygonf/
xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk azgufzsufusL;vGefolrsm;onf taES;ESifh
tjrefjypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udkcHMu&vdrfhrnf/ vlom;rsm;cHpm;ae&onfh
a&m*gtrsm;pkrSm usef;rma&;qdkif&m bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ vlwdkYonf usef;rma&;udpöudk
pdwfr0ifpm;oa,mifjzpfaeNyD; rdrdudk,fudk t½kyfêud;jywfjzpfatmif
rem;raeêud;pm;aeMuygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk; csKH;csKH;us
onfhtcsdefodkYa&mufaomtcgusrS q&m0efyifhum aoonftxd
aq;ukcHMuygonf/
tNrJwaprodem;rvnfjzpfaeonfr[kwfyg
6T, p. 372 (1900)
usef;rmjcif;taMumif;ajymjyonhftcgwdkif; vlom;rsm;
zGifhqdkwwfonfhpum;rSm ]]igwdkY[m odoavmuf rvdkufem
10 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 9
Mubl;}} [líjzpf\/ udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;ESifhywfoufaom
tvif;w&m;rsm;udk vufawGUtoHk;cs&efrSm rdrdwdkYwm0efjzpf
onfudkvnf;aumif;? tusifhp½dkuftoD;oD;wdkYudk bk&m;ocif
ppfaq;awmfrlvdrhfrnfudkvnf;aumif; vlom;rsm;oabmrayguf
Muacs/ cE¨mudk,fudkjzpfuwwfqef;apmifha½SmufMu&rnfr[kwf
acs/ udk,ft*FgtoD;oD;ESifhwuG tao;i,fqHk;aomtarG;trSif
uav;rsm;udkyif rysufr,Gif;&avatmif av;av;pm;pm;
umuG,fapmifha½Smuf&ayrnf/
&½Sdxm;aomtvif;twGuf wm0ef0wå&m;
Good Health, November, 1880.
usef;rma&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk &½SdvmonfhtcsdefrSpí
uREfkyfwdkYaeYpOfESifhtrQ ar;aeoifhonfhar;cGef;rSm ]]uREfkyfonf
t&m&mudk csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHrI½Sd&Jhvm;/}} ]]uREfkyfpm;oHk;aeaom
tpm;tpmrsm;onf uREfkyftm; taumif;qHk;t&mrsm;udkNyD;ajrmuf
atmif vkyfudkifEdkifap&ef rpEdkifvdrfhrnfvm;}} [laomar;cGef;
rsm;jzpfygonf/ xdkar;cGef;rsm;\tajzonf ]½Sdygonf? rpEdkif
ygonf} [laomtajzrsm;rjzpfvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\
a½SUarSmufwGif jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udkcHMu&vdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm
toufwmvrf;c&D;xGef;vif;jyocJhaom tvif;w&m;rsm;twGuf
uREfkyfwdkYüwm0ef½Sdonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifowfrSwfawmfrlaom
aMumifhjzpfygonf/ tvif;w&m;rsm;udk r&ao;onfhtcsdefwGif
bk&m;ocifonf rod[efaqmifaevdrhfrnfjzpfaomfvnf; tvif;
w&m;&½SdonfESifhwpfûydifeuf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh
tusifhp½dkufrsm;udkpGefYypfum cE¨mudk,fqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmuf&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qkdawmfrl\/
CTBH, p. 150 (1890)
usef;rmjcif;onf &wemwpfyg;jzpfonf/ avmut&m
rsm;teuf usef;rmjcif;onf tjrwfqHk;aomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/
csrf;omjcif;? ynm½SmazGjcif;ESifh &mxl;&mcHrsm;udk&½Sd&ef êud;pm;
jcif;rsm;wGif usef;rmjcif;onf tajccHusaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/
rusef;rmvQif csrf;omjcif;? ynmwwfjcif;ESifh &mxl;½Sdjcif;wdkYü
aysmf½TifrIudk ½SmírawGUEdkifacs/ xdkaMumifh bk&m;ocifay;oem;
awmfrlonfh xdk&wemudk *½krxm;jcif;onf tvGefqdk;½Gm;aom
tjypfwpfckjzpfygonf/ touf½Sifaexdkif&efvnf; tiftm;
csnfheJYaponf/ usef;rma&;udktxdcdkufcHí todynmrsm;udk
&,laeolrsm;onf t½HI;orm;oufoufomjzpfaeygonf/
CTBH, p. 151 (1890)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdzefqif;xm;aoma0ae,s
owå0grsm;tm; aysmf½TifrIESifh jynhfpHkpGmtouf½SifaexdkifEdkif&ef
enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh pDrHxm;awmfrlygonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf
raumif;rIrsm;udkpGefYum ynwfpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk apmifhxdef;&yg
rnf/ usef;rmNidrfoufjcif;qdkif&mtvdkawmfESifhtnD touf½Sif
vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/
Health Reformer, August, 1866.
xm0&bk&m;ocif\ynwfpnf;rsO f;rsm;ESi f htnD
touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;ESifh
jynfhpHkapygvdrfhrnf/
12 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 11
tjypftemtqmuif;aomylaZmfrIwpfck
CTBH, p. 15 (1890)
ylaZmfrnfh,Zfaumifwdkif;onf tjypftemtqmuif;&
rnf[k a½S;acwf,k'vlrsKd;rsm;\ylaZmfrIqdkif&mtcrf;tem;rsm;u
awmif;qdkygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudkoefY½Sif;í bk&m;
ocifESpfoufzG,faom touf½Sifvsuf½Sdonfh,Zftjzpf ylaZmf
Mu&ef 1aum? 6;19-20 wGif xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkxm;
ygonf/ trSefrSm uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\vuf&m
awmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vl\udk,fcE¨mwGif xif½Sm;vsuf½Sdonfh
tHhMop&mrsm;udk oHk;oyfqifjcifvsuf½Sdaom qmvHq&mu
]]uREfkyftm; tHhMoaMumuf½GHUp&maumif;avmufatmif zefqif;
xm;awmfrlonf}} [k zGifhqdkcJhygonf/ vltrsm;onf odyÜH
ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmod½Sd½Hkomru trSefw&m;udkyg tuRrf;0if
Muaomfvnf; rdrdwdkY\udk,fcEmudktkyfpdk;xm;onhf Oya'pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkrl em;rvnfMuacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtm;
tpGrf;owådrsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfjzpf&m xdkt&mrsm;udk
tusKd;½SdatmiftoHk;cs&ef bk&m;ocif\om;orD;jzpfaom
uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpfygonf/ tu,fí uREfkyfwdkY\rSm;,Gif;
aomtae? tpm;rsm;tm;jzifh xdktpGrf;owådrsm;udk tm;enf;
arS;rSdefoGm;aprnfqdkvQif udk,fawmf½Siftm; uREfkyfwdkY*kPfûy
oifhonfhtwdkif; *kPfûyEdkifMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
[CTBH, pp. 52-53] CH, p. 121 (1890)
uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudk touf½Sifaeonfh,Zfaumif
wpfaumiftjzpf tyfESH&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrl\/
aoaeaomcE¨mudk,f (odkYr[kwf) aocgeD;qJqJcE¨mudk,frsKd;udk
awmif;qdkawmfrljcif;r[kwfyg/ a½S;acwfa[NAJvlrsm;ylaZmfaom
,Zfaumifrsm;onf tjypftemtqmESifhuif;pif&ygonf/ a&m*g
b,ESifhjynfh0aeaom vlom;,ZfaumifudkvufcH&ef xm0&
bk&m;ocifESpfoufawmfrlvdrfhrnfvm;/ uREfkyfwdkYudk,fcE¨monf
oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudef;atmif;&mAdrmefawmfjzpfaomaMumifh
xdkAdrmefawmfudk xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&
bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl\/ ]]oifwdkY.....onf.....rdrdwdkYudk rdrdwdkYrydkif
aMumif;udk.....rodMuoavm/ oifwdkYonf tzdk;ESifh0,f,lawmfrl
aomoljzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlaom oifwdkY\
udk,fcEmESifhpdwf0dnmOftm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudk
xif½Sm;apMuavmh}} [k wrefawmfaygvkuvnf; uREfkyfwdkY
tm;oGefoifxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh vlom;rsm;onf bk&m;
ocifüûy&rnfh0wfESifh vlUtodkuft0ef;rdom;pkrsm;wGif ûy&rnfh
0wfrsm;udk ausyGefatmifûyEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm rdrdwdkY\cEmudk,fudk
taumif;qHk;xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufoifhMuygonf/
oem;p&maumif;aomtyfESHrIwpfck
3T, pp. 164-165 (1872)
usef;rmjcif;udkaumif;rGefaprnfh pm;enf;? aomufenf;
ESifh 0wfqifenf;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdxm;&ygrnf/ zsm;emjcif;
qdkonfrSm usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh obm0w&m;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufjcif;\ tusKd;qufwpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\t"du
14 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 13
wm0efrSm usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;tygt0if bk&m;ocif\
ynwfpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;jzpfonf/
tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYemrusef;MuvQif uREfkyfwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;udk
0rf;enf;aponf/ obm0w&m;udkazgufzsufojzifh uREfkyfwdkY
tEka<ua<ucJhMuvQifvnf; tjcm;olrsm;udk0rf;enf;aMuuGJap
Muygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;tm; usef;rm
aysmf½Tifaomtoufwmtm;jzifh tultnDay;Mu&rnfhtpm;
¤if;wdkY\aysmf½Tifaomtoufwmrsm;udk zsufqD;aeMuygonf/
trIawmfwdk;wufa&;twGuf bk&m;ociftm;ay;&rnfh0wfudk
vnf; ysufuGufapMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;
ocif\ynwfawmfudk csKd;azmufolrsm;b0odkY a&mufoGm;Mu
onfr[kwfygvm;/
odkY&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oem;Muifemjcif;?
aumif;jrwfjcif;wdkYESifhjynfhpHkonfjzpf&m usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkcsKd;azmufaomaMumifh usef;rma&;csKdUwJhonfhtcsdefusrS
tvif;w&m;&½Sdolrsm;onf trSefwu,foabmaygufum
aemifw&cJhMuonfqdkvQif xdkoem;p&maumif;onfh emrusef;
aom,Zfaumifudkyif xm0&bk&m;ocifvufcHawmfrlygonf/
aemifw&aom xdka&m*gonf\usefaomtoufwmudk rjiif;y,f
jcif;t&mü udk,fawmf\u½kPmawmfonf BuD;jrwfvSygwum;/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oem;jcif;u½kPmawmftm;jzifh xdk0dnmOf
udk u,fq,fawmfrlygonf/ odkYaomf edrfhusí oem;p&maumif;
onfh,Zfaumifudk oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaombk&m;ocifxHü tyfESH
ylaZmf&rnfjzpfonf/ rSm;,Gif;,kwfnHhaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;aMumifh
jrifhjrwfaomtpGrf;owådrsm; ysuf,Gif;aeacsNyD/ jyif;jyaomqE´
rGefrsm;vnf; aysmufysufukefacsNyD/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;onf tvS
ysufaeacsNyD/
tb,faMumifhusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifrIqdkif&mtvif;udk
ay;&oenf;
2T, pp. 399-400 (1870)
raumif;onfhtusifh"avhrsm;udk vdkufpm;jcif;aMumifh
twdwfumvrSrsK d;qufrsm;tay:wGif usa&mufaeonfh
tarSmifxkBuD;udk wwftm;orQ z,f½Sm;ypfEdkif&eftwGufaomf
vnf;aumif;? csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh
raumif;rItusKd;qufrsm;avsmhyg;oGm;&eftwGufaomfvnf;
aumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; tvif;ay;awmfrl
cJhygonf/ ,HkMunfolom;orD;rsm;onf xdk½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;
aemufodkYvdkufygroGm;Edkifap&eftwGufvnf;aumif; þacwf
þtcgwGifjzpfysufaeaom ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;jcif;rsm;wGif epfarsm
roGm;Edkifap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; avmuqdkif&mûyrl
usifhMuHrIrsm;ESifh uif;a0;EdkifrnfhtajctaexJodkY rdrdvlwdkYtm;
aqmifMuOf;&ef wefcdk;½SifOmPfawmftm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocif
pDrHawmfrlonf/ ,HkMunfolrdbrsm;ESifh om;orD;rsm;onf
c&pfawmf\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? xm0&toufudk0ifpm;rnfholrsm;
tjzpf rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfaeonfudk xm0&bk&m;ocif
16 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 15
vdkvm;awmfrl\/ xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrS cGeftm;&,lum
touf½Sifaexdkifolrsm;onf þurÇmBuD;xJwGif avmuaysmf½TifrI
cHpm;jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfysufaeaomazmufjyefysufpD;rIrsm;ESifh
vGwfuif;Muvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif yg;pyftvdkudkvdkufaeolrsm;
twGufrl c&pf,mefpHkvifjcif;udk&Edkif&ef rvG,fulygacs/
CTBH, p. 75 (1890)
usa&mufEdkifaomtEÅ&m,frsm;rS uif;vGwfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;wGif touf½Sif
aexdkifvsuf½Sdonfh uREfkyfwdkYtay:odkY usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;tvif;udk xGef;vif;apawmfrlonf/ pmwefuvnf;
vlom;rsm;tm; cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufvsuf? tmom&r®uftvdkudk
jznfhvsuf? rnfonfht&mudkrQtav;rxm;bJ rdkufrJaom
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifhom tcsdefûzef;vsuf touf½Sifaexdkifatmif
tpGrf;ukefêud;pm;aoG;aqmifaeygonf/ avmuaysmf½TifrIESifh rdrd
udk,fusKd;vGefuJaomaysmf½TifrIESifhjynfh0onfh toufwmrsm;\
qGJaqmifrIrsm;udkvnf; olazmfjyay;aeygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;
uif;rJhrIaMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;½SdcGeftm;rsm;ukefqHk;oGm;ygonf/
xdkuJhodkY usqHk;oGm;olrsm;onf ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;\&efolBuD;
jzpfaom pmwef\xdef;csKyfrIatmuf½SdydkifeufxJodkY rdrdudk,fudk
rdrdpGefYypfaejcif;jzpfonf/
[CTBH., p. 52] CH, pp. 120-121 (1890)
wpfudk,fa&usef;rmap&ef t&m&mcsKyfwnf;jcif;onf
t"duusonf/ xdkodk Yqdk&mü pm;aomuf&mwGifomru
tvkyfvkyf&mwGifvnf; csKyfwnf;Mu&ygrnf/ oefY½Sif;jzLpifaom
toufwmESifh touf½Sifaexdkifvdkolrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
udk,fawmfjyifqifxm;aom taumif;qHk;pm;aomufaexdkifyHkudk
od½Sd&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh csKyfwnf;
jcif;tusifhudk aeYpOfusifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh trSefw&m;ü oefY½Sif;
pifMu,fvmap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; ,kwfnHhedrfhusaom
tpm;taomufrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhraumif;usKd;rsm;rS
umuG,f&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
jcif;qdkif&mtvif;awmfudk ay;oem;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/
CTBH, p. 120 (1890)
udk,f? pdwf? 0dnmOfoHk;yg;pvHk;\ zGHUûzd;wdk;wufrIudk
txGwftxdyftxda&mufatmifydkYaqmif&efrSm usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m owif;pum;\&nfrSef;csufjzpfonfudk
xm0pOfrSwfom;xm;Muyg/ bk&m;ocifcsrSwfonfh ynwf
pnf;rsOf;wnf;[laom obm0w&m;\pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf uREfkyf
wdkYtm;tusKd;ûy&ef csrSwfxm;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;onf þb0toufwmwGif
aysmf½TifrIudk wdk;yGm;ap½Hkomru tem*wfumvtwGuf jyifqif
&mwGifvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm; taxmuftulay;ygvdrfhrnf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;\ta&;ygyHk
9T, pp. 158-160 (1909)
þowif;pum;\tOD;ydkif;wGif uREfkyftm; ay;oem;
xm;awmfrlonfh xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf twdwfumvü ta&;yg
18 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 17
DF- 2
cJhouJhodkY ,ckwGifvnf; ta&;ygqJjzpfojzifh wm0efododjzifh
ta&;w,lxm;oifhygonf/ tm[m&qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vHk;0
rvdkufavQmufao;olwcsKdU½SdaeqJjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh ,ckwGif
awmif;Zvm;atmufwGif zHk;uG,fxm;onfhtvif;udk,lum
olwpfyg;jrifomatmif xGef;vif;Muyg/
usef;rmpGmtouf½Sifjcif;qdkif&m xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf
uREfkyfwdkYwpfOD;csif;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? vlom;xkwpfckvHk;
twGufaomfvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmtusKd;½SdvSygonf/
xdkpnf;rsOf;tm;vHk;udk ,ckwGif prf;oyftwnfûyaeMu
ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pfawmfü ESpfjcif;r*FvmcH,lNyD;MuNyD
jzpf&m rdrdwdkYtm; ,kwfnHhedrfhusoGm;aprnfht&mtm;vHk;ESifh
uif;uif;½Sif;½Sif;pm;aomufaexdkifMurnfqdkvQif touf½Sifaom
OD;acgif;wnf;[laom c&pfawmfüBuD;xGm;vm&ef cGeftm;rsm;udk
ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ xdkYjyifomru bk&m;ocifay;oem;rnfh
u,fwifjcif;udk uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUMu&vdrfhrnf/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufí uREfkfyfwdkYem;vnfrI½Sdaomtcsdefa&mufrSom rSm;,Gif;
aomtm[m&rsm;\ raumif;aomtusKd;qufrsm;udk jynfhpHkpGm
uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ rdrdwdkY\trSm;udkawGUjrifum
raumif;aomp½dkufrsm;udkpGefYypf&ef owåd½Sdolrsm;onf jyefvnf
ûyjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif ZGJ½SdzdkYvdktyfaMumif;? ½kef;uef&aMumif;rsm;udk
awGU½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif oHk;aqmifoifhaomtm[m&
rsm;udk wpfBudrfwpfcgpm;oHk;zl;vmvQif tEÅ&m,fuif;onf[k
,cifutxif½SdcJhaom xdktpm;tpmrsm;onf tpmraMuonfh
a&m*grSpí tjcm;a&m*grsm;udk tpysKd;apaMumif; oabm
aygufvmMuvdrfhrnf/
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;\tqifhtwef;
9T, p. 158 (1909)
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf tvGefta&;ygaomtrSef
w&m;rsm;udk udkifwG,fvkyfaqmifaeygonf/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;
(40) rwdkifrDuwnf;u xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdkowif;
pum;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;oem;awmfrlxm;ygonf/ &½Sdxm;onf
htvif;w&m;twdkif; uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmufaeMuygovm;/
xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHay;csufESifhtnD touf½Sifaexdkif&ef
vlrnfrQjiif;qdkaeygoenf;/ uREfkyfwdkYonf &½Sdonfhtvif;
w&m;\twdkif;tqESifhtnD wdk;wufzGHUûzd;oifhMuygonf/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk av;pm;
vdkufem&efrSm uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpfonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh
pyfvsOf;onfhudpö&yfrsm;wGif tjcm;oltm;vHk;xuf uREfkyfwdkY
apmpD;pGmusifhaqmifaeoifhMuaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifay;oem;
onfh tvif;w&m;udk tav;rxm;Muaom w&m;a[mq&m
rsm;tygt0if toif;om;rsm;pGmwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkYtxJwGif½SdaeMu
ygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf êudufovdkpm;aomufaeMuonf/
êudufovdkvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/
20 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 19
trIawmfwGifyg0ifvkyfaqmifaeaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
q&morm;rsm;wdkY? usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif
or®musrf;pmudktajcûyum rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfMuyg/ urÇmh
&mZ0if\aemufqHk;aomaeYrsm;wGif touf½Sifvsuf½SdMuaom
,HkMunfolrsm;a½SUwGif aumif;aomyHkoufaorsm;udkjyMuavmh/
xm0&bk&m;ocifudk tvkyftauR;ûyolrsm;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk tvkyf
tauR;ûyaeolrsm;tMum; xif½Sm;onfhjcm;em;rIwpfckudk azmfjy
Muyg/
1T, p. 487 (1867)
]]bmomw&m;rJhaejcif;ESifh avmuwyfrufjcif;rsm;udk
y,f½Sm;vsuf ,ckb0ü £a`E´apmifhjcif;? w&m;ojzifhusifhjcif;?
bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmfjcif;wdkYudk ûyae&rnftaMumif;---
cyfodrf;aomraumif;rIrS igwdkYudka½G;Ekwfjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;?
aumif;aomtusifhbufü pdwftm;BuD;í ydkifxdkufawmfrlaomtrsKd;
udk rdrdtzdkY pifMu,fapjcif;iSm udk,fudkpGefYBuJawmfrlaom---
igwdkYudku,fwifawmfrlaom t½Sifocifa,½Ic&pf\bkef;toa&
awmfxif½Sm;ay:xGef;jcif;udk}} arQmfvifhvsuf½Sdaom uREfkyfwdkYonf
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orm;rsm;\aemufwGif csefaeMuawmhrnfvm;/ c&pfawmf
udk,fawmfwdkifu oefY½Sif;pifMu,faponfh ydkifxdkufaomtrsKd;?
aojcif;udkyif rjrnf;prf;&bJ aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkY csDaqmif
jcif;cH&rnfh uREfkyfwdkYonf aumif;aomtusifht&mü olwpfyg;
xufredrfhusoifhMuygacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifudk aMumuf½GHU
jcif;tm;jzifh oefY½Sif;jcif;udkpHkvifapvsuf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\
tnpftaMu;rsm;udkaq;aMum&mwGifvnf; tjcm;vlom;rsm;xuf
trsm;BuD;a½SUrSajy;aeoifhMuygonf/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh
vlemrsm;twGufqkawmif;jcif;
9T, pp. 164-165 (1909)
tjypfrSuif;pifap&efESifh xdkoefY½Sif;jcif;udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef
twGuf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\ESvHk;om;ESifh tdrfrsm;ü
0dnmOfawmfbk&m;ocifudef;atmif;ae&ygrnf/ ,aeYtouf½Sif
aexdkifvsuf½Sdaom 0dnmOfa&;£oa&vrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;
ocifa½SUawmfwGif rdrdudk,fudkESdrfhcsum cE¨mudk,fAdrmefawmfü
ayusHaeaomtnpftaMu;rsm;udk aq;aMumypfMuaomtcsdef
wGif vlemrsm;udk,fpm; ¤if;wdkYûyvkyfaomqkawmif;oHrsm;udk
em;anmif;NyD; ¤if;wdkYwdkufauR;toHk;ûyrnfhaq;0g;rsm;udk
aumif;csD;ay;um a&m*grsm;udkaysmufuif;apawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocifpDrHxm;onfh ½dk;pif;aomukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûyvsuf
,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh a&m*grsm;udkukoaomtcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkY\
êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIudk xm0&bk&m;ocifaumif;csD;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;
NyD;aemufydkif;rSmyif ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;r½SdbJ rSm;,Gif;aom"avh
tusifhrsm;udk qufvufusifhoHk;aeMurnfqdkvQif rSm;,Gif;aom
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22 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 21
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rcHpm;&atmif wefcdk;jyí u,fwifawmfrlvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
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]]tpm;taomufudk ûcd;jcHp&mrvdkygbl;/ êudufovdk
pm;aomufEdkifygw,f/ aeraumif;&ifvnf; bk&m;ocifu
ukoay;rSmaygh}} [líajymqdkwwfonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom,HkMunf
jcif;udk qGJudkifxm;olrsm;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;wGif bk&m;
ocif\rlvyHktoGifudk&apEdkifonfhwefcdk;vdktyfaeacsNyD/ xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf oifhudktemaysmufuif;atmif BuD;rm;pGmaus;Zl;
ûyxm;NyDjzpf&m pdwftvdkudkvdkufí xifovdkpm;aomufaexdkifEdkif
onf[k oifrxifoifhygacs/ ]oGm;avmh? aemufwpfzef raumif;rI
udkrûyESifh} [k c&pfawmfrdefYrSmawmfrlonfhtwdkif; vkyfaqmifMuyg/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf oif\bk&m;ocifrjzpfoifhygacs/
1T, pp. 560-561(1867)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvkyfonf vlom;rsm;
tusKd;tvdkYiSm bk&m;ocifpDrHxm;onfh ta&;BuD;aomvkyfief;
rsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
vlemrsm;twGuf "r®trIaqmifrsm;qkawmif;ay;aomtcg
bk&m;ocifem;ranmif;&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udk uRefrjrifjcif;
(vision) wGif jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ xdkq&mrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azmufaepOfrSm qkawmif;
jcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk rxif½Sm;apEdkifMuyg/
,HkMunfjcif;ESif hjynfh0aomqkawmif;oHrsm;udk tjynfht0
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ESifh usef;rma&;Xmersm;udk udk,fawmf½SifpDpOfxm;awmfrlonf
udkvnf; uRefrjrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ emrusef;olrsm;udk oufom
aysmufuif;apjcif;? xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;
Edkifolrsm;jzpfapjcif;ESifh c&pfawmf<uvmaomtcg u,fwifjcif;
&½SdEdkifapjcif;rsm;twGuf uREfkyfwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;onf tusifh
w&m;ESifhjynfh0aeygonf/
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 144-145 (1864)
udk,fawmf½SifxHwGif qkawmif;vdkufNyDjzpfojzifh bk&m;
ocifu emrusef;rIrsm;rS u,fEkwfvdrfhrnf[k vltrsm;u
arQmfvifhaeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;oHudk bk&m;
ocifem;anmif;awmfrrlacs/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkY\,HkMunf
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pnf;urf;rsm;udk tqufrjywfcsKd;azmufum a&m*gr&atmif
usifhaqmifaexdkifjcif;r½Sdaomxdkolrsm;tm; usef;rmvmatmif
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usef;rma&;aumif;atmif rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk
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twGuf qkawmif;jynfhvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkenf;tm;jzifh emrawmf
onf xif½Sm;aprnfqdkvQif udk,fawmf½Sifonf uREfkyfwdkY\
24 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 23
qkawmif;oHudk xdktcsdefwGif em;anmif;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
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jzpfonfudk udk,fawmf½Sifodawmfrlxm;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/
£oa&vrsm;\qHk;½IH;rIrS&onfhoifcef;pmwpfck
9T, p. 165 (1909)
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rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/ þuwdawmfonf em;axmifvdkufavQmuf
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rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY&½Sdxm;onfhoGefoifcsufrsm;udk em;axmif
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awmfrlaomtaygif;toif;jzpfMu\}} [k uREfkyfwdkYxH ayw½k
a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 1ay? 2;9/
MH, p. 283 (1905)
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oGefoifcsufrsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufum tusKd;½Sdatmif
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26 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 25
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oefpGrf;NyD; OmPf&nfxufjrufMuvdrfhrnf/
c&pf,meftajy;ûydifyGJ
CTBH, p. 25 (1890)
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ajy;Muaomfvnf; wpfa,mufwnf;omvQif qk&onf[k
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Edkifaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSmûyMu\/}}
þwGif ûcd;jcHcsKyfwnf;jcif;aMumifh &½SdcHpm;&rnfh
aumif;aom&v'frsm;udkazmfjyxm;ygonf/ udk;uG,faombk&m;
rsm;udk a½S;acwf*&drsm;u *kPfûyusif;yonfhûydifyGJtrsKd;rsKd;rsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkY&ifqdkif&rnfh 0dnmOfa&;wdkufyGJ? uREfkyfwdkY&½Sdrnfhqkv'f
rsm;ESifhwifpm;um aygvku zGifh[xm;ygonf/ xdkûydifyGJrsm;
wGif yg0if,SOfûydifrnfhtm;upm;orm;rsm;onf tjyif;txef
avhusifh&onf/ cGeftm;udkqkwf,kwfaprnfh taysmftyg;
vdkufpm;rIrsm;udk a½Smif½Sm;Mu&onf/ udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;rsm;
wdk;wufoefpGrf;vmap&eftvdkYiSm tqDttdrfhESifh pyspf&nfrsm;
udkvnf; a½SmifMu&onf/
atmifyGJqifvQif ¤if;wdkY&½SdrnfhqkrSm rMumrDrSmyif ysufpD;
oGm;awmhrnfh yef;OD;&pfo&zluav;omjzpfonf/ xdkt&m
uav;udk trGeftjrwfxm;um ¤if;wdkYûydifyGJ0ifcJhMuygonf/
xdkt&muav;twGuf þrQtemcHEdkifcJhMuygonf/ þrQcsKyfwnf;
ûcd;jcHEdkifcJhMuygonf/ odkYqdkvQif xdkt&muav;ESifhrEIdif;om
avmufatmif rGefjrwfwefzdk;½SdvSaom? xm0&toufwnf;
[laom rysufpD;apEdkifonfh OD;&pfo&zltwGuf xdkxufru
tepfemcH? csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHoifhMuygonf/
êud;pm;vkyfaqmif&rnfrSm uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpf\/
uREfkyfwdkY\taetxdkif? tpm;taomufESifh tvdkqE´rsm;udk
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnDjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/
þenf;tm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fusef;rmjcif;udkom uREfkyfwdkY&½SdMurnf
r[kwfbJ taumif;ESifhtqdk;udkcGJjcm;Edkifonfh pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk
vnf; &½SdvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
'Ha,v\yHkoufao
CTBH, pp. 25-28 (1890)
csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk
rSefuefpGmem;vnfEdkif&ef or®musrf;pm\&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkYavhvmMu&ygrnf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh csKyfwnf;jcif;
aMumifh&½Sdonfh aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;taMumif;udkazmfjy&mwGif
28 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 27
AmAkvkefeef;awmfESifhqufpyfaeonfh 'Ha,vESifh ¤if;\tazmf
(3) OD;ujyocJhonfh erlemyHkoufaoxuf ydkíxda&mufwefcdk;
ygaomom"u[lír½Sdawmhacs/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf trSefw&m;udk tNrJwap*kPfûy
awmfrlonf/ AmAkvkefbk&ifBuD;u odrf;ydkufcJhaom tjynfjynfrS
tvm;tvmtaumif;qHk;aomvli,frsm;wGif a[NAJvli,frsm;
onf ûydifbufuif;atmif xufjrufolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
aumif;jrwfaomvu©Pmwnf;[laom a,musfm;yDoonfh
cE¨mudk,f? usufoa&ESifhjynfhpHkaomrsufESmxm;? Munfvifaom
pdwf? trnf;pufuif;aomtoufwmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufemolrsm;tm; obm0w&m;u*kPfûyonfh
wHqdyftrSwftom;aumif;rsm;jzpfonf/
'Ha,vESifh ¤if;\tazmfrsm;taMumif;udk acwftquf
qufwGiftouf½SifaexdkifMurnfhvli,frsm;\tusKd;tzdkYtvdkYiSm
or®musrf;pmwGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;awmfrlygonf/ vlom;rsm;
vkyfaqmifcJ haomt&mrsm;udk vlom;rsm;vkyfaqmifvdku
vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ xdka[NAJvli,frsm;onf pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
jcif;rsm;aemufodkYrvdkufrygbJ csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHonfhtusifhudk
axmufcHaom om"uaumif;rsm;udkazmfjycJhMuygovm;/ ,aeY
vli,frsm;onfvnf; tvm;wloufaocHjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif
EdkifMuygonf/
þwGif uREfkyfwdkYtav;teufxm;um pOf;pm;oHk;oyf
oifhaomtcsufwpfckrSm ½Sm;yg;rIaMumifh tEÅ&m,fr½SdbJ
ayg<u,f0rIaMumifh tEÅ&m,frsm;wwfonfqdkonfhtcsufyifjzpf
onf/ uREf kyfwdk Yonf tvGeftuRHpm;aomufaexdkif&ef
aoG;aqmifjcif;cHae&wwfonf/ trIawmftwGuf toHk;ûyaom
cGeftm;rsm;ukefcef;roGm;ap&ef xdef;odrf;olrsm;onf tEÅ&m,f
jzpfapEdkifrnfht&mrsm;udk a½Smif&rnfjzpfouJhodkY tusKd;½Sdaom
t&mrsm;udk toHk;ûy&mwGifvnf; csKyfwnf;rI½Sd&ef vdktyfvSyg
onf/
rsKd;qufopfuav;rsm;ywfvnfwGif cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf
aprnfh qGJaqmifrIrsm;ESifhjynfhaeygonf/ txl;ojzifh ûrdUBuD;
rsm;wGif pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhjynfhpHkaeygonf/ rdrd
udk,fudk rnpfñl;ap&atmif 'Ha,vuJhodkY csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd
olrsm;onf csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifh\tusKd;rsm;udk &½SdcHpm;Mu&
vdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;rsm;ESifh cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm;
rsm;wdk;yGm;um ta&;êuHonfhtcsdefwGif vdktyfaomcGeftm;rsm;
udk vdkovdkxkwf,ltoHk;csEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
cE¨mudk,fqdkif&m rSefuefaomtusifh"avhrsm;onf pdwf
wefcdk;udkvnf; wdk;wufzGHUûzd;aponf/ OmPfynmpGrf;&nf?
cEmudk,fcGeftm;ESifh touf½Snfjcif;wdkYonf rajymif;rvJEdkifaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;tay:wGiftajcûyonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf wdkufqdkifrI
wpfckaMumifh jzpfxGef;vmaomt&mrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ obm0udk
zefqif;awmfrlonfh bk&m;ocifonf obm0w&m;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;rS vlwdkYudk
u,fwif&ef yg0ifpGufzufawmfrlrnfr[kwfacs/ tvGefrSefuef
30 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 29
onfhqdk½dk;pum;wpfck½Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm ]]vltoD;oD;onf rdrdwdkY\
tem*wfudkxkvkyfonfh ydokumynm½Sifrsm;jzpfMu\}} [lí
jzpf\/ om;orD;rsm;\avhusifhynmay;a&;ESif h pm&dwå
wnfaqmufrIrsm;wGif rdbrsm;üwm0ef½SdonfqdkonfrSm rSefuef
aomfvnf; þurÇmwGif uREfkfyfwdkYaexdkifonfhtaetxm;ESifh
toHk;0ifrIrsm;onf uREfkfyfwdkY\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif rsm;pGm
tajcûyaeygonf/ 'Ha,vESifh ¤if;\tazmfrsm;onf i,f½G,f
pOfu&cJhonfh oifMum;ynmay;rIrsm;\tusKd;&v'frsm;udk cHpm;
cJh&Muonf[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;aMumifhom ¤if;wdkYonf
azmfjyygtaetxm;odkYwufvSrf;EdkifcJhMuonfr[kwfyg/ olwdkY\
tem*wfonf olwdkYudk,fwdkif a½G;cs,fusifhaqmifrIrsm;tay:
wGifvnf; rsm;pGmtajcûyaeygao;onf/ uav;b0rSpí&cJh
onfhoifcef;pmrsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif&ef olwdkYudk,fwdkif
qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ygao;onf/ ynm\rlvtpjzpfaom bk&m;
ocifudkaMumuf½GHUjcif;t&monf ¤if;wdkY\BuD;jrwfrItwGuf
tkwfjrpftajccHjzpfygonf/ 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;ocifuvnf;
aumif;aomtMuHtpnfrsm;ESifh jrifhjrwfaomoEéd|meftoD;oD;
wdkYudk taumiftxnfay:apawmfrl\/
R & H, Jan. 25, 1881.
(AmAkvkefEdkifiH½Sd) oifwef;ausmif;wGifa&muf½Sdaeaom
xdkvli,frsm;? ('Ha,v? [meed? rda½SvESifh tmZ&d) wdkYonf
bk&ifheef;awmfxJodkY 0ifxGufcGifh½Sdonfomru bk&ifhpm;yGJrS
tpm;tpmrsm;udkvnf; pm;aomuf&ef tcGifh&xm;olrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ þodkYpDpOfvkyfaqmifjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYtm; *kPfûy&m
a&mufonfhjyif udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmap
onf[k bk&ifBuD;utxif½Sdaeygonf/
bk&ifBuD;\yGJawmfwGif 0ufom;ESifhwuG arma½S\
usrf;pmwGif roefY½Sif;aomtpm? rpm;oifhaomtpmtjzpf
wm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm;yg0ifaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh 'Ha,v
wdkYtwGuf tcufawGUcJh&ygonf/ tpm;taomufESifhywfoufí
rdbbdk;ab;rsm;u oGefoifxm;csufrsm;udk pGJvrf;usifhoHk;rnf
vm;? (odkYr[kwf) touftdk;tdrfudktqHk;½IH;cHum bk&ifhtrdefY
awmfudkqefYusifrnfvm;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\
trdefYawmfudk jiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh bk&if\tvdkudkvdkufum
avmuynmESifh csrf;omrIrsm;udk&,lrnfvm;/
'Ha,vrlum; rnfonfhb0a&mufoGm;rnfudk *½k
rxm;bJ bk&m;ocifudkopömapmifhod&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcsvsuf
]]yGJawmfrS<uif;aomtpmESifh aomufawmfrlaompyspf&nfudk
raomufrpm;bJ npfñl;jcif;udka½Smifrnf[k tMuH½Sdí rdrdudk
rnpfñl;aprnftaMumif; rdefYrpdk;tkyfudkcGifhawmif;av\/}}
'Ha,vonf tvGefZDZmaMumifol? tjrifusOf;NyD;
wpf,loefolwpfOD;jzpfonf[k ,ckacwfc&pf,meftrsm;pku
owfrSwfMuonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomta&;ygonfhudpörsm;wGif tpm;
taomufudk rsm;pGma½SUwef;rwifoifh[kvnf; olwdkYrSwf,lMu
ygonf/ rdrdwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
arSmufvSefum udk,fhoabmtwdkif; trSm;? trSeftwGufpHrsm;udk
32 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 31
owfrSwfcJhMujcif;jzpfaMumif; w&m;pD&ifaomaeYBuD;wGif ¤if;wdkY
awGUjrifMu&vdrhfrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkYta&;rxm;
onfht&mrsm;udk txl;ta&;xm;aeaMumif; xdkaeYwGif olwdkY
awGUMu&vdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh udk,fawmf½Sifcdkif;aporQudk av;pm;
pGmjzifh vdkufavQmufoifhMuygonf/ vdkufavQmuf&efvG,faom
ynwfrsm;udkvdkufavQmufum tepfemcHNyD;vdkufavQmuf&rnfh
ynwfrsm;udk jiif;y,faeolrsm;onf trSefw&m;\pHudkavsmhcs
aejcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; erlem,lum vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf
bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;udk ayghayghwefwefoabmxm;
vmMuvdrfhrnf/ ]]bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlonfum;}} [laom
pum;&yfonf t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf pnf;rsOf;
wpfckjzpfoifhygonf/
tjypfaMumifh usqHk;ysuf,Gif;aeaomvlom;rsm;twGuf
bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh vkyfaqmifay;Edkifawmfrlaom
t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufaom xda&mufonfhyHkoufaowpfcktjzpf
'Ha,v\pm&dwåudk urÇmBuD;tm;wifqufawmfrlxm;ygonf/
ol\udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fonfh jrifhjrwfaomtoufwmqdkif&m
rSwfwrf;onf omrefvlom;rsm;twGuf tm;wufp&mwpfck
jzpfygonf/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udk wGef;vSef&ef cGeftm;ESifh
tcuftcJrsm;Mum;wGif trSefw&m;bufü cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf&ef
cGeftm;rsm;udk xdktjzpftysufrsm;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY&½SdEdkifMuygonf/
wdusjywfom;onfh csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHjcif;qdkif&mtusifh
p½dkufrsm;udkcsKd;azmuf&ef 'Ha,vü ,kwåd½Sdonfhqifajcrsm;
½Sdaumif;½SdEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif olonf avmurif;pdk;&mZm
rsm;\ rsufESmomay;jcif;omru rdrd\toufxufyif bk&m;
ocifoabmusaomt&mrsm;udk ydkíwefzdk;xm;ygonf/ 'Ha,v
onf rdrd\odrfarGUEl;nHhaomtûytrlrsm;aMumifh rdef;rpdk;tkyf
tm½SayeufESifh&if;ESD;oGm;aomtcg bk&ifhyGJawmfrStusefrsm;udk
rpm;zdkYcGifhûyay;&ef awmif;cHcJhygonf/ ¤if;awmif;qdkcsufudk
vdkufavsmcJhrnfqdkvQif bk&ifhtrsufawmfoifhoGm;Edkifonfhjyif
touftEÅ&m,fudkygpdk;&drf&onfudk xdkrdef;rpdk;tkyfodxm;ygonf/
tpmudka½SmifvGef;vQif jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfum vlemyHkaygufvmNyD;
tm;tifrsm;vnf;avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifonf[k ,aeYvlom;trsm;pk
xifovdk olxif½Hkomru bk&ifhyGJawmfrS<uif;aom t&om
½Sdonfhtpm;tpmrsm;uom ¤if;wdkYudktom;ta&awmufajymif
vSyum udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk; vef;qef;usef;rmaponf[k
xdkrdef;rpdk;tkyfBuD;u txif½Sdaeygonf/
xdkudpöudk (10) &ufMumprf;oyfNyD;rS qHk;jzwfay;zdkY
'Ha,vtoem;cHcJhygonf/ xdk (10) &uftwGif;wGif 'Ha,v
wdkYa[NAJvli,fwpfpkonf ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkomoHk;aqmifNyD;
tjcm;vli,frsm;rSmrl bk&ifhyGJawmfusrsm;udkoHk;aqmifMu&efjzpf
ygonf/ tqHk;wGif 'Ha,vwdkYonf rdef;rpdk;tkyf\cGifhûycsufudk
&½SdcJh&m þudpöwGif rdrdatmifyGJqifNyD[k 'Ha,vcHpm;cJhrdygonf/
olonf vli,fwpfOD;omjzpfaomfvnf; pyspf&nfESifh avmu
aysmfarGUjcif;udkcHpm;aomtoufwmonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\
usef;rma&;udk txl;xdcdkufapEdkifonfudkodxm;ygonf/
34 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 33
DF- 3
(10) &ufMumaomtcg xGufay:vmaom&v'fonf
tm½Sayeufxifxm;onfht&mESifh vHk;vHk;qefYusifbufjzpfae
onfudkawGU&onf/ ½kyftqif;wGifomru cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;ESifh
pdwfwefcdk;t&mwGifyg cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufcJhonfhtjcm;olrsm;xuf
ûcd;jcHcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhaqmifcJholrsm;uomvGefonfudk
xifxif½Sm;½Sm;awGUae&ygonf/ xdkaMumifh 'Ha,vESifhtazmf
wdkYonf xdkoifwef;umvwGifomru bk&ifheef;awmfwGif
trIawmfaqmifonfhumvwpfavQmufvHk;wGif ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpm
rsm;udk qufvufoHk;aqmifcGifh&cJhMuygonf/
bk&m;ocif\axmufcHcsufudk&½Sdjcif;
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þa[NAJvli,frsm;\pdwfESvHk;
NrJjrHjcif;ESifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;rsm;udk axmufcHonfh
taejzifh aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;cJhygonf/ ]]bk&m;
ocifonf xdkvkvifav;a,mufwdkYtm; txl;xl;aomodyÜH
twwfynmwdkYudkodapjcif;iSm xdk;xGif;íem;vnfEdkifaom
OmPfowådudkay;oem;awmfrl\/ 'Ha,vonfvnf; azmfjycsuf
jrifjcif;(vision)ESifhtdyfrufudkem;vnfEdkifaomOmPfynmESifhjynfhpHk
\/}} oifwef;umv (3) ESpfukefqHk;í ¤if;wdkY\t&nftaoG;
rsm;udkprf;oyfaomtcg ]]'Ha,v? [meed? rda½Sv? tmZ&dwdkYESifh
wlaomolwpfa,mufrQr½SdaomaMumifh olwdkYonf txHawmfü
cpm;&aomtcGifht&mudk&Mu\/ ½Sifbk&ifar;orQaomtwwf
ynmudk xdkvkvifwdkYonf EdkifiHawmfü½SdorQaom rm*kynm½Sd
aA'ifwwfrsm;xufomíq,fqwwfMuonfudk awGUjrif
awmfrl\/}}
þwGif vli,frsm;tygt0if uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;twGuf
oifcef;pmwpfckudkawGU&ygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdk
csufrsm;udk wdwdususvdkufavQmufjcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\
usef;rma&;udktusKd;ûyonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh OmPfynm
qdkif&mtjrifhqHk;aompHwpfckudkwufvSrf;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm bk&m;ocifh
xHwGif cGeftm;ESifhOmPfynmudkawmif;avQmufum toufwmESifh
qdkifaomt&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif wduswif;usyfpGm csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcH&ef
txl;vdktyfvSygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk atmifyGJqifcJhonfhenf;uav;udk 'Ha,vwdkY
tawGUtêuHwGif uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ xdktcsufrSm
xdkvli,frsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fudkpdk;&drf&aomtajctaeodkY
a&mufonfhwdkif rdrdwdkYi,f½G,fpOftcguwnf;uod½Sdvmonfh
bmoma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;aMumifh aysmf½Tifauseyfjcif;cHpm;rI
tay: atmifyGJqifEdkifcJh½Hkomru bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfudkvnf;
qufvufjznfhqnf;EdkifMuonfqdkaomtcsufyifjzpfygonf/
us,faomtoHESifh[pfa<u;&ef tqifoifhrjzpfao;acs
1T, pp. 486-487 (1867)
uREfkyfazmfjycsufwGifawGUjrifcJh&aom usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;u@ESifhaumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;rsm;
tMum; qufET,fyHkrSm cE¨mudk,f½Sd vufarmif;ESifhvufwdkY
36 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 35
eD;uyfpGmqufpyfaeouJhodkYjzpfygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyfief;udk toif;awmfBuD;wpfckvHk;u vkyfaqmif&rnf[kvnf;
azmfjycsuf (Vision) wGifod&ygonf/ w&m;a[mq&mrsm;ESifh
omreftoif;om;rsm;onf vufwGJnDnDvkyfaqmif&ygrnf/
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;rSm aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;
pum;udka<u;aMumf&ef tqifoifhrjzpfMuao;acs/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
bk&m;ocifvkyfay;zdkY csefrxm;awmhbJ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpörsm;
twGuf tvkyf½IyfaeMuygonf/ trSefrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&ef ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;
ay;tyfxm;awmfrlonf/ vlwpfOD;u tjcm;olwpfa,muf
twGuf tpm;xdk;vkyfay;&ef rjzpfEdkifavmufatmifta&;ygonfh
vlwdkif;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfjzpfygonf/ ]]xdkaMumifh cspfolwdkY?
xdkuwdawmfrsm;ESifh igwdkYonfqdkifMuonfjzpfí udk,fcE¨m\
tnpftaMu;? pdwf0dnmOf\tnpftaMu;½SdorQwdkYESifh udk,fudk
udk,fuif;pifapvsuf bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUí oefY½Sif;jcif;
yg&rDESifhjynfhpHkMuukeftHh/}} tpm;MuL;jcif;onf ,ckacwfwGif
trsm;pkusL;vGefaeaomtjypfjzpfonf/ yg;pyft&omudkOD;pm;ay;
usifhaqmifjcif;onf vlwdkYtm; edrfhusaomtoufwmudkydkYaqmif
NyD; todOmPfrsm;udkxdkif;rIdif;aponf/ EIwfxGufpum;wGifazmfjy
xm;aomtrSefw&m;rsm;udk ta&;rxm;awmhonfhtxd udk,fusifh
w&m;rsm;udkysufjym;apygonf/ edrfhusaompdwfaeoabmxm;
rsm;onfvnf; xdkvlom;rsm;udkvTrf;rdk;oGm;wwfygonf/
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf ajymif;vJaom
toufwmudk&½SdEdkif&ef rdrd\tajctaerSefudkodxm;zdkYvdktyfyg
onf/ qmvHq&muJhodkY ]]uREfkyfonf aMumufrufzG,faom
vu©Pm? xl;qef;aomvu©Pmwdk YESif h jynfhpH konfjzpfí
udk,fawmfudkcsD;rGrf;ygrnf}} [ka<u;aMumfEdkifap&ef uREfkyfwdkY\
cE¨mudk,fzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHkudkem;vnfxm;&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh todynmqdkif&m
u@rsm;\atmufwGif tNrJwrf;xm;oifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,f
onf pdwfESvHk;\vufatmufcHomjzpfoihfjyD; pdwfESvHk;\ocif
rjzpfoifhygacs/
jyefvnfíusef;rmvef;qef;&ef jyifqifjcif;
1T, p. 619 (1807)
udk,fcEmtnpftaMu;ESifh pdwf0dnmOftnpftaMu;rsm;udk
uif;pifapvsuf bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUaomtoufwmjzifh
oefY½Sif;jcif;yg&rDudkwnfaqmuf&ef rdrdvlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;
ocifrdefYqdkawmfrlygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk
udk,fwdkif vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; bk&m;ocifvkyfay;rnfhtcsdefudk
apmifhqdkif;aeolrsm;onf w&m;pD&if&maeYBuD;wGif bk&m;ocif\
trsufawmfpyspf&nfppfudkaomufMu&vdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfh
u@udk êud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;rûybJ rdrdwdkY\trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk
z,f½Sm;um ûyjyifay;rnfhwefcdk;udkom apmifhaeMurnfqdkvQif
vnf;aumif;? aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udka<u;aMumfzdkY
oifhavsmfaomolrsm;jzpfvm&ef udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tnpftaMu;
38 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 37
rsm;udkoefYpifay;rnfh xdkwefcdk;awmftay:wGifomrSDcdkaeMurnf
qdkvQifvnf;aumif; csdefcGifütcsdefcH&aomtcsdefwGif avsmhae
Muvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfudkjrifjcif; (vision) tm;jzifhjyawmfrlcJhygonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifcdkif;apawmfrlonfhtwdkif; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;wGif
ayusHaeonfhtnpftaMu;rsm;udkoefYpifapvsuf bk&m;ocifudk
aMumuf½GHUaompdwfjzifh oefY½Sif;jcif;yg&rDwGifpHkvifzdkY êud;pm;
vkyfaqmifaeaomolrsm;tay:üom bk&m;ocif\cGeftm;ay;
onfhwefcdk;onfusa&mufygvdrfhrnf/
aESmifhaES;aeolrsm;tm;qifhac:jcif;
(R & H, May 27, 1902), CH, pp. 578-579.
cdkifrmwdusaom xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmuf&ef
ysufuGufjcif;aMumifh bk&m;ocifhvlwdkY\ordkif;pOfudk trnf;puf
xifapcJhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
azgufzsufolrsm;onf pOfqufrjywf½SdcJhMu&m tusKd;quftm;
jzifh bk&m;ocifonf t½Suf&awmfrlcJhygonf/ udk,fawmf½Sif\
om;orD;rsm;onf tvif;awmftwdkif;avQmufvSrf;cJhMurnf
qdkvQif wpfBudrfwpfcgrQrawGUzl;cJhaomtumtuG,frsm;udk
¤if;wdkYtwGufpDpOfay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
þrQtcGifhta&;&½SdaeaomuREfkyfwdkYonf urÇmol
urÇmom;rsm;tm; usef;rmjcif;ûyjkyifajymif;vJa&;wGif a½SUwef;rS
yg0ifvmatmif vkyfaqmifoifhMuonfr[kwfygvm;/ rSm;,Gif;
aomtpm;taomufrsm;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY\pdwf"mwfrsm;udk edrfhus
atmif vkyfaqmifaeMuygovm;/ uREfkyfwdkY\pGrf;&nfrsm;udk
wvGJtoHk;csaeMuygovm;/ twåvGefuJaomtrltusifhrsm;
tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\oefY½Sif;aomynwfrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY
vGefusL;aeMuygovm;/ ]tckwpfrsKd;? awmfMumwpfrsKd;} qdkonfh
pum;&yfonf vloHk;rsm;aoma0g[m&wpfckjzpfaeygNyDvm;/
c&pf,mefrqefonfhxdkvkyf&yfrsm;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkYudk nDuav;?
nDrav;[kac:awmfrlonfh u,fwif½Siftm;t½Suf&apMurnf
vm;/
uREfkyfwdkY\ESvHk;om;rsm;wGif bk&m;ocif\Nidrfoufjcif;
vTrf;rdk;apEdkifonfhtoufwmyHkpHrsKd;wGif touf½Sifvsuf {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmfudkvufawGUusifhoHk;onfh aq;bufqdkif&mtrIawmf
wGif tm;wufoa&m uREfkyfwdkYyg0ifoifhMuonfr[kwfygvm;/
c&pf,meft,l0g'udk ,HkMunfouf0ifolwpfOD;vkyfaqmifoifh
onfht&mrsm;udk tNrJwrf;owd&vsuf r,HkMunfolrsm;\
a½SUwGif½Sdonfh xdrdvJp&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYz,f½Sm;MuygpdkY/
c&pf,mef[laomtrnfemrudk rxdcdkufap½Hkomru ydkíyif
xif½Sm;vmap&eftvdkYiSm roefY½Sif;aom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:ap
onfhtpm;taomufrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfMuygpdkY/
trIawmfjrwfwGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tyfESHyg0ifMu&ef
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ,HkMunfolwdkif;udk arwåm&yfcHvsuf½Sdyg
onf/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkvkyfaqmif&efvnf;
awmif;qdkaeygonf/ a0ae,sowå0gtaygif;wdkYonf usdefjcif;
tr*FvmatmufwGif idka<u;jrnfwrf;vsuf½SdMu&m bk&m;ocif\
40 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 39
om;orD;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwf0dnmOfoHk;yg;pvHk;udk trSef
w&m;tm;jzifhoefYpifapvsuf aus;Zl;awmfüBuD;xGm;Edkifrnfhae&m
wGif touf½SifaexdkifoifhMuygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf
ysufpD;aponfhtrltusifhrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYz,f½Sm;aomtcsdefwGif
rSefuefaombmomw&m;½Sdjcif;taMumif;udk xif½Sm;pGmodjrifvm
Muvdrfhrnf/ bmoma&;qdkif&mtawGUtêuHrsm;wGif tHhMozG,f
aumif;onfhajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvnf; awGUjrifvmMuvdrfhrnf/
oufaotaxmuftxm;cdkifvHkaomt&mtm;vHk;
R&H, Feb. 10 (1910)
rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhu@rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif
vsuf pm;aomufoifhaomt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdem;vnfum
usef;rma&;udk rnfodkYxdef;odrf;touf½Sif&rnfudkoabmayguf
jcif;onf tvGefrwefta&;ygvSygonf/ ¤if;wdk Yonf
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;½Sdonf? (odkYr[kwf)
rdrdtvdktwdkif;touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdonfqdkonfhtcsufudk
awGUjrif&efvnf; taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkvsuf½Sdygonf/
rdrd\oabmqEt& rdrdêudufovdkpm;aomufEdkifonf[k
rnfolrQrxifMuygESifh/ oifonf rdrd\tpm;taomuftm;jzifh
xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;apoljzpfaMumif;
oifESifhtwlpm;aomufrnfholrsm;tm; oifESifhtwlxdkifrpm;rD
uwnf;uod½Sdygap/ aojcif;ESifhuif;aomtoufwmtwGuf
wnfaqmuf&ef pm&dwåwpfck oifhü½SdaeaomaMumifh txufyg
enf;rSwpfyg; tjcm;enf;udk oifüa½G;p&mr½Sdygacs/ vlom;
toD;oD;ü aqmif½Gufp&mwm0efrsm;½Sdaeonf/ þwm0efrsm;udk
od½Sdem;vnfvsuf c&pfawmf\emrawmfüaqmif½GufMuyg/
cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf&ef tpHkprf;cHae&olrsm;wdkY? pHkprf;jcif;udk
rvdkufavsmbJ tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh
udk,fhudkudk,fumuG,fMuyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpm;tpm
rsm;udkpm;wwfvm&ef usifh,lvdkY&Edkifygonf/ xdkodkYêud;pm;
usifhaqmifaeolrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifrpawmfrlygonf/
odkYaomf vlom;rsm;u rdrdtwGuf rdrdudk,fwdkifrêud;pm;vQif
xdkolrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifu rnfodkYvkyfaqmifay;Edkifvdrfh
rnfenf;/ raumif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifhuif;½Sif;oGm;ap&ef
aMumuf½GHUaompdwfjzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf udk,fhu@udkudk,fwdkif
vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/ bk&m;ocifha½SUarSmufwGif taumif;qHk;tajc
taewGif½Sdae&ef xdef;odrf;zdkY oifhavsmfonfhuREfkyfwdkY\cEmudk,fudk
rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;ûyrdrnfpdk;ojzifh aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfaompdwfjzifh
udk,fu@udk,fvkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/
pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJjcif;onf ajymif;vJjcif;tppfjzpfonf
Special Testimonies, Series A, No. 9, p. 54 (1896)
bk&m;ocif\trIawmfwGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf
avmu0rf;ajrmufjcif;rsm;ESifh twåvGefuJonfhZdrfcHjcif;rsm;udk
&,lydkifqdkifzdkY êud;pm;Mu&rnfr[kwfacs/ toif;awmfaq;½Hk
rsm;rS orm;awmfBuD;rsm;udkvnf; usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
42 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 41
qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;twdkif; touf½SifapMu&rnf/ c&pfawmf\
aus;Zl;awmfonf vlom;rsm;\pdwfESvHk;xJwGif cdkifrmaom
pnf;rsOf;wpfckrjzpfoa½GUumvywfvHk; ¤if;wdkYonf rSefuefpGm
csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/ urÇmay:wGifûycJhorQuwd
u0wfrsm;aMumifh rnfonfhvlom;rQ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
a&;orm;jzpfrvmEdkifygacs/ tpm;taomufrsm;udk wm;jrpfydwfyif
½HkESifhvnf; oif\qdk;½Gm;onfhcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk ryaysmufEdkif
ygacs/ nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk bk&m;ocif
\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh topfûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;rûyvkyfNyD;oa½GU
umvywfvHk; oifwdkYonf cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYü csKyfwnf;
ûcd;jcHEdkifMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk
trSefwu,frjzpfay:apEdkifbJ pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJrSom ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm;udkjzpfapEdkifonf[k c&pf,meft,l0g'uzGifhqdk
xm;ygonf/ pdwfESvHk;wGif c&pfawmfûyjyifaomt&mrsm;onf
ajymif;vJoGm;olwpfOD;\zGifhqdkrIrsm;wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifvmyg
vdrf hrnf/ twGif;yd kif;udkajymif;vJ&ef tjyifyef;rStpûy
ajymif;vJjcif;onf t&mra&mufwwfyg/ oifhtwGuf bk&m;
ocif\tMuHawmfrSm tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;udkzefwD;ay;Edkifonfh
ESvHk;om;udkpwifajymif;vJ&efjzpfonf/ odkYrSom ajzmifhrwfjcif;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf pdwfESvHk;xJrSxGufvmum ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
rsm;onf twGif;ydkif;rSmjzpfouJhodkY tjyifyef;rSmvnf;jzpfay:
vmygvdrfhrnf/
Letter 3, 1884
bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmftwdkif; EIwfxGufpum;ESifh
0dnmOfawmfpmapmifrsm;rSwpfqifh&onfhtvif;w&m;rsm;t&
toufwmtqifhtwef;udk wwfEdkiforQjr§ifhwifaeolrsm;onf
enf;rsm;r[laomaqGrsKd;? rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;\qE´ESifhudkufnD
atmif rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkpHudk ajymif;vJypfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwf
acs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tm[m&qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdwdusus
vdkufavQmufum bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhtnD pm;aomuf
MurnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif\pdwfawmfESifhawGUaomolrsm;jzpfMu
vdrfhrnf/ ar;p&mar;cGef;wpfckrSm ]]uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJoltppftrSefrsm;jzpfvdkMuygovm;}} [lí
jzpf\/
tajccHta&;ygrItwGufar;cGef;wpfck
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk uREfkyf\
vlwdkYxHodkYoGm;a&mufrQa0&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfudk
ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ taMumif;rSm vltrsm;pkonf ¤if;wdkY
,cifuvdkufavQmufcJhMuonfh usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;
tay: opömazgufcJhMuacsNyD/ trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;taygif;wdkY
onf c&pfawmfüpHkvifonfhyrmPtxd BuD;xGm;&ifhoefvmapvdk
onfrSm om;orD;rsm;tay:xm;½Sdonfh xm0&bk&m;ocif\
tMuHawmfjzpfonf/ xdktMuHtpnfawmfudk taumiftxnf
azmfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm vltaygif;wdkYonf udk,fpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\
44 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 43
wefcdk;tpGrf;toD;oD;wdkYudk rSefuefpGmtoHk;cs&ygrnf/ xdktpGrf;
wefcdk;tenf;i,fudkrQ ûzef;wD;rypfoifhygacs/
usef;rmjcif;udk rnfodkYxdef;odrf;&rnfqdkonfhar;cGef;
onf tajccHususta&;ygonfhar;cGef;wpfckjzpfygonf/ bk&m;
ocifudkaMumuf½GHUaompdwfjzifh þar;cGef;udk uREfkyfwdkYavhvm
aomtcg udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rmcsrf;omap&eftvdk YiSm
taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmifoifhaomt&mrSm tpmtm[m&qdkif&m
½dk;pif;rIrsm;udkavhvmrSwfom;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ þar;cGef;
twGuf uREfkyfwdkYpdwf½Snf½SnfjzifhavhvmMuygpdkY/ þudpöudk
owdynm½SdpGmjzifh udkifwG,fajz½Sif;Edkif&ef todynmvdktyfouJhodkY
aumif;rGefaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;vnf;vdktyfygonf/ obm0
w&m;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYqefYusif&rnfht&mrsm;r[kwfbJ
vdkufavQmuf&rnfht&mrsm;omjzpfonf/
tom;rsm;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf
aponfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk
&½Sdolrsm;? tepfemcHum bk&m;ocifESifhy#dnmOfûy&ef qHk;jzwf
csufcsrSwfxm;olrsm;onf raumif;rSef;odxm;onfhtpm;tpm
rsm;udk a½SmifMuOfoifhMuygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk&yfwefYum
raumif;aomt&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonfhtusifhrsm;udk&yfqdkif;ypf&ef
xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\
a½SUarSmufwGif pHkvifolrsm;tjzpf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;
r&yfxrD þtrIudkNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif½Guf&ygrnf/
bk&m;ocif\usef<uif;olom;orD;rsm;onf ajymif;vJ
NyD;olrsm;jzpf&ygrnf/ þowif;pum;udkwifquf&jcif;rSm
touf0dnmOfrsm; ajymif;vJoefY½Sif;vm&eftwGufjzpfonf/
þvIyf½Sm;rIwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;ocif\wefcdk;
udkcHpm;&efjzpfonf/ þowif;pum;onf jywfom;wdusí
tHhMozG,faumif;aomowif;pum;jzpfonf/ vufcH&½Sdolrsm;
twGuf t&mcyfodrf;onf wefzdk;½SdvSygonf/ wefzdk;BuD;vS
onfhxdkowif;pum;udk us,faomtoHESifh[pfa<u;Mu&ygrnf/
þowif;pum;onf uyfumvtqHk;wdkifatmif vltaygif;
wdkYxHa&muf½SdoGm;Edkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYü ppfrSefícdkifrmaom,HkMunf
jcif;½SdMu&rnf/
0dnmOfawmfpmaywcsKdUwpf0ufudkom bk&m;ocifhxHrS
vmaomowif;pum;tjzpfvufcHum rdrdwdkYêudufESpfoufaom
t&mrsm;udk ½Iwfcsxm;onfh 0dnmOfawmfpmrsm;udkjiif;y,fae
Muonfh ,HkMunfolwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
rdrdwdkY\aumif;usKd;csrf;omudkomru toif;awmf\wdk;wufrI
rsm;udkxdcdkufatmifvkyfaqmifaejcif;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
tvif;w&m;&½SdpOf tvif;w&m;twdkif;touf½SifMu&efrSm
t"dutcsufjzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk ,HkMunf
vufcHygonf[k yg;pyfrSzGifh[a<u;aMumfaeaomfvnf; xdkûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk aeYpOfESifhtrQqefYusiftouf½Sif
aeolrsm;onf udk,fhudkudk,fxdcdkufatmifvkyfaqmifaejcif;
r[kwfbJ tjcm;olrsm;twGufvnf; raumif;aomcHpm;rIrsm;udk
jzpfay:cHpm;apvsuf½Sdygonf/
rdrdwdkY\tusifhonf ,HkMunfjcif;ESifhudkufnD&rnfudk
vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\toufwmrsm;udk oefY½Sif;pifMu,fap
46 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 45
&rnfudkvnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;wGif tvsiftjref
NyD;pD;&rnfhxdktrIawmftwGuf rdrdwdkYtqifoifh½Sd&rnfudkvnf;
aumif; od½Sdaomolrsm;ü BuD;rm;rGefjrwfaomwm0efwpfck
usa&mufaeygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;jzifh
tcsdefESifhcGeftm;wdkYudkrûzef;wD;oifhMuacs/ ]]xdkaMumifh xm0&
bk&m;ocifxHawmfrS csrf;at;aomtcsdefumvonfa&mufvmí
oifwdkYtzdkYtvdkYiSm cefYxm;awmfrlESifhaom a,½Ic&pfudkapvTwf
awmfrlrnftaMumif; oifwdkYtjypfrsm;udkajyapjcif;iSm aemifw
&í pdwfajymif;vJjcif;odkYa&mufMuavmh/}} wref? 3;19-20/
uREfkyfwdkYtxJrS vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;enf;yg;ae
Mu&m xdkolrsm;onf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;rajymif;vJMuvQif aocsm
aygufysufpD;qHk;½IH;jcif;odkYa&mufMuvdrhfrnf/ oifonf pGefYpm;
NyD; êud;pm;vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfvm;/
aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfwGif topfaomtoufwmjzifh
udk,fawmf½SifESifhtwl bkef;0ifpm;Murnfholrsm;\pdwfESvHk;topf
ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;trIudk c&pfawmf\wefcdk;awmfwpfckwnf;
uom pGrf;aqmifEdkifygonf/ ]]'kwd,arG;jcif;udkrcHaomol
rnfonfum; bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfudkrjrif&}} [k c&pfawmf
rdefY>rufxm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocifhxHawmfrSvmaom bmom
t,l0g'uom bk&m;ocifhtxHawmfodkYjyefvnfydkYaqmifay;Edkif
ygonf/ udk,fawmf½Siftm; rSefuefpGmudk;uG,fEdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkY
onf 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh arG;zGm;jcif;cHMu&rnf/ topfarG;zGm;
jcif;udkcH,lrSom pdwfESvHk;onfoefYpifvmum bk&m;ocifudk
odwwf? cspfwwfonfhpGrf;tm;opfrsm;udk&½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/
tvdkawmfudk qE´jyif;jypGmjzifhvdkufavQmufvmMuvdrfhrnf/
þt&monfom ppfrSefaom0wfûyudk;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf/
pnf;vHk;nDnmaoma½SUwef;
Letter 48, 1902.
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfBuD;udk wdk;wuf
zGHUûzd;atmifvkyfaqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;wm0efay;xm;onf/ xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; nDnDnGwfnGwf½Sdapvdkawmfrl
onf/ xdktvdkawmfudk oifod½Sd&rnfjzpfouJhodkY 1867 ckESpf
uwnf;u udk,fawmf½Sifay;tyfxm;onfhwm0efudkvnf; pGefYypf
&rnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
oifrnfrQqefYusifí&yfwnfcJhonfudkowd&yg/ xdkvkyfief;BuD;
onf a½SUodkYcsDwuf&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm þtrIawmfBuD;onf
urÇmBuD;tm; tzsm;temavsmhyg;um jzLpifoefY½Sif;aponfh
bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
tcsif;csif;uGJjym;jcm;em;atmifvkyfaqmifaeolwpfOD;
jzpfrSmpdk;ojzifh oif\oabmxm;udk txl;*½kpdkufyg/ usef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;tm;jzifh &½Sdrnfhaumif;csD;r*Fvm
rsm;udk oif\rdom;pkxH oif,laqmifvmzdkYysufuGufaepOfrSm
þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; bk&m;ocifay;awmfrlonfhtvif;w&m;udk
qefYusifjcif;tm;jzifh vltrsm;tm;rxdcdkufygapESifh/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
qdkif&mowif;pum;udk rdrdvlwdkYtm;ay;xm;awmfrlonf/
48 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 47
xdktvif;awmfonf ¤if;wdkY\vrf;c&D;tay:rSm 1872 ckESpf
uwnf;uvif;aeygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdktvif;
udkwdkufzsufrnfhvkyfief;wGifyg0ifMurnfh rdrd\wynfhawmfrsm;
udktm;ay;axmufrEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ olwpfyg;tm; qufvuf
rQa0&ef ay;xm;onfhowif;pum;udk ¤if;wynfhawmfrsm;u
qefYusifaomtcsdefwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf tvdkusawmf
rrlacs/ wpfae&mwnf;wGif trIaqmifaeaomtrIaqmifrsm;rS
wcsKdUu usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf
aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;\tpdwftydkif;jzpfaMumif;
a[mMum;aepOfwGif wcsKdUaomtrIaqmifrsm;u xdkpnf;rsOf;udk
vHk;vHk;BuD;qefYusifa[mMum;aeMu&m udk,fawmf½Sifonf
tvdkawmfusEdkifygrnfvm;/ þvkyf&yfudk bk&m;ocif\
a½SUarSmufwGif tjypfwpfckuJhodkYrSwf,lawmfrlonf/
pdwfwefcdk;½SdNyD; rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;taMumif;udk em;vnf
aomfvnf; udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mwm0ef½SdrIwGif pdwf0ifpm;rI
½SdaMumif; razmfjyonfholrsm;ESifhqufET,fae&onfxuf pdwf"mwf
usp&maumif;aomt&mr½SdawmhNyD/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk
odrfi,foGm;atmifvkyfaqmifolrsm;ü xdcdkufepfemrIr½SdbJ
xdktvif;w&m;udk tao;tzGJwpfckuJhodkYjzpfatmifvkyfaqmif
jcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifacs/ bk&m;ocifay;awmfrlonfh xdktvif;w&m;
udkqefYusifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfjrwf
wGif atmifjrifrI&vdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhEdkifacs/
1T, p. 618 (1867)
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHaomtoufwm
jzifhaexdkifjcif;taMumif;udk ta&;xm;a[mMum;Mu&ygrnf/
pm;aomufjcif;? vkyfudkifjcif;? 0wfpm;jcif;ESifh em;aejcif;rsm;
onf usef;rma&;ESifhqufET,faeaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjy
a[mMum;oifhygonf/ aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;twGuf
ay;awmfrlonfhtrSefw&m;udk ,HkMunfvufcHolrsm;onf þudpö
twGuf wpfckckvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ þudpöonf ¤if;wdkYESifh
ywfoufaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif
pdwf0ifwpm;yg0ifvkyfaqmifMu&ef ¤if;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocif
awmif;qdkaeygonf/ tu,fí þawmif;qdkrIudkta&;rxm;cJh
vQif ¤if;wdkY\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk udk,fawmf½SifESpfûrdUawmfrlrnf
r[kwfacs/
aumif;csD;r*Fvmudkcvkwfwdkufrdjcif;
1T, p. 546 (1867)
]]oif\touf0dnmOfESifhwdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh avmu
aysmf½TifrIcHpm;jcif;udka½SmifMuOfyg}} [k xdkaumif;uifwrefu
rdefYqdkcJhygonf/ oifonf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
trIawmfudk *½krxm;cJhacs/ þowif;pum;udk trSefw&m;\
rvdktyfaom aemufqufwGJwpfcktjzpf oifrSwf,lcJhonf/ xdkodkY
r[kwfyg/ xdkowif;pum;onf trSefw&m;\tpdwftydkif;wpfck
jzpfygonf/ oifvkyfaqmifcJhzl;aomtvkyfrsm;xuf ydkítm½Hkpdkuf
50 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 49
DF- 4
êud;pm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfwpfckonf oifha½SUodkYa&mufvm
acsNyD/ oif\tcGifhta&;jzpfaom xdkaumif;csD;r*Fvmudk trdt&
rqkyfudkifbJ aESmifhaES;MuefYMumum aemufwGefYaernfqdkvQif
oifonf qHk;½IH;rIudkcHpm;&vdrhfrnf/ tcuftcJenf;pGmjzifh a½SUodkY
wufvSrf;Edkif&ef oifoGm;&mvrf;ay:wGifcsxm;onfh xdkaumif;csD;
r*Fvmudk oifcvkwfwdkufaeygwum;/ oif\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;
udkusef;rmcsrf;omaprnfh þowif;pum;udk oifacsrIef;
wdkufzsufypfap&eftvdkYiSm pmwefonf xdkowif;pum;udk
uefYuGufp&mtaumif;qHk;t&mwpfcktjzpf oifha½SUwGifazmfjy
vdrfhrnf/
Letter 135, 1902.
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\toif;awmfwGif rdrdqE´
tavQmuf trIaqmifrnfholrsm;udkqifhac:aeygonf/ emrusef;
vsuf½Sdonfh trsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYonf usef;rm
jcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfvmzdkYtcsdefa&mufacsNyD/
udk,fawmf\om;orD;rsm;onf rvdkvm;tyfaomtpmrsm;udk
0rf;AdkufxJodkYrxnfhbJ owd0D&d,jzifhpm;aomufMurnfqdkvQif
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;ay;awmfrl
vdrfhrnf/ udk,fawmfonf vlwdkif;avQmufomatmif obm0
w&m;vrf;aMumif;BuD;udk aoaocsmcsmvHkvHkûcHûcHpDpOfawmfrl
xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ usef;rma&;udktm;ay;NyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0
aom ajrrSxGufonfhtpmudk uREfkfyfwdkYtwGuf xm0&bk&m;
ocifay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/
EIwfxGufpum;üvnf;aumif;? zefqif;awmfrlaomt&m
rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;onfh bk&m;ocif\ñTefMum;
csufrsm;udkrvdkufemolrsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif\rdefYrSmcsufrsm;udk
rvdkufavQmufolrsm;onf usef;rma&;csKdUwJhMuvdrfhrnf/ emrusef;
aomc&pf,mefrsm;b0jzifh touf½Sifaexdkif&vdrfhrnf/ 0dnmOf
a&;bufwGifvnf; tm;enf;aeMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
toufom½SifaeMuaomfvnf; om,mcsrf;ajrhrIESifhuif;rJhaeMu
vdrfhrnf/ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifhay;xm;onfh wefzdk;½Sdaomtcsdef
rsm;udk olwdkYûzef;ypfaeMuonf/
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tav;
rxm;cJhMuojzifh rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudk rsm;pGmemusifapcJhMuNyD/
xdkqHk;½IH;rIudk rnfonfhtcgrS olwdkYjyefvnftpm;xdk;EdkifMuawmh
rnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefonf ¤if;wdkYaemifw&
ajymif;vJ&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf/ vlonf bk&m;ocifxufwwfzdkY
êud;pm;cJhNyD/ olonf rdrdudk,fwdkiftwGuf Oya'wpfckjzpfvm
cJhonf/ udk,fpdwf0dnmOfoHk;yg;pvHk;\pGrf;&nfrsm;udk edrfhus
ao;odrfatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh bk&m;ocifudktoa&rzsuf
awmhbJ udk,fawmf\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udktm½Hkûy&ef vlwdkYtm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/ tcsdefrusrD aoaMu
ysufpD;jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifudkpGefYum avmuvrf;odkY
vdkufavQmufjcif;\&v'fjzpfonf/ udk,ftvdkudkomvdkufwwf
aomolrsm;onf jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udkcHMu&rnf/ usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk azgufzsufusL;vGefjcif;tm;
52 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 51
xm0&bk&m;ocif rnfodkYta&;,lrnfudk w&m;pD&ifaom
tcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrif&vdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\vkyfaqmif
cJhorQudk jyefajymif;½IMunfhvdkufaomtcg or®musrf;pmudkom
tMuHay;vrf;jytjzpf uREfkyfwdkYpGJudkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkY
&½Sdrnfh bk&m;ocifudkodjcif;ynmESifh uREfkyfwdkYwnfaqmuf
Edkifrnfh jrifhjrwfaompm&dwårsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrif&vdrfhrnf/
om;orD;rsm;em;vnfrI½Sdvmrnfhtcsdefudk udk,fawmf½Sif
apmifhpm;aeygonf/ cE¨mudk,fudk rSefuefpGmrxdef;odrf;ojzifh
þavmuwGifrif;rlaeonfha&m*grsm;? pufqkyf½GH½SmzG,frsm;ESifh
csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrifaepOfwGif owday;pum;udk
rajymbJ aeEdkifMuygrnfvm;/ vlom;<uvmaomtcsdefwGif
urÇmBuD;onf aem{tcsdefuuJhodkYyif tMurf;zufrIrsm;? &mZ0wf
rIrsm;ESifhjynfh0aevdrfhrnf[k c&pfawmfrdefYMum;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; BuD;rm;aom
tvif;udkay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ xdktvif;wGif uREfkyfwdkY
touf½SifaexdkifvQif udk,fawmf\u,fwifjcif;qkaus;Zl;udk
&½SdcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/
cdkifrmaomajymif;vJrI½Sd&ef vdktyfaeygNyD/ rmepdwfESifh
jynfh0aeaomESvHk;udkESdrfhcsvsuf awGUEdkifonfhumvwGif xm0&
bk&m;ocifudk½SmMuygpdkY/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\
a½SUawmfwGif rdrdwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk ESdrfhcszdkYvdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm
a½SUaemufrnDnGwfrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom'Pf&mrsm;onf
uREfkyfwdkY\tusifh"avhrsm;ay:wGifwnf½SdaeayNyD/
aeYtcsdefudkrsm;pGmtoHk;ûycJhNyD;jzpfonfhjyif ntcsdefvnf;
a&mufvmawmhrnfjzpf&m xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdxHodkY
jyefvm&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;qifhac:aeygonf/ ukef;ydkif;ESifh a&ydkif;
ESpfckpvHk;wGif bk&m;ocif\jypf'PfpD&ifrIrsm;udkawGUaeMu&ygNyD/
'kwd,u½kPmawmftcsdefudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;oem;awmfrl
vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ trSm;t,Gif;vkyf&ef tcsdefr½SdawmhNyD/
tem*wfxm0&EdkifiHawmftwGuf pm&dwårsm;wnfaqmuf&ef
uREfkyfwdkYü tcGifhta&;½Sdao;onfhtwGuf xm0&bk&m;ocif
tm; vltoD;oD;wdkY aus;Zl;wifMuyg/
ÀÀÀÀÀ
54 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufûyjyifajymif;vJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm; 53
tcef;BuD; (2)
tm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;onftjypf
(R&H, Jan. 25, 1881) CH, p. 67.
bmomw&m;½Sdonf[kqdkoltaygif;wdkYonf cE¨mudk,f
usef;rma&;udkvspfvsL½IraeMuygESifh/ csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;onf
tjypfr[kwfyg/ 0dnmOfa&;udkvnf;rxdcdkufapyg[kr<um;0gMu
ygESifh/ udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\obm0 (2) cktMum;wGif
tvGef&if;ESD;aomqufET,frI½Sdaeygonf/
MH, p. 129 (1905)
uREfkyfwdkYrdOD;zOD;\csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;aMumifh {'if
O,smOfBuD;udk vufvTwfqHk;½IH;cJh&onf/ cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü
csKyfwnf;jcif;onf {'ifO,smOfudkjyefvnf&½Sdjcif;ESifh uREfkyfwdkY
xifonfxuf ydkíywfoufaeygonf/
MS, p. 49 (1897)
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azmufjcif;onf bk&m;
ocif\ynwfudkvGefusL;jcif;jzpf\/ uREfkyfwdkYudktpysKd;ay;onfh
yk*¾dKvfrSm zefqif;½Sifc&pfawmfjzpfonf/ udk,fawmfonf vl\
cE¨mudk,fudkzefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ udk,fawmfonf ynwfawmf
\t½SifjzpfouJhodkY usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkay;tyfcJholvnf;
jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
*½krxm;aomvlom;rsm;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifudktjypfûyae
Muonf/ c&pfawmfudkcspfygonf[kajymqdkaeMuolrsm;onfvnf;
rdrdwdkYtm; toufay;umu,fwifcJhaomudk,fawmfudk ½dkao
av;pm;rIr½SdMuacs/ udk,fawmf½Sifudk r½dkao? rav;pm;? tod
trSwfrûyMuacs/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazmufzsufjcif;
aMumifh rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudk usef;rma&;csKdUwJhapMujcif;jzifh
þtcsufudkxif½Sm;apvsuf½SdMuonf/
4T, p. 30 (1876)
obm0w&m;udkpOfqufrjywfcsKd;azgufaejcif;onf
bk&m;ocif\ynwfudk pOfqufrjywfcsKd;azgufaejcif;jzpfonf/
ae&mwumwGifawGUjrifae&aom a&m*gb,rsm;? udk,ft*Fg
csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;? tdkemusKd;uef;jcif;rsm;ESifh rdkufrJrIrsm;onf urÇmBuD;
tm; tedXm½HktdrfBuD;wpftdrfuJhodkYjzpfapvsuf½Sdonf/ ,ckacwf
rsKd;qufrsm;onfvnf; udk,fpdwf0dnmOfwefcdk;tpGrf;rsm;csKdUwJh
aeMuolrsm;omjzpfonf/ usqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;u bk&m;
ocif\ynwfawmfudkcsKd;azgufaeaomaMumifh rsKd;qufwpfckNyD;
wpfck rESpfûrdUp&mpufqkyfzG,frsm;onf ydkíydkíomrsm;jym;vm
ygawmhonf/ vltrsm;pkonf rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI
tm;jzifh tjypfrsm;udkusL;vGefaeMuonf/
4T, p. 417 (1880)
tvGeftuRHpm;jcif;? aomufjcif;? tdyfjcif;ESifh rsufpdudk
toHk;ûyjcif;rsm;onf tjypfjzpfonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;
owådtm;vHk;udk tcsKd;tpm;usepGmtoHk;ûyjcif;onf pdwfESvHk;
0rf;ajrmufrIudkjzpfaponf/ xdktpGrf;owådrsm;udk tqifhjr§ifhwif
rGrf;rHavav0rf;ajrmufrIonfvnf; ydkíoefYpifav;eufavav
jzpfygonf/
56 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf55
oefY½Sif;jcif;r&EdkifaomtcsdefwGif
Health Reform, March, 1878
vlom;rdom;pkrsm;wGifjzpfay:aeonfh emrusef;rItrsm;pk
rSm rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkuf\&v'frsm;jzpfMuonf/ bk&m;
ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mtvif;rsm;udk
*½krxm;jcif;? rodusKd;uRefûyjcif;rsm;\&v'frsm;yifjzpfonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufaomtoufwmjzifh bk&m;
ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkcsD;rGrf;&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&mwpfckjzpf
onf/ avmuaysmf½TifrIESifhqdkifaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkusifhoHk;
aepOfwGif pdwfESvHk;u bk&m;ocifudkqufvuftyfESH&efrSm
rvG,fulygacs/ a&m*gjzpfaeaomudk,fcE¨mESifh yHkpHrrSefaom
pdwfwdkYonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udkoefY½Sif;atmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;r½Sdyg
acs/ atmifjrifpHkvifaomc&pf,meftusifhp½dkufrsm;udk&½SdEdkif&ef
udk,fcE¨musef;rmaezdkYvdkonfudk wrefawmf½Sifaygvkoabm
aygufxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh ]]olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif
½HI;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\}} [k
olzGifh[cJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif ]]c&pfawmfESifhpyfqdkifaomolwdkYonf
Zmwdyuwdudkvnf;aumif;? Zmwdyuwdpdwfrsm;ESifh tvdkqE´
rsm;udkvnf;aumif; vuf0g;uyfwdkifrSm½dkufxm;MuNyD}} [lívnf;
csKyfwnf;jcif;onf 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;wGif tygt0ifjzpfaMumif;
qufvufazmfjyxm;ygonf/
qE´tavsmufrodusKd;uRefûyjcif;onf
tjypfudkyGm;rsm;aponf
2T, pp. 70-71 (1868)
udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udk taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif
tNrJwrf;½SdaezdkYvkyfaqmifatmif êud;pm;&rnfrSm wm0efwpfck
yifjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifay;tvif;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif
&efrSmvnf; rGefjrwfaomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\trSm;
rsm;udkawGUrSmpdk;ojzifh tvif;w&m;udkrsufuG,fûyaevQif tjypf
usL;vGefjcif;avsmhusoGm;rnfr[kwfonfhtjyif ydkíyifwdk;vm
ygvdrfhrnf/ tjypfwpfckrStvif;udkuG,fxm;rdvQif tjcm;tjypf
wpfcktwGuf tvif;udkuG,fzdkY0efrav;awmhacs/ ynwfawmf
(10) yg;rS (1) yg;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;twGuf tjypfrsm;ouJhodkY
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;twGufvnf; tjypfrsm;
vSygonf/ taMumif;rSm uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\ynwf
udkrcsKd;azgufbJ txufazmfjyygcsKd;azgufrIrsm;rS wpfckckudk
rvkyfaqmifEdkifMuacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifudkcspfonf
xuf avmu\aysmf½TifcHpm;rIudkwyfrufaeaomtcsdefwGif
udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udkyHkí bk&m;ocifudkcspfEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/
tpGrf;owåd½SdorQudk bk&m;ocifawmif;cHaeaomtcsdefwGif
bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;aprnfh cGeftm;tpGrf;owådrsm;
udk uREfkyfwdkYonf aeYpOfavsmhyg;apvsuf½SdMuonf/ xm0&
EdkifiHawmfudk0ifpm;&ef jyifqifaeMuolrsm;[k udk,fudkudk,fajym
58 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 57
aeMuaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkuf
rsm;aMumifh toufwmudkqkyfudkiftm; avsmhyg;vsuf½SdMuonf/
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifudk,fwdkifrvkyfaqmifvQif
rjzpfonfhtvkyfwpfck½Sdygonf/ xdkif;rIdif;av;vHaomtoufwm
rSEdk;xMuyg/ c&pfawmfonf oifhudktoufay;vdrfhrnf/ oif\
pm;aomufvkyfudkifyHkrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfvdkufyg/ ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGmoifavQmufvSrf;cJhaomtoufwmwGif xm0&umvESifh
qdkifonfh oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;taMumif;udk ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;
em;rvnfEdkifcJhacs/ oif\tm½Hkrsm;onfxHkxdkif;um oif\
todOmPfrsm;onf xdkif;rIdif;aeygonf/ oifonf aus;Zl;awmf
üvnf;aumif;? trSefw&m;todjzifhvnf;aumif; BuD;xGm;cJh
jcif;r[kwfacs/ 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;rwdk;wufvmbJ oifhb0
onf ydkíydkíomarSmifrdkufusvmygonf/
R & H, June 18, 1895.
bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefESifhtnD zefqif;½Hkomru bk&m;
ocifESifht&nftaoG;wltjzpf MuH½G,fjcif;cH&aom ]vl} onf
bk&m;ocifzefqif;orQwGif txGwftxdyfjzpfygonf/
udk,fawmf½Sif\yHkoP²mefawmfESifhwlnDpGm zefqif;xm;jcif;aMumifh
vnf; vludk bk&m;ociftvGefwefzdk;xm;awmfrl\/ bk&m;ocif
udkudk,fpm;ûyazmfjy&ef &nf½G,fxm;onfh udk,fcE¨mtm; cHwGif;
tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomraumif;onfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;
tm;jzifh npfñl;aponfhtjypftaMumif;oGefoifaejcif;onf
ta&;ygaeonfudk þtcsufu uREfkyfwdkYtm;xif½Sm;apygonf/
um,pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vmonfhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;
pOfqufrjywfwdk;wufrIudkom½SmazGvkyfaqmifMu&ef rdrd
vlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmawmfrl\/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI
onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwdk;wufrIESifh 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&moefY½Sif;jcif;
udk rsm;pGmt[efYtwm;jzpfonfudk uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdem;vnfzdkYvdk
ygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí uREfkyf
avhvmod½SdorQt& vltrsm;pkonf ravsmfuefaomtpm;tpm
rsm;udkoHk;aqmifaeMuygonf/
MH, p. 307 (1905)
OykofaeYtwGuf tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif tjcm;
aeYrsm;wGif pm;aomtpm;tpmrsm;xuf ydkírsm;rsm;? ydkízG,fzG,f
&m&mjzpfatmifrjyifqifoifhacs/ ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkom
jyifqifí ,cifaeYrsm;xufavsmhpm;oifhygonf/ odkYrSom pdwf
MunfMunfvifvifjzifh 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udkodjrifEdkifygrnf/
AdkufusyfvmonfESifhtrQ OD;aESmufvnf;xdkif;rIdif;vmygonf/
rGefjrwfaomEIwfxGufpum;rsm;udk Mum;aumif;Mum;Edkifrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; trGeftjrwfxm;Ed ki fawmhrnfr[kwfyg/
taMumif;rSm ravsmfuefaomtpm;tpmrsm;aMumifh pdwfonf
½IyfaxG;aeayNyD/ OykofaeYwGif tpm;MuL;jcif;tm;jzifh aumif;jrwf
aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udkcHpm;&ef roifhavsmfatmif rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
vltrsm;vkyfaqmifaeMuonf/
60 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 59
5T, pp. 162-164 (1882)
uREfkyfwdkYusif;yaeonfhawmpcef;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\
MuH½G,fcsufESifhvHk;0rudkufnDaMumif; azmfjycsuf (vision) tm;jzifh
uREfkyftm;jyawmfrlonf/ vlwdkYonf 0dnmOfawmf&½Sd&ef tqifoifh
rjyifbJESifh awmpcef;udkvmMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh uRefr\
nDtpfrrsm;onf pdwfESvHk;udkrjyifqifMubJ tjyifyef;tvSqif
rnfht0wfrsm;udkom jyifqifwwfMuonf/ bk&m;ocifwefzdk;
xm;aomt&mrSm pdwfESvHk;jyifqifjcif;jzpfygonf/ vlwdkYtwGuf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh tpm;tpmrsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;udk
jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;jzifh tcsdefûzef;wwfMuonf/ nDtpfrrsm;
taejzifh tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomaygifrkefYrsm;ESifh usef;rma&;ESifh
jynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkomjyifqifcJhMuvQif EIwfxGufpum;udk
trGeftjrwfxm;&efESifh 0dnmOfawmf\vTrf;rdk;rIudkcHpm;Edkif&ef
tqifoifhydkíjzpfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
udk,fvufavhusifhcef;rsm;rsm;vkyfEdkifaomaetdrfrSm
pm;onfh½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;ESifhrwlonfh tpmrsm;jzifh0rf;Adkufonf
rMumrMumjynfhusyfaewwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh pdwfonf xHkxdkif;
rIdif;a0vmum xm0&umvESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;udk em;rvnf
Edkifawmhacs/ xdkodkYjzifh 0dnmOfawmfudkrcHpm;vdkuf&bJ awmpcef;
NyD;qHk;oGm;ojzifh awmpcef;vm&jcif;udk olwdkYpdwfysufMu&
ygonf/ tdrfrSmuwnf;u rdrd\pdwfESvHk;udk eufeufeJeJ
ppfaq;jyifqifcJhyg/ tpm;tpmESifht0wftxnfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;
jyifqifraeygESifh/
(cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;aMumifh trSefw&m;udkem;vnf
oabmaygufEdkifjcif;r½Sdawmhacs/)
(cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;aMumifh OD;aESmufwGif xHkxdkif;rI
rsm;jzpfay:aponf/)
(cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifh pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifvnf;
aumif;? tMuHay;&mwGifvnf;aumif; t&nftcsif;nHhzsif;ap
ygonf/)
(cHwGif;tvdkvkdufjcif;aMumifh om;orD;rsm;\udk,fpdwf
0dnmOf\wefckd;tpGrf;rsm;udk ,kwfavsmhapygonf/)
(tpm;taomufudk csKyfwnf;jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfwefcdk;
rsm;wdk;yGm;apygonf/)
trSefw&m;udktrGeftjrwfxm;jcif;\tusKd;oufa&mufrI
2T, p. 66 (1868)
trSefw&m;\jrifhjrwfaompm&dwårsm;udk trGeftjrwf
xm;Edkif&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tjypfajzjcif;udkwefzdk;xm;
wwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? xm0&umvESifhqdkifaom
udpörsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmwefzdk;jzwfwwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;
aumif; oifüMunfvifí cGeftm;ESifhjynfhpHkaompdwfESvHk;½Sdxm;zdkY
vdktyfygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifh ravsmfuefaom
tpm;taomufrsm;udk usifhoHk;pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh oif\
todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm; usqif;aernfqdkvQif c&pfawmf\
toufwmtwdkif; aexdkiftouf½Sif&ef oifhudktm;ay;aeonfh
62 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 61
xm0&toufESifh u,fwifjcif;qdkif&mudpörsm;tay: oifwefzdk;
xm;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ oifhudk xm0&toufay;vdkonfh
udk,fawmf½Sif\tvdkawmfESifhnDap&ef udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum
êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkvnf; oiftvdk½Sdawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
2T, p. 364 (1870)
oifpm;oHk;aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&ESifhjynhfpHkonf
rSefaomfvnf; vdktyfonfxufrsm;pGmydkípm;oHk;vQif oifonf
udk,fpdwfESvHk;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;apEdkif
ygrnfvm;/ tpm;MuL;aomolrsm;onf trSefw&m;udkMum;om
Mum;Edkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; em;vnfcH,lEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/
xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tjypfajzjcif;qdkif&mtaMumif;tcsuf
rsm;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfMurnfr[kwfonfhjyif vlom;rsm;twGuf
taocHcJhonfh r[m,ZfaumifBuD;udkvnf; trGeftjrwfxm;
EdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/ opöm½Sdwynfhawmfrsm;twGuf owfrSwf
jyifqifxm;onfh tvGefwefzdk;½Sd? aumif;jrwfonfhqkaus;Zl;
awmfudkvnf; wefzdk;xm;Murnfr[kwfacs/ wd&pämefpdwfrsm;u
uREfkyfwdkY\todOmPfESifhjynfhaompdwfESvHk;rsm;udk vTrf;rdk;roGm;
ygapESifh/
1T, pp. 548-549 (1867)
touf0dnmOfud kwd kufvSefaeaom avmut&mü
arGUavsmfcHpm;jcif;udk wcsKdUvlrsm;vdkufpm;aeMuonf/ avmu
aysmf½TifrIvdkufpm;jcif;onf 0dnmOfa&;zGHUûzd;rIudk t[efYtwm;
jzpfapygonf/ xdkolrsm;ü tNrJwrf;tjypfwifwwfaomoabm
½SdNyD; trSefw&m;udkajymvmaomtcgwdkif; qefYusif&eftqifoifh
½Sdaewwfonf/ xdkolrsm;onf udk,fhudkudk,f½Iwfcsaeolrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ ¤if;jyif rdrdwdkYtm; tjypf½Sm&ef xdktaMumif;udk
oufoufajymaeMuwmjzpfonf[lí olwdkYxifNyD; aMuuGJ
0rf;enf;um olawmfpifrsm;xHrS olwdkYxGufcGmoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
olwdkYonf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;rajymif;vJMuvQif "r®tpnf;ta0;
rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;rIyaysmufum trSefw&m;udkcifwG,fMuawmh
rnfr[kwfacs/ xdkrQomru pmwef\trnf;a&miftvHawmf
atmufwGif pk½Hk;aeMuolrsm;xHodkY ¤if;wdkYjyefoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
xdkolrsm;onf touf0dnmOfESifh &efbufûyaeaom udk,fum,
wyfrufrIudkpaw;EdkifMuvQif trSefw&m;jrm;BuD;\xdrSefjcif;rS
uif;vGwfMuvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí avmu\aysmf½TifcHpm;rI
udkvdkufpm;um ½kyfwkozG,fudk;uG,faeMurnfqdkvQif rdrdudk,f
udkrdrd trSefw&m;jrm;\ypfrSwfjzpfapMuvdrfhrnf/ trSefw&m;udk
vHk;vHk;zGifh[rnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYonf xdcdkuf'Pf&m&Muvdrfhrnf/
obm0rusaomtm;<uaq;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufapNyD; trSefw&m;udk a0cGJEdkifjcif;iSmrpGrf;aqmifEdkifavmuf
atmif OD;aESmufudkxdkif;rIdif;apygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;udkpGJvrf;
wyfrufaeolrsm;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfawmf
pDpOfxm;onfh u,fwifjcif;udk rSefuefpGmwefzdk;jzwfEdkifMurnf
r[kwfacs/ vlom;rsm;tm; aojcif;rStouf½Sifjcif;odkYydkYaqmif
&ef tjypfrJhaomtoufwmudk aemufqHk;wGifpGefYvTwfonfh
wdkifatmif qif;&Jjcif;a0'emrsm;udkcHawmfrljcif;jzifh pDrHcJhaom
u,fwifjcif;qkaus;Zl;udk ¤if;wdkYrSefuefpGmwefzdk;xm;EdkifMurnf
r[kwfacs/
64 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 63
2T, p. 486 (1870)
axmywfESifhtom;wdkYonf udk,fcEmcGeftm;rsm;udk <uap
wwf\/ xdkt&mrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapí &om½Hkudk
vrf;vGJap\/ tm½HkaMumrsm;udkxHkxdkif;ap½Hkomru OmPfynm
pGrf;&nfrsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;ap\/ uREfkyfwdkYxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf
oifhaomxdkpGrf;&nfrsm;onf xm0&umvESifhqdkifonfht&mrsm;udk
rcGJjcm;Edkifawmhonfhtajctxd tm;enf;vmygonf/ 0dnmOf
a&;ESifh bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmfpdwfrsm;udk oGufcsmyg'a&m*g
pGJuyfapygonf/ BuD;jrwfaumif;rGefonfhtrIawmfBuD;twGuf
bk&m;ocif&nfpl;xm;onfh ynm½SdtrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
&om½Hktm;jzifh tvG,fwulxdef;csKyfEdkifonfudkjrifawGUvdkaom
pmwefonf atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/
trSm;trSefcGJa0wwfjcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfjcif;rsm;tay:xdcdkufrI
COL, p. 346 (1900)
cEmudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk ,kwfavsmhaponfht&mrsm;onf
pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udkvnf;xdcdkufapygonf/ trSefESifhtrSm;tMum;
a0cGJEdkifonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udkvnf; avsmhyg;apygonf/ taumif;
udka½G;cs,fEdkifpGrf;r½Sdawmh½Hkomru ¤if;wdkYod½Sdxm;onfhtrSef
w&m;rsm;udk vdkufavQmufvdkonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;avsmhyg;vmygonf/
udk,fcE¨mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;csjcif;onf
bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;ap&rnfh uREfkyfwdkY\toufwm
udkwdkapygonf/ bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;onfhtrIawmfudk
NyD;ajrmufatmifyg0ifxrf;aqmif&efyif roifhavsmfapawmhyg/
CTBH, p. 159 (1890)
pm;aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;qdkif&mtvif;udk
&½SdNyD; ynwfawmf (10) yg;ESifhwuG usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk vdkufavQmufaeolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfh
wm0efrsm;udkaxmufjyxm;onfh tvif;w&m;rsm;udk ausmay;
aeMuqJjzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tjcm;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif
&mwGifvnf; tacsmifcdkMuvdrfhrnf/ obm0w&m;rsm;ESifh
o[Zmwjzpfvm&ef ¤if;wdkYxrf;&rnfhxdkuyfwdkifudk a½Smif½Sm;
jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\rodpdwfudk tnGefYwHk;apMuvdrfhrnf/
olwpfyg;utjypfwifrSmudka½Smif½Sm;&eftwGuf ynwfawmf (10)
yg;udkyif csKd;azgufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ wcsKdUrSmrl uyfwdkifudkxrf;&ef
vHk;0qE´r½SdMuawmhbJ t½SufuGJcH&rnfudk pufqkyf½GH½SmvmMu
vdrfhrnf/
SP. Gifts IV, pp. 148-149 (1864)
tmom&r®ufudkjznfhqnf;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&½Sdolrsm;
onf pdwfa&mudk,fygrusef;rmMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;
\oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk tav;rxm;½Hkomru bk&m;
ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; em;rvnfEdkifMuawmhacs/
xdkuJhodkY udk,fudkudk,fepfrGef;atmifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;tm; rcsD&ef
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvufawmfudk atmufodkYtenf;i,frQ
edrfhay;awmfrlrnfr[kwfacs/
vltoD;oD;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rm
csrf;oma&;udk twwfEdkifqHk;vkyfaqmifMu&ef wm0ef½Sdygonf/
66 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 65
DF- 5
vlwdkYonf tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;udk xHkxdkif;atmifvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh
bk&m;ocif\jrifhjrwfaompm&dwåawmfESifh EIwfxGufpum;
avhvmjcif;rsm;udk tav;rxm;Edkifavmufatmif todpGrf;tif
rsm;xdkif;rIdif;onftxd cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufaeMurnfqdkvQif
um£e\ylaZmfrIud k vufcHawmfrrlouJhod k Y ¤if;wd k Y\
rxdkufwefaomtyfESHrIrsm;udkvnf; vufcHawmfrlvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;ü½SdaomtnpftaMu;rsm;udk oefYpif
apum bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHaomoabmjzifh oefY½Sif;jcif;
yg&rDudkpHkvifapzdkY ¤if;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdk
awmfrl\/ MunfvifaompdwfESifh oefY½Sif;aomtjrifopfrsm;
ydkifqdkifEdkif&eftvdkYiSmvnf;aumif;? ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh,SOfaom
ylaZmfrIudk xm0&bk&m;ociftm; jyefvnftyfESHEdkif&eftvdkYiSm
vnf;aumif; cHwGif;awmifhwrIESif h tmom&r®ufrsm;udk
jiif;y,fum usef;rma&;aumif;rGef&ef wwftm;orQvkyfaqmif
NyD;onfhtcsdefwGif vIdif;xefaoma&jyifay:rS aem{\oabFm
uav;udk apmifhrawmfrlouJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
xdkoltm; u½kPmawmfoufoufjzifh u,frawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
aem{onf bk&m;ociftrdefYawmf½Sdonfhtwdkif; oabFmudk
wnfaqmufcJhygonf/ xdkaemufrS xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
vlrwwfEdkifaomu@wGif udk,fwdkifyg0ifvIyf½Sm;vsuf tHhzG,f
wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh xdkoabFmudkumuG,fapmifha½SmufcJhygonf/
1T, pp. 618-619 (1867)
&om½HkcHpm;rIudktav;ay;í 0rf;AdkufudkwvGJtoHk;ûy
aejcif;onf toif;awmfwGif;jzpfyGm;aeaomtcuftcJrsm;\
t&if;tjrpfjzpfygonf/ csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhpGmjzifh pm;aomuf?
vkyfudkifolrsm;onf rqifrjcifajymqdkvkyfaqmifwwfygonf/
csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJholwpfOD;onf vlemwpfOD;vnf;jzpfEdkifygonf/
t&ufaomufrS csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhEdkifonfr[kwfyg/ tm[m&
rjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;udk rMumcPpm;jcif;? tvGeftrif;pm;jcif;
ponfhcsKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;tjypfonf tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkuf
apygonf/ OD;aESmufudkxdcdkufapygonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
rSm;,Gif;apygonf/ qifqifjcifjcifpOf;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;udk
vrf;vGJapygonf/ þtcsufonf toif;awmfwGif;jzpfyGm;ae
aomtcuftcJrsm;\t&if;tjrpfwpfckyifjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh
xm0&bk&m;ociftm; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rm½Tifvef;pGmjzifh
csD;rGrf;axmremEdkifonfhtajctaeodkYa&muf½SdEdkif&eftvdkYiSm
¤if;wdkYonf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm
jiif;y,fvsuf t&m&mwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkavhusifhMu
&ygrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;\ppfrSefaom
vSyjcif;ESifh oefYpifjcif;udk aumif;rGefpGmod½Sdvmum rdrdwdkY\
toufwmESifh taumiftxnfazmfvmEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ qifjcifwHk
w&m;ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; ynmowdESifhjynfh0aom a½SUodkYcsDwufonfh
vrf;pOftm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;taMumif;udk tjypf
wifcGifhESifhuif;vGwfatmif aexdkifvkyfaqmifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
2T, p. 404 (1870)
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? Edk;Mum;Muygawmh/ uRefrawmif;yef
ygw,f/ oifwdkY[m usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;
68 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 67
udkr&vdkY rusifhoHk;cJhMuwmyg/ cHwGif;tvdkudkrvdkufbJ csKyfwnf;
vdkufr,fqdk&if tvkyfvnf;r½Iyfawmhbl;/ aiGukefvnf;
trsm;BuD;oufomoGm;r,f/ 'ghtjyif usef;rma&;vnf;trsm;BuD;
ydkaumif;vmr,f/ trSefw&m;udka0zefydkif;jcm;Edkifr,f/ pdwf
wefcdk;awGydk½Sdvmr,f/ trSefw&m;eJYywfoufwJhtaxmuftxm;
awGudk csifhcsdefzdkY OD;aESmufvnf;ydkMunfvmr,f/ oifarQmfvifh
aewJht&mudk olwpfyg;xHrQa0zdkYvnf; ydkNyD;tqifoifhjzpfvm
vdrfhr,f/
1T, pp. 487-489 (1867)
wcsKdUu usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;udk oa&mf
Muygonf/ rvdktyfaomt&mjzpfonf[kvnf; ajymMuygonf/
¤if;jyif xdkt&monf 'PRESENT TRUTH' [kac:onfh ],aeYtrSef
w&m;} wGifazmfjyxm;aomvlUtm½Hkudkajymif;aponfh pdwfvIyf½Sm;
rIwpfckjzpfonf[k wcsKdUuajymygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk
vdkonfxufydkívkyfaqmifaeMuonf[kvnf; wcsKdUua0zef
Muygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY rnfonfht&mudkajymaeonf
udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifrodMuyg/
bmomw&m;½Sdolrsm;tjzpf zGifh[aeaomfvnf; OD;acgif;
rSpí ajcz0g;txd a&m*gb,rsm;ESifhjynfh0aeolrsm;onf
vnf;aumif;? tvkyfudktvGeftuRHvkyfjcif;? tm[m&rjzpfaom
tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;wdkYaMumifh udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;\
cGeftm;rsm;,kwfavsmhusqif;aeolrsm;onfvnf;aumif; trSef
w&m;\taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rnfodkYqef;ppfí bk&m;ocif\
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rnfodkYod½Sdem;vnfEdkifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/
¤if;wdkY\pdwfwefcdk;rsm;onf xHkxdkif;rIdif;a0aevQif tjypfajzjcif;
\wefzdk;udkvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ociftrIawmf\BuD;jrwfaom
xl;jcm;csufrsm;udkvnf;aumif; rnfodkYtrGeftjrwfxm;Edkifyg
awmhrnfenf;/ EIwfxGufpum;avhvmzwf½Ijcif;udk rnfodkY
ESpfûcdufEdkifygawmhrnfenf;/ rdrd\arQmfvifhjcif;taMumif;&if;udk
ar;vmaomtcg pdwfwdkaeolwpfOD;onf ½dkaoaMumuf½GHUaom
pdwf? El;nHhodrfarGUaompdwfESifh tajzay;&ef rnfodkYtqifoifh
jzpfEdkifygrnfenf;/ xdkodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsKd;onf ¤if;\rrSefuefaom
xifjrifcsufrsm;aMumifh udpö&yfrsm;udk rSm;,Gif;aom½IaxmifhrS
jrifawGUvsuf c&pfawmfü½Sdaom El;nHhNidrfoufjcif;rsKd;uif;rJhjcif;
aMumifh vlY*Gpmrsm;ESifh&ifqdkif&aomtcg rdrd\,HkMunfjcif;udk
toa&,kwfapvsuf rnfrQtMumwGif pdwf½IyfaxG;vIyf½Sm;
vmvdrfhrnfenf;/ udpö&yftoD;oD;udk tqifhjrifhbmoma&;
½IaxmifhrS½IMunfhvsuf uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pfawmfESifhwlaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfvm&ef aphpyfaocsmaomûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;
rsm;jzpfMu&ygrnf/
uREfkfyfwdkYonf udk,fawmf½Sif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twdkif;
em;axmifvdkufavQmufum uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmfay;oem;
awmfrlxm;onfh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;
apNyD; xm0&bk&m;ocif\yv’ifawmfa½SUrSm tjypfwifcGifh
uif;pGmjzifh &yfxEdkifMu&eftvdkYiSm aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sifonf
uREfkyfwdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;
70 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 69
rsm;udk tvQHy,fcsay;awmfrlxm;onfudk uREfkyfjrifawGUcJhyg
onf/ pHudkjr§ifhwifum a½SUodkYvSrf;wufMu&ef uREfkyfwdkY\
,HkMunfjcif;u uREfkyfwdkYtm; awmif;qdkaeygonf/ tjcm;
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;vdkufavQmufaeaomvrf;pOf
rsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwfaeolrsm;onf vufawGUusaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;yDyD
¤if;udk,fwdkifvnf; wpfckckudkvkyfjyoifhMuygonf/ tcsdefvkí
vkyfaqmifae&aom uREfkyfwdkY\trIawmfonf a&m*grsKd;pHkudk
cHpm;ae&onfh rESpfûrdUzG,ftajctaewpfckjzpfygonf/ vlrsm;pGm
wdkYrSm rdbrsm;\tusifhp½dkufqdk;rsm;aMumifh arG;&myga&m*grsm;
udkcHpm;ae&onfhvlemrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xdktajctaersKd;rSmyif
olwdkYonfvnf; ¤if;wdkYrdbrsm;vdkufcJhonfhvrf;a[mif;udk
vdkufouJhodkY ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkYenf;wl
vkyfaqmifaeMuonf/ rdrdwdkY\tusifhqdk;aMumifh tBuD;tus,f
emrusef;jzpfae&onfqdkonfudkyif rodavmufatmif xdkolrsm;
onf OmPfenf;yg;olrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/
pm;oHk;aomtpmtm[m&ESifh usef;rma&;? tusifhpm&dwå?
vl&m0ifjcif;rsm; qufpyfaeaMumif;udk od½Sdem;vnfoltvGef
enf;yg;vSygonf/ rdrdwdkYpm;aomtpmonf xm0&umvESifh
pyfqdkifonfh uHMur®mESifhyifqufpyfrI½Sdaeonfudk odol½Sm;yg;vS
ygonf/ todOmPfr½Sdojzifh a&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&olrsm;tay:
arwåmjy&efrSm aumif;uifrSay;aomtvif;udk&um xdktvif;
udkvdkufavQmuf&jcif;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk od½Sdaeolrsm;\
wm0efomjzpfaMumif;udk jrifjcif; (vision) wGif uREfkyfawGUcJh&
ygonf/ c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udkajrmfvifhaeaom
owåraeYOykoftoif;om;rsm;onf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m
trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;rIudkazmfjyoifhygonf/
trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;tm; þtaMumif;udkoGefoifay;&
rnfjzpfNyD; xdktrIawmfBuD;udk pdwf0ifwpm;yg0ifusifhaqmif
vm&ef vIHYaqmfEId;qGay;&efrSm w&m;a[mq&mrsm;ESifh toif;om;
tm;vHk;\wm0efomjzpfonf[k oabmaygufoifhygonf/
Letter 93, 1898.
udk,fcE¨mtavhtusifhrsm;onf yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;\
atmifjrifrIESifh tBuD;tus,fywfoufaeygonf/ oifonf
pm;aomufrnfhtm[m&rsm;udk *½kwpdkufpm;oHk;avav? cEmudk,f
\vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk qufvufítcsKd;usus[efcsufnDnDvIyf½Sm;
Edkifap&ef ½dk;pif;NyD; tEÅ&m,fuif;aomtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;vm
avav? oifxrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk ydkrdkod½Sdvmavav
jzpfygonf/ udk,fcE¨m\tedXm½Hktajctaersm;u t&mcyfodrf;
wdkYtay:rSm wdrfrnf;BuD;yrm zHk;oGm;rnfudkpdk;ojzifh oifusifhoHk;
aeaomtrltusifhrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppfzdkYvdktyfygonf/
MS, p. 129 (1901)
uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udk uREfkyfwdkYpm;aom
tpmjzifh xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufonf/ pm;oHk;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk
oefYpifaompdwf\a½G;cs,frIatmufwGifrxm;EdkifvQifvnf;aumif;?
tpm;taomuftoD;oD;wGif csKyfwnf;rIr½SdvQifvnf;aumif;
xm0&toufudk&tHhaomiSm tuREfkyfrnfonfht&mudkvkyfaqmif
72 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 71
&rnfenf;qdkonfhar;cGef;udk tajzay;xm;onfh or®musrf;pm
udk udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;usef;rmrmjzifh uREfkyfwdkYavhvmEdkifMu
rnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rma&;ESif hrudkufnDaom pm;usif h?
aomufusifhrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhrjynfhpHkaomtajctaeudk
omjzpfapvdrfhrnf/ xdktusifhrsm;aMumifh tvGefEl;nHhonfhtpmtdrf
onf xdcdkufum aumif;rGefpGmtvkyfvkyfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
xdktm[m&rsm;onf pHkprf;jcif;aemufodkYvdkufygum tjypfusL;vGef
aponfh yifudk,fp½dkufudkvnf; rsm;pGmjzpfay:apygonf/
2T, pp. 202-203 (1869)
jrifhjrwfaomwefcdk;awmfESifhjynfhpHkonfh u,fwif½Sifonf
yif qkawmif;jcif;trIudk ûyzdkYvdktyfaeonfqdkvQif aorsKd;
tjypfom;rsm;jzpfMuaom uREfkyfwdkYonf jyif;jyaompdwfjzifh
rem;raeqkawmif;oifhMuygonf/ jyif;xefaompHkprf;jcif;rsm;udk
&ifqdkif&pOfwGif c&pfawmfonf tpma&pmudkrrSD0JawmhbJ
qkawmif;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk bk&m;ocif\vufawmfwGif
tyfESHawmfrlcJhygonf/ tjcm;c&pf,mefrsm;xuf ,aeYtrSefw&m;
udk,HkMunfvufcHvsuf½Sdaomolrsm;onf qkawmif;jcif;t&mwGif
udk,fawmf½Sifudk twk,loifhMuygonf/
]]ocifuJhodkYusifhí t½SifuJhodkYtapcHvQif xdkwynfhawmf
twGufvHkavmufayNyD/}} uREfkyfwdkY\xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:wGif
usef;rma&;udk taxmuftulrûy½kHomru trSefwu,frvdktyf
aomtpm;tpmrsm;ESif hjynhfaewwfygonf/ taMumif;rSm
uREfkyfwdkYonf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;? a&m*guif;½Sif;jcif;ESifh
Munfvifaompdwfrsm;xuf þt&mrsm;udkydkíjrwfEdk;aeMuyg
onf/ a,½Ic&pfonf cGeftm;udk&½Sd&ef crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifxH
wGifqkawmif;cJhygonf/ pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;jzifh wnfcif;
xm;aompm;yGJwGif xdkif&onfxuf xdktrIudk a,½Ic&pfydkí
wefzdk;xm;awmfrlcJhonf/ tarSmif\wefcdk;rsm;ESifh&ifqdkif&efESifh
vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udkxrf;½Guf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom
cGeftm;rsm;udk&½Sdzdk Y qkawmif;jcif;onf y"meusaMumif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk udk,fawmf½SifazmfjyawmfrlcJhygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;onf csnhfeJYvSaomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;
ocifay;awmfrlonfhcGeftm;onf wefcdk;ygojzifh xdkcGeftm;udk
&½Sdoltaygif;wdkYonf atmifjrifolrsm;jzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/
MoZm½Sdjcif;ESifhvl&m0ifjcif;tay:xdcdkufjcif;
MS, p. 93 (1901)
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fonfhtusifhudk usifhoHk;&rnfhtcsdef
wGif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyrnfhtpmrsm;jzifh tpmtdrf
udkjynfhusyfaeapjcif;onf tvGefoem;p&maumif;onfhjzpf&yf
wpfckjzpfonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfxJrSmyif ykyfodk;
aqG;ajrhNyD; qufvufwnf½Sdaewwf&m rusef;rmaomtpmtdrf
onf OD;aESmufudkxdcdkufapjyefygonf/ rdrdonf tMuHOmPf
ay;jcif;iSm t&nftaoG;rrDatmif rdrdudk,fudkvkyfaqmifaeonf
udkvnf;aumif;? trIawmfwdk;wufzdkY pDrHudef;csrSwf&mwGif
udk,fhudkudk,ft&nftaoG;rrDoljzpfatmif vkyfaqmifaeonfudk
74 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 73
vnf;aumif; xdkowdynmrJhaomtpm;orm;onfrod½Sdygacs/
olonf 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mudpörsm;wGif trSm;trSefrcGJjcm;Edkif
awmhbJ aumfrwDxdkif&mwGifvnf; ][kwfw,f? aumif;w,f}
[kajym&rnfhudpörsm;wGif ]r[kwfbl;? raumif;bl;} [kajymae
wwfonf/ olonf rSef;csufESifhvGJrnfhtqdkûycsufrsm;udkvnf;
vkyfwwfygonf/ olpm;oHk;xm;onfhtpmrsm;u ol\OD;aESmuf
udkxdkif;rIdif;apNyD/
tmom&r®uftvdkudkjznfhqnf;jcif;aMumifh vlom;rsm;
onf trSefw&m;taMumif;udk oufaorcHMuawmhacs/ 0rf;Adkuf
xJodkY uREfkyfwdkYxnfhvdkufaomtpmrsm;aMumifh aumif;csD;r*Fvm
rsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifvdkonfhpdwfxm;rsm;onf
ysufjym;vmygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufjcif;onf pdwf0rf;
uGJjym;jcif;? &efjzpfjcif;? oabmxm;uGJvGJjcif;ESifh tjcm;
raumif;rIrsm;jzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfonf/ pdwfr½Snfaom
pum;rsm;udkajymí MuifemrIuif;aomtûytrlrsm;udkûyusifhonf/
r½dk;om;aomtusifhrsm;onf aemufqufwGJay:xGef;vmum
tvdk&r®ufrsm;onf xif½Sm;vmonf/ 0rf;AdkufxJü raumif;
aomtpmrsm;jzifhjynfhaeapaomaMumifh OD;aESmuftm½HkaMum
rsm;xHkxdkif;oGm;Mu&m þtrIt&mrsm;udkawGUjrifvm&ygonf/
2T, p. 368 (1870)
tpm;taomuftm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk
xif½Sm;apEdkifonfqdkonfhtcsufudk wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;oabm
raygufEdkifMuacs/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\toufwm½Sd
qufqHa&;rsm;rSm ysufjym;cJhacsNyD/ xdktcsufudk ¤if;wdkY\
rdom;pk? ¤if;wdkY\toif;awmf? ¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;tpnf;a0;yGJ
rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;\ûyrlqufqHrIrsm;wGif xif½Sm;
pGmawGU&ygonf/ xdkt&monf ¤if;wdkYtoufwm\usdefjcif;
tr*Fvmjzpfvsuf½SdacsNyD/ xdkaMumifh aemufqHk;aomacwfumv
ESifhqdkifonfh trSefw&m;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYem;vnfoabmayguf
vmatmif oifvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
cyfodrf;aoma0ae,sowå0grsm;twGuf vdktyfaomt&mrsm;ESifh
aysmf½TifrIrsm;udk tvQHy,fjyifqifay;awmfrlNyD;jzpf&m udk,fawmf
\ynwfrsm;udk vlom;rsm;rcsKd;azgufcJhygvQif ¤if;wdkYonf
jrifhjrwfaomtvdkawmfESifhtnDvkyfaqmifum usef;rm? csrf;om?
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGmtouf½SifMu&vdrfhrnf/ ¤if;jyif raumif;
aomted|m½Hkrsm;rSvnf; uif;a0;Muvdrfhrnf/
3T, pp. 486-487 (1875)
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf um,pGrf;tm;rsm;udk usqif;
ap½Hkomru xm0&umvESifhqdkifaom oefY½Sif;onfht&mrsm;udk
ra0cGJrod½SdEdkifavmufatmif todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;udkvnf;
xHkxdkif;apygonf/ avmuom;rsm;onf tpm;MuL;aeMuNyDudk
vnf;aumif;? xdktusifhqdk;BuD;u udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtpGrf;
rsm;udk vrf;vGJapvdrfhrnfudkvnf;aumif; c&pfawmfodxm;
awmfrlcJhonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk vlom;rsm;tBuD;tus,f
usifhoHk;aeMuojzifh c&pfawmfonf vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; xdkt&m
\wefcdk;udkacszsuf&eftwGuf &ufowåywf (6) ywfeD;yg;
76 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 75
tpma½SmifcJh&ygonf/ c&pfawmfenf;wl atmifyGJqifEdkif&eftvdkYiSm
xdktpma½Smifjcif;tusifhudk c&pf,mefrsm;usifhoHk;Mu&rnfjzpf
onf/ vrf;vGJaeaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIqdkif&m pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
jcif;\pGrf;tm;udk tcsdefMumjrifhpGmtpma½SmifpOfu c&pfawmf
cHpm;cJh&aom razmfjyEdkifavmufatmif jyif;xefonfha0'em
tm;jzifhom wdkif;wmEdkifygrnf/
vlom;rsm;udku,fEkwfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm vlom;rsm;trSm;
tpysKd;onfht&mrS vlom;u,fwifjcif;vkyfief;udk tpysKd;&
rnfudk c&pfawmfodxm;ygonf/ tm'Honf cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf
jcif;tm;jzifh tjypfw&m;wGifusqHk;cJhonfr[kwfygvm;/ bk&m;
ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;udkapmifha½Smuf&ef vlom;rsm;üwm0ef
½SdaMumif; od½Sdoabmaygufvm&ef udk,fum,qdkif&mtusifh
rsm;udk jyefvnfûyjyifjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\u,fwifjcif;qdkif&m
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk tpysKd;awmfrlcJhygonf/ tusifhoDvydkif;wGif
tzsm;½ª;jcif;ESifh pm&dwåedrfhusqkwf,kwfjcif;rsm;onf vrf;vGJ
aeaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIrsm;\ yifrtusKd;qufrsm;jzpfygonf/
"r®q&mrsm;xrf;aqmif&rnfhtxl;wm0efESifh
&ifqdkifae&aompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;
trSefw&m;udk oGefoifaeaom"r®q&mrsm;tygt0if
vlom;tm;vHk;ü cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udka½SmifMu&ef BuD;jrwf
aomwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\cHwGif;awmifhw
rIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifMurnfqdkvQif ydkítoHk;0if
olrsm;jzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;jyif xdkolrsm;onf cE¨mudk,f
qdkif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk yl;aygif;toHk;cscJh
MurnfqdkvQif udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;ydkrdkaqmufwnfEdkifvmMuvdrfh
rnf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhoHk;um ukd,fpdwfESpfyg;\
tpGrf;rsm;udk aygif;pyftoHk;cscJhMurnfqdkvQif BuD;jrwfrsm;jym;
aomtvkyfrsm;udk NyD;pD;pGmvkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifMurnfomru
pdwfESvHk;onfvnf; tNrJwrf;MunfvifaeMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf txufygtwdkif; usifhMuHaexdkifEdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif
¤if;wdkY\tawG;tac:ESifhtajymtqdkrsm;onf ydkrdkívGwfvyf
oGufvufvmvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf bmoma&;tusifhrsm;ü
ydkítm;aumif;vmvdrfhrnf/ ywf0ef;usif½Sdvlom;rsm;onfvnf;
¤if;wdkYudkydkítxifBuD;av;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsKd;udkyif csKyfwnf;jcif;r½SdbJ
pm;oHk;vQif xufjrufNyD; oefY½Sif;aompdwfxm;rsm;udk ysufpD;
oGm;apNyD; cE¨mudk,fzGJUpnf;rIrsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufysuf,Gif;ap
vdrfhrnf/
MS, p. 88.
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf usef;rmaeoltvkyform;wpfOD;\
tpmaMucsufrIpepfudkyif ysuf,Gif;oGm;apEdkifonfh axmywf?
oMum;rsm;rsm;ESifhûyvkyfxm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;? aygifrkefYrsm;udk
awmpcef;odkY,laqmifvmwwfMuonf/ þuJhodkYaomrkefYrsm;udk
"r®q&m\pm;yGJay:odkY vmíwifay;wwfovdk ¤if;wdkYpm;yGJwGif
vmípm;&efvnf; "r®q&mudkzdwfMum;wwfMuonf/ usef;rma&;
78 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 77
twGufraumif;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;&ef þodkYaom
enf;rsm;tm;jzifh "r®q&mrsm;onf tpHkprf;cH&wwfygonf/
¤if;wdkYonf xdktpmrsm;aMumifh awmpcef;wGifxrf;½Guf&rnfh
wm0efrsm;udk pGrf;aqmiftm;avsmhenf;vmum pdwfwdkvmMu
onf/ tpmraMurIrsm;udk cHpm;vm&onf/
"r®q&mrsm;onf r,Ofaus;oltjzpf olwpfyg;xifvQif
xifapOD;awmh/ xdktpm;tpmrsKd;udkrpm;oHk;bJ jiif;y,foifhMu
ygonf/ ¤if;jyif xdktoif;om;rsm;onf xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsKd;
udk q&mrsm;tm; twif;rauR;oifhMuygacs/ usef;rma&;ESifh
rudkufnDonfhtpmrsm;ESifh q&mudk{nfhcHaomtcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkY
onf trSm;t,Gif;udkvkyfaqmifaeacsNyD/ xdktrSm;t,Gif;rsm;
aMumifh wefzdk;½SdvSonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk bk&m;ocif\trIawmf
twGufroHk;EdkifMuawmhbJ xdktoufwmrsKd;jzifh touf½Sif
aexdkifolrsm;pGmwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYü½SdaompGrf;tm;wpf0ufrQtxd
csK dUwJhoGm;wwfygonf/ "r®q&mrsm;onf OD;aESmufESif h
tm½HkaMumqdkif&mtpGrf;rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;xufydkíumuG,f
apmifha½SmufoifhMuygonf/ tm½HkaMumrsm;udk xdcdkufvIyf½Sm;
oGm;aprnfh tpm;taomuftm;vHk;udka½SmifMuOfoifhygonf/
tm½HkaMumvIyf½Sm;rIaMumifh pdwfusa&m*gjzpfay:vmwwfygonf/
tpm;taomufMuL;jcif;aMumifh pdwfMunfvifrItm;enf;vmum
pdwfESvHk;½IyfaxG;vmygonf/ tpm;taomufwGif wdwdusus
csKyfwnf;rIrûyEdkifolwpfOD;onf 0dnmOfa&;bufwGif atmifjrifol
wpfOD;jzpfrvmEdkifacs/ usef;rma&;aumif;aponfhtpm;taomuf
rsm;udk odvsufESifhrvdkufembJ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udk xdcdkufap
onfhtoufwmvrf;pOfjzifh touf½SifaexdkifolwpfOD;tay:odkY
oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfoufqif;&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftcGifh
ay;awmfrlEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/
t&mcyfodrf;udk bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;ap&ef
vkyfaqmifyg
(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/
(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/
oifwdkYonf rnfonfhtrIudkûyonfjzpfap? vGJrSm;aeaom
tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;onfhoabmjzifhr[kwfbJ wm0ef
wpfck[koabmxm;um bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufvsuf
vkyfaqmifMu&ef 0dnmOfawmf\wdkufwGef;rIjzifh ½Sifaygvka&;om;
xm;cJhygonf/ cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;toD;oD;udkumuG,f
apmifha½SmufMu&ygrnf/ 0rf;AdkufxJodkYoGif;vdkufaomt&mrsm;
onf jrifhjrwfaompdwfxm;ESifh oefY½Sif;aomtawG;tac:rsm;udk
ysufjym;oGm;aprSmpdk;ojzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf owdESifhpm;aomuf
Mu&ygrnf/ tpm;taomufrsm;udk owd½Sd½SdESifhpm;aomufum
bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmfESifhtnD aexdkiftouf½SifzdkY uREfkyfwdkY
wifjyonfudk ¤if;wdkY\aumif;usKd;csrf;omrsm;udk z,f½Sm;ypf
ovdkrsKd;oabmxm;um ]uREfkyfbmomuREfkyf? bmyJjzpfjzpf
êudufovdkvkyfcGifhr½Sdawmhbl;vm;} [k wcsKdUuar;vmMuygonf/
vltoD;oD;wdkYü ¤if;wdkYydkifqdkifonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;½SdMu
onf/ uREfkyfwdkYü yifudk,fvu©Pm½Sdonf/ udk,fydkifvu©Pm
80 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 79
vnf;½Sdonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ udk,fydkifvu©Pmonf
tjcm;olwpfOD;\udk,fydkifvu©PmESifhrwlnDyg/ vltaygif;wdkY
onf rdrdwdkY\rodpdwfappm;onfhtwdkif; rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif
twGuf vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ wm0efESifhMoZm
oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí bk&m;ocifay;tyfonfht&m
rsm;jzpfonf[k uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfonf/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf
zefqif;jcif;ESifh u,fEkwfjcif;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;tm;jzifh uREfkffyfwdkYtm;
ydkifoawmfrlonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcE¨mudk uREfkyfwdkY
rydkifyg/ bk&m;ocif\trIawmfudk pHkvifpGmrxrf;½GufEdkifavmuf
atmif udk,fcE¨mudkysuf,Gif;aponfhtusifhrsm;udk udk,fhoabm
twdkif; usifhaqmifEdkifcGifhuREfkyfwdkYür½SdMuacs/ uREfkyfwdkY\
toufwmESifhwuG pGrf;tm;taygif;wdkYudk xm0&bk&m;ocif
ydkifoawmfrl\/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf puúefYrjcm; uREfkyfwdkYudk
apmifha½Smufawmfrl\/ touf½Sifapawmfrl\/ uREfkyfwdkYtm;
udk,fawmf½SifwpfcPypfxm;cJhawmfrlrnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf
aoyGJ0ifMuvdrfhrnfomwnf;/ uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;onf xm0&
bk&m;ociftay:wGif vHk;vHk;rSDcdktouf½SifaeMuygonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifESifh uREfkyfwdkYtMum;½SdqufET,frIudk
em;vnfaomtcsdefwGif BuD;jrwfaomoifcef;pmwpfckudk uREfkyfwdkY
avhusufEdkifMuygonf/ ]oifhudk,foifrydkif? oifhudktzdk;tc
ay;í 0,fxm;NyD} [laompum;&yfudk tNrJwrf;owd&apyg/
odkYjzpfvQif uREfkfyfwdkYü½SdaomtpGrf;rsm;? Opömypönf;rsm;? MoZm
wefcdk;rsm;ESifhwuG yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;udk ydkifpdk;cGifhxm0&bk&m;ocifü
½SdaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYoabmaygufvmMuygvdrfhrnf/ udk,fawmf½Sif
tm; aumif;jrwfaomtvkyftauR;jzifh tapcHEdkif&ef rdrdwdkY\
udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk rnfodkYudkifwG,fvkyfaqmif&rnfudk
uREfkyfwdkYavhusufMu&ygrnf/
2T, p. 60 (1868)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifh
udk bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;usifhoHk;a&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;
rsm;onf oifwdkY\b0vrf;aMumif;ay:wGif xGef;vif;vsuf
½SdaeygNyD/ xdktvif;awmfudkMunfhzdkYaemufwGefYum rdrd\tpm;
taomufESifhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkûyjyif&ef wHkYqdkif;aeolrsm;xJwGif
oifyg0ifaeonfudk uREfkyf(rr0Iduf)jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ trSef
w&m;\tvif;udkvufcHvdkufavQmufrnfqdkvQif xdktrSefw&m;
tm;jzifh oefYpifjcif;cH&aomoltaygif;wdkY\toufwmESifh
pm&dwårsm;onf vHk;vHk;ajymif;vJoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
atmifjrifaomtoufwmESifhqufET,fjcif;
Y.I. May 31, 1894.
pm;jcif;? aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;toD;oD;ü
0dnmOfa&;wdk;wufrItay: wdkuf½dkuftusKd;oufa&mufrI½Sdaeonf/
MH, p. 280 (1905)
ywf0ef;usifüaexdkifMuonfh r,HkMunfolrsm; êudufovdk
pm;aomufaeaomt&mrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfMu&ef £oa&v
rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifwm;jrpfawmfrlcJhonf/ wpfzufowf
82 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 81
DF- 6
vlrsKd;cGJjcm;onfhoabmrsKd;jzifh rdefYawmfrlaejcif;r[kwfbJ
tm[m&rjzp fonf htpm;taomufrsm;ud k wm;jrp fae
jcif;jzpfonf/ roefY½Sif;yg[k owfrSwfjcif;cHxm;&aomtpm
rsm;onf toHk;ûyrdolrsm;\cE¨mudk,fudknpfnrf;apygonf/
cE¨mudk,fudkysuf,Gif;apaomt&monf touf0dnmOfudkvnf;
ysuf,Gif;apygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk toHk;ûyolrsm;onf bk&m;
ocifESifhrdwfo[m,zGJU&ef rxdkufwefMuawmhyg/ oefY½Sif;
jrifhjrwfaomtrIawmfudkvnf;xrf;½Guf&ef roifhavsmfawmhyg/
Health Reformer, Sept., 1871.
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk
usifhoHk;aepOfwGifvnf;aumif;? rmeaxmifvTm;rIrsm;vTrf;rdk;
aepOfwGifvnf;aumif; oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkY
xHodkYvmí rprIray;Edkif½Hkomru pHkvifaomc&pf,meftoufwm
jzpfatmif êud;pm;&mwGifvnf; uREfkfyfwdkYtm;axmufrEdkifjcif;
r½Sdawmhacs/
2T, p. 400 (1870)
bk&m;ocif\jrifhjrwfaomZmwdawmfudk rQa0cHpm;aeol
taygif;wdkYonf urÇmwpf0ef;wGifjzpfysufaeaom avmut&mü
arGUavsmfcHpm;jcif;tm;jzifh pm&dwåysufjym;jcif;rsm;rSvGwfajrmuf
Muvdrfhrnf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufolrsm;rSmrl pHkvifaomc&pf,mef
toufwmudkydkifqdkifzdkY&efrjzpfEdkifygacs/
R&H., Jan. 25, 1881.
þt&monf ppfrSefaomoefY½Sif;jcif;jzpfonf/ pmawGU
oufoufr[kwf? pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIwpfckoufoufr[kwf? a&;om;
pDuHk;rIwpfckoufoufomr[kwfbJ aeYpOftoufwmxJodkY
xdk;azguf0ifa&mufvmonfh xda&mufaompnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpf
onf/ uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcEmudk touf½SifoefY½Sif;í ESpfoufzG,f
aom,ZfwpfaumifuJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif tyfESHEdkif&ef
tvdkYiSm rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk usef;rm½Tifvef;aprnfh
tpm;? taomuf? 0wfqifrItusifhaumif;rsm;udkusifhoHk;Mu
&rnf/
6T, p. 372 (1900)
uREfkyfwdkYonf avmuESifhpyfqdkifol (odkYr[kwf) avmu
ESifhrpyfqdkifoljzpfonfudk trSefw&m;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifoD;jcm;
cGJxm;oljzpfaMumif; uREfkfyfwdkY\tpm;taomufqdkif&mtusifh
p½dkufrsm;uxif½Sm;aponf/
Letter, 135, 1902.
tpmpm;jcif;wGif csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;onf emrusef;
rIudk rsm;pGmjzpfap½Hkomru bk&m;ocifomxdkufaombkef;udk
vnf; vk,lwwfonf/ bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;pGmwdkYonf
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;&ef ysufuGufcJhMuaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
xm0&bk&m;ocifowfrSwfxm;awmfrlonfhpHudk rrDEdkifMuacs/
xdkolrsm;onf aemifw&um ajymif;vJvmMuaomfvnf; twå
tvdkvdkufjcif;jzifh taxmuftrûycJhonfh xdkqHk;½HI;rIudk pMu0Vm
wpfckvHk;u jrifawGUMu&vdrfhrnf/
9T, pp. 165-166 (1909)
bk&m;ocifodkxm;awmfrlonfh usef;rma&;ESifh0dnmOfa&;
qdkif&maumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkqHk;½IH;cJh&ol rnfrQ½Sdygoenf;/
84 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 83
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf BuD;us,faomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef
tvdkYiSm BuD;rm;aomatmifyGJrsm;ESifh xl;jcm;aomaumif;csD;rsm;
udk&&ef êud;pm;aeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf xdkyef;wHk;wdkifodkY
a&muf&ef rsuf&nfusvsuf cGeftm;ygygqkawmif;&rnf[kvnf;
oabmaygufaeMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf zGifhqdkawmfrlonfh
tvdkawmfudkod&efqkawmif;vsuf usrf;pmudkavhvmMurnf
qdkvQifvnf;aumif;? twåtvdkudkjiif;y,fum bk&m;ocif\
tvdkudkvdkufrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif; NidrfoufrIudk&½SdMuygvdrfh
rnf/ rcsdwifuJa0'emcHpm;jcif;? rsuf&nfusjcif;? ½kef;uef
êud;pm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYawmifhwonfhaumif;csD;r*Fvm
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYxHodkYa&mufrvmEdkifygacs/ twåudk vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm;tyfESHypf&rnf/ ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGuf uwd
xm;awmfrlaomaus;Zl;awmfudk &,lcHpm;vsuf wifjyxm;onfh
tusifhrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYusifhaqmifMu&rnf/
]igüqnf;uyfvdkaomoljzpfvQif udk,fudkudk,fjiif;y,f
&rnf/ udk,fhvuf0g;uyfwdkifudk aeYwdkif;xrf;í ighaemufodkY
vdkuf&rnf} [k c&pfawmfrdefYrSmcJhygonf/ vkum 9;23/ ½dk;pif;
jcif;? udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhrsm;udkusifhjcif;tm;jzifh
u,fwif½Sif\aemufawmfodkYvdkufMuygpdkY/ EIwftm;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? oefY½Sif;aomtoufwmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; c&pfawmf
udk olwpfyg;jrifomatmif ajr§mufwifMuygpdkY/ rdrdudk,fudk
bk&m;ocifxHwGiftyfESHolrsm;teD;odkY c&pfawmf<ujref;vmavh
½Sdygonf/ ESvHk;om;ESifhtoufwmwGif oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf
vIyf½Sm;zdkY tvdktyfqHk;aomtcsdefrSm ,ckyifjzpfonf/ oefY½Sif;
jcif;toufwm? tyfESHjcif;toufwmESifh touf½Sifaexdkif&ef
vdktyfaom xdkwefcdk;awmfudk qkyfudkifMuygpdkY/
3T, pp. 491-492 (1875)
cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufavsmjcif;tm;jzifh uREfkfyfwdkY\ rdOD;?
zOD;wdkYqHk;½IH;cJh&onfh {'ifO,smOfudk cHwGif;tvdkESifh&r®ufrsm;udk
jiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh jyefvnf&,lEdkifrnf[k arQmfvifhEdkifMuyg
onf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;? &r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyf
jcif;onf todOmPfrsm;udk qufvufzGHUûzd;apEdkifonfhjyif trSm;
ESifhtrSef? taumif;ESifhtqdk;rsm;udk cGJjcm;odjrifapEdkifNyD; rdrdwdkY
\txHk0goemrsm;udk c&pfawmf\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif vlom;
rsm;xm;Edkifaprnfh pdwfwefcdk;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;aumif;jrwfjcif;
rsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apygonf/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk rnfodkY
wGef;vSef&rnfhtaMumif; rdrdtoufwmtm;jzifh vlom;rsm;tm;
azmfjyEdkif&ef txuftdrfawmfudkpGefYNyD; þavmuodkY<uvmcJh
jcif;t&mwGif c&pfawmfazmfjycJhonfh tyfESHtepfemcHjcif;
taMumif;udk trSefwu,fod½SdcHpm;&oltaygif;onf pHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkjiif;y,fum c&pfawmfESifhtwlqif;&JcH&ef
a½G;cs,fMuygvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUjcif;t&monf ynm\tpjzpf
onf/ c&pfawmfatmifjrifcJhovdk atmifjrifaeolrsm;onf
pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;rS rdrdudk,fudktNrJwapumuG,fzdkYvdktyf
ygonf/ pmwefESifhol\aemufvdkufrsm;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk
86 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 85
xm0&bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzpfonf[k tjrifrrSm;ap&ef
tvdkYiSm todOmPfcGeftm;rsm;tm;enf;roGm;ap&efESifh xdk;xGif;
odjrifrIrsm;½Sif;vif;aeap&ef cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh&r®ufrsm;udk
todynmESifhjynfh0aomrodpdwf\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif xm;½Sd
Mu&rnf/ atmifjrifolrsm;tm; ay;tyfrnfhqkrsm;udk vltrsm;
vdkcsifMuaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYonf c&pfawmfenf;wl tyifyef;
rcHvdkMuacs/ udk,ftvdkudkrjiif;vdkMuacs/ em;axmifjcif;ESifh
pOfqufrjywfêud;pm;jcif;tm;jzifhom c&pfawmfenf;wl uREfkyfwdkY
atmifyGJqifEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfEdkifrIaMumifh axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYonf ysufpD;jcif;rSuif;a0;Muvdrfhrnf/
¤if;wdkYonf þtcsufwpfckudkausmfvTm;EdkifMuaomaMumifh
pmwefzefwD;onfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;tay: atmifyGJqif&ef
pdwfwefcdk;udk&½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif cHwGif;\aus;uRefrsm;
rSmrl pHkvifaomc&pf,mef\pm&dwårsm;udk &½SdEdkifMurnfr[kwf
acs/ ESpfaygif; (6000) wdkifwdkif pOfqufrjywfusL;vGefrIrsm;
aMumifh zsm;emjcif;ESifhaojcif;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;&ifqdkifaeMu&
ygonf/ uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvmonfESifhtrQ cHwGif;tvdk
vdkufjcif;ESifhpyfqdkifonfh pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;onf ydkí
jyif;xefvmum ausmfvTm;zdkYvnf; ydkícufcJvmygonf/
(CTBH, p. 10) CH, p. 22 (1890)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m tvif;w&m;rsm;
udktjrwfwEdk;xm;Muolrsm;ü trSefw&m;tm;jzifh oefY½Sif;ap
aomtrIawmfwGif ta&;ygaomtrtpwpfck½Sdaeum raoEdkif
aomtjzpfodkY0ifpm;&ef xdkufwefvmygonf/
tpmtm[m&ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;tMum;½SdqufET,frI
a½S;tcgu udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;rIrsm;
Sp. Gifts IV, p. 121 (1864)
a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;umvrwdkifrDu touf½SifaexdkifcJhMu
olrsm;onf wd&pämeftpmrsm;udkpm;um raumif;rIrsm;ESifhhjynfh0
onfhwdkifatmif avmuaysmf½TifrIcHpm;vdkonfh&r®ufudk jznfhqnf;
cJhMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocifonf urÇmBuD;wGif
jzpfyGm;aeaom udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;rIrsm;udk a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;
tm;jzifh aq;aMumawmfrlcJhygonf/
vlom;rsm;usqHk;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpí tjypfw&m;onf
atmifvHvTifhaeonfjzpf&m vlenf;pkavmufom xm0&bk&m;
ocifud k opömapmif hodcJ h Muaomfvnf; vltrsm;pkrSmrl
udk,fawmf½Sifa½SUarSmufwGif pm&dwåysufjym;aeMuygonf/ aom'Hk
ûrdUESifha*garm&ûrdUwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\qdk;,kwfrIrsm;aMumifh ysufpD;
oGm;cJh&ygonf/ tvGefrwef,kwfnHhonfhb0odkYa&mufoGm;
onftxd tmom&r®ufrsm;ESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk xdkûrdUom;
rsm;jznfhqnf;cJhMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYusL;vGefcJhaomtjypfrsm;onf
raumif;rIcGufzvm;jynfhonftxd pufqkyf½GH½SmzG,fjzpfcJh&m
aumif;uifrSrD;usum avmifuRrf;aoqHk;cJhMuygonf/
88 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 87
3T, pp. 163-164 (1873)
aem{tcsdefu urÇmay:odkY bk&m;ocif\trsufawmf
usa&mufapcJhaomtjypfrsKd;onf ,aeYwGifvnf;wnf½Sdaeyg
onf/ ,aeYvlom;taygif;onfvnf; tpm;MuL;? taomuf
MuL;vsuf½SdMuygonf/ aem{tcsdefu vlom;rsm;\&r®ufudk
vGJrSm;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;tjypfu Edk;Mum;awmufavmif
apcJhygonf/ xdktjypfrsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHrSta&;,l
tjypfay;&rnfhtajctxd qdk;,kwfedrfhuscJh&m xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf þurÇmBuD;tm; a&jzifhaq;aMumawmfrlcJh&ygonf/
tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;onfh xdktjypfrsKd;onf aom'Hk
ûrdUom;rsm;\todw&m;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;apcJh&m xdkûrdUol
ûrdUom;taygif;wdkYonf &mZ0wfrIrsm;udk ESpfESpfûcdufûcdufusL;vGef
cJhMuygonf/ ]]xdkenf;wl avmwvufxufü vlrsm;wdkYonf
pm;aomufa&mif;0,fvsuf? pdkufysKd;vsuf? tdrfaqmufvsuf
aeouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? avmwonf aom'HkûrdUrSxGufaom
aeYü aumif;uifrS uefYESifha&maomrD;rdk;½Gmí xdkvltaygif;wdkYudk
okwfoify,f½Sif;ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; vlom;ay:xGef;aomaeYü
jzpfvdrfhrnf}} [k c&pfawmfowday;xm;ygonf/
þwGif c&pfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf ta&;tBuD;qHk;
oifcef;pmwpfckudkcsefxm;cJhygonf/ tvkyfrvkyfbJ ysif;&daejcif;
udk udk,fawmf½Siftm;ay;aejcif;r[kwfyg/ c&pfawmf\toufwm
yHkoufaorsm;onf þtcsufESifhqefYusifygonf/ taMumif;rSm
udk,fawmf½Sifonf êud;pm;aomtvkyform;wpfOD;jzpfcJhygonf/
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fvsuf ZGJ½Sd½SdESifhêud;pm;vkyfaqmifwwfol
wpfyg;vnf;jzpfcJhygonf/ tpm;taomufudkt"duxm;jcif;onf
tEÅ&m,frsm;aMumif;udkom uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf½Sifowd
ay;aejcif;jzpfonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;\&v'fudkazmfjyae
jcif;omjzpfygonf/ vlom;rsm;onf tjypfudk raumif;aom
t&mwpfcktjzpfrjrifEdkifavmufatmif udk,fusifhw&m;ydkif;wGif
tm;enf;aeygonf/ bk&m;ocifud kapmfum;ajymqd kum
aumif;aompnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh pdwfqE´rsm;udk pm&dwåysufjym;rI
taxGaxGu zsufqD;ypfonftxd &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifh ,kwfnHh
aomtmom&r®ufrsm;onf vTrf;rdk;vmcJhygonf/ þt&m
tm;vHk;onf tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;jcif;\&v'fjzpfonf/
'kwd,tBudrf<uvmaomtcgwGif jzpfysufaernfhtajctaerSm
þtajctaersKd;yifjzpfaeygonf/
vlom;taygif;tm; owday;xm;vdrfhrnfvm;/ xdkolrsm;
onf tvif;udkjrwfEdk;Murnfvm;/ (odkYr[kwf) cHwGif;ESifh
tmom&r®ufrsm;\aus;uRefb0a&mufvmMurnfvm;/ c&pfawmf
onf tpm;? taomufESifh t0wfrsm;xuf omíta&;ygaom
t&mwcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;wifjyaeygonf/ tpm;MuL;?
taomufMuL;ESifh tqif,ifMuL;jcif;rsm;aMumifh xdkolrsm;onf
&mZ0wfom;rsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ þtcsufonf aemufqHk;
aom acwfumv\xif½Sm;aomtjypfrsm;jzpf½Hkomru c&pfawmf
<uvmjcif;\txdrf;trSwfwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/ tcsdef?
aiGaMu;ESifh cGeftm;rsm;onf udk,fawmf½Sifydkifqdkifaomt&mrsm;
jzpfaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm;tyfESHxm;aomxdkt&mrsm;udk rvdktyf
90 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 89
onfhyvTm;aom0wfqifrIrsm;wGif ûzef;wD;aeMuonf/ cGeftm;
udkavsmhyg;ap½Hkomru a&m*gb,rsm;udkyifjzpfaponfh rSm;,Gif;
aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;twGuf toHk;ûyaeMuonf/ rSm;,Gif;
aomtoufwmyHkpHaMumifh a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh ysuf,Gif;aeonfh
xdkuJhodkYaomudk,fcE¨mudk touf½Sifaom,Zfaumiftjzpfjzifh
bk&m;ocifxHwGiftyfESH&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&mjzpfonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkrcsKyfwnf;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vmaomtusifhysufrIrsm;
Sp. Gifts IV, 124 (1864)
vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpfckvHk;ü udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;
qkwf,kwfaeonfudk vltrsm;tHhMowkefvIyfaeMuygonf/
bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;ESifh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazgufzsufrIaMumifh xdkuJhodkYjzpfvm&onfudk
¤if;wdk Yem;rvnfMuacs/ bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;udk
csKd;azgufusL;vGefrIrsm;onf csrf;om<u,f0rIudkjzpfaponfh
udk,fawmf\vufawmfudkz,f½Sm;ypfvdkufygonf/
tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;rIr½SdbJ ,kwfnHhaom
&r®ufrsm;tvdkudkvdkufpm;jcif;onf oefY½Sif;jrifhjrwfaomt&mESifh
omreft&mrsm;udkrcGJjcm;Edkifavmufatmif El;nHhaompdwfrsm;udk
xHkxdkif;apygonf/
Sp. Gifts IV., 131 (1864)
rdrdudk,fudk tpm;taomuf\aus;uRefjzpfcGifhûyolrsm;
onf tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;aMumifh Edk;xvm
onfh raumif;aomtmom&r®uftvdkudkvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh
rMumrDrSmyif udk,fhudkudk,f,kwfnhHapMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf
usef;rma&;ESifh todynmbufwGif tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufoGm;
onftxd ,kwfnHhaomtmom&r®ufrsm;\tvdkudkjznfhqnf;cJh
Muonf/ xdktusifhqdk;rsm;aMumifh qifjcifawG;qEdkifonfh
pGrf;tm;rsm;vnf; tBuD;tus,fysufpD;ukefMuygonf/
Health Reformer, October, 1871.
tpm;taomufrrSefjcif;ESifh ravsmufywfaomt0wf
wefqmrsm;onf ,kwfrmaompdwfudkjzpfay:ap½Hkomru ESvHk;
udkvnf; tusifhysufapygonf/ ¤if;jyif jrifhjrwfaompdwfxm;
rsm;udkvnf; wd&pämefpdwfaygufoGm;apygonf/
R.&H, Jan. 25, 1881.
bmomw&m;½Sdonf[k zGifhqdkoltaygif;wdkYonf udk,fcEm
usef;rma&;udk *½krxm;bJraeMuygESifh/ ¤if;jyif csKyfwnf;jcif;
r½Sdjcif;onf tjypfr[kwf? 0dnmOfa&;udkvnf;rxdcdkufyg[k
rajymMuygESifh/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\obm0rsm;tMum;wGif
qufET,frIrsm;½Sdaeygonf/ yg&rDtqifhtwef;udk udk,fum,
tavhtxrsm;tm;jzifh jr§ifhwifEdkifovdk edrfhusoGm;atmifvnf;
vkyfypfEdkifygonf/ taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;udk tpm;MuL;jcif;
onfvnf; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mu@wGif Oyg'geftpGJrsm;udkjzpfay:
apEdkifygonf/ tpm;tpmraumif;vQifrl ydkíqdk;aomusef;rma&;
xdcdkufrIrsm;udkjzpfapEdkifygonf/ vl\usef;rma&;udkrwdk;wuf
aponfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf jrifhjrwfaompGrf;tm;rsm;udk
92 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 91
,kwfavsmhusqif;apygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom pm;usifh? aomufusifh
rsm;onf awG;ac:vkyfudkifrIrsm;wGif trSm;t,Gif;rsm;jzpfay:
vmapygonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;onf wd&pämef
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;tm; pdwf0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;tay:vTrf;rdk;&ef
cGeftm;aumif;oGm;apygonf/
]]0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udkwdkufcdkufaeonfh udk,fum,
wyfrufrIrsm;udka½SmifMuOfMuyg}} qdkonfhpum;udk ayw½kzGifhqdk
cJhygonf/ þowday;pum;onf aygufvGwfyJpm;aexdkifjcif;
rsm;udka½SmifMuOf&efom zGifhqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k trsm;u,lq
xm;aomfvnf; ¤if;üeufeJaomt"dyÜg,frsm;vnf;½Sdaeao;yg
onf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;jcif;
rsm;udkvnf; þowday;csufu umuG,fxm;ygonf/ tm;udk
<uaponfht&mrsm;ESifh eDudkwif;yg0ifonfh vufzuf&nf? aumfzD?
aq;vdyf? t&ufESifh armfzD;(ef)rsm;toHk;ûyjcif;udkvnf; þowd
ay;csufu qefYusifxm;ygonf/ þtoHk;taqmifrsm;onf
udk,fusifhw&m;udkxdcdkufysufpD;aponfh avmuaysmf½TifrIcHpm;
jcif;rsm;wGif pm&if;0ifonf[k owfrSwfxm;Muygonf/
þtusifhqdk;rsm;udk apmapmusifhoHk;avav? avmuaysmf½Tif
cHpm;rI\aus;uRefjzpfzdkY cdkifrmavavjzpfonf/ 0dnmOfa&;
tqifhtwef;ydkíedrfhusoGm;zdkYaocsmavavjzpfygonf/
2T, pp. 413-414 (1870)
oifonf cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&ef
vdktyfygonf/ pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk jrifhrm;wdk;wufatmifûypk
ysKd;axmifonfESifhtrQ wd&pämefpdwfrsm; avsmhyg;oGm;ygvdrfh
rnf/ oifonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk pHkvif
aomxdef;csKyfrIatmufwGifrxm;oa½GU 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;
wdk;wufrI½Sdvm&efrSmrjzpfEdkifygacs/ ]olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS
udk,fwdkif½IH;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpuf
avh½Sd\} [k ½SifaygvkuzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum;½SdMuyg/ 0dnmOfawmf
bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf tay:,HaMumomru oif\
vkyfaqmifrItoD;oD;wdkYwGif twGif;ususvrf;jyvIyf½Sm;ygap[k
uREfkyfqkawmif;ay;ygonf/ xdkt&mrSm txl;vdktyfaeonfh
pnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf/ avmuavmukwå&mESpfjzmaomudpö
rsm;twGuf vkyfaqmifEdkifonfpGrf;tm;wnf;[laom cdkifrmonfh
pnf;rsOf;vnf;jzpfonf/ oif\êud;pm;rIrsm;onf pdwftm;
xufoefrIavsmhyg;aeygonf/ vlta&twGufrnfa½GUrnfrQonf
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkrqefYusifojzifh 0dnmOfa&;tqifhtwef;
edrfhusaeygoenf;/ tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh OD;aESmufpGrf;&nf
rsm;xHkxdkif;um OD;aESmufoGufcsmyg'vdkufvkrwwfjzpfaeMu
ygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf OykofaeYwGif bk&m;ausmif;
wufaomtcg rsufpdrzGifhEdkifMuawmhacs/ tav;eufqHk;
toem;cHrIrsm;uyif ¤if;wdkY\xdkif;rIdif;av;vHaeaomtod
pdwf"mwfrsm;udk rEId;qGEdkifawmhacs/ trSefw&m;udk euf½Idif;aom
cHpm;csufrsm;jzifhwifjyaomfjim;vnf; ¤if;wdkY\pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
cHpm;rIrsm;onf rEdk;xEdkifMuawmhacs/ em;vnfrIrsm;vnf;
94 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 93
rwdk;wufEdkifMuawmhacs/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf t&m
cyfodrf;wdkYwGif bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxGef;vif;&ef avhvm
oif,lNyD;MuNyDvm;/
½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;\MoZmoufa&mufrI
2T, p. 352 (1869)
bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfudkapmifha½SmufzdkY 0efcHxm;ol
taygif;wdkYonf raumif;rIrsm;rSuif;a0;Murnfjzpfojzifh uREfkyf\
pdwf0dnmOfonf oufomrI&cJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif ynwfawmf
udkapmifhygrnf[k 0efcHuwdûyxm;olrsm;onfyif olYr,m;udk
jypfrSm;onfhtjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\
xHkxdkif;aomtodpdwfrsm;udk Edk;Mum;vmatmif uREfkyfrnfodkY
ajymjy&rnfenf;/ udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk wdwdusususifhapmifh
jcif;onf touf0dnmOftwGuf wpfckwnf;aomtumtuG,f
jzpfygonf/ ,cktcsdefonf t½dk;pif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udk
pm;oHk;&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf/ tom;rsm;udk om;orD;rsm;\a½SUwGif
csrxm;MuygESifh/ tom;onf ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udk Edk;Mum;
tm;aumif;ap½Hkomru udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udkvnf; apmifhxdef;&ef
tm;enf;apygonf/ qDrygbJjyifqifxm;onfhtoD;tESHrsm;ESifh
opfoD;rsm;? rlvobm0rysufatmifjyifqifxm;onfhtoD;tESH
ESifhopfoD;rsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY0ifpm;&ef jyifqifaeMu
oltaygif;\pm;yGJay:wGifxm;oifhonfh tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/
tpm;tpmonf ½dk;pif;rIrsm;avav? tmom&r®ufrsm;udk
xdef;csKyf&efydkívG,fulavavjzpf\/ t&omudkOD;pm;ay;
oHk;aqmifjcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;\usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufapygonf/
,kwfnHhonfh&r®ufrsm;\tvdkudkjznfhqnf;aomolrsm;
onf tvif;w&m;udkrjrifvdkMuawmhacs/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkY
rpGefYvTwfvdkaomtjypfrsm;udkjrif&rSmpdk;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/
tvif;awmfudkjrifvdkolrsm;rSmrl jrifEdkifMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
tvif;udkra½G;bJ tarSmifudkoma½G;cs,fvQifvnf; ¤if;wdkY\
Oya'jidpGef;rIrsm;rSm xl;jcm;rnfr[kwfygacs/ tb,faMumifh
vltaygif;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk xdcdkufap
onfhþt&mrsm;udk *½krpdkufMu&oenf;/ udk,fawmf½Sif\
trIawmfESifhbkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;&eftwGuf taumif;qHk;tajctae
wGif½Sdaeatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufxm;zdkY Adrmefawmfwpfckudk
oifhtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifay;xm;awmfrlNyD/
2T, pp. 404, 405 (1870)
oifpm;aeaomtpm;tpmonf taumif;qHk;aoG;om;udk
jzpfEdkifonfh ½dk;pif;NyD; usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmrsKd;r[kwfyg/
aoG;roefYvQif pdwfESvHk;ESifhtodOmPfpGrf;&nfrsm;xdkif;rIdif;vm½Hk
omru ,kwfnHhonfhtvdk&r®ufrsm;vnf; jyif;xefvmvdrfhrnf/
tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk pm;zdkYrêud;pm;oifhyg/ taMumif;rSm
xdktpmrsm;onf oif\udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkif½Hk
omru oifESifhwuG oifhom;orD;rsm;\BuD;yGm;csrf;omrIrsm;
udkygxdcdkufapygonf/
96 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 95
oifonf tpmaMucsufrIudk xdcdkufapaomtpm? wd&pämef
pdwfudkEkd;qGaeaomtpm? pdwf"mwfESifh todynmpGrf;&nfrsm;udk
tm;enf;aponfhtpmrsm;jzifh oifhpm;yGJudkjyifaeygonf/ xl;uJ
aomtpmrsm;ESifh tom;rsm;onf oifhtwGuftusKd;rjzpfxGef;yg/
oif\tdrfom;rsm;ESifh oif\ESvHk;om;udk pepfwus
xm;odkyg&ef oifhtm; c&pfawmf\emrawmfü uREfkyfawmif;yef
ygonf/ aumif;uifrSvmonfhtrSefw&m;onf oif\udk,f?
pdwf? ESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udkjr§ifhwifygap? oefYpifygap/ ]0dnmOfa&;udpö
rsm;udkwdkufcdkufaeonfh udk,fum,wyfrufrIrsm;udk a½SmifMuOf
Muyg/} nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifwdkYpm;aeaomtpmrsm;onf
,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:vmatmif Edk;qGaeygonf/
pHkvifaomoefY½Sif;jcif;toufwmudk&½Sdatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfh
wm0efudkxrf;aqmif&rnfhtpm; oifonf oif\udk,fcE¨mudk
xdef;csKyfrIrûybJae\/ onf;cHwwfaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfvm
atmif tpmpm;&mwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;yg&rDudkoifwnfaqmuf
&rnf/
4T, pp. 35-36 (1876)
avmu"avhtusifhrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\rSwfausmuf
(odkYr[kwf) pHr[kwfygacs/ teHYt&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;
ESifh tm;<uaponfh obm0twdkif;r[kwfaomtpmrsm;udk
pm;aomufjcif;onf acwfpm;aeaom"avhwpfckjzpfonf/
xdk"avhaMumifh vlom;rsm;ü wd&päefpdwfrsm;tm;aumif;vmum
udk,fusifhw&m;zGHUûzd;rIrsm;tm;enf;oGm;ygonf/ cyfodrf;aom
trIwdkYü csKyfwD;jcif;udkusifhoHk;&efrqHk;jzwfvQif c&pf,mef
wdkufvSefyGJwGif atmifyGJqifolrsm;jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k tm'H\
om;orD;rsm;tm; tm;ay;rxm;yg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;½SdcJhvQif
]tmumoaumif;uifudkxdk;íowf} aomolwpfOD;uJhodkY wdkufyGJ
0if&awmhrnfr[kwfacs/
csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk bk&m;ocifha½SUwGifûy&ef0wf
wpfcktaejzifhvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tdrfeD;csif;
rsm;vdkufemvmatmifvkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;zdkYwm0efwpfck
taejzifhvnf;aumif; oabmxm;um rdrd\cE¨mudk,fESifhwuG
cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh&r®ufrsm;udk tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;onfh rod
pdwf\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif c&pf,mefrsm;xm;cJhrnfqdkvQif
¤if;wdkYonf udk,fpdwfESpfjzmusef;rmcsrf;omMuygvdrfhrnf/
pmwefudkqefYusifwdkufvSef&ef pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk&½SdMuvdrfhrnf/
¤if;wdkYudk,fpm;cHwGif;awmifhwrItay: atmifyGJqifcJhaomc&pfawmf
\emrawmftm;jzifh olwdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkYtwGuf atmifyGJ
qifolrsm;jzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkwdkufvSefyGJwGif rnfolrqdk
yg0ifwdkufyGJ0ifcGifh½SdMuonf/
---000---
98 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 97
DF- 7
tcef;BuD; (3)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh
aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;
3T, pp. 161-162 (1873)
bk&m;ocif'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf vlom;rsm;
udkjyifqifaeonfh trIawmf\ta&;ygaomu@wpfckrSm
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;yifjzpfaMumif; 1871 ckESpf?
'DZifbmv 10 &ufaeYwGif uREfkyfjrifjcif; (vision) &cJhygonf/
vufonf udk,fcEmESifhqufET,faeouJhodkY xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
onfvnf; aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ESifhqufpyfae
ygonf/ ynwfawmf (10) yg;udk vlom;rsm;ayghayghwefwef
oabmxm;Muaomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ynwfawmf
vGefusL;olrsm;tm; êudwifowday;pum;rajymbJ tjypf'Pf
pD&if&ef <uvmrnfr[kwfacs/ xdkowday;pum;udk wwd,
aumif;uifwrefuzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ tu,fíom vlom;
rsm;onf ynwfawmf\ed,mrrsm;udk rdrdwdkY\toufwmwGif
taumiftxnfaz:um em;axmifvdkufavQmufcJhMuvdrfhrnf
qdkvQif ,aeYurÇmBuD;udk vTrf;ûcHxm;onfh a&m*gqdk;rsm;onf
,ckuJhodkYwnf½SdaeMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
vlom;rsm;udkjyifqifjcif;
vlom;rsm;onf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;? npfnrf;aom
tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh obm0w&m;ESifh
bk&m;ocif\ynwfw&m;udkrcsKd;azmufEdkifMuap&eftvdkYiSm
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ynwfvGefusL;jcif;rsm;\tjypfudkjrifzdkY
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;udk vlom;rsm;tm;
ay;oem;awmfrlcJhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\0rf;omaysmf½Tifjcif;ESifh
zsm;em0rf;enf;jcif;rsm;onf obm0w&m;twdkif;vdkufavQmuf
jcif; (odkYr[kwf) obm0w&m;udkqefYusifcsKd;azgufjcif;tay:
wGifrlwnfygonf/ bk&m;ocifcsrSwfxm;onfhynwfrsm;udk
odvsufESifhvnf;aumif;? rodaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; vGefusL;
cJhMuolrsm;\ rESpfûrdUzG,ftajctaersm;udk cspfjcif;arwåmt½Sif
bk&m;ocifjrifawGUawmfrlygonf/ xdkaMumifh udk,fawmfonf
oem;cspfcifjcif;udktajcûyvsuf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
owif;pum;udk ay;oem;awmfrlygonf/ obm0w&m;awmf
twdkif; touf½SifaexdkifzdkYavhusufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm udk,fawmf
onf ynwfawmfESifhwuG ynwfawmfvGefusL;olrsm;cHpm;&rnfh
tjypf'Pfrsm;udkvnf; aMunmawmfrlxm;ygonf/ awmifay:
wGifwnfxm;onfhûrdUudk olwpfyg;xif½Sm;pGmjrifEdkifouJhodkY
ynwfawmfESifhywfoufaomt&mrsm;udkvnf; xif½Sm;pGmawGUjrif
Edkif&ef uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifxif½Sm;½Sm;rdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/
wm0ef½Sdolvlom;taygif;onf tvdkqE´½SdygvQif em;vnf
oabmaygufEdkifMuygonf/ vlrdkufrsm;rSmrl wm0ef½Sdvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ ynwfw&m;udkxif½Sm;apNyD; em;axmifvdkufavQmufzdkY
wdkufwGef;&efrSm <uvmjcif;udkjyifqifay;rnfh aumif;uifwref
oHk;yg;owif;ESifhyl;wGJvkyfaqmif&rnfhtrIawmfyifjzpfygonf/
100 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf99
tm'H\½IH;edrfhjcif;ESifh c&pfawmf\atmifyGJqifjcif;
tm'HESifh{0wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkrcsKyfwnf;Edkif
aomaMumifh tjypfwGifusqHk;cJhMu&ygonf/ c&pfawmfonf
<uqif;vmum pmwef\tjyif;xefqHk;aompHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
jcif;rsm;udk&ifqdkifNyD; vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:
atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/ xdkaMumifh tm'Honf tpmaMumifh
usqHk;um {'ifO,smOfudkqHk;½IH;cJh&aomfvnf; tm'H\om;orD;
rsm;rSmrl c&pfawmftm;jzifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifhwuG t&m
cyfodrf;wdkYudkcsKyfwnf;jcif;um; tpmtay:wGifatmifyGJqifEdkif
Muygonf/
trSefw&m;odkYod½SdEdkif&eftaxmuftulrsm;
rodem;rvnfaomaMumifh ynwfawmfudkvGefusL;rdyg
onf[k ,ckwGif qifajcwufvdkYr&awmhacs/ tvif;awmf
onf xif½Sm;pGmxGef;vif;aeNyDjzpfonfhtjyif bk&m;ocif
udk,fawmfwdkifonf oifMum;ydkYcsoljzpfae&m rnfolrQrod
em;rvnfyg[k ajymcGifhr½Sdawmhacs/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
a&;ESifhqufET,fonfh ,ckwGifudk,fawmfay;awmfrlvsuf½Sdaom
ppfrSefaomtawGUtêuHA[kokwrsm;ESifh cdkifrmaom'óersm;udk
em;axmifvdkufavQmuf&ef bk&m;ocifha½SUawmfwGif uREfkyfwdkY
tm;vHk;üwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m
þbmom&yfudkvIHYaqmfay;jcif;jzifh vlxkBuD;\pdwfESvHk;rsm;wGif
pl;prf;od½Sdvdkpdwfrsm; eufeJpGmay:aygufvmzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocif
MuH½G,fxm;awmfrlygonf/ raumif;rIESifhjynfh0NyD; usef;rma&;csKdUwJh
aeaomOD;aESmufESifh cGeftm;rsm;ukefcef;,kwfavsmhaponfh
tusifh"avhrsm;ESifhjynfh0aomvlom;rsm;twGuf toufwmudk
jrifhjrwfoefY½Sif;apNyD; aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfom;rsm;ESifhtwl
aexdkif&ef oifhavsmfatmifjyifqifay;rnfh oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaom
trSefw&m;udkod½Sdem;vnf&efrjzpfEdkifygacs/
oefY½Sif;aprnfvm; (odkYr[kwf) tjypfay;cHrnfvm;
]]nDtpfudkwdkY? touf½Sifjcif;vu©Pm? oefY½Sif;jcif;
vu©Pm? bk&m;ocifESpfoufzG,faomvu©PmESifhjynfhpHkaom
,Zfudk oifwdkYonfylaZmfí rdrdudk,fcE¨mudk bk&m;ociftm;
tyfES H jcif;wnf;[laom oifwd k Y ûytyfaom0wfud k ûyrnf
taMumif; bk&m;ocif\u½kPmawmfudkaxmufxm;í oifwdkYudk
igwdkufwGef;EId;aqmfay\} [k ½Sifaygvku toif;awmfudk
tm;ay;xm;ygonf/ vlonf raumif;aomt&mrsm;udkvdkufpm;
jcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\udk,fcE¨mudknpfnrf;atmifvkyfypfEdkifygonf/
xdkodkYnpfnrf;aevQif 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&m0wfûyolrsm;rjzpfEdkif
awmh½Hkomru aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY0ifpm;&ef rxdkufwefawmhacs/
tu,fí vlonf u½kPmawmftm;jzif hay;awmfrlonfh
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;awmfudk ESpfouf
jrwfEdk;rnfqdkvQif xdktrSefw&m;tm;jzifh oefYpifjcif;cH&um
raoEdkifaomtajctaeESifh xdkufwefvmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
xdktvif;awmfudk*½krxm;bJ obm0w&m;rsm;udkvGefusL;rnf
qdkvQif olonf jypf'Pfay;jcif;udkcH&vdrfhrnf/
102 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 101
{vd,ESifha,m[efwdkY\trIawmfyHkpH
3T, pp. 61-64 (1872)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk tm½HkûyMu&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmqifhqdk
awmfrlvsuf½Sdonf/ c&pfawmf\<uvmjcif;twGuf vlom;rsm;
ud k jyifqifjcif;trIawmf\ ta&;BuD;aomu@wpfckrSm
þusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;yifjzpf\/ ESpfjcif;q&m
a,m[efonf bk&m;ocif\yxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf
jyifqif&efESifh vlom;rsm;tm; OmPfynmESifhajzmifhrwfjcif;rsm;
bufodkYOD;vSnfhay;&eftwGuf {vd,\0dnmOfESifhwefcdk;tm;jzifh
vkyfaqmifcJhygonf/ c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf
jyifqifrIrsm;vkyfaqmif&efESifh vlom;rsm;udka[mMum;&ef bk&m;
ocifay;oem;awmfrljcif;cH&onfh aemufqHk;aomacwfumv\
vlom;taygif;udk q&ma,m[efu udk,fpm;ûyygonf/ olonf
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfygonf/ *gajAvudk,fwdkif
aumif;uifEdkifiHrSwdkuf½dkufqif;oufvmum a,m[ef\rdbrsm;
xHwGif usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;udkay;cJh
ygonf/ q&ma,m[eftaejzifh t&ufaopmrsm;udkraomufbJ
arG;uif;ptcsdefrSpí oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifhjynfh0aeoifh
aMumif; xdkaumif;uifAdkvfrif;uajymqdkcJhygonf/
q&ma,m[efonf taygif;toif;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;?
pnf;pdrf½SdaomtoufwmESifhvnf;aumif; uif;uif;½Sif;½Sif;
aexdkifcJ hygonf/ ukvm;tkwfarG;jzif h&ufvkyfxm;onfh
ol\½dk;pif;aom0wf½Hkonf yyvTm;vTm;csKyfvkyfxm;aom
,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;ESifh wcsKdUvlrsm;\0wf½Hk (t0wftpm;) rsm;
twGuf ckdifrmaomjypfwifrIwpfckjzpfcJhygonf/ awmysm;&nfESifh
usKdif;aumifwnf;[laom ½dk;pif;aomolYtpmrsm;onfvnf;
ae&mwumwGifpdk;rdk;aeonfh tpm;MuL;jcif;? cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk
tvdkvdkufjcif;rsm;twGuf qHk;ryJhjyifrIwpfckjzpfaeygonf/
]]Munfh½Iavmh? xm0&bk&m;ocif\aeY&ufBuD;ra&mufrD
yka&mzuf{vd,udk oifwdkY½Sd&modkYigapvTwfrnf/ igonfvmí
oifwdkY\jynfudk usdefjcif;ab;ESifh'PfrcwfrnftaMumif;
om;wdkYESifhtbwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? tbwdkYESifhom;wdkYudkvnf;
aumif; toifhtwifhjzpfaprnf}} [k xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl
aMumif; rmvcdzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ þwGif xdktrIawmf\
xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk yka&mzufBuD;uazmfjyxm;ygonf/ q&m
a,m[efonf c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf vlom;
rsm;udkjyifqif&ef {vd,\pdwfaeoabmxm;rsKd;ESifhvmcJhouJhodkY
c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf jyifqifMurnfh
olrsm;udk opöm½Sdaom{vd,ESifhcdkif;EIdif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;twGuf vIHYaqmfrI
rsm;ûyvkyfum vlxkBuD;\pdwfESvHk;udk Edk;Mum;atmifvkyfaqmif
Mu&ygrnf/ ½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;? tpm;MuL;jcif;? yyvTm;vTm;
0wfqifjcif;rsm;rS bk&m;ocifbufodkY vlom;rsm;tm; OD;wnf
ay;onfhxdkowif;pum;onf t&m&mwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh
qufET,faeygonf/
104 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 103
xif½Sm;onfhjcm;em;rIwpfck
bk&m;ocifu txl;vrf;jyaumif;csD;ay;xm;onfh
ajzmifhrwfolrsm;ü½Sdaom udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;? ESdrfhcsjcif;ESifh
csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk qdk;,kwfaomacwfwGif touf½Sif
aeMuonfhvlom;rsm;\ yvTm;íusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftul
rûyaomtusifhrsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfum vlxktMum;wifjyMu&yg
rnf/ vufonf cE¨mudk,fESifheD;eD;uyfuyfwnf½SdaeouJhodkY
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mowif;pum;onfvnf;
aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;rsm;ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfqufET,f
aeygonf/ ta&;ygonfh þowif;pum;udk rodusKd;uRefûy
jcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;,kwfnHhtm;enf;oGm;&jcif;\ t"du
taMumif;&if;jzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYra½SmifMuOfvdkonfhtpm;taomuf?
taetxdkifrsm;udkawGUrSmpdk;ojzifh tvif;w&m;udkrMunfhbJ
rsufpdpHkvHk;ydwfum cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk
jznfhqnf;aeolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGif tjypfa&muf
aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
jzpf&yfwpfckwGif tvif;udkausmay;zl;olrsm;onf tjcm;
udpörsm;twGuf azmfjyxm;onfhtvif;w&m;rsm;udk*½krxm;zdkY
pdwfESvHk;cdkifrmoGm;ygonf/ pm;aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,if
jcif;qdkif&mynwfrsm;udkvGefusL;olrsm;onf xm0&tusKd;aus;Zl;
ESifhpyfqdkifonfh bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvGefusL;&ef
jyifqifaejcif;jzpfonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyjcif;udkcH&olrsm;onf avmu
om;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ xl;jcm;aomolrsm;jzpfMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyrItwdkif; vdkufavQmufrnf
qdkvQif udk,fawmf½Sif\MuH½G,fcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;rnf
omru tvdkawmfudkvnf;0efcHMuvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg c&pfawmf
onf ¤if;wdkY\ESvHk;om;wGif pdk;pHawmfrlojzifh bk&m;ocif\
Adrmefawmfonfvnf; oefY½Sif;vmvdrfhrnf/ oif\udk,fcE¨m
onf oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudef;0yf&mAdrmefawmfjzpfaMumif;
udk wrefawmfBuD;aygvkuzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; um,pGrf;tm;udk
xdcdkufaprnfht&mrsm;udkjiif;y,f&ef awmif;qdkjcif;r[kwfyg/
udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&ef obm0
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkifzdk Yom ¤if;wdkYtm;
awmif;qdkaejcif;jzpfonf/ obm0vrf;aMumif;onf bk&m;
ocifzefwD;xm;onfht&mjzpfNyD; c&pf,mefrsm;rvdkufavQmufEdkif
avmufatmif rcufcJyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY
qufvuftouf½Sifum aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhrIudkcHpm;ap&ef o'¨g
w&m;ESifhjynfhpHkaomvufawmftm;jzifh <u,f0rsm;jym;pGmaom
aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk jyifqifxm;awmfrlygonf/ touf½Snf
usef;rmaprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYESpfûcdufap&eftvdkYiSm
udk,fawmfonf tpm;tpmrsm;tay:wGif uefYowfrIrsm;xm;½Sd
ygonf/ obm0twdkif;r[kwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk owdxm;
NyD; jiif;y,fMu&efvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYqdkxm;ygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf vGJrSm;aomtpmrsm;udkzefwD;MuvQif um,
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufaeMuacsNyD/ a&m*g&aponfh rSm;,Gif;
aomtusifhrsm;udkusifhaqmifaeMuacsNyD/
106 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 105
usef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;udkae&may;yg
6T, p. 327 (1900)
usef;rma&;owif;pum;rsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0xm;
onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk pdwfr0ifpm;jcif;onf bk&m;ociftay:
jypfrIusL;vGefaejcif;jzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk yifrtrIawmfBuD;rScGJxkwf&efrSm xm0&bk&m;
ocif\trdefYawmfr[kwfygacs/ ,aeYtrSefw&m;onf {0Ha*vd
trIawmfwGif yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzifhwnf½SdaeouJhodkY usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzifhyg0ifaeygonf/
tjcm;tudkif;tcufrsm;rScGJxkwfxm;onfh rnfonfhtudkif;
wpfudkif;rQ pHkvifaomtudkif;wpfudkif;rjzpfEdkifygacs/
usef;rma&;{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk jr§ifhwifhazmfusL;ay;
Edkifolrsm;½Sdjim;aomfvnf; "r®q&mrsm;? uGefz&ifhOuúXrsm;ESifh
MoZm½S daom&mxl;rsm;udkpG Jud kifxm;olrsm;u xdkt&mudk
avsmufywfonfhtm½HkûyrIr½SdMuojzifh þw&m;awmfudkazmfusL;
&eftcufawGUaeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk
yifrtrIawmfBuD;\nmvuf½Hk;wpfcktjzpf txufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;u
todtrSwfrûyMuacs/ "r®q&mwcsKdUtygt0if vltrsm;pku
þXme (usef;rma&;) udkav;pm;rIrjyaomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;
ocifonf BuD;yGm;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk tvQHy,fcsay;jcif;jzifh
þXmeudkta&;w,lxm;aMumif; azmfjyaeygonf/
avsmufywfpGmtoHk;ûywwfvQif þXmeonf vlom;
rsm;\ESvHk;om;xJodkY trSefw&m;a&muf½SdoGm;Edkif&ef vrf;aMumif;
ay;onfh oyfwpfckjzpfygonf/ aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;
pum;udk tjynfht0vufcH&½SdNyD;aomtcsdefwGif uGefz&ifh
aumifpDrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? toif;awmf\trIawmfwGif
vnf;aumif;? aetdrfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:
wGifvnf;aumif;? tdrfaxmif½SdtpDtpOftoD;oD;wGifvnf;aumif;
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk ae&may;ygvdrfhrnf/
xdktcgwGif xdknmvuf½Hk;BuD;onf cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;twGuf
tvkyftauR;ûyum umuG,fapmifha½SmufoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/
odkY&mwGif aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udk
a<u;aMumf&mü usef;rma&;qdkif&mtrIawmfudkygyl;wGJa<u;aMumf
&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;
rsm;udk a<u;aMumfolrsm;onf xdkowif;pum;udk aumif;uif
wrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;a[mMum;zdkY
êud;pm;Mu&rnfr[kwfyg/
MH, pp. 129-130 (1905)
bmoma&;azgufjyefrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh
pufqkyfp&mtaumif;qHk;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;wGif udk,fhudkudk,f
xdef;csKyfEdkifonfhtpGrf;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;qHk;½IH;jcif;onf wpfck
tygt0ifjzpfonf/ xdktpGrf;udkjyef&vQif ppfrSefaomwdk;wufrI
rsm;jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/ pm&dwåwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf pdwfESifh
0dnmOfrsm;zGHUûzd;zdkYvdkygonf/ xdkzGHUûzd;rIudktaumiftxnfazmf&ef
udk,fcE¨monf Mum;cHypönf;wpfckjzpfonf/ xdktaMumif;&if;
aMumifh pmwefonf udk,fcE¨mpGrf;tm;rsm;usqif;,kwfnHhoGm;
108 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 107
ap&ef enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufaeygonf/ cE¨mudk,f
wpfckvHk;udk raumif;rIvufodkY 0uGuftyfvdkufjcif;onf pmwef
\atmifyGJyifjzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifh udk,fum,\obm0
wdrf;nGwfrIrsm;udk bk&m;ocifhwefcdk;awmf\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif
rxm;½SdvQif aocsmaygufysufpD;qHk;½IH;Muvdrfhrnf/
udk,fcE¨mudktkyfpdk;rIwpfckatmufwGifxm;&rnf/ xm0&
bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmfudk pdk;rdk;cGifhûy&ygrnf/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;
udk bk&m;ocif\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif½Sdaom (uREfkyfwdkY\)
tvdkqE´tm;jzifh xdef;csKyfxm;&ygrnf/ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh
oefY½Sif;aponfhusK d;aMumif;qifjcifwwfonfhtpGrf;onf
uREfkyfwdkY\toufwmudk pdk;rdk;ap&ygrnf/
bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk OD;aESmufxJwGif
uREfkfyfwdkYxnfhxm;Mu&rnf/ trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkY
onf udk,hfudkudk,fxdef;csKyfwwfjcif;? jzLpifoefY½Sif;zdkYvdktyfjcif;?
npfnrf;aomtusifhrsm;ESifhuif;½Sif;pGmaexdkifjcif;rsm;twGuf rdrd
wdkYüwm0ef½Sdonfudkod½SdMu&rnf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\wefcdk;cGeftm;
rsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfhqkaus;Zl;jzpfonfudkvnf;
aumif;? xdkt&mrsm;udktrIawmfjrwfwGiftoHk;csEdkifzdkY aumif;rGef
pGmxdef;odrf;&rnfudkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYod½SdzdkYvdktyfygonf/
"r®q&mrsm;ESifhvlxkyl;aygif;aqmif½Gufjcif;
1T, pp. 469-470 (1867)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;udk
aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ESifh qufET,frI½Sdonfh
trIawmfBuD;\u@wpfcktjzpf vlxkBuD;tm; opöm½Sd½Sdwifjy
&efrSm trIawmf\ta&;BuD;aomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckjzpfygonf/
vlwdkYonf xdkowif;pum;udk t½Sdtwdkif;rdrdudk,fwdkifvufcH
½Hkomru tjcm;,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vnf; vufcHusifhoHk;vm
atmif wdkufwGef;ay;oifhMuygonf/
1T, p. 486 (1867)
þusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIBuD;onf aumif;uifwref
oHk;yg;owif;pum;\u@wpfckjzpf½Hkomru vufESifhudk,fcEm
qufET,faeouJhodkY ¤if;trIawmfESpfckonfvnf; qufET,fae
aMumif; uREfkyfjrifjcif; (vision) &ygonf/ þtrIawmfBuD;udk
uREfkyfwdkYwdk;wufatmifvkyfaqmif&rnf[k uREfkyfjrifygonf/
"r®q&mrsm;ESifh vlxkBuD;onf twlwuGyl;aygif;aqmif½Guf
Mu&ygrnf/ bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf aumif;uifwref
oHk;yg;owif;pum;udk[pfa<u;&ef tqifoifhrjzpfMuao;acs/
¤if;wdkYudk,fpm; bk&m;ocifvkyfay;zdkY rxm;&pfcJhoifhonfh
olwd k Yud k,fwd kifvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfwpfck½S daeygonf/
olwdkYudk,fwdkifvkyfzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifcsefxm;cJhjcif;vnf;jzpf
onf/ xdkt&mrSm wpfOD;twGufwpfOD;uvkyfay;vdkYr&onfh
yk*¾vdutrIawmfjzpfygonf/
1T, p. 559 (1867)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;onf
aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ESifhqufET,frI½SdonfrSmrSef
aomfvnf; aumif;uifwrefowif;pum;r[kwfygacs/ uREfkyf
wdkY\"r®q&mrsm;onf usef;rma&;owif;pum;udka[majymMu
110 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 109
&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; xdkowif;pum;udk aumif;uifwref
oHk;yg;owif;pum;tpm; a[majym&rnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;onf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;
owif;pum;wGifazmfjyxm;onfhtjzpftysufBuD;rsm;udk&ifqdkif
Ed kif&ef vlwdkYtm;jyifqifay;aomt&mrsm;omjzpfygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm
pGJudkifvkyfaqmifoifhMuaomfvnf; csDwHkcswHkjzpfaeonfhyHkpHrsKd;udk
a½Smif½Sm;oifhovdk wpf,loefonfhyHkrsKd;udkvnf; a½Smif½Sm;oifh
Muygonf/
Letter 57, 1896.
usef;rmjcif;owif;pum;onf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;
owif;pum;ESifheD;uyfpGmqufET,frI½Sdonf[kqdkaomfvnf;
vufudkcEmudk,fae&mwGiftpm;xdk;&efrjzpfEdkifouJhodkY xdkowif;
pum;udkvnf; aumif;uifwrefowif;pum;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;
&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udka<u;aMumf
jcif;? ynwfawmf (10) yg;ESifh a,½I\oufaocHjcif;
taMumif;udka<u;aMumfjcif;rsm;onf toif;awmf\yifrwm0ef
jzpfonf/ wpfurÇmvHk;odkYoGm;í xdkowif;pum;rsm;udkzGifhqdk
a<u;aMumfMu&rnf/ xdkowif;pum;rsm;udka<u;aMumf&if;
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;udkvnf; a<u;aMumf
Mu&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; usef;rmjcif;owif;pum;rsm;udk oD;oefY
a[mMum;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) usef;rmjcif;owif;pum;udk
aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;
a[mMum;jcif;rsm;udka½Smif½Sm;Mu&rnf/
usef;rma&;Xmersm;ESifhqufET,frI½Sdjcif;
MS, p. 23. (1901)
zGifhvSpfxm;onfhaq;ukocef;rsm;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;
a[mjcif;trIawmfESifheD;uyfpGmyl;wGJvkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/ {0H
a*vdw&m;awmfudk qufvufo,faqmifoGm;&efjzpfonf[k
xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfudkñTefMum;ygonf/ {0Ha*vd[k
qdk&mwGif u@toD;oD;üyg½Sdaeonfh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf/ þtvif;w&m;udk
urÇmBuD;wGifxGef;vif;ay;&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm urÇmBuD;onf
usa&mufawmhrnfhab;'Pfrsm;udk&ifqdkifzdkYjyifqifay;onfh
jzpfysufvsuf½SdaomvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udkrjrifEdkifatmif rsufpduef;
aeygonf/ bk&m;ocif\opöm½Sdwynfhrsm;onf urÇmBuD;tm;
owday;Mu&rnf/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
EIwfxGufpum;wGifawGU½Sdxm;&m aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;
pum;udkzGifhqdk&mwGif xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udkvnf; ydkí
xif½Sm;odomatmifvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf yifrtrIawmfBuD;ESifh cdkifrmpGmqufpyf
wnf½Sd&ygrnf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk jyefvnf
touf0ifMoZm½Sdvmjcif;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;a[m&ef aemufqHk;
êud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;\u@wpfckjzpfonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocif
rSwf,lxm;awmfrlygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\orm;awmfBuD;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\trI
awmfaqmifBuD;rsm;jzpf&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh
112 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 111
oefY½Sif;jcif;? ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;cHxm;&onfhtpGrf;owådrsm;udk
ydkifqdkifxm;olrsm;jzpfMu&rnf/ ¤if;wdkY\MoZmwefcdk;onf urÇm
odkYa[mMum;&rnfhtrSefw&m;ESifhqufET,fae&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;
qdkif&mtrIawmfonf {0Ha*vdtrIawmfESifh pHkvifaompnf;vHk;
nDnGwfrIjzifh bk&m;ocifay;tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udkazmfjy&efjzpfonf/
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\MoZmoufa&mufrIatmufwGif aq;uko
jcif;qdkif&mtrIawmftm;jzifh BuD;us,faomajymif;vJrIrsm;jzpfay:
vmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif aq;ukojcif;qdkif&mtrIawmfudk {0H
a*vdtrIawmfESifhwGJzufrvkyfaqmifvQif rMumrDrSmyif xdkaq;
trIawmfonf tiftm;csnfheJYoGm;vdrfhrnf/
Letter 146, 1909.
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;ukocef;rsm;ESifh bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf
ydkíoefY½Sif;NyD; ydkíjrifhrm;aompHrsm;udk&½SdEdkifMuonf/ usef;rm
jcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk vlwdkYtm;oGefoifay;&rnf/
vlom;rsm;taejzifhvnf; xdkajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk vufawGU
usifhoHk;Mu&rnf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
jyefvnftouf0ifvmatmifvkyfzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifqifhqdk
aeygonf/ vlom;rsm;\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rmaysmf½Tifap&ef
twGuf apwrefrsm;taejzifhvkyfaqmifay;p&mvkyfief;? uREfkyfwdkY
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;wGif½Sdaeygonf/
]oifwdkYonf avmu\tvif;jzpfMuonf} [k c&pf,mef
rsm;udk&nfpl;vsuf c&pfawmfzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
aumif;uifrSvmaomtrSefw&m;udkzGifhqdk&rnfh bk&m;ocif\
bmoma&;orm;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ yxraumif;uifwref? 'kwd,
aumif;uifwrefESifh wwd,aumif;uifwrefwdkYxHrSvmaom
owifpum;udka<u;aMumfjcif;trIawmfonf aorsKd;jzpfaom
vlom;rsm;üay;tyfawmfrlonfhwm0efrsm;teuf tjrwfqHk;ESifh
toefY½Sif;qHk;jzpfonf/ vlemrsm;udkukoay;&efESifh usef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifay;&eftwGuf ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif usef;rma&;
Xmersm;zGifhvSpfoifhygonf/
a½SUajy;oyfwpfck
Letter 203, 1905.
vrf;êudvrf;Mum;rStp vrf;rBuD;rsm;ay:½Sdvlom;rsm;
tm; uREfkyfwdkYvufvSrf;rDapEdkifrnfh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aESmifhaES;MuefYMumrIr½SdbJ vkyfaqmifMuzdkY
vdktyfaMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm;oGefoifawmfrl
aeygonf/
(Tract) CH, p. 535 (1893)
aq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmfvkyfief;onf emrusef;aeaom
vlom;rsm;xHodkY xdk;azguf0ifa&mufEdkifaomoyfwpfckjzpf&ef
xm0&bk&m;ocifpDpOfxm;awmfrlonfudk uREfkyfjrifawGU&ygonf/
tmCmwrsm;udkz,f½Sm;NyD;MoZmoufa&mufrIudkwdk;yGm;apyg
CTBH, pp. 121-122 (1890)
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk ydkítm½HkpdkufvmvQif
vlom;rsm;xHodkY aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ra&mufzdkY
t[efYtwm;ûyaeonfh tmCmwpdwfrsm;udkz,f½Sm;ypfEdkifaumif;
114 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 113
DF- 8
z,f½Sm;ypfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ þtaMumif;t&mudk vlom;rsm;
pdwf0ifpm;vmcsdefwGif tjcm;trSefw&m;rsm;udk vufcHzdkYvrf;p
aygufoGm;wwfygonf/ usef;rma&;udpörsm;wGif uREfkyfwdkYowd
ynm½SdaMumif; ¤if;wdkYjrifawGUvmMuvQif or®musrf;pmyg
,HkMunfcsufrsm;wGif uREfkyfwdkYcdkifcdkifrmrm&yfwnfaeonf[k
,HkMunf&ef ¤if;wdkYydkítqifoifhjzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/
þaq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmfudk tm½Hkûyoifhoavmuf
tm½HkrûyMuao;acs/ xdkaMumifh vltrsm;onf qHk;½HI;jcif;odkY
a&mufcJhMu&onf/ <uvmjcif;twGuf tqifoifhjzpfatmif
vlom;rsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif bk&m;ociftoHk;ûy&ef êud;pm;ae
aom þaq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmfudk toif;awmfBuD;u trSef
wu,fpdwf0ifpm;cJhrnfqdkvQif ,cktajctaexufrsm;pGmydkí
atmifjrifrIrsm;&½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\
vlwdkYudkrdefYawmfrlNyD;jzpf&m om;orD;rsm;taejzifh bk&m;ocif\
rdefYawmfrlcsufwdkYudk vdkufavQmufapvdkonfrSm udk,fawmf\
tvdkawmfyifjzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;
pum;onf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;r[kwfjim;
aomfvnf; ¤if;owif;pum;ESpfcktMum;wGif eD;eD;pyfpyf
qufET,frI½Sdaeygonf/ aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udk
a[mMum;aeolrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;
pum;rsm;udkvnf; oGefoifoifhMuonf/ rMumjrifhrDtcsdefwGif
&ifqdkif&awmhrnfhtajctaersm;twGuf toifhjyifqifEdkif&ef
tvdkYiSm xdkowif;pum;udk uREfkyfwdkYem;vnfxm;Mu&ygrnf/
xdkYjyifomru xdkowif;pum;udk xif½Sm;odomap&ef ae&m
ay;Mu&ygrnf/ pmwefESifhol\aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;u
xdkowif;pum;rjyefYyGm;&atmif [efYwm;zdkYêud;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/
xdktrIawmfwGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;udkvnf; pdwf½Iyfatmif?
pdwfysufatmif wwftm;orQvkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
¤if;wdkY\êud;pm;rIaMumifh rnfolrQêud;pm;rI&yfqdkif;um pdwf"mwf
rusoifhMuacs/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf urÇmBuD;wGif w&m;qHk;jzwf
NyD;onfhtcsdeftxd rqkwfrepfvkyfaqmifcJhaMumif;udkwifjy&if;
a[½Sm,onf c&pfawmfbk&m;ocif\xl;jcm;csufudkazmfjyxm;
ygonf/ xm0&touf&pdrfhtHhaomiSm ay;awmfrlcJhonfhtzdk;tc
udkowd&vsuf rnfolrQpdwf"mwfusonfhtaMumif;? ½HI;edrfh
jcif;taMumif;rsm;udkrajymMuygESifh/
9T, pp. 122-123 (1909)
urÇmBuD;wGif tcuftcJcHpm;&rIenf;yg;oGm;um rdrd\
toif;awmfBuD;oefYpifvm&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfudk xm0&bk&m;ociftoHk;csawmfrl
cJhonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;jyefvnfí usef;rmcsrf;omvmap&ef
c&pfawmfESifhtwl yl;wGJvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;rsm;onf
bk&m;ocif\tultnDay;aomvufrsm;jzpfvmEdkifaMumif; vlwdkY
udkoGefoifMuyg/ þtrIawmfü aumif;uif\wHqdyfyg½Sdaeyg
onf/ xdkYjyifomru xdktrIawmftm;jzifh tjcm;tzdk;weftrSef
w&m;rsm;onfvnf; vlom;rsm;xHa&muf½Sd&ef vrf;yGifhoGm;Edkif
ygonf/ þtrIawmfudk owdynm½Sd½SdjzifhudkifpGJoltm;vHk;twGuf
yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef ae&mtvHktavmuf½Sdaeygonf/
---000---
116 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 115
tcef;BuD; (4)
pm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm;
tcef;(1) bk&m;ocifa½G;ay;onfhrlvtpm;tpm
uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfaomtpm;tpmudk
od½SdEdkif&ef vlom;rsm;twGuf bk&m;ociftpueOD;auR;cJhonfh
tpmrsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkYavhvmMu&rnf/ vlom;rsm;
udkzefqif;awmfrlNyD; vlom;rsm;\vdktyfcsufudkodawmfrlaom
udk,fawmf½Sifu ]]Munfh½Iavmh? ajrwpfjyifvHk;ü pyg;oD;udkjzpf
apaompyg;yiftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? rsKd;aphudkjzpfapaom
toD;ESifhjynfhpHkaomopfyiftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; oifwdkY
pm;p&mzdkYigay;\}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/ {'ifO,smOfrSxGufcGmvm
NyD;aemuf tjypf\usdefjcif;tr*FvmatmufwGif xGef,ufjcif;
tm;jzifh toufarG;&aomtcgwGifrl ]v,füjzpfaom [if;oD;
[if;½Guf} wdkYudk vlom;rsm;pm;cGifh&vmMuonf/
opfaphrsm;? opfoD;rsm;? tcGHrmoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf bk&m;ocifa½G;cs,fay;
onfhtpm;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/ þt&mrsm;udk obm0usus
½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;onf usef;rmBuD;xGm;rIudktvGefjzpf
apygonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf tjcm;½IyfaxG;pGmjyifqifxm;onfh
tpm;tpmrsm;uray;pGrf;Edkifaom cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh
todOmPfcGeftm;rsm;udkay;pGrf;ygonf/
Sp. Gifts IV, 120 (1864)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkwpfckvHk;pm;oifh
onf[kowfrSwfxm;onfhtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY\rdOD;zOD;wdkYtm;
auR;cJhygonf/ {'ifO,smOf0,f aojcif;qdkonfrSmr½Sdao;&m
tjcm;owå0grsm;\toufudkpm;jcif;onf udk,fawmf\tMuH
tpnfawmfESifhqefYusifygonf/ O,smOf½Sdtyifrsm;rS toD;rsm;
onf vlom;rsm;\vdktyfcsufudkjznfhqnf;ay;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;
jzpfygonf/
e*dkrl&if;tpmrsm;udkpm;&efqifhac:jcif;
(Written, 1890) E. from U.T. 5-6.
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; ½dk;pif;aomtoD;
tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkpm;oHk;touf½Sifaexdkifaom
toufwmrsKd;odkYjyefvnfydkYaqmif&ef &nf½G,fxm;awmfrlonf/
bk&m;ocifonf tm'HESifh{0twGuf toD;rsm;udkrlvtajctae
twdkif;pDpOfauR;arG;awmfrlcJhonf/
7T, pp. 125-126 (1902)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;udk,fpm;vkyfaqmif
vsuf½Sdygonf/ t&if;tjrpfrJhonfhtajctaersKd;odkY vlom;rsm;
a&mufoGm;rnfudk xm0&bk&m;ociftvdkr½Sdygacs/ xdkaMumifh
vlom;rsm;tm; pm;oHk;&efay;cJhonfhrlvtpmudkpm;oHk;&ef xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf vrf;jyawmfrlaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;oHk;rnfh
tpmwGif opfoD;opfaph? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;tjyif opfjrpftrsKd;
rsm;pGmvnf;yg0ifaeygonf/
117118 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
wdkYjzifhjynfhpHkolrsm;jzpfvmatmif trIawmfwGifêud;pm;vkyfaqmif
olrsm;udk udk,fawmf½Siftvdk½Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tpm;
taomufwGifcsKyfwnf;rI½Sd&ygrnf/ tqDttdrfhrsm;NyD; t&om
cHpm;onfhtpmrsm;udk xdkolrsm;\pm;yGJay:wGifrwifoifhyg/
OD;aESmufonf tNrJwrf;tvkyf½IyfaeonfhMum;wGif udk,fum,
avhusifhcef;rsm;rvkyfEdkifaomtcsdefwGif ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkom
avsmhavsmhayghayghpm;oifhMuygonf/ Munfvifaompdwf? cdkifrm
aom&nfrSef;csuf? xufjrufaomOmPfynmrsm;udk 'Ha,v
ydkifqdkifxm;&jcif;\ta&;ygaomtaMumif;&if;rSm qkawmif;jcif;
toufwmESifhqufET,faeonfh ½dk;pif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk
pm;oHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
5T, p. 311 (1885)
cspfaomrdwfaqGrsm;? oifonf a&m*gr&aponfhvrf;pOf
udkvdkuf&rnfhtpm; a&m*g&atmifvkyfum udk,fhudkudk,fa&m*g
qdk;rsm;vufxJodkY0uGuftyfaeygwum;/ oifonf rl;,pf
aq;0g;rsm;udka½SmifMuOfum usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdwd
ususvdkufemoifhygonf/ oifhtoufwmudkoifjrwfEdk;vQif
½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifxm;onfh ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;um um,avhusifh
cef;udkydkívkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ tdrfom;toD;oD;wdkYonf
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &,lcHpm;zdkY
vdktyfygonf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJjcif;udk tNrJxm0&a½SmifMuOf
yg/ xdkt&monf a&m*gudkraysmufuif;apEdkifonfomru
cE¨mudk,fwGif;½SdvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udktm;enf;oGm;apum a&m*gb,
rsm;udkydkítjzpfjrefapygonf/
Letter 3, 1884.
wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;rsm;tay:wGif rSDcdk
toufr½SifbJ rlvtMuHtpnfawmf½Sdonfhtpmrsm;tay:wGif
jyefvnfrSDcdktouf½SifMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifqifhqdkaeaMumif;
jrifjcif; (vision) wGif rMumcPuREfkyfjrifawGUae&ygonf/
udk,fawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; ydkíaumif;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk
oGefoifawmfrlaeygonf/
tom;pm;jcif;udka½SmifMuOfvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? tom;
pm;jcif;\t&omudkravhusifhvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? toD;tESH
rsm;udkESpfûcdufvmatmiftm;ay;vQifaomfvnf;aumif; rMumrD
rSmyif tptOD;wkef;u bk&m;ocifMuH½G,fxm;awmfrlonfh
twdkif;jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ rnfonfhtom;udkrQ bk&m;ocif\
om;orD;wdkYpm;oHk;Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
tcef;(2) ½dk;pif;aomtpm
2T, p. 352 (1869)
,cktcsdefonf t½dk;tpif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;
oifhaomtcsdefjzpfonf/
4T, pp. 515-516 (1880)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\pm&dwå
pGrf;tm;rsm;udk ûypkysKd;axmifapvdkawmfrlonf/ 0wfauswrf;aus
vkyf&if; tuGufacsmif;aeolrsm;onf <u,f0aomqkr*Fvmrsm;udk
&rnfholrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ wuf<uaompdwf? jrefqefaomtod
120 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 119
½dk;pif;aomtoufwmtwGufrufvHk;
oifonf xm0&bk&m;ociftm; pHkvifaomtrIawmf
tm;jzifh tvkyftauR;ûyEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm bk&m;ocif\vdkvm;
csufudk oif½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;od&ayrnf/ oif\OD;aESmufonf
rGefjrwfaomt&mrsm;udkcGJjcm;odjrifum tzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf
atmif wefzdk;BuD;aomtaoG;awmftm;jzifh ûycJhaomtjypfajz
jcif;taMumif;udkwefzdk;xm;Edkif&ef t½dk;qHk;enf;jzifhjyifqifxm;
onfh½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkompm;oHk;oifhygonf/ ]]ajrwvif;üûydifí
ajy;Muoltaygif;wdkYonf ûydifíajy;Muaomfvnf; wpfa,muf
wnf;om qkudk&onf[k oifwdkYrodMuoavm/ qkudk&rnf
taMumif; ajy;Muavmh/ yGJüûydifí tcsif;csif;wdkufaomol
rnfonfum; t&m&müwyfrufjcif;udkcsKyfwnf;wwf\/
xdkolwdkYonf ñId;EGrf;ysufpD;wwfaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm
ûyMu\/ igwdkYrlum; rñId;EGrf;rysufpD;Edkifaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;
tvdkYiSmûyMu\/ xdkaMumifh igajy;aomtcg trSwfwrJhajy;
onfr[kwf/ vufa0SYowfaomtcg tmumoaumif;uif
udkom xdk;íowfonfr[kwf/ olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif
½HI;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\/}}
vlwdkYonf ñId;EGrf;ysufpD;wwfaomyef;OD;&pfxuf ydkí
jrifhrm;aom&nf½G,fcsufr½Sdolrsm;yifvQif t&m&müwyfrufjcif;
udkcsKyfwnf;&ef rdrdudk,fudkþrQavmufxdk;íESdyfpufMuonf
qdkvQif xm0&bkef;wefcdk;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhOD;&pfo&zludkomru
xm0&bk&m;ocif\yv’ifawmfwnf½Sdoa½GU MumjrifhpGmae&rnfh
yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;a0'emrsm;pGmrSu,fq,fjcif;
2T, pp. 45-46 (1868)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk oifhtoufwmwGif
vufawGUusifhoHk;zdkYvdktyfygonf/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum
pm;aomuf&mwGif bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmuf&ef vdktyf
ygonf/ 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;ESifhppfcif;aeaom udk,fum,
wyfrufrIrsm;udka½SmifMuOfyg/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;
tusifhudkusifhzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ þae&mwGif oifa½Smifz,f
vdkonfhuyfwdkifwpfck½Sdygonf/ ¤if;rSm oif\usef;rma&;udk
taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif xdef;odrf;xm;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;
udkom oifpm;oHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ aumif;uiftxuft&yfrS
ay;awmfrlonfhtvif;twdkif; oiftouf½SifaexdkifcJhrnfqdkvQif
oif\rdom;pkwGifjzpfyGm;aeonfha&m*gtawmfrsm;rsm;udk
oifa½Smif½Sm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/ oifhoabmtwdkif;aexdkifpm;aomuf
aejcif;aMumifh aocsmaom&v'fudkoif&ayvdrfhrnf/ oifhoabm
twdkif;pm;aomufaepOfwGif cHpm;ae&aoma&m*grsm;rS oif\
rdom;pkudku,fq,f&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtdrfodkY
vmí aumif;csD;ay;um edrdwfvu©Pmjyu,fq,fvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ [if;cwftarT;têudif? wd&pämeftom;ESifh qDtrsKd;rsKd;
ESifhuif;aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;onf oifhtwGufaumif;csD;r*Fvm
wpfckjzpfvmrnfomru oifhZeD;tm;vnf; a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh
pdwfrcsrf;ajrhrIrsm;rS uif;a0;apvdrfhrnf/
122 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 121
aomtpmrsm;\El;nHhrIESifh t&om½SdrIrsm;oabmusvmum
,cifraumif;aomtpmrsm;xuf ESpfûcdufrItjynfhjzifhoHk;aqmif
vmygvdrfhrnf/ emusifrIESifh tvGeftuRHjzpfjcif;rsm;ESifhuif;NyD;
usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynhfpHkaomtpmtdrfonfvnf; tpmaMucsufrI
tvkyfudkyHkrSefvkyf&ef toifh½SdaeEdkifygonf/
a½SUodkYcsDwufMuygpdkY
Sp. Gifts, IV, 132 (1864)
tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf vkyftm;ESifhukefus
p&dwfudkoufomoGm;apvdrfhrnf/ rdom;pk\tm[m&vdktyfcsuf
udk ½dk;pif;í tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;jzifh tvG,fwul
jznfhwif;ay;EdkifonfhtcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomtpmrsm;onf udk,fpdwf
ESpfyg;\usef;rmaeaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;udkyif xdcdkufysufpD;ap
Edkifonf/
rnfonfht&mwGifrqdk tvGeftuRHrjzpfoifhygqdkonfh
tcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;oHk;oyfMu&ygrnf/ ½dk;pif;aom
enf;jzifhcsufûywfxm;onfh oefY½Sif;vwfqwfaom½dk;½dk;tpm
rsm;udkom uREfkyfwdkYauseyfrI½Sd½Sdpm;oHk;Mu&rnf/ xdktpmrsm;
onf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Edkifaomtpmrsm;jzpfoifhonf/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf aumif;uifEdkifiHwGif xm0&touf&&ef jyifqifaeolrsm;
jzpf&m raumif;aomtpmrsm;udka½Smif&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
tvif;wGifvnf;aumif;? c&pfawmf\r[mwefcdk;awmfatmuf
wGifvnf;aumif; trIawmfaqmifzd k YarQmfvifhxm;ygonf/
124 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
toufwm? xm0&umvcHpm;&rnfhcsrf;omjcif;? rysufr,Gif;bJ
xm0&bkef;wefcdk;wpfcktjzpfay;tyfjcif;cH&rnfh*kPfûyjcif;rsm;udk
&atmifêud;pm;aeolrsm;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifh
udk rnfrQpdwftm;xufoefpGmusifhoifhygoenf;/
c&pf,mefrsm;yg0ifqifETJaeaomûydifyGJrsm;wGif qk&rnfh
olrsm;twGuf azmfjyxm;onfhrufvHk;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\
om;orD;rsm;tm; wd&pämefpdwfoabmxm;rsm;udkxdk;ESdyfum
tvdk&r®ufrsm;ESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udkcsKd;ESdrfNyD; t&m&mü
wyfrufjcif;udkcsKyfwnf;vsuf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifh
udkusifh&ef vrf;jyaeonfr[kwfygvm;/ urÇmBuD;xJwGif
auseyfESpfodrfhcHpm;rIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:aeaompm&dwåysufjym;rIrsm;
rSvGwfajrmufvsuf jrifhjrwfaomobm0udk ¤if;wdkYrQa0cHpm;
jcif;ûyEdkifMuygonf/
ZGJ½Sdjcif;twGufcsD;jr§ifhrnfhqk
MH, pp. 298-299 (1905)
tcsKdtqdrfh? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh csufxm;onfh
tpmrsm;udkpm;aeusjzpfaeolrsm;ü obm0rusaomt&omudk
êudufESpfoufaeMuNyDjzpf&m ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk olwdkY
½kwfw&ufcHwGif;awGUEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/ t&omcHpm;rIyHkrSef
jzpfvm&efESifh wvGJtoHk;csrIaMumifh a&m*g&aeonfhtpmtdrfudk
yHkrSeftaetxm;a&muf½Sdap&ef tcsdef,l&ygvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&
ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk ajymif;vJpm;oHk;&mwGif ZGJ½Sdolrsm;rSmrl
rMumrDrSmyif xdktpmrsm;udkt&omawGUvmygvdrfhrnf/ ½dk;pif;
pm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 123
aET;NyD;rSpm;oifhygonf/ xdkaMumifh&EdkiforQrD;zdkrsm;udk ajray:
wGiftNrJwrf;jyifqifxm;&ygrnf/
awmpcef;umvwGif vlwdkif;usef;usef;rmrm½Sdae&ygrnf/
aoG;vnfywfrIyHkrSefjzpfap&eftwGuf &moDOwktajymif;tvJay:
wGifMunfhum txl;ojzifheHeufydkif;ESifhnaeydkif;at;aomtcsdef
rsm;wGif aEG;aEG;axG;axG;0wfqifMu&ygrnf/ tdyfcsdefudk yHkrSef
twdkif;xm;umtdyfyg/ xrif;pm;csdefrsm;wGif ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;
udkompm;yg/ Mum;aygufrpm;ygESifh/ odkYûyvQif oifonf tzsm;
temuif;ygvdrfhrnf/ awmpcef;wpfavQmufvHk; udk,fa&mpdwfyg
usef;rmaysmf½Tifum Mum;em&rnfhtrSefw&m;rsm;udk ESvHk;oGif;Edkif
Murnfjzpfojzifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vef;qef;pGmjzifh tdrfodkY olwdkY
jyefvmEdkifMuygrnf/ tvkyfMurf;vkyfaomolrsm;onf awmpcef;
wufaepOf tvkyfMurf;rvkyf&awmhojzifh ,cifpm;cJhonfhtwdkif;
tqtwdkif;rpm;oifhawmhacs/ tu,fí pm;cJhrnfqdkvQif tpm
tdrfonf vdkonfxufydkítvkyfvkyfae&vdrfhrnf/ awmpcef;rS
tdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg Mum;em&onfhowif;pum;rsm;udk
vufawGUtoHk;csEdkif&eftvdkYiSm tpnf;ta0;udk pdwf"mwfcGeftm;
tjynfhjzifhwufa&mufum owif;pum;rsm;udk OD;aESmuf
MunfvifpGmjzifh Mum;emrSwfrdaeapzdkY uREfkyfqE´ûyrdygonf/
pm;aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;yifjzpfvifhupm;
Adkufonf rw&m;jynfhaevQif OD;aESmufonf tpmcsufonfht*Fg
tpdwftydkif;rsm;\tultnDawmif;cHjcif;udkcHae&acsNyD/ xdkaMumifh
OD;aESmufonf xHkxdkif;vmum rsufvHk;tpHkonfzGifhr&awmhacs/
xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;onf udk,fusKd;pGefYonfhu@wGifyg0if
vkyfaqmifMu&efjzpfygonf/
Health Reform, August, 1866.
usef;rma&;aumif;atmif rnfonfhenf;udktoHk;ûyae
oenf;[k vltrsm;u uREfkyfudkar;Muonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk vGefusL;rI&yfwefYyg/ raumif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;jzifh
tvdkjznfhjcif;udk&yfwefYum ½dk;½dk;tpmudkpm;yg/ usef;rma&;ESifh
jynfhpHkonfh½dk;½dk;t0wfudk0wfyg/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul
ûyonfhtvkyfrsKd;udkvkyfyg/ oifonf zsm;emrIuif;vdrfhrnf[k
uREfkyfajzyg&ap/
awmpcef;wGifauR;oifhaomtpmrsm;
2T, pp. 602-603 (1870)
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;? tqDrsm;uif;NyD; ½dk;pif;pGm
csufûywfxm;onfh usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpm
rsm;udkom awmpcef;odkY,loGm;oifhygonf/
vlwdkYonf csufûywfjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh usef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkapmifha½SmufMuvQif awmpcef;twGufjyifqif
aomtpmrsm;tm;jzifh rnfolrQ udk,fhudkudk,fzsm;ematmif
vkyfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfaMumif;udk uREfkyfoabmaygufygonf/
tu,fíom ydkifrkefYrsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;udkrjyifqifbJ ½dk;½dk;
aygifrkefYESifhopfoD;rsm;udk awmpcef;twGufjyifqifMurnfqdkvQif
awmpcef;usif;y&mumvwpfavQmufvHk; zsm;emrIuif;½Sif;cJhMu
ygvdrfhrnf/ awmpcef;umvwpfavQmufvHk;wGif tpmrsm;udk
126 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 125
rsm;udk acwåcPpGefYcGmum ½IarQmfcif;aumif;aomae&mrsm;jzpf
onfh a&acsmif;eHab; (odkYr[kwf) awmwef;uav;rsm;wGif
oGm;a&muftem;,loifhMuygonf/ opfyift&dyfaumif;aumif;
atmufwGif cif;xm;aompm;yGJudk usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkaom
tpmrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh olwdkYjyifqifoifhygonf/ um;pD;
vm&jcif;? avhusifhjcif;vkyfjcif;ESifh jrifae&aom½Icif;rsm;aMumifh
Adkufqmvmum bk&ifrsm;yif oGm;&nfusavmufatmif t&om
aumif;onfhxrif;wpfeyfudk olwdkYNrdefNrdef½Suf½SufoHk;aqmifEdkif
Muygonf/
Letter, 135, 1902.
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkyg0ifvkyfaqmifaeol
rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfht&mrSeforQudkjzwfvdkuf
um ½dk;pif;í tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifMuyg/
toD;rsm;onf oHk;aqmif&eftaumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ tcsuf&
tûywf&vnf;vGwfonf/ tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmoGwfrkefYrsm;?
udwfrkefYrsm;? tcsKdyGJrsm;rStp cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktpHktprf;
ûyonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkjzwfvdkufyg/ wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh t0tNyJ
rpm;bJ wpfBudrfvQif enf;enf;pDaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;NyD;pm;yg/
½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;jzifh{nfhcHjcif;
6T, p. 345 (1900)
c&pfawmfonf {nfh0wfESifhywfoufaomoifcef;pm
wpfckudk rdrd\udk,fydkiftoufwmwGif oGefoifawmfrlxm;yg
tpmaMumifh oGufcsmyg'vdkufvkrwwfjzpfaeaomOD;aESmufonf
Mum;emoifhaom? em;vnfoifhaom? vdkufavQmufvufawGU
usifhoHk;oifhaom trSefw&m;rsm;udk vHk;vHk;qHk;½IH;&avawmhonf/
eHeufwdkif; tpmaEG;aEG;rsm;udkpm;zdkY uREfkyftMuHûyvdkyg
onf/ tpmaEG;aEG;rsm;udkpm;zdkY&ef rsm;pGmjyifqifp&mrvdkyg/
*&m[rf*sKHudk ,m*kvkyfíaomufyg/ xdk*sKHrIefYonf Murf;onf
[kxifvQif qefcgcsNyD;rS ,m*kusKdyg/ xdk,m*kylaepOfrSm EGm;EdkY
ESifha&mvdkufyg/ awmpcef;twGuf t&omESifhvnf;aumif;?
usef;rmjcif;ESifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHkaomtpmudk&ygvdrfhrnf/
tu,fí oif,lvmaomaygifrkefYrsm;onf ajcmufaevQif zJhajc
um ,m*kûyvkyfNyD;aomufyg/ oifESpfoufygvdrfhrnf/ at;aom
tpmrsm;pm;onfudk uREfkyfoabmrwlyg/ taMumif;rSm xdktpm
rsm;udkacszsufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;wdkYudk tpmtdrftylcsdefESifh
wlatmifaET;&ef cE¨mudk,fpepfrsm;rS cGeftm;rsm;pdkufxkwfae&yg
OD;rnf/ tjcm;½dk;pif;í tm[m&½Sdaom[if;wpfcGufrSm yJawmifh
ûywf[if; (odkYr[kwf) yJawmifhuif[if;jzpfonf/ yJawmifhrsm;udk
a&tenf;i,f? EGm;EdkY (odkYr[kwf) rvdkiftenf;i,fESifha&mNyD;
ûywfvQif [if;oD;ûywf[if;wpfcGuf&ygonf/ ,m*kvkyfpOfu
toHk;ûyovdk aygifrkefYrsm;udkvnf;xnfhí jyifqifEdkifygonf/
ypfuepfaeYv,fpm
1T, p. 517 (1867)
ûrdUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;wGifaexdkifMuaomrdom;pkrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY
tm; um,ESifhpdwåESpfckpvHk;wGif zdpD;rIay;aeonfhtvkyftudkif
128 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 127
H. to L., ch. 1, 54-55 (1865)
c&pfawmf\aemufvdkufjzpfonf[k rdrdudk,fudka<u;aMumf
aeMuolrsm;onf rMumcPzuf½Sif\aus;uRef? tpm;MuL;
jcif;\aus;uRefrsm;jzpfaeMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif\trIawmf
twGuf ay;qyftoHk;ûyoifhonfhtcsdefESif hcGeftm;rsm;udk
a&yef;pm;aeonfhawGUqHkyGJrsm;twGuf tm[m&rjzpfaponfh
[if;vsmrsm;jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;wGif toHk;ûyaeMuonf/ awGUqHk
yGJrsm;onf a&yef;pm;ae&m wpfaeYvkyfrSwpfaeYpm;&onfh
tvkyform;trsm;pkonf r½Sdr,fh½Sdr,fhaiGaMu;rsm;udk {nfhonf
rsm;twGuf tqDttdrfhESifhNyD;aomudwfrkefY? aygifrkefYESifh pm;p&m
trsKd;rsKd;udkjyifqifae&onfomru tdrfom;tm;vHk;twGuf
vdktyfaomt0wftxnfrsm;udkvnf;0,faeMu&ygonf/
0rf;AdkufudktxdcdkufcHvsuf t&omcHpm;rnfhtpmrsm;udk csufûywf
rnfhtcsdefrsm;udk rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm; udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh
bmoma&;qdkif&moGefoifcsufrsm;udkay;&ef toHk;ûyoifhygonf/
a&yef;pm;aomvnfywfoGm;vmjcif;rsm;wGif tpm;MuL;
onfhtpDtpOfrsm;yg0ifvmygonf/ xdktpDtpOfrsm;wGif
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh tpm;taomufrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh
tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,fyifyef;ap
Muonf/ xdkydkvQHtpmrsm;udkacszsufypf&ef rvdkvm;tyfaom
cGeftm;rsm;udktoHk;ûyvm&ojzifh armyef;rIrsm;udkcHpm;vmMu&
onf/ aoG;vnfywfrIrsm;xdcdkufvmonf/ t*Fgtpdwftydkif;
toD;oD;wdkYü cGeftm;rsm;txl;vdktyfvmygonf/ oifESifhpum;
onf/ tdkifem;wGif½SdawmfrlpOf rdrdtm;0ef;&Hxm;aom qmavmifae
onfhvltkyfBuD;udk 0rf;[m[mESifhtdrfodkYjyefrvTwfcJhacs/ ]]olwdkY
pm;p&mzdkYoifwdkYay;Muavmh}} [k wynfhawmfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf
rdefYawmfrlcJhygonf/ zefqif;jcif;qdkif&mwefcdk;awmf\vkyfaqmifrI
wpfcktm;jzifh xdkolrsm;vdktyfaeonfhtpmrsm;udk tvQHy,fjyifqif
auR;arG;awmfrlcJhonf/ jyifqifay;awmfrlonfhtpmonf tvGef
½dk;pif;vSygonf/ BuD;BuD;us,fus,fr[kwfvSyg/ aumif;uif\
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk EIwfrdefYwpfcktm;jzifh êudufovdktoHk;ûyEdkif
onfhudk,fawmf½Sifonf tqDttdrfhrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaomxrif;
wpfeyfudkjyifqifay;rnfqdku jyifqifay;Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif
tdkifem;wGiftvkyfvkyfaeonfh a&vkyfom;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom
wpfaeYpmtpmudkom jyifqifay;awmfrlcJhonf/
tu,fíom ,aeYvlom;rsm;onf obm0w&m;ESifh
udkufnDpGmtouf½Sifaexdkifum tusifh"avhrsm;wGif ½dk;pif;cJh
MurnfqdkvQif &du©mrsm;onf vlom;rdom;pkwpfckvHk;\vdktyf
csufudkjznfhqnf;EdkifcJhvdrfhrnf/ pdwful;,Ofvdkvm;rIrsm;avsmhenf;
oGm;um bk&m;ocif\vrf;pOftwdkif;tvkyfvkyf&ef tcGifhydkom
vmygvdrfhrnf/ c&pfawmfonf ZdrfcHvdkonfhvlom;qE´rsm;
jznfhqnf;ay;um vlom;rsm;udkqGJaqmif&ef rêud;pm;cJhyg/
udk,fawmf½Sifjyifqifxm;awmfrlonfh ½dk;½d k;tpmrsm;onf
udk,fawmf\wefcdk;awmftwGufomru toufwmwGifvdktyf
onfh udk,fawmf\arwåmawmfESifh apmifha½SmufrIrsm;twGufvnf;
tmrcHcsufwpfckjzpfygonf/
130 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 129
DF- 9
tzdk;tcudkcHvdkucHMuygap/ c&pf,mefrsm;taejzifhrl þt&m
rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í vrf;rSefudkoma½G;cs,fusifhaqmifoifhMuygonf/
usef;rma&;ESifhtouf0dnmOfudkzsufqD;aeonfh a&yef;pm;ae
aom"avhqdk;rsm;udk ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif c&pf,mef
rsm;xda&mufpGmvkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifMuygonf/
rarQmfvifhbJa&mufvmrnfh{nfhonftwGuf
tqifoifhjyifqifjcif;
MH, p. 322 (1905)
wcsKdUtdrf½Sifrsm;onf {nfhonfrsm;udkzG,fzG,f&m&m
tpm;tpmrsm;jzifhtukeftuscHum {nfhcHauR;arG;Edkifap&eftvdkYiSm
rdom;pkxrif;pm;yGJudk jcpfjcpfûcwfûcwfvkyfum jyifqifwwfMu
onf/ þvkyfaqmifrIonf rrSefuefyg/ {nfhonfrsm;udk ydkí
½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jzifhom {nfhcHoifhygonf/ rdom;pk\
vdktyfcsuf yxrOD;pm;ay;tjzpf jznfhqnf;Mu&ygrnf/
rrSefuefaomûcd;jcHrIESifh vlrsm;wDxGifonfh"avhxHk;pHrsm;
onf vdktyfíaumif;csD;r*Fvmjzpfonfh {nfh0wfûyrIrsm;udk t[efY
twm;ûyavh½Sdwwfonf/ rdom;pkrsm;aeYpOfpm;oHk;aeonfhtpm
rsm;onf tdrf½Sifrrsm;twGuf tydkjyifqifrIrsm;vkyfp&mrvdkbJ
ûAef;pm;BuD;a&mufvmaom{nfhonfrsm;udk auR;arG;{nfhcHEdkifonfh
tpm;tpmrsKd;jzpfoifhygonf/
vufqHkusjcif;tm;jzifh owif;aumif;rsm;udk&um aumif;csD;
cHpm;&rnfh {nfhcHolxdktdrf½Sifonf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh
tpm;tpmtrsKd;rsKd;udkjyifqifjcif;jzifhtcsdefûzef;um tvnftywf
ûyjcif;aMumifh cHpm;&rnfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk rMumcPqHk;½IH;&
wwfygonf/ c&pf,meftrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf xdkuJhodkY
jyifqifxm;onfhtpm;taomufrsm;\MoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;udk
rnfonfhtcgrQrcHoifhMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYtdrfodkYoifoGm;a&muf
vnfywfjcif;onf xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;&eftwGuf
r[kwfbJ tcsif;csif;rdwfo[m,zGJUum tjrifcsif;? tawG;
tac:csif;zvS,fNyD; tusKd;wlaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;Mu&ef
jzpfonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufMuygap/ xdkuJhodkYoGm;a&muf
vnfywfpOf ajymaompum;rsm;onfvnf; aemifaomtcgwGif
0rf;yef;womowd&p&maumif;avmufonfh wefzdk;½Sdaom
pum;rsm;omjzpfoifhygonf/
H. to L., ch. 1, 55-56 (1865)
{nfhonfrsm;udk{nfhcHolrsm;onf toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;uav;jyifqifxm;onfh tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
aomtpmrsm;udkom jyifqif{nfhcHoifhygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom
tpm;tpmrsm;onf jyifqifp&dwfoufomonfhjyif oifhwifh
avsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;ygvQif usef;rma&;udkvnf;rxdcdkufygacs/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef avmuom;rsm;onf tcsdef
ukefcH? aiGukefcHNyD; usef;rma&;xdcdkufaprnfhxdktpmrsm;udk
a½G;cs,fjcif;jzifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azmufjcif;\
132 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 131
uREfkyfwdkYonf xl;uJonfht&omrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk
a½SmifMuOfum usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfh½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk wpfcsdefvHk;
pm;oHk;MurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkYonf aetdrfrsm;udk
½dk;pif;pGmtvSqifaqmufvkyfaexdkifMurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;
uREfkyfwdkY\toufwmrsm;onf r,HkMunfolrsm;tay: xda&muf
aomMoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;½Sd½Hkomru trSefw&m;\oefY½Sif;
aomwefcdk;awmfudkvnf; xif½Sm;pGmazmfjyvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
uREfkyfwdkY\0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;onf avmuom;rsm;\0wfpm;
qif,ifrIrsm;ESifhwlae½Hkomru wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif avmuom;
rsm;xufyif avmuqefaeonfjzpf&m trSefw&m;taMumif;
zGifhqdka[mMum;csufrsm;rSm xda&mufrIr½SdEdkifawmhacs/ trSefw&m;
udk,HkMunfygonf[k zGifh[aeolrsm;\tusifhonf ¤if;wdkY\
,HkMunfjcif;ESifhqefYusifaevQif xdktrSefw&m;udk rnfol,HkMunf
awmhrnfenf;/ uREfkyfwdkYtm; aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkYr0ifEdkif
atmif wHcg;ydwfolrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifr[kwfbJ avmuom;
rsm;\trltusifhrsm;twdkif; usifhMuHûyrlaeaom uREfkyfwdkY\
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;omjzpfygonf/
MH, p. 47 (1905)
rsm;jym;pGmaomvlxkBuD;udk c&pfawmfauR;arG;cJhjcif;rSm
bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh ûyjyifawmfrlonfh edrdwf
vu©PmwpfckjzpfonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; tpmrsm;rSmrl tvGef
½dk;pif;vSygonf/ *gvdvJjynfrSa&vkyfom;rsm;\aeYpOftpm;
tpmjzpfonfh ig;ESifhrkefYrsm;omjzpfygonf/
avmua&;&mtpm;tpmrsm;taMumif;udkodyfrpOf;pm;ygESifh
Letter, 73, 1896.
EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\toufwm
a&pD;aMumif;wGifyg0ifvm&ef uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkEIwfawmfxGuf
pum;rsm;udk tNrJwrf;cH,lpm;oHk;pGJrSwfvsuf touf½SifaexdkifMu
&ygrnf/ c&pfawmftm;jzifh aeYpOftm;ûytouf½Sifaeolrsm;onf
avmutpmrsm;tay: pOf;pm;oHk;oyfrIavsmhcsum touf
0dnmOfrsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkYay;a0aeonfhtpmrsm;twGuf ydkí
pdwfaomua&mufaeMuygonf/
vltaygif;wdkYtwGuf uREfkyfwdkYaxmufcHay;oifhonfh
ppfrSefaomtpma½Smifjcif;[lrlum; tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;udk
vHk;0a½SmifMuOfí xm0&bk&m;ociftvQHy,fay;oem;awmfrl
xm;onfh tm[m&jynfhaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk rSefuefpGmpm;oHk;
jcif;jzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkYpm;aomuf&rnfhavmutpm
rsm;taMumif;udkom pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&efr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkY\
bmoma&;tawGUtêuHwpfckvHk;udk cGeftm;jzpfaprnfh aumif;uif
rStpmtaMumif;udk ydkípOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhMuygonf/
½dk;pif;aomtoufwm\ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m
MoZmoufa&mufrI
5T, p. 206 (1882)
uREfkyfwdkYonf zuf½Sift0wfrsm;udkr0wfbJ oifhwifh
avsmufywfonfh½dk;½dk;t0wfrsm;udk0wfrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;?
134 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 133
tcef;(3) vHkavmufaomtpmtm[m&
(CTBH, pp. 49-50) CH, p. 178 (1890)
vTJrSm;aomcHwGif;t&omudkjznfhqnf;&ef pm;aomuf
jcif;oufoufonf rSm;,Gif;aomaMumifh tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí
uREfkyfwdkY*½krxm;oifh[laomoabmxm;udk uREfkyfwdkYvufrcH
oifhacs/ tpm;tpmudpöonf ta&;tygqHk;udpöwpfckjzpfonf/
rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ tiftm;qkwf,kwfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk
rpm;oHk;acs/ vltrsm;pkonf a&m*grsm;&um tm;tifukefcef;
aeMuNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;&ef vdktyfae
Muonf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;wGif yg0ifvIyf½Sm;aeol
rsm;onf tpGef;ra&mufap&ef tjcm;olrsm;xufydkía½Smif½Sm;
oifhMuygonf/ udk,fcE¨monf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;
udk tvHktavmuf&½Sd&ygrnf/ rdrd\cspfom;orD;rsm;tm;
tdyfaysmfapaomtcGifhudkay;oem;awmfrlaombk&m;ocifonf
cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef oifhavsmf
aomtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtwGufjyifqifxm;awmfrlygonf/
MH, p. 271 (1905)
usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkap&eftvdkYiSm uREfkyfwdkY\aoG;rsm;onf
oefY½Sif;aumif;rGefae&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm aoG;onf touf
\yifrtcsuftcsmjzpfonf/ taoG;onf cE¨mudk,frSraumif;
aomt&mrsm;udkjyifqifum cE¨mudk,fudkzGHUûzd;BuD;xGm;aponf/
tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifhjznfhwif;um oefY½Sif;aomavrsm;jzifh
oefYpifapcJhrnfqdkvQif aoG;onf toufudkwnfNrJapvsuf
c&pfawmfonf xdkvlxkBuD;twGuf t&omtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh
jynfhpHkaomxrif;wpfeyfudkjyifqifay;vdku jyifqifay;Edkifyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznhfqnf;&eftwGuf
jyifqifay;aomtpmrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\aumif;usKd;twGuf
oifcef;pmwpfckudkrQay;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ odkYaomf þedrdwf
vu©Pmtm;jzifh ½dk;pif;rIqdkif&moifcef;pmwpfckudkoGefoif&ef
c&pfawmfqE´½SdcJhygonf/ tu,fíom ,aeYvlom;rsm;onf
urÇmOD;tcsdefu tm'HESifh{0wdkYuJhodkY ½dk;pif;aomtusifh"avh
rsm;? obm0w&m;rsm;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif
pm;eyf&du©mrsm;onf vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkwpfckvHk;twGuf tvQHy,f
jzpfcJhayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufjcif;
aMumifh vlwpfpktwGuf &du©mrsm;onf tvQHy,fjzpfaeaomf
vnf; usefwpfcktwGufrl ravmufriSjzpfaeum tedXm½Hk
jrifuGif;rsm;udkjrifawGUae&ygonf/
3T, p. 401 (1875)
,HkMunfolc&pf,mefrsm;onf udk,fcEmudk tvSjyifp&dwf
ESifh aetdrftvSjyifp&dwfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;xdcdkuf
aponfhtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? avsmhcJhMurnf
qdkvQif ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\b@mawmfwdkufxJodkY ,ck
xufrsm;jym;pGmaomb@mrsm;udk ay;vªEdkifcJhMuvdrfhrnf/ xm0&
csrf;omxJodkY uREfkyfwdkY0ifpm;Edkif&ef bkef;pnf;pdrfrsm;ESifhwuG
aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfudkpGefYum qif;&Jom;wpfOD;tjzpfcH,lcJhaom
c&pfawmfudk xdkenf;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtwk,lEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
136 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 135
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk toa&,kwfaponfh
tiftm;qkwf,kwfaponfhtpmrsm;
Letter 135, 1902.
wcsKdUaomuREfkyfwdkY\,HkMunfolrsm;onf roifhavsmfaom
tpmrsm;udk todpdwf"mwfjzifh raumif;aomtpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOf
aeonfhwpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif cE©mudk,ftwGufr½Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom
tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifzdkY ysufuGufaewwfMuygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYjzwf
xm;onfh xdkraumif;aomtpmrsm;tpm; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0NyD;
t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;&ef ysufuGufjcif;tm;jzifh
roifhavsmfonfhyHkoufaorsm;udkrjyMuygESifh/ rdom;pkrsm;twGuf
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif vdr®modkodyfrIESifh
yg;eyfrIrsm;udktoHk;ûy&efvdktyfvSygonf/ þvkyfaqmifrIudk
NyD;pD;pGmaqmif½GufEdkif&ef bk&m;ocifudkudk;pm;jcif;? &nfrSef;csuf
jyif;xefjcif;? tcsif;csif;ulnD½dkif;yif;vdkonfhqE½Sdjcif;rsm;vdktyf
ygonf/ tm[m&csKdUwJhaomtpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIvkyfief;tay: t½Suf&odu©musapygvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf aorsKd;rsm;jzpfae&m cEmudk,ftwGufoifhavsmfaomtm[m&
rsm;udk jznfhwif;Edkifrnfhtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;Mu&ygrnf/
(CTBH, p. 58) CH, pp. 155-156 (1890)
tpm;tpmESifhywfoufonfh oif\tusifhp½dkufudk pl;prf;
avhvmyg/ taMumif;tusKd;qufET,frIudkoHk;oyfyg/ odkY&mwGif
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkqefYusifonfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk
rodusKd;uRefvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;aomoufaoudk
rcHrdygapESifh/ bk&m;ocifESifhomxdkufaomtrIawmftwGuf
cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;toD;oD;udk tm;tifrsm;ESifhjynfh0apyg
onf/ aoG;vnfywfrIydkrdkpHkvifvmonfESifhtrQ cE¨mudk,f\
vkyfaqmifrIonfvnf; ydkíaumif;rGefpGmNyD;ajrmufvmygvdrhfrnf/
bk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;onfhtvQHy,f&du©mrsm;
(CTBH, p. 47) CH, pp. 114-115 (1890)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vrf;rSefaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk
jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf tvQHy,frsm;jym;onfh&du©mrsm;udk vlom;
rsm;twGuf jyifqifxm;awmfrlonf/ t&omESifhjynfhpHkNyD; tm[m&
½SdaomajrtoD;tESHrsKd;pHkudk vlom;rsm;a½SUwGif xm0&bk&m;ocif
cifusif;xm;awmfrlonfh xdktpm;tpmrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
pm;oHk;Edkifonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYqdkxm;awmfrlygonf/
tqDrsm;? tarT;têudifrsm;rygbJ ½dk;pif;aomenf;jzifh csufûywf
xm;onfh toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf EdkY (odkYr[kwf)
rvdkifESifha&mípm;oHk;vQif usef;rma&;ESifhtjynfhpHkqHk;tpmrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf cE©mudk,fudkzGHUûzd;BuD;xGm;aponf
omru tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;u ray;pGrf;EdkifonfhtodOmPf
pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh udk,fcEmcGeftm;rsm;udkvnf; jzpfxGef;apygonf/
MS, p. 27 (1906)
uREfkyfwdkYüvdktyfaeaomtm[m&tm;vHk;udk toD;tESH?
[if;oD;[if;½GufESifh tcGHrmoD;rsm;wGifawGU½SdEdkifonf/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf xm0&bk&m;ocifxHawmfodkY ½dk;pif;aomoabmjzifh
csOf;uyfMurnfqdkvQif tom;rygbJ tm[m&jynfhonhftpmrsm;
jyifqifyHkrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf½SifoGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
138 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 137
wpfOD;pDonf rdrdwdkY\vdktyfcsufESifhtudkufnDqHk;tpmrsm;udk
a½G;cs,foifhMuygonf/
toD;tESHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;\obm0twdkif;
jznfhqnf;rIrSm tvQHy,fjzpfygonf/ wpfESpfxufwpfESpf ajrxGuf
oD;ESHrsm;udk wdk;wufvmaomydkYaqmifqufoG,frIrsm;tm;jzifh
ae&mwumodkYjzefYa0aeygonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh wpfcsdefu
½Sm;yg;ypönf;tjzpf aps;BuD;ay;&aomt&mrsm;onf ,ckwGif
aeYpOfoHk;ypönf;rsm;tjzpf vlwdkif;0,f,loHk;pGJEdkifonfh ukefypönf;
rsm;jzpfaeygNyD/ þukefypönf;rsm;rSm txl;ojzifhtajcmufcH
xm;onfhtoD;ajcmufrsm;ESifh oHbl;oGwftoD;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
tcef;(4) EdkifiHtoD;oD;rStpm;tpmrsm;
Letter 14, 1901.
pm;oHk;aomtpmrsm;onf &moDOwkESifhudkufnDoifhygonf/
wcsKdUtpm;tpmrsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGifpm;oHk;&ef oifhavsmf
aomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfacs/
MH, pp. 296-297 (1905)
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmtm;vHk;onf tajctae
t&yf&yfwGif½Sdaom uREfkyfwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhudkufnDonf
awmhr[kwfygacs/ tpm;tpma½G;cs,f&mwGif owdBuD;pGmxm;
oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;aeaomtpmrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY
aexdkifaoma'o\&moDOwkESifhvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkYvkyfudkif
aomtvkyftudkifrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; avsmfuefzdkYvdkygonf/
rwlnDaomtvkyftudkifrsm;tvdkuf taumif;qHk;tpm;tpm
ay;qyftyfESH&ef roifhavsmfavmufatmif usef;rma&;rsm;
xdcdkufonftxd cE¨mudk,fudkvspfvsL½Irxm;ygESifh/ rn§Of;yef;
ygESifh/ uREfkyfod&oavmufajym&rnfqdkvQif wcsKdUtrIaqmif
aumif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udk*½krpdkufMuojzifh aoyGJ0ifcJhMu
&ygonf/ cGeftm;jzpfapNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk
jyifqifjcif;jzifh udk,fcE¨mudkapmifha½Smufjcif;onf tdrfaxmif½Sif
rsm;\yxrOD;pm;ay;wm0efrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
t0wftxnfESifh tdrfaxmify&dabm*rsm;udk tzdk;csKdcsKdESifh0,f,l
toHk;ûyjcif;onf tpm;tpmrsm;udk jcpfjcpfukwfukwfESifh aiGaMu;
toHk;ûyjcif;xuf omíaumif;jrwfygonf/
yk*¾vduvdktyfcsuftwdkif;pm;aomufjcif;
7T, pp. 133-134 (1902)
tpm;tpmrsm;udktoHk;ûy&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf cdkifcHh
aumif;jrwfonfhb0ay;todudk toHk;ûyoifhygonf/ tpm;tpm
wpfckonf uREfkyfwdkYESifhrwnhfvQif rwnfh&jcif;\taMumif;&if;
udkod½Sd&ef pma&;ar;p&mrvdkbJ tpmajymif;NyD;pm;zdkYêud;pm;yg/
wGJípm;aomtpmwcsKdU\tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk rMumrDrSmyif
uREfkyfwdkYod½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf todOmPf½Sdaom
vlom;rsm;yDyD rdrdwdkYESifhtoifhavsmfqHk;jzpfaomtpmudk a½G;cs,f
qHk;jzwf&mwGif rdrdwdkY\tawGUtêuHrsm;ay:rlwnfvsuf tajccH
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;pDtvdkuf avhvmoHk;oyfMuyg/
MH, p. 297 (1905)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpm
trsKd;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf jyifqifxm;onfjzpf&m yk*¾dKvf
140 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 139
[if;oD;[if;½GuftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYonfvnf; tom;rygbJ pHkvif
aomtpmtm[m&rsm;udka½G;cs,fEdkif&ef tcGifhaumif;wpfckudk
ay;aeygonf/ pyspfoD;ajcmuf? qD;oD;ajcmuf? yef;oD;ajcmuf?
opfawmfoD;ajcmuf? rufrGefoD;ajcmufESifh w½kwfqD;oD;ajcmuf
rsm;udk ae&mwumwGif oifhavsmfaomaps;EIef;jzifh0,f,l&½Sd
Edkif&m xdktpm;tpmrsm;tm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;
yifvQif cGeftm;wdk;yGm;um usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkvmEdkifMuygonf/
,OfpGef;wef;a'orsm;twGuftMuHay;csuf
Letter 91, 1898.
ydkíylaEG;aomt&yfa'orsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeolrsm;
udk (rnfonfhtvkyfrsKd;udkvkyfudkifMuonfjzpfap) at;jraom
a'orsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;xuf tvkyfyrmPudkavsmhí
vkyfudkifapoifhonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf ajrrIefYoufoufjzpfonfudk
xm0&bk&m;ocifatmufarhawmfrlonf/
tpm;tpmrsm;wGif oMum;toHk;ûyjcif;enf;onfESifhtrQ
yljyif;aom&moDOwkaMumifhjzpfay:vmrnfha&m*gb,rsm; enf;yg;
oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;oGefoif&mwGif
vdktyfonfhy&d,m,f
Letter 37, 1901.
uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;
ajzmifhajzmifhvkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm rdrdwdkY&ifqdkifae&
rsm;rSmvnf; jcm;em;aeayvdrfhrnf/ um,vkyfom;rsm;twGuf
taumif;qHk;jzpfaomtpmrsm;onf OmPvkyfom;rsm;twGuf
taumif;qHk;tpmrjzpfEdkifacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rm
a&;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmtrsKd;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;tyfxm;NyD
jzpf&m rdrdwdkY\vdktyfcsufESifhudkufnDaomtpmrsm;udk yk*¾dKvf
toD;oD;a½G;cs,fpm;oHk;oifhMuygonf/
EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifawGUEdkifonfh
tm[m&jynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;
Letter 135, 1902.
tpm;tpmrsm;udk a½G;cs,fpm;oHk;jcif;t&mwGif OmPfoHk;
Muyg/ EdkifiHtoD;oD;wdkYonf cE¨mudk,fwnfaqmuf&mwGif r½Sd
rjzpfvdktyfaomtm[m&rsm;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmtrsKd;rsKd;udk bk&m;
ocif\tpDtrHtm;jzifh xkwfvkyfaeygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;udk
usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfh pm;aumif;aomufzG,ftjzpf ûyjyif
zefwD;Edkifygonf/
MH, p. 299 (1905)
owdynm½Sd½SdpDrHMuvQif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul
ûyonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk EdkifiHwdkif;eD;yg;wGif uREfkyfwdkY&½SdEdkifMu
ygonf/ qef? vlpm;*sKH? jrif;pm;*sKHESifh ajymif;zl;rsm;udk yHkpH
trsKd;rsKd;jzifhjyifqifum EdkifiHtoD;oD;odkYydkYaqmifaeMuygonf/
yJoD;? yJawmifhESifh yJeDuav;rsm;udkvnf; xdkenf;ESifESifydkYaqmif
a&mif;0,faeMuygonf/ jynfwGif;pdkufysKd;toD;rsm;ESifh jynfyrS
oGif;,lonfhtoD;rsm;tjyif a'otoD;oD;wGifpdkufysKd;onfh
142 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 141
bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyrItwGuftmrcHcsufwpfck
7T, pp. 124-125 (1902)
toufwmudk cdkifcHhapEdkifonfomru a&m*gb,
uif;½Sif;apEdkifonfh toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk aygif;pyf
pm;oHk;Mu&ef urÇmtESHY½Sdvlom;rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocif
oGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk
jyifqifonfhcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk ,cktcsdefwGif aps;wGifrawGU
zl;olrsm;onf ajrrSxGufaomtoD;tESHrsm;udk owdynm½Sd½Sd
vufawGUprf;oyfMuvdrfhrnf/ xdktoD;tESHrsm;udk toHk;ûyjcif;
ESifhywfoufonfhtvif;w&m;rsm;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYtm; xm0&
bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
¤if;wdkYtm; vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
urÇmwpfjcrf;wGifaexdkifolrsm;tm; uRrf;usifrIESifh em;vnfrIudk
ay;oem;awmfrlonfh udk,fawmf½Sifonf tjcm;aomurÇmjcrf;½Sd
vlwdkYtm;vnf; uRrf;usifrIESifhem;vnfrIrsm;udk ay;oem;awmfrl
vdrfhrnf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH½Sd&du©mb@mrsm;udk xdkEdkifiHESifhoifhavsmf
atmifjyifqifpm;oHk;&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHawmfjzpf
onf/ £oa&vrsm;tm; qufvuftouf½SifE d ki f&ef
aumif;uifrSrEérkefYudk bk&m;ocifcsay;awmfrlcJhouJhodkY ajrxGuf
oD;ESHrsm;udk tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;zdkYjyifqifwwfap&ef EdkifiH
toD;oD;rSvlwdkYtm; uRrf;usifrIESifhtodOmPfrsm;udk xm0&
bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
onfhtajctaeudk em;vnfoabmaygufxm;Mu&rnf/ xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf urÇmay:½Sd rwlnDaomt&yfa'orsm;wGifaexdkif
olrsm;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ bk&m;
ocifESifhtwl vufwGJvkyfaqmifvdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\
r[mpyspfO,smOftwGif;ü usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudpörsm;
taMumif;udk rnfodkYoGefoif&rnfudk *½kwpdkufoHk;oyfMu&rnf/
pm;oifhaomtpmESifh rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwf&m
wGifvnf; owdBuD;pGmxm;oifhMuygonf/ bk&m;ocifu,fwif
awmfrlonfh vlwdkYxHodkY u½kPmowif;pum;udkwifquf&mwGif
vlom;apwrefrsm;onf bk&m;ocifESifhyl;aygif;Mu&ygrnf/
9T, p. 159 (1909)
tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusonfh
zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrowfrSwfxm;Muaomfvnf; toD;
tESHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;tvQHy,faygrsm;onfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif tom;
onf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;twGuf pm;oifhaomtpm
r[kwfygacs/
7T, p. 126 (1902)
wpfESpftwGif; vaygif;rsm;pGmvwfqwfaomtoD;tESH
rsm;&,lpm;oHk;EdkifonfhEdkifiHrsm;wGifaexdkifolrsm;udk toD;tESH
rsm;wGif½Sdonfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;&,lcHpm;MuzdkY xm0&bk&m;
ocifqE´½Sdawmfrlonf/ tyifrsm;rStoD;rsm;udk vwfvwf
qwfqwfcl;pm;jcif;udk ydkívkyfaqmifavav? BuD;us,faom
aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk ydkí&avavjzpfonf/
144 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 143
tcef;BuD; (5)
tpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0'
obm0w&m;rsm;udkav;pm;jcif;\tusKd;
Letter, p. 274 (1908)
tpmtdrfudk *½kwpdkufapmifha½Smufjcif;onf tawG;
tjrifrsm;udkMunfvifap½Hkomru pdwfwefcdk;udkvnf; wdk;yGm;
aponf/ tpmajccsufonfht*Fgrsm;vnf; yHkrSefxufapmí
ysufpD;jcif;rSumuG,f&ma&mufonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf owdynm
½SdpGmjzifhpm;jcif;? avhvmjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;
ocifay;todOmPfrsm;udk tav;xm;aMumif; xif½Sm;apMu
onf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rm½Tifvef;jcif;ESifhjynfh0Muap&ef
tvdkYiSm cE¨mudk,fudk xdkuJhodkYtajctaersKd;jzpfatmif xdef;odrf;
xm;zdkY wm0efusaeMuygonf/ rdrdwdkY\tajymtqdk? tusifh
tMuHtm;jzifh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;rsm;udk
olwpfyg;a½SUwGifxGef;vif;vsuf bk&m;ocifay;xdktvif;w&m;
udk tav;xm;Mu&ygrnf/
tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifhcHpm;&aomudk,fcE¨ma0'emrsm;
2T, p. 364 (1870)
tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfudk rnfodkYxdcdkufapEdkif
oenf;/ tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh tiftm;rsm;qkwf,kwfvmyg
onf/ tpmajconfht*Fgrsm;vnf; tm;enf;vmum a&m*g
7T, p. 133 (1902)
rdrdwdkY\a'otoD;toD;rSxGufonfh obm0toD;tESH
rsm;rS usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmrsm;jyifqifjcif;jzifh rdrdwdkY\
pGrf;&nfrsm;udk zGHUûzd;atmifvkyfaqmifzdkY urÇmt&yf&yf½SdvlwdkYtm;
tm;ay;&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHawmfjzpfonf/ oefY½Sif;
aom0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrIudkcH,lum rdrdwdkY\uRrf;usifrIrsm;
ESifh wDxGifOmPfrsm;udktoHk;ûyvsuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk
¤if;wdkYMunfhMuvQif xdkobm0ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udk usef;rma&;
ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;tjzpfodkY ûyvkyfyHkrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYavhusuf
vmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkolrsm;onf tom;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;
pm;oHk;Edkifrnfhtpm;tpmrsm;jyifqifyHkrsm;udk qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;
oGefoifvmEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ þenf;tm;jzifh xdkqif;&Jom;rsm;
uvnf; tjcm;olrsm;tm; wpfvSnfhoGefoifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
þodkYtm;jzifh trIawmfwpfckonf pdwftm;xufoefrIESifh cGeftm;
ygygNyD;pD;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ þtrIudk ,cifuwnf;u NyD;pD;
atmifvkyfaqmifcJhvdrfhrnfqdkvQif vltrsm;onf ,aeYwGif trSef
w&m;wGiftouf½SifaeMu½Hkomru tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf;
oGefoifEdkifMuvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efudk
od½Sdatmif avhusufum taumiftxnfaz:vkyfaqmifMuyg/
uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtm; bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;onfhwm0ef
rsm;udk olwpfyg;vkyfay;zdkYapmifhaeaom tultnDrJholrsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ olwpfyg;udkom tNrJwrf;tm;udk;rSDcdkaeolrsm;
r[kwfMuyg/
ÀÀÀ
146pm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 145
DF- 10
rSwfawmfrlonf/ aoG;em;xifa&mufjcif;udk atmifEdkifMu&rnf/
udk,fcEmtpdwftydkif;toD;oD;odkY toufaoG;rsm;udkjzefYay;onfh
aoG;aMumBuD;rsm;onf udk,ft*FgxJwGifwnf½Sdaeygonf/ oif\
tpmtdrfxJwGif oifxnfhvdkufaomtpmrsm;onf OD;aESmufudk
tyl½SdefwufaeonfhrD;zdkBuD;uJhodkYjzpfapvsuf½Sdonf/ ydkí
avsmhavsmhayghayghpm;yg/ tpmtdrfudktvkyfrrsm;aprnfh½dk;½dk;tpm
rsm;udkpm;yg/ oifü½Sdaomwd&pämefpdwfaZmrsm;udk zGHUûzd;rvmap
&ef tvdkrvdkufoifhygacs/ OD;aESmufxJwGif aoG;rsm;jynfhusyf
ydwfqdkYaejcif;onf 0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;udk tm;enf;ap½Hkomru
wd&pämef\yifudk,fp½dkufudk tm;aumif;aponf/
trSefwu,foifpm;oHk;oifhaomtpmrSm udk,fcE¨m
wnfaqmufrIudktm;ay;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;xuf toufrkefY
wnf;[laom0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mtpmrsm;udk ydkírsm;rsm;pm;oHk;oifh
ygonf/ oifpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf ydkí½dk;pif;av?
oifhtwGufydkíaumif;avjzpfygonf/
cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;rSydwfqdkYrIrsm;
2T, pp. 412-413 (1870)
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifwdkYonf rsm;pGmavhusufNyD;
acsNyD/ oifonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;um cE¨mudk,f
\vdktyfcsufxuf rsm;pGmydkípm;oHk;aeygonf/ aumif;aom
tpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; csKyfwnf;rIr½SdbJ w&m;vGefpm;aomuf
jcif;onf tjypfjzpfonf/ tom;ESifhqdk;,kwfaomtpmrsm;udk
b,rsm;woDwwef;0ifa&mufvmygonf/ tu,fí ueOD;
uwnf;u a&m*g½Sdolrsm;tpm;MuL;vQif ¤if;wdkY\pGrf;tm;rsm;
onf wpfaeYwjcm;,kwfavsmhvmygawmhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
rdrdwdkY\0rf;AdkufxJodkYxnfhvdkufaomtpmrsm;ajczsuf&ef rvdkvm;
tyfaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif cGeftm;rsm;udktoHk;ûyaeMuygonf/
Letter, p. 73a (1896)
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh acgif;udkufjcif;? tpmraMu
jcif;ESifh avxdk;avatmifha&m*grsm;udk rMumcPcHpm;&wwf
Muygonf/ rEdkif0efrsm;udk 0rf;AdkufxJodkYxnfhrdjcif;aMumifh ½kyfydkif;
qdkif&mzdpD;rIwpfckudk cHpm;vm&ygonf/ OD;acgif;onf rMunf
rvifjzpfvmygonf/ 0rf;Adkufonfvnf; rNidrfroufjzpfvm
ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif 0rf;Adkufonf oGufcsmyg'vdkufum
tm½HkcHpm;rIr½Sdawmhacs/ tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;üvnf; cGeftm;
rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;acsNyD/ vlYcEmudk,fpuf,EÅ&m;\ xdktajccH
tkwfjrpfonf wjznf;jznf;,drf;,dkifvmum toufwmonf
rESpfûrdUp&mjzpfvmygonf/
Letter, p. 142 (1900)
ûcd;jcHpGmpm;aomufyg[k uREfkyftMuHûyvdkygonf/ oif
onf pOf;pm;csifhcsdefEdkifaom c&pf,mefuif;apmifhwpfOD;yDyD oif\
toufwmESifhusef;rma&;udk&efûyrnfh rnfonfht&mudkrQ yg;pyfxJ
t0ifrcHbJ tpmtdrfwHcg;udkumuG,fapmifha½Smufay;yg/ usef;rm
jcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;rsm;udk apmihfxdef;
vdkufavQmuf&ef oifüwm0ef½Sdonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocif
148 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 147
0efav;apygonf/ xdktpmaMucsufrIpepfudkvnf; ysuf,Gif;
qdk;½Gm;oGm;apwwfygonf/ tpmtdrfonfvnf; xdktpmydkrsm;
udkacszsufypf&ef tvkyfydkvkyfae&ojzifh EGrf;vsvmygonf/
xdkEGrf;vsrIudk ]qmavmifrI} cHpm;&ovdk teufzGifhwwfygonf/
tpmaMucsufrIpepfudktem;ray;awmhbJ tpmtdrfxJodkY rqefY
rNyJxnhfvdkufum EGrf;vsaeaomxdktpmaMucsufrI,EÅ&m;BuD;
udkwpfzefvIyf½Sm;vnfywfapaomtcsdefwGif xdk ]qmavmifrI}
vdkvdk a0'emrsKd;udkcHpm;&wwfygonf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk vGefMuL;
pGmpm;jcif;onf oifhwifhavsmufywfaomtpmtwdkif;tqudk
yHkrSeftcsdefowfrSwfí pm;jcif;avmuf udk,fcEmtwGuf tm[m&
rjzpfygacs/
yHkrSefudk,fvufavhusifhcef;rsm;jzifh
tpmaMucsufrIudkyHhydk;jcif;
nDtpfudkwdkY? oifwdkY\OD;aESmufrsm;onf xHkxdkif;ae
acsNyD/ oifpm;oHk;aeonfhtpmtwdkif;tqudk ½Sif;xkwfEdkifrnfh
yk*¾dKvfrSm um,tvkyform;wpfOD;omjzpfacsrnf/ um,
avhusifhcef;rsm;onf tpmaMucsufrItwGufvnf;aumif;?
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\usef;rmaysmf½Tifjcif;twGufvnf;aumif; ta&;
ygvSygonf/ oifonf opfwHk;BuD;vdkaysmhaysmif;rIuif;rJhpGmjzifh
vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifwwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;udk
taxmuftulûyEdkifrnfhum,avhusifhcef;rsm;udk oifvkyfzdkY
vdktyfygonf/ xdkavhusifhcef;aMumifh oifhpdwfESvHk;vnf;
rpm;vQifNyD;a&m? aumif;aomtpmrsm;udk *dwfqHk;atmif
pm;EdkifcGifh½Sdonf[k wcsKdUu,lqMuonf/ þ,lqcsufonf
rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckomjzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
orm;[k udk,fhudkudk,fzGifh[aeolrsm;yifvQif tpm;MuL;olrsm;
jzpfaeMuonf/ tpmaMuatmif tBuD;tus,fvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh
tpmtdrftm;enf;vmonfhwdkifatmif tpmrsm;udk tpmtdrfxJodkY
rqefYrNyJxnfhaeMuonf/ xdktajctaewGif OD;aESmuf
tm½HkaMumrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIwGif yg0ifulnDae&ojzifh
todtm½Hkrsm;onfvnf; xdkif;rIdif;vmygonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynhf0
onfhtpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; vdkonfxufyd kípm;vmvQif
OD;aESmuftm½HkaMumrsm;udkxHkxdkif;apNyD; OD;aESmufcGeftm;rsm;
udkvnf; tm;enf;oGm;aponf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;onf tvkyfMuL;
jcif;xufyd kí cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udkxdcd kufapygonf/
pm;aomufjcif;ü csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;onf tvkyfvkyf&mwGif
csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;xuf touf0dnmOfqdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;udk
tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufysufpD;apygonf/
tpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ydkrdktvkyf
rsm;aprnfh tvGeftuRHrsm;onfhtpmrsm; (tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
aomtpmrsm;jzpfvihfupm;) jzifh 0efrav;apoifhMuyg/
tpmaMucsufrIpepft& aoG;tjzpfodkYul;ajymif;ay;Edkifrnfh tpm
twdkif;tqxuf ydkírsm;aomtpmrsm;onf xdk,EÅ&m;udk
ydwfqdkYrIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdktpmydkrsm;onf
taoG;tom;rjzpfEdkifawmhojzifh ¤if;\wnf½SdrIonf tonf;udk
150 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 149
tusKd;½Sdaomavhusifhcef;wpfckjzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif pdwfonf
ywf0ef;usif½Sdobm0tvSrsm;qDodkYa&mufoGm;um tpmtdrfqDodkY
tm½HkûyrIenf;yg;oGm;ygonf/ pm;vdkufrdaomtpmu rdrdtm;
'ku©ay;rnf[k oifpdk;&drfaevQif pdk;&drfonfhtwdkif;jzpfwwfojzifh
cHpm;&aom'ku©rsm;udk arhypfvdkufum 0rf;omp&mudpörsm;om
pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMuyg/
avaumif;avoefYjzifhtaxmuftulûyjcif;
vwfqwfaomavaumif;avoefYonf aoG;vnfywfrI
aumif;ap½Hkomru udk,fcE¨mudkjyefvnfvef;qef;apum
udk,fcE¨mudkusef;rmoefpGrf;apygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
udk,fcEmusef;rmrIonf pdwftay:odkYcdkifcdkifrmrmtusKd;oufa&muf
um pdwfNidrfoufrIudkjzpfay:apygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif cHwGif;
aumif;vmum tpmaMucsufrItm;vnf; aumif;vm½Hkomru
ESpfûcdufpGmtdyfEdkifvmygonf/
MH, pp. 272-273 (1905)
tqkwfudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfvIyf½Sm;Edkifatmif wwfEdkif
oavmufcGifhûyoifhygonf/ tqkwf\pGrf;aqmiftm;onf
vGwfvyfpGmvIyf½Sm;rItm;jzifh zGHUûzd;ygonf/ tqkwfudk vGwfvyf
pGmrvIyf½Sm;Edkifatmif xdef;csKyfxm;vQif ¤if;onf tm;enf;oGm;
wwfygonf/ txl;ojzifh xdkifítvkyfvkyf&aomtvkyform;
rsm;onf cg;udkajzmifhajzmifhrxdkifbJ tvkyfvkyfaomtusifhonf
raumif;aomtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ cg;ukef;NyD;
Munfvifvmygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xrif;pm;NyD;NyD;csif; jyif;xefaom
um,avhusifhcef;rsm;udk vHk;0rvkyfoifhonfhjyif xdkavhusifhcef;
rsm;taMumif;udk pmtm;jzifhyif ravhvmoifhygacs/ xdkodkY
vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tpmaMucsufrIpepfqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azgufjcif;wpfckomjzpfonf/ tpmpm;NyD;NyD;csif;tcsdefwGif
tm½HkaMumzGJUpnf;rIqdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;toHk;csxrf;aqmif&rnfh
jyif;xefonfhwm0efwpfckjzpfay:vmygonf/ tpmtdrfudk
taxmuftrûy&ef OD;aESmufpGrf;tm;rsm;onfvnf; tvkyf½Iyf
aeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmpm;NyD;NyD;csif; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;
udktvkyfay;rdvQif tpmaMucsufrItm;udk xdcdkufapygonf/
OD;wnfcsufwpfckwnf;jzifh yHkrSefvkyfaqmifoGm;zdkYvdktyfaom
xdktpmaMucsufrIpepf\cGeftm;rsm;onf wvGJtoHk;csjcif;udk
cH&um xdkpepfvkyfaqmifrIonfvnf; OD;wnfcsufvGJvmygonf/
CTBH, p. 101 (1890)
udk,fum,avhusifhcef;vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tpmaMucsuf
rIpepfudkusef;rmap&efrprIay;ojzifh tpmraMuonfha&m*gudk
oufomaysmufuif;apygonf/ odkY&mwGif um,avhusifhcef;
rsm;udk tpmpm;NyD;cgptcsdefwGif jyif;jyif;xefxefvkyfaqmif
jcif;ESifhavhvmjcif;rsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkufapygonf/
taMumif;rSm tpmaMucsufrIvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&mwGif vdktyf
aomcGeftm;rsm;udk tjcm;u@rsm;wGiftoHk;ûy&ef vTJ,loGm;
jcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif xrif;pm;NyD;cgptcsdefwGif
acgif;armh? &ifaumhum jznf;jznf;vrf;avQmufjcif;onf txl;
152 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 151
aomtpmrsm;onfvnf; t&nftaoG;rrDonfhtjyif twdkif;
tqvnf;rSm;aeygonf/ oifpm;aomtpmrsm;onf taoG;
tom;rjzpfapEdkifonfhtpmnHhrsm;jzpf½Hkomru oifpm;aeonfh
twdkif;tqrSmvnf;rsm;vGef;vSygonf/ þodkYaompm;aomuf
enf;rsKd;jzifh oifhtpmtdrfudkoifusifhcJhayNyD/ þtusifhaMumifh
jzpfay:aeaom rvdkvm;tyfonfht&mrsm;udk oifowdrrlrdojzifh
þpm;aomufenf;onfom taumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k oifxif
aeygonf/ odkY&mwGif þenf;onf rSefuefaomenf;vrf;wpfck
r[kwfygacs/ oifhtpmtdrfonf tpm;tpmrsm;rS&oifhaom
cGeftm;rsm;udkr&½Sdygacs/ t&nfavmufudkom oifpm;aevQif
oifrSD0Jaeaomtpmonf oifhudktm;jzpfapvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
odkY&mwGif t&nftpm;? tpdkiftcJjzpfaomtpmrsm;udk ajymif;í
oifpm;oHk;vQif oifhtpmtdrfonf uoduatmufjzpfaevdrfh
rnf/ odkYapumrl tpdkiftcJtpmrsm;udkydkNyD;pm;oHk;um oif\
tpmtdrfudkusifhay;&ygrnf/
Letter, p. 9 (1887)
tpm;tpmjyifqifyHkrSm;,Gif;aeaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
pGyfûywf? aumfzDESifhaygifrkefYudk yifwdkifpm;touf½Sifaexdkif
jcif;onf usef;rma&;udk taxmuftyHhrûyEdkifaMumif;udkvnf;
aumif;? tpmtdrfxJodkYt&nfrsm;rsm;oGif;jcif;onf usef;rma&;
udktaxmuftulrûyaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkuJhodkYaom
tm[m&wpfcktay:wGif rSDcdktouf½Sifaexdkifoltm;vHk;onf
ausmufuyfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru t&nfrsm;aomtpmrsm;onf
xdkifaeolwpfOD;onf toufjyif;jyif;½ª&efrjzpfEdkifawmhacs/
ty,durQom touf½ªaomtusifhonf tqkwf\vIyf½Sm;rI
udktm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ tusÐusyfusyf0wfjcif;onfvnf;
tvm;wlqdk;usKd;udkjzpfay:apEdkifygonf/
tay:,Homtouf½ªjcif;aMumifh atmufqD*sift&enf;
um aoG;vnfywfrIaES;auG;vmygonf/ touf½ªxkwfjcif;
tm;jzifh tqkwfrSz,f½Sm;ypf&rnfh tqdyf½SdaompGefYypfypönf;
rsm;onfvnf; qufvufwnf½Sdaeum aoG;onf oefY½Sif;rI
uif;vmygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrf? tonf;ESifh OD;aESmuf
rsm;vnf;xdcdkufvmygonf/ tom;rsm;0gvmygonf/ tpm
aMucsufrItm;enf;vmonf/ ESvHk;onfvnf; xdkif;rIdif;vmyg
onf/ xdkaMumifh OD;aESmufwGif r½Sif;rvif;jzpfum tawG;
rsm;½IyfaxG;vmygonf/ tqHk;wGif cE¨mudk,fBuD;wpfckvHk;onf
av;vHxdkif;rIdif;vmum a&m*gb,rsm;udk[efYwm;zdkY cHEdkif&nf
r½Sdawmhacs/
t&nftm[m&rsm;jzifh[efYwm;jcif;
3T, p. 74 (1872)
oifonf um,usef;rma&;ESihfjynfhpHkao;vQif toHk;0if
xl;cRefolwpfOD;jzpfcJhvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif oifonf umv½SnfMum
pGma&m*gpGJcJholjzpfojzifh oif\tawG;tjrifrsm;vnf; ysufpD;
cJhum oifhudk,foifomtNrJwrf;oHk;oyfcJhygonf/ oifhtawG;
tjrifrsm;onf oif\cE¨mudk,fudkzsufqD;cJhacsNyD/ oifrSD0Jae
154 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 153
jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf rsm;pGmxdcdkufysufpD;&ygonf/
þenf;tm;jzifh vnfacsmif;ESifhtpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;
ysuf,Gif;um xdkrSwpfqifh tjcm;t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf
tm;tifqkwf,kwfvmygawmhonf/
at;aomtpmrsm;aMumifhtm;tifukefcef;jcif;
MH, p. 305 (1905)
ylvGef;aomtpmudk rpm;oifhovdk at;vGef;aomtpm
rsm;udkvnf; rpm;oifhygacs/ tpmrsm;onf at;pufaeygvQif
tpmtdrfonf tpmrcsufrD ¤if;tpmrsm;udkaET;atmifvkyfae&yg
ao;onf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfonf tm;ukefaponfhtvkyf
ydkudkvkyfae&ygonf/ a&cJpdrft&nfrsm;onf xdkenf;ESifESif
tEÅ&m,f½Sdygonf/ qlaeaoma&aET;rsm;onfvnf; tm;tif
rsm;udk,kwfavsmhoGm;apygonf/
(CTBH, p. 51) CH, pp. 119-120 (1890)
xrif;pm;pOf a&cJ&nfaomufjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;aom
tusifhwpfckjzpfonf/ tpmudk a&ESifharsmrcsoifhacs/ a&onf
oGm;&nfusrIudktm;enf;aponf/ a&onf ydkíat;vmonfESifh
trQ tpmtdrfonfvnf; ydkíxdcdkufvmygonf/ a&cJpdrfxm;
aomt&nfrsm;udk tpmrsm;ESifha&mípm;oHk;jcif;onf tpmaMu
csufrIudk tm;enf;oGm;aponf/ tpmajconfhvkyfief;udk jyefvnf
vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef tpmrsm;udkaET;NyD;onfhtxd tpmaMucsufrI
pepfudk &yfwefYoGm;apygonf/
tpmtdrfudktm;ukefapaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyf
ajymxm;ygonf/
þtzGJUtpnf;rSvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf rpm;oifhaomtpm
rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh tpmraMuonfha&m*grsm;cHpm;ae&onfudk
uREfkyfaumif;aumif;oabmaygufygonf/ tpmaMucsufrIqdkif&m
t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf tm;enf;vm½Hkomru aoG;rsm;onf
vnf; qkwf,kwfvmygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;onhfreufpmonf
aumfzD? aygifrkefYESifh qD;oD;ajcmuf,dkrsm;omjzpfonf/ þtpm
rsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyEdkifygacs/ tem;,l
tdyfpufNyD;aomtcsdefwGif tpmtdrfonf tESpfom&ESifhjynfhpHkaom
tpmrsm;udkacszsufay;&ef ydkíaumif;rGefvmygonf/ xdkYaemuf
aeYv,fpmudk pGyfûywfESifh tom;tenf;i,fudkrsm;aomtm;jzifh
pm;oHk;Muygonf/ tpmtdrfuav;rSm ao;i,faomfvnf;
pm;oHk;olonf tmomrajyao;ojzifh t&nftrsm;BuD;udk
aomufvdkuf&m AdkufusyfoGm;ygawmhonf/
aET;½HkomaET;NyD; qlatmifylatmifrvkyf&rnfhtpm
2T, p. 603 (1870)
eHeufpmoHk;aqmifonfhtpmrsm;udk aET;½HkomaET;í pm;oHk;
&ef uREfkyftMuHûyvdkygonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmif&ojzifh oifü
rsm;pGmtyef;BuD;rnfrxifyg/
Letter, p. 14 (1901)
aq;aomufonfhtcsdefrsKd;rSvGJí uRwfuRwfqlaeaom
t&nfrsm;udkraomufygESifh/ ylaomtpm? t&nfrsm;rsm;pm;oHk;
156 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 155
yg/ jznf;jznf;csif;nufnuf0g;NyD;pm;yg/ tpmrsm;rsm;pm;jcif;
xuf nufnuf0g;pm;jcif;u ydkítusKd;½SdouJhodkY t&om
½Sdaomtpmrsm;rsm;udkpm;jcif;xuf yg;pyfxJwGif tcsdefMumMum
xm;í0g;NyD;pm;jcif;u ydkítusKd;½Sdygonf/ pdwfvIyf½Sm;aeol
rsm;? pdwfaomua&mufaeolrsm;ESifh a&;BuD;okwfysmjzpfaeol
rsm;onf pdwfrNidrfrcsif; tpmpm;&efroifhavsmfygacs/
taMumif;rSm tBuD;tus,ftoHk;ûyjcif;cHxm;&onfh y"meus
aomcGeftm;rsm;onf tpmaMunufaponfht&nfrsm;udk ay;pGrf;
Edkifjcif;r½SdMuawmhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
MH, p. 305 (1905)
tpmudkjznf;jznf;ESif hnufnuf0g;pm;oifhygonf/
oGm;&nfESifhpm;vdkufaomtpmrsm; tcsKd;ususa&maESmoGm;ap
&efESifh tpmaMuaponfht&nfrsm; yHkrSeftvkyfvkyfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm
þtcsufonf tvGefta&;ygvSygonf/
Letter, p. 27 (1905)
jyefvnfusef;rmvmatmif uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifMurnf
qdkvQif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkcsKyfwnf;jcif;? tpmudkjznf;jznf;
0g;pm;jcif;ESifh wpfBudrfvQiftpmrsKd;pHkrpm;jcif;rsm;onf t"du
jzpfygonf/ þtcsufudk xyfcgwvJusifhoHk;&efvdktyfygonf/
tpmpm;aomtcgwGif wpfBudrfwnf;ü tpmrsKd;pHkpm;jcif;onf
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDyg/
MS, p. 3 (1897)
tom;udkjzwfum oufowfvGwfpm;awmhrnfqdkvQif
owdBuD;pGmxm;í jyifqifcsufûywfoifhygonf/ *sKH,m*kudk
tpmudk a&rsm;rsm;aomufí pm;aomufavav tpm
aMuzdkYcufavavjzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&nfrsm;udk
ukefcef;oGm;atmif a½S;OD;pGmpkyfay;ae&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/
tvkyf½Iyfaeolrsm;twGufowday;csuf
Letter, p. 274 (1908)
cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifhywfoufí aq;cef;tvkyform;rsm;?
ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;owdxm;zdkYvdkonfht&m
rsm;udkajymjy&ef uREfkyftm; bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/
þudpöESifhywfoufí avsmh&JrI½Sdvmjcif;ESifh tpmpm;zdkYtcsdef
ray;Edkifavmufatmif tvkyfrsm;aejcif;onf tvGeftEÅ&m,f
½SdvSygonf/ oifhtm; uREfkyfajymcsifaomowif;pum;rSm pm;zdkY
tcsdef,lyg/ tpmpm;onfhtcgwGif wpfcsdefwnf;ü tpmrsKd;pHk
udk ua&maomyg;rpm;ygESifh/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;onf r[m
trSm;wpfckjzpfygonf/
jznf;jznf;csif;nufatmif0g;ípm;yg
(CTBH, pp. 51, 52) CH, p. 120 (1890)
tpmaMu&ef jznf;jznf;pm;oifhygonf/ tpmraMuonfh
a&m*gudka½Smif½Sm;vdkolrsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif\trIawmfwGif
taumif;qHk;yg0ifxrf;aqmifapEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;
apmifha½Smuf&ef wm0ef½Sdonf[k oabmaygufolrsm;onf
þtcsufudkaumif;pGmowd&atmufarh&ayvdrfhrnf/ tpmpm;&ef
oifütcsdefenf;aevQif ua&maomyg;rpm;bJ tpmudkavsmhpm;
158 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 157
Letter, p. 142 (1900)
rnfa½GUrnfrQpm;&rnf[kñTefMum;&efrSm jzpfEdkifaomt&m
r[kwfygacs/ pOf;pm;csifhcsdefNyD; pm;aomufMu&rnfjzpfygonf/
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tm[m&jzpfaprnfh taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;ESifh
pm;oHk;oifhonfhtaumif;qHk;tcsKd;tqtwGuf rsm;pGmpdwfylae
Muygonf/ tpmraMuwwfolwcsKdUrSmrl tpmraMurSmpdk;ojzifh
tm[m&jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udkyif vHkvHkavmufavmufrpm;Mu
awmhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,fBuD;udk xdcdkufatmif
vkyfaeMuum udk,fhudkudk,fysufpD;oGm;atmifvkyfrdrSmudk uREfkyfwdkY
pdk;&drfaeygonf/
MH, p. 321 (1905)
rdrdwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;onf ½dk;pif;í usef;rma&;twGuf
aumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; rdrdwdkYtm;xdcdkufrSmpdk;ojzifh
tNrJwappdwfaomua&mufaeolwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ ]oifpm;aom
tpmrsm;u oifhtm;'ku©ay;vdrfhr,fvdkYrxifygESifh? 'DtaMumif;
awGudkvHk;vHk;rawG;ygESifh} [k xdkolrsm;tm; uREfkyfajymyg&ap/
oif\taumif;qHk; qHk;jzwfcsuft±oHk;yg/ cEmudk,ftwGuf
cGeftm;jzpfap&ef xdktpmudkaumif;csD;ay;zdkY bk&m;ocifxHwGif
oifqkawmif;NyD;jzpf&m oif\qkawmif;oHudk bk&m;ocif
em;anmif;awmfrlrnfudk,HkMunfvsuf pdwfylyefrIr½SdygESifh/
MH, p. 306 (1905)
tvGefxdcdkufapEdkifonfhtjcm;trSm;wpfckrSm roifhavsmf
aomtcsdefrSm tpmpm;jcif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh um,
rsm;rsm;pm;jcif;onf rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ 0g;pm;zdkYvdkonfh
tpmtajcmufrsm;udkpm;jcif;onf rsm;pGmomíaumif;ygonf/
usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;onf aumif;csD;
r*Fvmwpfyg;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;aomenf;jzifh *½kwpdkufjyifqif
xm;onfh aygifrkefYñdkrsm;onf usef;rma&;twGuftaxmuf
tulûyonf/ aygifrkefYü tcsOf"mwfvHk;0ryg½Sdap&yg/ aoao
csmcsmusufatmifzkwf&ygrnf/ þenf;tm;jzifh El;nHhjcif;ESifh
rmwif;wif;jzpfjcif; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udka½Smif½Sm;Edkifvdrfhrnf/
aygifrkefYñdkrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfxm;onfh
oufowfvGwf[if;ESifha&mípm;jcif;onf aysmhtdaeonfh*sKH,m*k
rsm;xufydkítm[m&jzpfygonf/ usufatmifzkwfNyD; 2 &uf
(odkYr[kwf) 3 &ufMumrS toD;rsm;ESifha&mípm;oHk;jcif;onf
zkwfNyD;cgpaygifrkefYxufydkíaumif;ygonf/ xdkaygifrkefYudk
jznf;jznf;ESifhnufnuf0g;pm;rnfqdkvQif cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsuf
rsm;rSmjynfh0aeayvdrfhrnf/
R & H, May 8, 1883.
aygifrkefYtvHk;rsm;vkyf&ef a&oefYoefYESifh EGm;EdkY (odkYr[kwf)
rvdkiftenf;i,fudktoHk;ûyum *sKHrIefYudke,fyg/ xdkaemuf rkefYnuf
rsm;udktvHk;rsm;vHk;um tdkAifxJwGifxnfhízkwfyg/ csKdNrdefaom
t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk&ygvdrfhrnf/ oGm;twGuf
aomfvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; tusKd;
xl;rsm;&½SdapEdkif&ef xdkaygifrkefYrsm;udk nufnuf0g;pm;yg/
aumif;aomtaoG;tom;ESifhcGeftm;rsm;udk wdk;yGm;apygvdrfhrnf/
160 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 159
ocifxHrS&onfhES,f xdkynmudkvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrSom
&½SdEdkifygonf/
R & H, July 29, 1884.
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tpmrsKd;pHkudkrpm;ygESifh/ tpmoHk;rsKd;
av;rsKd;onfyifrsm;vSacsNyD/ aemufwpfBudrftpmpm;aomtcg
wGif tpmudktajymif;tvJvkyfum pm;oHk;Edkifygonf/ xrif;
csufonf [if;trsKd;rsKd;csufûywfum xrif;pm;yGJjyifwwfonfh
olr\wDxGifrItpGrf;rsm;udk toHk;csoifhygNyD/ tpmwpfrsKd;wnf;
udk xyfcgwvJ tpmtdrfxJodkYrxnfhoGif;oifhygacs/
2T, p. 63 (1868)
xrif;pm;onfhtcsdefwGif [if;trnfrsm;rsm;jyifqif
rpm;oHk;oifhouJhodkY xrif;pm;onfhtcgwdkif; [if;wpfrsKd;wnf;
jzifhvnf; rpm;oihfygacs/ tpmudk½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifpm;oHk;&rnf
rSmrSefaomfvnf; pm;oHk;rnfhtpmrsm;onf cHwGif;vdkufrnfh
tpmrsm;jzpf&rnf/
Letter, p. 73a (1896)
pm;p&mtrsKd;pHkjzifh tpmtdrfudkjynfhaprnfhtpm; wpfcg
pm;vQif tpm 2 rsKd; (odkYr[kwf) 3 rsKd;pm;jcif;onf tvGef
omíaumif;ygvdrfhrnf/
MS , p. 86 (1897)
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;
tm;jzifh udk,fhudkudk,fzsm;ematmifvkyfaeMuonf/ tpmrsKd;pHkudk
pm;aeonfhtwGuf tpmtdrfonf tcsOfaygufvmwwfygonf/
avhusifhcef;rsm;udk tjyif;txefvkyfNyD;onfhaemuf tvGeftrif;
armyef;EGrf;vsaeaomtcsdefwGif tpmpm;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ tpm
udkpm;NyD;onfESifhwpfûydifeuf tm½HkaMumqdkif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;onf
tjyif;txefvkyfaqmifvIyf½Sm;Mu&onf/ tpmrpm;rDESifh tpm
pm;NyD;cgptcsdef udk,fpdwfESpfyg;av;vHxdkif;rIdif;aepOfwGif tpm
aMucsufrIpepfonf [efYwm;jcif;cH&onf/ pdwfvIyf½Sm;jcif;?
pdwfaomua&mufjcif;ESifh ua&maomyg;jzpfaejcif;rsm;udk &ifqdkif
ae&olwpfOD;onf pdwfNidrfoufrIr&rcsif; tpmrpm;vQif ydkí
aumif;ygonf/
tpmtdrfonf OD;aESmufwGif eD;uyfpGmqufET,faeyg
onf/ tpmtdrfwGif tcufêuHvmaomtcsdefwGif tpmajconfh
t*Fgrsm;\tm;enf;rIudkulnDrp&ef tm½HkaMumpGrf;tm;rsm;odkY
OD;aESmufrSqifhac:vmygonf/ þqifhac:rIrsm;udk rMumcP
vkyfaqmifvm&onfESifhtrQ OD;aESmufonf xdkif;rIdif;vmyg
onf/ OD;aESmufonf tNrJwapav;vHxdkif;rIdif;aeaomtcg
udk,fum,vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;vnf; csKdUwJhvmygonf/ ½dk;pif;aom
tpmrsm;udkyif ûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;onfrSefOD;awmh udk,fum,
vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf enf;yg;vmygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmpm;csdefwGif
aomursm;udky,f½Sm;xm;yg/ tvsifpvdkrpm;oHk;ygESifh/ cHpm;&
aomaumif;csD;r*FvmtjzmjzmtwGuf bk&m;ocifudk aus;Zl;wif
aompdwfjzifh pdwfat;at;xm;um jznf;jznf;pm;oHk;yg/
Letter, p. 213 (1902)
tpyfwnfhatmif tpmudka&mpm;wwfonfhynmonf
wefzdk;BuD;vSygonf/ txufrSOmPfynmrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;
162 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 161
DF- 11
onf tcsnf;ESD;owday;aeMuonf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh
emrusef;rIrsm;jzpfvmum a&m*gb,rsm;onf rif;rlvmygonf/
GW, p. 174 (1892) (Old edition)
usef;rmjcif;csKdUwJh&jcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGifrwGifus,f
jcif;rsm;\taMumif;&if;rSm tpmraMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ tpmaMu
csufEdkifonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk wvGJtoHk;csaeaomtcsdefwGif
OD;aESmufonf taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtaetxm;wGif
r½SdEdkifygacs/ vltrsm;onf tpmrsKd;pHkudk wpfcsdefwnf;rSm
ua&maomyg;pm;wwfMu&m tpmtdrfwGif rNidrfroufjzpfum
tqHk;wGifOD;aESmufudkrMunfrvifjzpfapygonf/
MS, p. 3 (1897)
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;jcif;onfraumif;yg/
toD;ESifhaygifrkefYrsm;udk tjcm;rwnfhonfhtpmrsKd;pHkESifha&mí
pm;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfa&m*grsm;jzpfay:vm&ygonf/
MS, p. 93 (1901)
vltrsm;onf ua&maomyg;pm;wwfMuonf/ wcsKdU
olrsm;rSmrl rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udka&mum wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
pm;wwfMuonf/ tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufatmifvkyfaeaomtcsdefwGif
touf0dnmOfudkrnfrQxdcdkufaponfudkvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrf
udk'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfaeaomtcsdefwGif c&pfawmfudk rnfodkY
½Iwfcsaeonfudkvnf;aumif; vltaygif;wdkYowd&MuvQif
¤if;wdkYonf tpmtdrfudkusef;rmatmifûypk&ef owåd½SdvmMuvdrfh
rnf/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fvmMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xrif;
pm;yGJrSmxdkifaepOfrSmyif bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufí
xdktajctaersKd;aMumifh pdk;&drf&onfha&m*grsm;&vmum rMumcP
aojcif;ESifh&ifqdkif&wwfygonf/
Letter, p. 54 (1896)
tpm;tpmrsKd;pHkudk wpfcsdefwnf;wGifpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh
rESpfûrdUzG,f&mrsm;udkjzpfay:apNyD; tpmwpfrsKd;csif;pm;vQif
cE¨mudk,ftwGuf tusKd;½Sdaprnfht&mrsm;onfvnf; tpmrsm;
udka&mípm;vdkufjcif;aMumifh ysufpD;qHk;½IH;oGm;&wwfygonf/
þtusifhonf emrusef;rIudktNrJwrf;jzpfapvsuf rMumcP
aojcif;ESifh&ifqdkifapygonf/
Letter, p. 739 (1896)
oif\tvkyfonf xdkifívkyf&aomtvkyfjzpfvQif um,
avhusifhcef;rsm;udk aeYwdkif;vkyfyg/ xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; ½dk;pif;
aomtpm 2 rsKd;? 3 rsKd;xufrydkygapESifh/
7T, p. 257 (1902)
rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udka&mípm;rdjcif;aMumifh usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufapum tpmtdrftcsOfaygufjcif;? aoG;roefY½Sif;jcif;
ESifh OD;aESmufrMunfvifjcif;rsm;udkjzpfay:apygonf/
tpm;MuL;aomtusifhESifh wpfcgpm;wdkif; tpmrsKd;pHk
pm;jcif;wdkYaMumifh tpmraMuonfha&m*gudkjzpfapygonf/
þenf;tm;jzifh El;nHhaomtpmcsuft*Fgrsm;udk xdcdkufysufpD;
apygonf/ tpmtdrfudktcsnf;ESD;'ku©a&mufapí OD;aESmufudk
tvkyfrsm;apygonf/ tvGeftuRHpm;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) rwnfh
aomtpmrsm;udka&mípm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh tpmaMucsufrIudk
txdemapygonf/ usKd;aMumif;rqDavsmfonfh edrdwfjyjcif;rsm;
164 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 163
uRJNrD;wdkaewwfMuonf/ tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYtMum;wGif
at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfvdkvQif usef;rmaomtpmtdrfudkydkifqdkifcGifh
&atmifvkyf&ef ta&;ygvSygonf/
toD;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;
MH, p. 299-300 (1905)
wpfcsdefwnf;wpfxdkifwnf;wGif trsKd;pHkaomtpmrsm;udk
rpm;oHk;oifhacs/ taMumif;rSm þt&monf tpm;MuL;jcif;udk
jzpfap½Hkomru tpmraMuonfha&m*gudkvnf;jzpfapEdkifygonf/
tpmpm;aomtcsdefwGif opfoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Guf
rsm;udk a&mípm;jcif;onfraumif;yg/ tpmaMucsufrItm;csKdUwJh
vQif xdkt&mESpfckudk a&mípm;vdkufjcif;aMumifh pdwfusa&m*g
udkjzpfapvsuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk tm;enf;ap
ygonf/ opfoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk oD;jcm;cGJí
pm;vQif ydkíaumif;ygonf/
reufpm? aeYv,fpmESifh npmrsm;onf rxyfoifhygacs/
tpm;tpmwpfrsKd;wnf;udk aeYpOfrpm;oHk;oifhacs/ tpm;tpm
rxyfrSom pm;aomtcgwGifNrdef,SufNyD; cE¨mudk,ftwGufvnf;
ydkítm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkygvdrfhrnf/
tcsKdyGJrsm;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;
Letter, p. 142 (1900)
ylwif;? yspfcsKd&nfrsm;? udwfrkefYcsKdrsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Guf
rsm;udkwpfcsdefwnf;rSmpm;rdvQif tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapygonf/
pm;aomufjcif;tm;jzifh aq;zufqdkif&momoemtrIawmfudk
aqmif½GufEdkifMuygonf/
MS, p. 41 (1908)
tpmcsufonfhudk,ft*Fg&yfrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYapmifha½Smufum
tpmrsKd;pHkudk tpmtdrfxJodkYrxnfhMu&efjzpfonf/ wpfxdkifwnf;
ESifhtpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;avh½Sdolrsm;onf udk,fhudkudk,f'ku©a&mufatmif
vkyfaeolrsm;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYa½SUwGifcsxm;onfhtpmrsm;onf
t&omaumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfjcif;xuf uREkfyfwdkYESifhwnfhaom
tpmrsm;jzpfzdkY ydkíta&;BuD;onf/ txJwGif rnfodkYjzpfysuf
aeonfudkzGifhMunfh&ef wHcg;aygufrsm; tpmtdrfür½Sdav&m?
uREfkyfwdkYonf usKd;aMumif;qifjcifum tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;Mu&
rnf/ oifonf tpmpm;NyD;onfhtcsdef rtDromcHpm;vm&vQif
trsKd;pHkaomtpmrsm;udk wpfxdkifwnf;wGif oifpm;rdaomaMumifh
cHpm;&aomtusKd;qufjzpfEdkifygonf/
aysmf½Tifom,maomtoufwmjzifh vIyf½Sm;oGm;vmEdkif&ef
tpmcsufonfhudk,ft*Fgrsm;onf ta&;ygvSygonf/ rnfonfh
t&mudk tpmtjzpfpm;oHk;&rnfudk a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifonfhtodOmPf
rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;xm;awmfrl
ygonf/ rnfonfhtpmonf uREfkyfwdkYESifhwnfhí rnfonfhtpm
onf uREfkyfwdkYudk'ku© ay;rnfqdkonfhtcsufudk todOmPf½Sdaom
vlom;rsm;jzpfonfh uREfkyfwdkYonf ravhvmMuawmhbl;vm;/
tcsOfaygufaeaomtpmtdrfudkydkifqdkifxm;olrsm;ü rMunfvif
rcsKdomaomoabmxm;rsm;½SdwwfMuonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYonf
¤if;wdkYESifh qefYusifaeoa,mifjzpfum pdwfwdkaewwfMuonf/
166 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 165
(CTBH, p. 57) CH, p. 154 (1890)
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf
aumif;onf[kxifum EGm;EdkYudk oMum;rsm;rsm;ESifhaygufí
oHk;aqmifwwfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;a&mí
aomufoHk;jcif;onf tpmtdrfxJütcsOfaygufapum usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufapygonf/
Letter, p. 72 (1896)
i½kwfaumif;rIefYESifhtcsKdyGJrsm;udk pm;yGJay:wGifjyifqifjcif;
enf;avav? usef;rma&;twGuf ydkíaumif;avavjzpfygonf/
a&m,Suf½IyfaxG;aomtpmrsm;onf vl\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf
apygonf/ todOmPfuif;rJhaomwd&pämefrsm;yifvQif vlom;
rsm;pm;aeonfh xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQrpm;
yg/ qef;Mu,fí ½Iyf½IyfaxG;axG;a&m,Sufxm;onfhtpmrsm;
onf usef;rma&;udkysufjym;apygonf/
ÀÀÀ
Letter, p. 312 (1908)
oif\tdrfwGif tpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;tvkyfudk taumif;
qHk;ulnDay;EdkifonfhtpDtpOfrsm;xm;½SdzdkYvdktyfonf/ yk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;onf ntcsdefrsm;wGifzsm;wwf&m tawGUtêuH½Sdaom
orm;awmfwpfOD;u ]cifAsm;pm;wJhtpmawGudk uRefawmfowd
xm;rdw,f/ xrif;pm;wJhtcgwdkif;rSm cifAsm;pm;wmtrsKd;pHk
vGef;w,f/ opfoD;awGudk [if;oD;[if;½GufeJYa&mpm;awmh
tpmtdrftcsOfaygufwmaygh/ aoG;vnf;roefYawmhbl;aygh/
'ghtjyif tpmraMuawmh pdwfvnf;rMunfawmhbl;aygh} [k
oifhtm;ajymjycJhygonf/ udk,fcEm½Sdt*Fgtpdwftydkif;toD;toD;udk
ta&;w,lxm;&rnfqdkonfhtcsufudk oifem;vnfoifhygonf/
tpmudka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;&mwGif aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfrItay:wGif
tajcûyum qifjcifoHk;oyf&ygrnf/
EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;
MH, p. 302 (1905)
tpm;tpmrsm;wGif omreftm;jzifh oMum;txnfhrsm;
avh½Sdonf/ udwfrkefYrsm;? ylwif;rsm;? axmywfrkefY? *s,fvD
,dkbl;rsm;onf tpmraMua&m*g\taMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpf
onf/ txl;ojzifh EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh Orsm;udk t"duxm;um
a&mpyfûyvkyfxm;onf/ ylwif;? MuufOEdkYaygif;rsm;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ EdkYESifhoMum;udk twdkif;tqrJh
a&mípm;oHk;jcif;udka½SmifMuOfoifhygonf/
168 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 167
vufOD;ordkif;q&mjzpfaomarma½Sonf urÇmh&mZ0if\
acwfOD;wGif touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuaom vlom;rsm;\toufwm
taMumif;udk wdus½Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJh&m arG;&mygrsufpdrjrif
aomuav;? arG;&mygqGHUtem;rMum;aom? ½l;ESrf;ESrf;jzpfaom
uav;i,frsm;taMumif;azmfjyxm;onfhrSwfwrf;wpfckwav
udkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrawGU&acs/ EdkYpdkYoli,fb0? uav;b0ESifh
q,fausmfouft½G,faoqHk;aomrSwfwrf;rsm;udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkY
rawGUMu&yg/ urÇmOD;usrf;wGifawGU&aomema&;aMumfjimrSm
]]tm'Honf toufESpfaygif;udk;&mhoHk;q,faphaomfaoav\/}}
]]a½Soonf toufESpfaygif;udk;&mhwpfq,fhESpfESpfaphaomfaoav
\}} ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/ ¤if;jyif ]]tmjA[Honf touf
BuD;&ihfí tdkrif;jcif;? aeY&ufumvjynfhpHkjcif;ESifhwuG---touf
csKyfítedpöa&muf\}} [lívnf; tjcm;olrsm;\ema&;aMumfjim
rsm;udkawGU&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif ]]cg&efonf tbaw&raorD
---aoav\}} [laom zcifraoqHk;rD aoqHk;cJh&aom
om;orD;rsm;\rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmrl ½Sm;yg;vSygonf/ tm'HrSaem{
txd vlom;rsKd;pkrsm;\oufwrf;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ESpfaygif;
wpfaxmifeD;yg;½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif vlYoufwrf;rsm;onf
xdktcsdefrSpí wjznf;jznf;csif;wdkawmif;vmcJhygonf/
c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmpOftcsdefwGif vltdkrsm;
omru vlysKdvl½G,frsm;yifvQif aq;ukorIcH&ef u,fwif½Sif
xHodkY ac:aqmifjcif;cH&onftxd vlom;rsKd;EG,fpk\tajctae
onf qdk;½Gm;vmcJhygonf/ vltrsm;onf razmfjyEdkifavmuf
tcef;BuD; (6)
a&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom
tpm;rSm;? taomufrSm;jcif;rsm;
(CTBH, pp. 7-11) CH, pp. 19-23 (1890)
vlonfpHkvifí vSywifhw,faomyHkpHjzifh zefqif;½Sif\
vufawmfrSay:xGufvmcJhygonf/ aeYpOfESifhtrQ wdk;yGm;aeaom
a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh &mZ0wfrIrsm;Mum;wGif ESpfaygif; 6000
vHk;vHk;qufvufwnf½SdaeEdkifjcif;rSm olYtm;oGef;avmif;
ay;oem;awmfrlcJhonfh cHEdkif&nf½SdrItwGuf xl;jcm;aomom"u
wpfckjzpfonf/ urÇmBuD;tm; a&rvTrf;rdk;rDu vlom;rsm;onf
tcsKyftwnf;uif;rJhpGm tjypfrsm;udkusL;vGefcJhMuaomfvnf;
obm0w&m;csKd;azgufjcif;udk todw&m;jzifhrcHpm;&rD ESpfaygif;
2000 ausmfMumjrifhcJhygonf/ tu,fíom tm'Honf ,aeY
acwfvlom;rsm;xuf omíBuD;rm;aomum,tpGrf;rsm;udk
rlvuwnf;urydkifqdkifxm;cJhvQif vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkonf xdkumv
rwdkifrDuwnf;u ysufokOf;cJhayvdrfhrnf/
urÇmBuD;wGif tjypfw&m;0ifcJhonfhtcsdefrSpí wpfacwf
NyD;wpfacwf vlom;rsm;\oabmxm;rsm;onf pOfqufrjywf
ao;odrfESdrfhusvmcJhygonf/ a&m*gb,rsm;udk rdbrsm;rS
om;orD;rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? rsKd;qufwpfckrSwpfckodkYvnf;
aumif; vufqifhurf;cJhMuygonf/ ykcufwGif;rS EdkYpdkYoli,f
rsm;yifvQif rdbrsm;\tjypfaMumifh jzpfay:onfha&m*grsm;udk
cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/
169 170 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudkxif½Sm;apMuavmh/}} vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\
tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udk rvdkvm;tyfaomudpörsm;twGuf toHk;cs
vQifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\todOmPfrsm;udkxdkif;rIdif;aponfh
vrf;pOfrsm;udk vdkufemusifhMuHaevQifvnf;aumif; xdkolwdkYonf
bk&m;ocifudkjypfrSm;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udk,fawmf½Sif
ydkifoonfh udk,fcEmESifhpdwf0dnmOftm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocif\
bkef;wefcdk;udk rxif½Sm;apatmif rvkyfaqmifMuyg/
vlom;rsm;u xdkuJhodkYudk,fawmftm;apmfum;aeonfh
Mum;rS xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;tm; arwåm
xm;qJjzpfawmfrlonf/ ¤if;jyif pHkvifaomtoufwmjzifh
touf½SifaexdkifEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;wdkYtm;pdk;rdk;xm;onfh
obm0w&m;rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkifMu&rnfhtaMumif; awGUjrif
EdkifMu&ef ¤if;wdkYtay:ü tvif;w&m;udkxGef;vif;apawmfrlyg
onf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk
xif½Sm;ap&ef tpGrf;owådrsm;udktoHk;ûyum xdktvif;w&m;
twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif&efrSm tvGefta&;BuD;vSygwum;/
ajzmifhrwfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? pm&dwåjzLpifjcif;udkvnf;
aumif;? txl;ojzifh aus;Zl;awmfBuD;xGm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
qefYusifaeaomurÇmBuD;wpfckwGif uREfkyfwdkYa&muf½SdaeMuyg
onf/ rnfonfhae&mudkMunfhMunfh npfnrf;rIrsm;? pm&dwå
ysufjym;rIrsm;? csKdU,Gif;ysufpD;rIrsm;ESifh tjypfusL;vGefjcif;rsm;udk
awGUjrifae&ygonf/ xm0&toufudkr&,lrDuav;wGif NyD;pD;
pGmvkyfaqmifMu&rnfhtrIawmfBuD;udk vltm;vHk;qefYusifaeMu
atmif jyif;xefonfha&m*grsm;udkcHpm;vsuf tvkyfvkyfudkifae
Mu&ygonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkudk xdkuJhodkYaom
rESpfûrdUzG,ftajctaersKd;jzifh zefqif;xm;onfr[kwfaomfvnf;
a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh taoapmjcif;rsm;tm; vlom;rsm;twGuf
vsmxm;awmfrlxm;onfht&muJhodkYrSwf,l&onftxd ½kyfydkif;
qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;onf vTrf;rdk;aeygonf/
þtajctaersKd;udk bk&m;ocifjyifqifawmfrljcif;r[kwfbJ
vlom;rsm;\vkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpf\/ bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkcsKd;azgufonfhtusifhqdk;rsm;aMumifh þtajctaeudk
a&mufvmjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ obm0w&m;udk pOfqufrjywf
csKd;azgufjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfudk pOfqufrjywf
usL;vGefaejcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fíom vlom;rsm;onf ynwf
awmfygpnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;touf½Sifum ynwfawmfq,fyg;
udkapmifha½SmufcJhMurnfqdkvQif ,ckwGif urÇmBuD;tm;vTrf;rdk;
aeonfha&m*gb,qdkif&musdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf wnf½SdcJhvdrfh
rnfr[kwfacs/
]]oifwdkYudk,fcEmonf bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlaom?
0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom oifwdkYtxJüudef;0yfí oefY½Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\AdrmefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYudk rdrdwdkY
rydkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; rodMuoavm/ oifwdkYonf tzdk;
ESifh0,fawmfrlaomoljzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlaom
oifwdk Y\udk,fcE¨mESif hpdwf0dnmOftm;jzif h bk&m;ocif\
172 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 171
yHkoP²mefudkraqmifMuESifh/ aumif;jrwfaomt&m? ESpfoufzG,f
aomt&m? pHkvifaomt&mwnf;[laom bk&m;ociftvdk½Sd
aomt&monf tb,ft&mjzpfonfudk odEdkifrnftaMumif;?
pdwfESvHk;udktopfjyifqifí yHkoP²mefajymif;vJjcif;odkYa&mufMu
avmh}} [k rdefYqdkxm;ygonf/
3T, pp. 140-141 (1872)
,ckacwfvlom;rsKd;quf\ xl;jcm;onfhyHktoGif
vu©Pmudkxif½Sm;ap½Hkomru toufwmESifhusef;rma&;qdkif&m
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY*½krxm;aMumif; xif½Sm;aponfhed,mr
onf xl;qef;pGmaysmufysufaeonfrSm tHhMop&maumif;vSyg
onf/ ¤if;wdkYywfvnfwGif tvif;w&m;xGef;vif;aeaomfvnf;
þtaMumif;t&mudkrod½Sdolrsm;jym;aeygonf/ vltrsm;pku
t"duylyefaeaomt&mrSm tb,fuJhodkY pm;&? aomuf&?
0wf&rnfenf;qdkonfht&myifjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcE¨mudk
rnfuJhodkYumuG,fapmifha½Smuf&rnfqdkonfhtcsufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í
a&;om;zGifhqdkxm;aomt&mrsm;teuf cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf
trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYtm; rsm;aomtm;jzifh pdk;rdk;
xm;onfhr[mpnf;rsOf;Oya'yifjzpfygonf/
usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufavQmufjcif;
r½Sd½Hkomru yk*¾vduwm0efwpf&yftjzpf rrSwf,lMuaomaMumifh
vlom;rsm;\udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mwefcdk;rsm;onf tm;enf;
aeygonf/ rdbrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhqdk;rsm;udk
om;orD;rsm;xHü tarGcsefxm;cJhMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh pufqkyf
½GHU½SmzG,faumif;onhfa&m*grsm;onf aoG;rsm;udknpfnrf;apvsuf
ygwum;/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\a½G;cs,fxm;onfhom;orD;rsm;
onf aemufqHk;aomþaeY&ufrsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ywf0ef;usifü
jzpfay:aeonfhxdkraumif;rIrsm;tv,fwGif npfnrf;rIuif;pif
pGmjzifh &yfwnfMu&ygrnf/ xdkolrsm;\cEmudk,fESifh pdwf0dnmOf
ESpfckpvHk;onf oefY½Sif;pifMu,f&ygrnf/ þtrIawmfudkNyD;pD;
pGmvkyfaqmif&rnfqdkvQif ,ckyifem;vnfrI½Sd½Sd? pdwftm;xufoef
pGmjzifh wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf
onf xdkvkyfaqmifrItoD;oD;udkvrf;jyum vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;
xdef;csKyfoifhygonf/
vlom;rsm;onf 0dnmOfawmfudef;atmif;&mAdrmefawmf
udk npfnrf;apcJhMuNyD;jzpf&m jyefvnfEdk;xum bk&m;ocifay;
,cifvlom;tajctaeudkjyefvnf&,lEdkif&ef? tpGrf;ukefwdkufyGJ
0ifoGm;Mu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifqifhqdkawmfrlaeygonf/ xm0&
bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfrSwpfyg; tjcm;rnfonfht&murQ
vlwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk oabmaygufajymif;vJapEdkifawmfrrlyg/
"avhxHk;pHrsm;\uRefb0a&mufaeolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtm;
csnfaESmifxm;onfhoHajccsif;rsm;udk csKd;zsufEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;udk
udk,fawmf½SifxHrSom&½SdEdkifMuygrnf/ vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;ESifhwuG udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtpGrf;owådrsm;udk
ysufjym;aprnfhtusifhqdk;rsm;udkvdkufpm;aepOf rdrd\udk,fcEmudk
touf½Sifaom,Zf? oefY½Sif;í ESpfoufzG,faom,Zftjzpf
bk&m;ociftm; tyfESH&efrSm jzpfEdkifonfht&mwpfckr[kwf
ygacs/ xdkaMumihf wrefawmfBuD;u ]]oifwdkYonf avmu
174 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 173
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQonf;cHvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
tqHk;wGif udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udkxdcdkufaprnfh
'PfcwfrIrsm;xGufay:vmygonf/ xdkay;qyfrIrsm;onf tjypf
usL;vGefolomcHpm;&onfr[kwfbJ om;pOfajr;qufrsm;üyif
xdkqdk;usKd;rsm;udkawGUjrif&um xdkraumif;rIudk rsKd;qufwpfckrS
wpfckodkYvufqifhurf;wwfygonf/
,aeYvli,frsm;onf tem*wfvlYtodkuft0ef;twGuf
aocsmaomrmwdumwpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYtm;
Munfhum tem*wftwGuf rnfonfht&mudkarQmfvifhEdkifygrnf
enf;/ vltrsm;pkonf taysmftyg;udkjrwfEdk;Muum tvkyfvkyf
&efrvdkvm;Muacs/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,f&efESifh wm0efausyGef
atmifxrf;aqmif&ef pdwf"mwfwefcdk;rsm; ¤if;wdkYüavsmhyg;ae
ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYü udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyfEdkifonfhwefcdk;rsm;r½SdMubJ
tao;tzGJudpörsm;twGufyif pdwfvIyf½Sm;jcif;? pdwfwdkjcif;rsm;
jzpfaeMuygonf/ acwftqufquftoufwmtoD;oD;wdkYjzifh
touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuolrsm;pGmwdkYonf pnf;urf;rJhpGmqifjcif
oHk;oyfrIuif;pGmjzifh touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
ysif;&daomtoufwm? toHk;zGmaomtoufwmrsm;aMumifh
raumif;rIom;aumifrsm;jzpfvmMu&m urÇmBuD;tm; 'kwd,aom'Hk
jzpfvmonfhtajctxd vlUtodkuft0ef;BuD;udk ysuf,Gif;apcJh
Muygonf/ tu,fíom cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;
udk usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIESifh bmoma&;cH,lcsufrsm;tm;jzifh
xdef;csKyfcJhMurnfqdkvQif ,aeYvlYtodkuft0ef;BuD;onf jcm;em;
OD;aESmufrsm;udk tm;ukefapygonf/ vltrsm;pkonf udk,fcE¨m
usef;rmrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkrodMuao;bJ todOmPfESifh
pdwf"mwfrsm;udktysufjym;cHum cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®uf
rsm;udkjznfhqnf;aeMuonf/ ¤if;jyif xdkolrsm;onf obm0
w&m;udkcsKd;azgufrIrsm;\&v'frsm;taMumif;udk odvdkpdwfr½Sd
onfhyHkvnf;ay:vGifoa,mifjzpfaeygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf
aoG;udknpfnrf;apNyD; tm½HkaMumtpGrf;rsm;udk jznf;jznf;csif;
ysufpD;oGm;aponfhjyif zsm;emaoaMurIudk tusKd;quftaejzifh
jzpfyGm;aponfhcHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;aeMuyg
onf/ þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;\&v'fudk ]bk&m;ocif\ûyjyif
awmfrljcif;} jzpfonf[k ¤if;wdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;u uifyGef;wyf
Muygonf/ olwdkYonf þenf;tm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocifudk
apmfum;aeMuonf/ obm0w&m;udkqefYusifvkyfaqmifMuojzifh
obm0w&m;\jypf'PfpD&ifrIudk olwdkYcHpm;aeMu&onf/ a&m*g
rsm;ESifh aoaMuysufpD;rIrsm;onf ae&mwumwGifrif;rlaeyg
onf/ txl;ojzifh uav;rsm;tay:wGifrif;rlaeygonf/ ,ck
acwfvlom;rsKd;qufrsm;onf ueOD;ESpfaygif; 2000 tcsdefwGif
touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuolrsm;ESifh tvGefYtvGefuGmjcm;vSygwum;/
cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaomvlrIa&;&v'frsm;
(CTBH, p. 44-45) CH, p. 112 (1890)
obm0ADZonf toufwmpnf;rsOf;udk csKd;azgufrI
toD;oD;tm; zGifh[uefYuGufvdrfhrnf/ olronf rw&m;
176 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 175
xm0&bk&m;ocifjzpfonf[k}} rdrdvkyfay;awmfrlonfhu@ESifh
¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhu@rsm;udk rdk;wdrfxufrSaeí £oa&v
rsm;tm; c&pfawmfrdefYqdkcJhygonf/ toufwmusifhpOfrsm;ESifh
ywfoufí wdusaomñTefMum;csufrsm;udk xdkuJhodkYay;awmfrlcJh&m
xdkñTefMum;csufudkvdkufemaomtcsdefwGif uwdawmfonf
jynfhpHkcJhum ]]olwdkYtpkpkü tm;enf;olwpfa,mufrQr½Sd/}}
þoifcef;pmrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtwGufvnf; wefzdk;
½SdvSygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdef;odrf;vdkolrsm; apmifhxdef;&rnfh
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;½Sdygonf/ þt&mrsm;onf rnfonfhawmif;qdk
csufrsm;jzpfonfudk tm;vHk;avhusufoifhygonf/ 0dnmOfa&;
ESifh obm0qdkif&mynwfw&m;tvHk;pHkudkrod½SdbJ touf½Sif
aexdkifaeonfudk xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrrlyg/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\usef;rmaysmf½TifrIudk jyefvnf&½Sdatmif
bk&m;ocifESifhtwl vkyfaqmifaeMuolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
udk,fwdkifzefwD;onfhemrusef;rIrsm;
H to L, ch. 3, p. 49 (1866)
vlom;rdom;pkrsm;onf rdrdwdkYusifhoHk;aeonfhtusifhqdk;
rsm;aMumifh a&m*g&aeMuonf/ usef;rmatmifaexdkifonfh
enf;rsm;udkvnf; ravhvmMu&m usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azgufjcif;\rESpfûrdUzG,f&mtusKd;qufrsm;udk olwdkYcHpm;ae&
ygonf/ rdrdwdkY\rSm;,Gif;aomtoufwmyHkpHaMumifh a&m*g
rsm;udkcHpm;ae&onf[k olwdkY0efcHcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf cHwGif;
aomtajctaeudkazmfjyaeygvdrfhrnf/ ,aeYwGifawGUjrifae&
aomurÇmBuD;\tajctaeudk bk&m;ocifpDpOfzefwD;xm;jcif;
r[kwfbJ obm0w&m;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vm
onfht&momjzpfonf/
DA, p. 824 (1898)
aq;ukorIudkcH,laeaoma&m*gonfrsm;udk c&pfawmf
zGifhqdkawmfrlonfrSm ]]omíqdk;aomab;ESifhuif;vGwfrnf
taMumif; aemufwpfzefraumif;rIudkrûyESifh}} [líjzpf\/ a&m*g
b,qdkonfrSm obm0ESifh 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&m bk&m;ocif\
ynwfrsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;\&v'fjzpfaMumif; þodkYtm;jzifh
c&pfawmfoGefoifawmfrlcJhonf/ zefqif;½Sif\tMuHpnfawmf
twdkif;om vlom;rsm;touf½SifaexdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif ,aeY
urÇmwGifjrifawGUae&aomr[mtedXm½Hkrsm;onf wnf½Sdaevdrfh
rnfr[kwfacs/
c&pfawmfonf a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;\vrf;jyjzpfovdk
q&morm;vnf;jzpfcJh&m bk&m;ocif\ynwfrsm;udk em;axmif
vdkufavQmufjcif;\&v'fonf usef;rma&;jzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkY
tm; udk,fawmfoGefoifawmfrlcJhonf/ ]]oifwdkYonf oifwdkY\
bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;ocif\pum;udk aphaphem;axmifí
ESpfoufawmfrlaomtusifhudkusifhvQifvnf;aumif;? ynwfw&m;
\tvdkodk Yvdkufí pD&ifawmfrlcsufwdk Yudkapmifha½SmufvQif
vnf;aumif; igonf tJ*kwåKvlwdkYü pGJapaoma&m*gwpfpHk
wpfckudkrQ oifwdkYürpGJap/ igonf oifwdkY\a&m*gudkNidrf;apaom
178 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 177
DF- 12
ocif\vufcsuftjzpf trsm;pkurSwf,laeMuonf/ obm0
w&m;rsm;udk qefYusifcsKd;azgufrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaoma&m*g
b,rsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifüwm0efr½Sdygacs/
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhpGm pm;aomufjcif;rsm;onf zsm;em
jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfwwfygonf/ obm0w&m;\tvdkvm;
qHk;aomt&mrSm rvdkvm;tyfaom0efrsm;udk olrxHrSz,f½Sm;
ay;&efjzpfygonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;aMumifhzsm;emjcif;
MH, p. 227 (1905)
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf udk,fhudkudk,ftvdkvdkufrIaMumifh a&m*g
&aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf obm0w&m;ESifhvnf;aumif;?
pifMu,fjcif;pnf;rsOf;ESifhvnf;aumif; nDnGwfatmifraexdkif
cJhMuyg/ pm;usifh? aomufusifh? 0wfusifh? vkyfusifhrsm;wGif
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; olwdkYrusifhaqmifcJhMuyg/
Y.I, May 31, 1894.
tvkyfêud;pm;jcif;ESifh pmMunfhrsm;jcif;aMumifh pdwfarm
vlarmjzpf&onfxuf usef;rmjcif;pnf;urf;rsm;udkazgufNyD;
tpm;rrSef? tcsdefrrSefjcif;aMumif; pdwfarmvlarmjzpfjcif;u
ydkíjyif;xefygonf/ pmêud;pm;jcif;onf pdwfwefcdk;usqif;&
jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;r[kwfbJ rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udk
pm;jcif;? pm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomfvnf; pm;csdefrrSef
jcif;? um,avhusifhcef;rsm;rvkyfjcif;wdkYonf pdwfwefcdk;usjcif;\
udkyxrOD;pm;ay;ae&mwGifxm;um csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhpGm
pm;aomufcJhMuygonf/ olwdkYonf toufwmusef;rma&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í qifjcifrIr½SdaMumif; rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkpHrsm;wGif
azmfjyaeMuaomfvnf; a&m*g&vmaomtcg rdrdwdkY\rSm;,Gif;
aomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;udk
bk&m;ocif\vufcsufjzpfonf[k ,HkMunfwwfMuygonf/
MH, pp. 234-235 (1905)
taMumif;&if;wpfpHkwpfckr½SdbJ a&m*grjzpfvmwwfyg
acs/ usef;rmjcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk *½krxm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g
&zdkYenf;vrf;rsm;udkjyifqifum a&m*grsm;udkzdwfac:aeMuygonf/
vltrsm;rSmrl rdbrsm;xHrS qdk;arGrsm;udkcHpm;ae&ygonf/ rdb
rsm;vkyfcJhonfhtrSm;rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkYüwm0efr½SdonfrSm
rSefaomfvnf; rnfonfha&m*gonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azgufjcif;aMumifh&½SdcJhjcif;[kwfr[kwfudk aocsmatmifpdppfzdkY
¤if;wdkYüwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ xdkYtjyif ¤if;wdkYonf omí
aumif;rGefaomtoufwmyHkpHjzifh aexkdifjcif;tm;jzifh rdbrsm;\
tusifhqdk;rsm;udka½Smif½Sm;oifhMuygonf/
rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl vlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY
udk,fwdkifusifhaqmifaeaomtusifhqdk;rsm;aMumifh a&m*g&ae
jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkolwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\pm;aomuf? 0wfqif?
vkyfudkifrItusifhp½dkufrsm;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azgufaeMu&m tusKd;quftm;jzifh a&m*gb,rsm;udk cHpm;
aeMu&onf/ odkYwdkifatmif xdka&m*grsm;\Zmpfjrpfudk bk&m;
180 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 179
apygonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh cHwGif;onf ydkít&omjyif;xef
onfhtpmrsm;udk tqufrjywfawmifhwvmonf/ tm;<uap
onfhtpmrsm;udk pm;vdkpdwfydkrdkjyif;xefrsm;jym;vmonfESifhtrQ
[efYwm;&ef ydkícufcJvmygonf/ tpmaMucsufonfhpepfrsm;
wGifvnf; tenf;ESifhtrsm;tqdyfoifhae&m pGrf;tm;rsm;usqif;
vmonfESifhtrQ xdktpmrsm;udkpm;vdkpdwfrsm;ydkíjyif;xefvmyg
onf/ rSm;,Gif;aomOD;wnfcsufudk wpfvSrf;avQmufrdonfESifh
aemufxyfwpfvSrf;avQmufzdkYrcufawmhacs/ t&ufaopmrsm;udk
¤if;wdkY\pm;yGJay:wGif vltrsm;wifrxm;Muaomfvnf; t&uf
aopmrsm;udkaomufpm;vdkpdwfjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\
pm;yGJudkjyifxm;Muygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifh? aomufusifh
rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru t&ufaopm
aomufpm;jcif;twGufvnf; vrf;zGifhay;wwfygonf/
tpmrSm;jcif;aMumifh&onfhtonf;a&m*g
2T, pp. 67-70 (1868)
vGefcJhaomOykofaeYu uREfkyfpum;ajymaepOf oifwdkY\
jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfaeaomrsufESmrsm;onf uREfkyfa½SUrSmxif½Sm;pGm
ay:vmygonf/ oifwdkY\usef;rma&;tajctaeESifh ESpf½Snf
vrsm;oifwdkYcHpm;ae&aoma0'emrsm;udk uREfkyfjrifawGUae&yg
onf/ oifonf usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkatmifraexdkifcJhonfudk
vnf; uREfkyftm; pu©Ktm½HkwGifjycJhygonf/ oif\cHwGif;
awmifhwrIonf usef;rma&;ESif hrudkufnDcJ h&m oifonf
taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ tpm;rrSefjcif;ESifh ttdyfrrSef
jcif;onf OD;aESmufpGrf;tm;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;apygonf/
6T, pp. 372-373 (1900)
vltrsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufrdjcif;aMumifh
a&m*g&aeMuouJhodkY aoyGJvnf;0ifaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh tpmraMuonfha&m*g
rsm;&um pm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;Edkifrnfhwefcdk;
rsm;udk zsufqD;aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh emwm½Snfa&m*grsm;udk
&um rMumcPaoyGJ0ifaeMuygonf/ todynmydkrdk<u,f0
oifholrsm;\ udk,fhaowGif;udk,fwl;aeaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;
aMumifh cE¨mudk,f½SdEl;nHhaomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf tiftm;
ukefcef;oGm;Muygonf/
toif;awmfrsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;tvif;w&m;rsm;
tay: opöm½SdoifhMuygonf/ toif;om;wdkif;onf rSm;,Gif;
aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIrsm;udkypfy,fEdkif&ef ynmowd½Sd½Sdjzifh
vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/
t&uform;b0odkYa&mufaponfhenf;rsm;
MH, p. 334 (1905)
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;onf tdrfaxmifrsm;rStpysKd;
wwfygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;
jcif;aMumifh tpmaMuaponfht*Fg&yfrsm;udktm;enf;apum
tm;<urIudkydkrdkjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;udk pm;vdkpdwfrsm;jzpfay:vm
182 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 181
taejzifh oifhtwGufvkyfray;Edkifaomt&mudk oifvkyfEdkifpGrf;
½Sdygonf/ pnf;urf;wuspm;oHk;yg/ oifonf cHwGif;awmifhw
rIudkjznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm usef;rma&;twGuftaxmuf
tulrûyonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm tqrwef
pm;oHk;rdjcif;aMumifh tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
rMumcPoif'ku©ay;wwfygonf/ þodkYaomvkyfaqmifrI
rsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf tm;enf;vmum aumif;aomtpm
rsm;udkyif vufrcHEdkifygawmhacs/ rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udk
pOfqufrjywfpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh oif\tpmtdrfonf tNrJwrf;
tm;tifqkwf,kwfaeygonf/ oifpm;aomtpmonf tqDttdrfh
rsm;vGef;onf/ oifonf cHwGif;t&om½SdrIudkomOD;pm;ay;ae
aomtcg tpmtdrftwGufroifhavsmfaom qef;jym;onfhenf;
rsm;jzifh tpmrsm;udkjyifqifoHk;aqmifaeygonf/ obm0onf
0efydae&m olrtm; 'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfaqmifaerIrsm;tm;
wGef;vSef&ef êud;pm;aeygonf/ xdkêud;pm;rIaMumifh csrf;pdrfhpdrfh
jzpfjcif;? zsm;emjcif;rsm;udk cHpm;vm&ygonf/ obm0w&m;
udkcsKd;azgufrItwGuf ay;qyfaeonfhjypf'Pfrsm;udk oifcHae&
jcif;jzpfonf/ jypf'PfpD&ifrIwnf;[laom a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk
rcHpm;&bJ Oya'csKd;azgufrIudk rjzpfEdkifonfhpepfxJwGif pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifwnfaxmifawmfrlcJhygonf/ oifonf
usef;rma&;*½krxm;bJ cHwGif;udkOD;pm;ay;cJhonf/ oifonf
tpm;taomufbufwGif ajymif;vJrItenf;i,fudkûyvkyfcJhonfrSm
rSefaomfvnf; xdkt&monf vkyfaqmifoifhonfht&mrsm;\
tpmtdrfudktxdcdkufcHum cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufcJhonf/
oifonf taoG;tom;rjzpfEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udkpm;cJhonf/
xdktpmrsm;aMumifh tonf;onf 0efav;vmum tckduftwefY
tm;jzifh tpmajconfht*Fgrsm;onfvnf; yHkrSeftvkyfrvkyfMu
awmhacs/ xdkaMumifh oifwdkYütonf;a&m*grsm;pGJuyfvmygonf/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdwdusus
vdkufavQmufcJhMuvQif oifwdkYtm;vHk;wGif tusKd;ygvdrfhrnf/
odkYaomf oifwdkYysufuGufcJhMuacsNyD/ oifawmifhwaomtpm
rsm;onfvnf; tedXm½HkoufoufomjzpfaeacsNyD/ *sKHrIefY? opfoD;?
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;jzifhûyvkyfxm;onfh [if;cwftarT;têudif
uif;aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;ESifh oifrwif;wdrfaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif
wnfaxmifxm;onfh usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk pOfquf
rjywfoifcsKd;azgufaeygwum;/ Oya'csKd;azgufrIwdkif;ü jypf'Pf
pD&ifrItoD;oD;½Sd&m xdkjypf'PfpD&ifrIudk oifcH&ayawmhrnf/
odkYwdkifatmif usef;rma&;raumif;&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udk
oifpOf;pm;aeao;ygonf/ oifudk,fwdkifvkyfaqmifrIrsm;\
qdk;usKd;rsm;rSu,fwif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf edrdwfvu©Pm
wpfckrQjyawmfrrlrnfrSmaocsmvSygonf/
tqDttdrfhrsm;ESifhzsm;emjcif;
oifêudufovdkpm;aomufaejcif;aMumifh avmavmq,f
cHpm;ae&aoma&m*grsm;udk oufomaprnfha&m*gukxHk;r½Sdao;
yg/ okdY&mwGif tawGUtêuH&ifhusufaomorm;awmfBuD;rsm;
184 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 183
aumif;aomtpm\wefzdk;
rw&m;vkyfjcif;udk obm0u olrcHEdkif&nf½Sdoavmuf
wGef;vSefwHkYjyefrIrûybJ cHavh½Sdygonf/ xdkaemufrSom olr
cHpm;ae&aom0efxkyf0efydk;ESifh rw&m;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk rdrdxHrS
z,f½Sm;ypf&ef olrtBuD;tus,fêud;pm;vkyfaqmifavh½Sdonf/
xdktcgwGif acgif;udkufjcif;? csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfjcif;? zsm;emjcif;?
tm½HkaMumqdkif&ma0'emrsm;cHpm;&jcif;? oGufcsmyg'jzpfjcif;ESifh
tjcm;a0'emrsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/ tpm;rSm;? taomufrSm;
jcif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru toufwm\
om,mrIrsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;aponf/ oifonf usef;rma&;udk
txdcdkufcHvsuf? ttdyfysuf? tpm;ysufcHvsuf tpmaumif;yg[k
oifuifyGef;wyfxm;onfhxdktpmrsm;udk b,fESpfBudrf&,lzl;NyD
enf;/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufonfhtpmuav;wpfcktwGuf ttdyf
tpm;ysufcHum oif'ku©cHae&ygwum;/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlwdk Yonf olwdk Ybmom
aumif;w,f[kajymonfh roifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udkpm;um
zsm;emaeMuonfh emwm½Snfa&m*grsm;cHpm;ae&onf/ wcsKdU
aoyGJ0ifaeMuonf/ xdkt&monf aps;BuD;BuD;ay;í0,fcJh&aom
cHpm;rIwpfckjzpfcJhonf/ odkYapumrl vltrsm;onf þt&mudk
vkyfaqmifcJhMuNyD; udk,fhudkudk,fowfcJhonfh xdkvlowform;
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh w&m;a[mq&mrsm;u csD;rGrf;
pum;zGifhqdkum aoqHk;onfhtcsdefrSmyif aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkY
wdkuf½dkufydkYaqmifay;aeMuygonf/ pOf;pm;MunfhMuygOD;/
yxrajcvSrf;omjzpfygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfwdkYtm;
awmif;qdkaeonfrSm cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&ef
jzpfonf/ ]]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomf
vnf;aumif;? rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\
bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh/}}
xm0&bk&m;ocifudktjypfwifjcif;
uREfkyfESifh&if;ESD;orQrdom;pkrsm;wGif usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrI\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk&½SdcHpm;zdkY oifwdkYrdom;pkavmuf
tjcm;rnfonfhrdom;pkrSrvdktyfacs/ oifonf rdrdudk,fwdkif
taMumif;&if;udka0cGJr&onfhemusifrIrsm;? tm;tifcsnfheJYrIrsm;udk
cHpm;ae&onf/ bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmftwdkif; rdrdcHpm;
ae&onf[k xifjrif,lqvsuf t½IH;ay;zdkYoifêud;pm;aeyg
onf/ avmavmq,fusef;rma&;csKdUwJhonfh tajctaetxd
oifavQmufvSrf;cJhonfhajcvSrf;rsm;udkjrifEdkif&ef oifhrsufvHk;udk
zGifhNyD;MunfhEdkifcJhrnfqdkvQif taetxm;trSefudk ,cifurjrif
wwfonfh oif\OmPfenf;yg;rIudk oiftHhtm;oifhpGmawGU&
vdrfhrnf/ oifonf rdrdESifhrwnfhaomtpmrsm;udk zefwD;cJhonf
omru tu,fíom trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif;oifrpm;oHk;rdcJh
bl;qdkvQif oifpm;rnfhtpmrsm;rS okcwpf0ufudkyif oif&½Sd
cJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif oifonf obm0ESifhqefYusif
aoGznfcJhojzifh tusKd;quftaejzifh a&m*grsm;udk&½Sdum
emusifrIa0'emudkcHpm;ae&ygonf/
186 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 185
vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ roifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;aomuf
jcif;aMumifh tpmraMuonfha&m*gonfrsm;½Sdaeaomae&mwGif
tpmtdrftwGuf 0efjzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udkz,f½Sm;vsuf usef½Sd
aeao;onfh cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk *½kwpdkufqufvuf
xdef;odrf;oifhMuygonf/ xdcdkufysufpD;oGm;onfhtpmtdrfonf
tcsdefMumjrifhpGmtxdemcJhvQif e*dktajctaeodkYjyefvnfa&muf½Sd
EdkifzdkY&efcufaomfvnf; rSefuefpGmpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh qufí
tiftm;rukefcef;oGm;atmif umuG,fEdkifonfhjyif tenf;ESifh
trsm;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmwwfygonf/ a&m*gtoD;oD;wdkY
twGuf wdusaomaq;ñTef;rsm;udkay;&ef rvG,fulaomfvnf;
pm;aomufjcif;twGuf rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udktm½Hkxm;
vsuf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/ ¤if;jyif
xrif;csufrsm;onfvnf; cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjzm;a,mif;&ef
pdkufvdkufrwfwwftyifyef;cHp&mrvdkygacs/
tpm;tpmûcd;jcHjcif;onf pdwfwefcdk;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;
rsm;udkwdk;wufaumif;rGefapygonf/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyf
jcif;udkvnf; taxmuftulûyygonf/
MH, p. 295 (1905)
cE¨mudk,fwnfaqmufrIudk taxmuftulûyonfhtpm;
tpmrsm;udka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ xdkodkYa½G;cs,f&mwGif
cHwGif;vdkufrIwpfckwnf;ESifhrvHkavmufygacs/ rSm;,Gif;aom
pm;aomufrIrsm;aMumifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf vrf;vGJvmNyD;
jzpfwwfonf/ tm;jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;tpm; tiftm;ukefcef;NyD;
tpm;MuL;olrsm; aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY0ifpm;aeMuonf[kqdkae
Muygvm;? r[kwfEdkifyg/ xdkolrsKd;onf bk&m;ocif\a½TEdkifiH
\ykvJwHcg;rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ0ifcGifh&Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum tepfem
cHonfhtoufwmydkif½Sifjzpfaom u&meDukef;xufwGiftaocH
cJhol u,fwif½Sifbk&m;ocif\vuf,mawmfbufwGif rnfonfh
tcgrQaexdkifcGifh&Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif xm0&tarG
awmfwnf;[laom omíaumif;aomtoufwmudk rQa0cHpm;
cGifhr&EdkifMuonfh rxdkufwefolrsm;xJrS xdkolrsm;twGuf
owfrSwfxm;onfhae&mwpfck½Sdygonf/
Letter 274, 1908.
vltrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\jyuawhtajctaeudk rSm;,Gif;
aomtpmrsm;tm;jzifh zsufqD;aeMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYvufcH
usifhoHk;aeonfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf tem*wftoufwm\
pm&dwårsm;udkwnfaqmuf&mwGif taxmuftulûyaeaomaMumifh
tpm;tpmjyifqifenf;rsm;udkavhvmzdkYvdktyfouJhodkY usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk *½kwpdkufavhusufzdkYvdktyfvSyg
onf/ tpmtdrfudkrrSefrueftoHk;ûyjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;\0dnmOf
a&;tawGUtêuHudkzsufqD;ypf&ef vlwpfa,muftwGuf rcufcJ
vSygacs/
MH, p. 308 (1905)
tm[m&bufwGif rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhoHk;aeaomae&mrsm;
wGif ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aESmifhaES;jcif;r½SdbJ
188 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 187
aeMuygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tiftm;,kwfavsmhum EGrf;vs
csnfheJYNyD; taoapm&jcif;\r[mtaMumif;&if;rSm cHwGif;
awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufjznfhqnf;jcif;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfü
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfEdkifonfhwefcdk;½SdaMumif; oefY½Sif;
aompdwfESvHk;udkydkifqdkif&ef êud;pm;aeoltoD;oD;onf pdwfxJ
wGifrSwfom;xm;apvdkygonf/
ÀÀÀ
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsKd;udkom rMumcPawmifhw
wwfMuygonf/ vlYtodkuft0ef;tusifh"avhrsm;uvnf;
uREfkyfwdkYtm; vHkûcHpGmvrf;rjyEdkifMuyg/ ae&mtESHYwGifjzpfyGm;
aeaoma&m*gb,rsm;onf tpmtm[m&ESifhpyfvsOf;í a&yef;
pm;onfhtrSm;rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/
9T, p. 160 (1909)
uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmpGmtouf½Sifaexdkifjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;
onfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tod0ifvmaomtcsdefa&mufrSom rSm;,Gif;
aomtm[m&rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:onfhraumif;rIrsm;udk jynfhjynfh00
jrifawGUvmEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ rdrdwdkY\trSm;rsm;udkawGUjrifum
toufwmyHkpHajymif;&ef owdå½Sdolrsm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
tqifhqifhü ½kef;uefrIrsm;? ZGJvHkYvrsm;vdktyfaMumif; awGUjrif
vmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf rSefuefpGmpm;aomuf
vmwwfaomtcsdefwGif tEÅ&m,fr½Sd[k ,cifuxifcJhonfh
tpm;tpmrsm;u tpmraMua&m*gESifh tjcm;aoma&m*grsm;udk
¤if;wdkYüjznf;jznf;csif;jzpfyGm;apcJhonfudk odjrifvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
9T, p. 156 (1909)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\om;orD;rsm; tNrJwap
wdk;wufaeapcsifawmfrlonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;
onf pdwfwefcdk;wdk;wufrIESifh 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&moefY½Sif;jcif;
rsm;udk tBuD;tus,ft[efYtwm;ûyaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYavhusuf
zdkYvdktyfygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJrItaMumif; zGifh[
vkyfaqmifaeoltrsm;wdkYonf rrSefruef? rqifrjcifpm;aomuf
190 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 189
vltaygif;wdkYonf cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;jzifh &if;ESD;Mu
rnfqdkvQif þuJhodkYaomtrSm;rsm;udk usL;vGefcJhMuvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ xdkodkYr[kwfvQif olwdkYonf udk,fhudkudk,faoap
aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifum taoapmap&ef
twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? vltm;vHk;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;
wpfcktjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm'ku©ay;zdkY touf½Sif&eftwGufaomf
vnf;aumif; udk,f\qE´udktvdkvdkufum touf½Sifaexdkif
cJhMuvdrfhrnf/
(CTBH, p. 51) CH, p. 119 (1890)
tm[m&ESifhjynhfpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udkyif tvGefYtuRH
pm;oHk;&ef jzpfEdkifacs½Sdwwfygonf/ raumif;aomtpmrsm;udk
a½SmifMuOfxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh aumif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk
êudufoavmufpm;Edkifonf[k r,lqoifhyg/ aumif;aomtpm
jzpfonfjzpfap? rjzpfonfjzpfap? tpm;MuL;jcif;onf vIyf½Sm;
touf½Sifaeaom,EÅ&m;BuD;udkydwfqdkYrIrsm;ûyum ¤if;\
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk taESmifht,Sufûywwfygonf/
Signs, Sept. 1, 1887.
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;jzpfapOD;awmh? tpm;MuL;
jcif;onf cE¨mudk,fudkxdcdkufysufpD;ap½Hkomru pdwfwefcdk;ESifh
udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udkyg tnGefYwHk;oGm;apygonf/
Letter 73a, 1896.
vlom;rsKd;EG,fpktm;vHk;eD;yg;onf cE¨mudk,fuvdktyf
onfxuf ydkípm;aeMuygonf/ xdkydkvQHtpmrsm;onf aqG;ajrh
tcef;BuD; (7)
tpm;MuL;jcif;
Letter 17, 1895.
tpmtdrfxJodkY tpmrsm;udktvGeftuRHxnfhjcif;onf
vltrsm;usL;vGefaeaomtjypfwpfckjzpfaeygonf/ tpmudkrsm;rsm;
pm;rdaomtcsdefwGif tpmaMucsufjcif;pepfwpfckvHk;wGif 0efyd
vmygonf/ toufESifhcGeftm;rsm;onf wdk;yGm;ae&rnfhtpm;
wdkawmif;qkwf,kwfvmygonf/ þodkYvkyfaqmifapvdkonfrSm
pmwef\tMuHtpnfjzpfygonf/ vlom;rsm;onf ydkvQHtpm
rsm;udk acszsufjcif;wnf;[laom rvdkvm;tyfonfhtydktvkyf
rsm;wGif rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;udkukefcef;apvsuf½SdMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf tpmudktvGeftuRHpm;jcif;tm;jzifh obm0
\vdktyfcsufrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;onfhaumif;csD;
r*Fvmrsm;udk r>cif;rcsefûzef;wD;aeMuonfomru udk,fcE¨m
usef;rma&;udkvnf;xdcd kufatmifvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\Adrmefawmfudknpfnrf;atmif
vkyfaqmifaeMu&m xdkcEmudk,fAdrmefBuD;onf tm;enf;ysuf,Gif;
vmygonf/ obm0onfvnf; bk&m;ocifjyifqifay;xm;
awmfrlonfhtwdkif; aumif;rGefpGmtvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ vlom;
rsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk twåqefqefjznfhqnf;cJhaom
aMumifh obm0wefcdk;rsm;udk twdkif;xuftvGeftvkyfvkyfap
cJhMuygonf/
191 192 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
4T, p. 96 (1876)
jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyfjcif;udk eD;pyfpGmtoHk;ûyaejcif;onf
vli,frsm;\BuD;xGm;rIudkxdcdkufapygonf/ odkY&mwGif vlaygif;
rsm;pGmwdkYonf tvGeftuRHtvkyfvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\cEmudk,f
zGJUpnf;rIudk ûydysufapvsuf½Sdaomae&mwGif tvkyfrvkyfbJ ysif;&d
pGmaejcif;ESifh tpm;MuL;jcif;rsm;onf tvsiftjrefaocsmayguf
ysuf,Gif;oGm;zdkYOD;wnfaeonfh vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkY\
cE¨mudk,fü a&m*gydk;rsm;udkysKd;ay;aeMuygonf/
4T, pp. 454-455 (1880)
tcsKdUolrsm;wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;
rûyawmhbJ usef;rma&;udktxdcdkufcHum pm;aomufaeMuyg
onf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\OD;aESmufrsm;onf rIdif;a0aeum
tawG;tac:rrSefawmhacs/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum tpm;
taomufûcd;jcHcJhvQif ¤if;wdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfht&mrsm;udk NyD;ajrmuf
atmif ¤if;wdkYrvkyfEdkifMuawmhacs/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;
rI½SdcJhvQif bk&m;ocif\trIawmfü ay;qyftoHk;ûyoGm;Edkifonfh
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;rsm;udk þvkyfaqmifcsufu bk&m;
ocifxHrSvk,laeygonf/
½Sifaygvkonf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;
wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ]]olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif½HI;aomolrjzpf
&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\}} [k olajymcJhonf/
bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;apEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ½SdorQtpGrf;
owådrsm;udk cGeftm;tjynfh½Sdaeatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufzdkY
oGm;NyD; tykyftodk;rsm;tjzpfodkYajymif;oGm;ygonf/ aumif;aom
tpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; vdkonfxufydkípm;rdvQif xdktydkrsm;onf
0efxkyf0efydk;wpfckozG,fjzpfvmygonf/ tpmtdrfonf xdkydkvQH
tpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef tvkyfydkvkyf&ygonf/ xdktvkyfudkydkvkyf
&aomaMumifh armyef;EGrf;vsaoma0'emrsm;udkjzpfay:apygonf/
þodkYaomcHpm;csufudk 'All-gone feeling hunger' [k tqufrjywf
pm;avh½Sdaomxdkolrsm;uuifyGef;wyfNyD; tpmcsufonfht*Fgrsm;\
tvkyfydkvkyf&onfhtajctaeaMumifh xdkcHpm;csufjzpfay:vm&jcif;
jzpfygonf/
6T, p. 343 (1900)
{nfhonfrsm;udk yyvTm;vTm;{nfhcHvdkaomqErsm;aMumifh
rvdkvm;tyfaomaomursm;ESifh 0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;jzpfvmygonf/
[if;vsmrsKd;pHkudk jyifqifcsufûywf&ojzifh tdrf½Sifronf tvkyf
ydkívkyfvm&ygonf/ [if;vsmrsKd;pHkaomaMumifh {nfhonfrsm;
onf tpm;MuL;rdMuygonf/ xdktvkyfMuL;jcif;ESifh tpm;MuL;
jcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom&v'frSm a&m*gb,rsm;jzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkYaompm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;onf 0efxkyf0efydk;wpfck
jzpfonfhjyif xdcdkufepfemrIwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/
Health Reform, June, 1878.
tirf;r±aompm;aomufyGJrsm;ESifh roifhavsmfaom
tcsdefrsm;wGif tpmpm;jcif;rsm;onf tpmaMucsufonfhpepfrS
tarG;rSifuav;rsm;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru xdktpm;taomuf
aMumifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&müvnf; tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufysufpD;apyg
onf/
194 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 193
DF- 13
bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]aumif;uifbHkü½Sdawmfrlaom
crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifonf pHkvifawmfrlaomaMumifh oifwdkY
onfvnf; pHkvifjcif;½SdMuavmh}} [líjzpf\/ bk&m;ocifonf
rdrd\tief;twmtwdkif; pHkvifouJhodkY uREfkyfwdkYonf vlom;
tief;twmtavQmufpHkvif&ef þwGif udk,fawmf½SifrdefYrSmae
jcif;jzpfonf/
MH, pp. 306-307 (1905)
tom;ESifhwuG usef;rma&;xdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk
rpm;aomolrsm;pGmwdkYonf tm[m&jynfh0onfhtpmrsm;udk tcsKyf
twnf;rJhpm;Edkifonf[kxifum tvGeftMuL;pm;aeMuojzifh
rMumcPtpm;MuL;olrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ xdkxifjrif
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf rSm;ygonf/ aumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfvifh
upm; tvGeftMuL;pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;
udkxdcdkufatmif rvkyfoifhMuacs/
tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;yGJay:wGiftm;vHk;csíjyifqifrxm;bJ
wpfrsKd;NyD;rSwpfrsKd;csauR;onfh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/
xdk,Ofaus;rIt& aemufvmrnfhtpmudk aumif;raumif;rod
Edkifojzifh a&mufvmaomtpmudk rdrdESifhtoifhavsmfqHk;r[kwf
onfwdkif 0atmifpm;wwfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif aemufqHk;rS
a&mufvmaomtcsKdyGJ rdrdtwGufaumif;aomtpmtjzpf,lqum
pm;oHk;rdaomtcg pm;oifhonfhtwdkif;twmxufrsm;oGm;wwf
ygonf/ tu,fíom auR;zdkYjyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;tm;vHk;
udk pm;yGJay:wGifcsíjyifqifxm;cJhvQif taumif;qHk;tpmudk
a½G;ípm;zdkYtcGifh&cJhMuygvdrfhrnf/
olüwm0ef½Sdaeonf[k ½SifaygvkcH,lxm;ygonf/ ½Sifaygvk
yifvQif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhoGm;rnfhtEÅ&m,f½SdaevQif uREfkyfwdkYü
ydkíBuD;rm;aomtEÅ&m,f½Sdaeygonf/ taMumif;rSm udk,fawmf½Sif
ydkifawmfrlonfh uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\
bkef;wefcdk;udk rjzpfraexif½Sm;ap&rnf[k ½Sifaygvkem;vnf
oabmaygufovdk uREfkyfwdkYoabmraygufMujcif;aMumifhjzpf
onf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;onf þacwfumv\jypfrIwpfckjzpfonf/
tpm;MuL;jcif;onf t&ufaopmaomufjcif;uJhodkYyif
tqifhwltjypfwpfckjzpfaMumif; EIwfxGufpum;uzGifhqdkxm;yg
onf/ þtjypfrsKd;onf xm0&bk&m;ocif\a½SUawmfwGif
pufqkyf½GHU½SmzG,faumif;vS&m cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkrcsKyfwnf;
Edkifaomuav;wpfOD;tm; ¤if;êudufaomtpmudk t0tNyJ
pm;apum ¤if;tm; rdbrsm;udk,fwdkif £oa&vtkyfcsKyfolrsm;
a½SUodkYac:vmNyD; cJESifhaygufowfoifhonf[k arma½Stm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlcJ hygonf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;udk
arQmfvifhjcif;uif;rJhaomtajctaewpfcktjzpf rSwf,lcJhygonf/
xdkolonf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf tusKd;rûyEdkifonfhtjyif udk,fudk
wdkiftwGufvnf; usdefjcif;tr*Fvmjzpfaeygonf/ olYudk
rnfonfhudpötwGufrS tm;udk;&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ ol\MoZm
vTrf;rdk;rIonf tjcm;olrsm;udk npfnrf;apEdkifonfjzpf&m
xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsKd;r½SdvQif urÇmBuD;onf ydkíom,mygvdrfh
rnf/ xdkuJhodkYtpm;MuL;olrsm;onf rnfonfhvlrsKd;jzpfjzpf?
rnfrQynmwwfwwf? c&pf,mefwpfa,mufr[kwfacs/ c&pfawmf
196 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 195
tpm; aemufxyftpmrsm;udkyif xyfípm;um tpmtdrfudk
jznfhay;aeMuygonf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh tpmtdrfonf
tm;enf;oGm;um aumif;pGmtvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;enf;oGm;&jcif;taMumif;&if;
CTBH, p. 154 (1890)
uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk
vufcHxm;Muaomfvnf; tpm;MuL;aeMuygonf/ cHwGif;
awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;tifukefcef;
oGm;&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfNyD; ae&mwumwGifawGUae&aom
csnfheJYjcif;\tajccHtaMumif;vnf;jzpfygonf/
2T, pp. 362-365 (1870)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm;taomuftm;vHk;udk a½SmifMuOfcJhNyD;jzpf
aomfvnf; tm[m&jzpfaomtpmrsm;udk udk,fêudufoavmuf
pm;EdkifcGifh½Sdonf[k txif½SdaeMuygonf/ olwdkYonf xrif;
pm;yGJwGifxdkifaomtcg rnfonfhtwdkif;tqtxdpm;oifhonf[k
qifjcifoHk;oyfNyD;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufum
tvGeftuRHpm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/ odkYjzifh tpmrsm;jzifhtjynfh
xnfhjcif;cH&aomtpmtdrfonf wpfaeYvHk;jynfhu,faeygawmh
onf/ pm;orQtpmrsm;xJrS aoG;om;rjzpfapEdkifawmhonfh
tpmydkrsm;onf tpmajcpepftwGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;wpfckjzpfyg
onf/ cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;udkvnf; taESmifht,Sufûyygonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif tpm;MuL;jcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk csufcsif;
cHpm;&wwfygonf/ tcsKdUa&m*gcHpm;rIrsm;wGif emusifrIr½Sd
aomfvnf; tpmcsufonfht*Fgrsm;ü ¤if;wdkY\cGeftm;rsm;
qHk;½IH;&½Hkomru udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;\tajccHtkwfjrpfudk xdcdkuf
ysufpD;apygonf/
vdkonfxufydkípm;xm;aomtpmrsm;onf tpmcsuf
onfhpepfudk 0efav;ap½Hkomru zsm;emrIrsm;udkvnf;jzpfyGm;ap
ygonf/ xdktpmydkrsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf aoG;twdkif;tq
rsm;pGmvdktyfvmum ajcvuft*Fgrsm;ESifh ajczsm;vufzsm;rsm;udk
csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfapygonf/ xdktpmydkrsm;aMumifh tpmcsuft*Fgrsm;
onf jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyfMu&&m ¤if;wdkYtm; tpmcsufNyD;
onfhtcsdefwGif vlonf EkH;csnfhoGm;ygawmhonf/ tNrJwrf;
tpm;MuL;wwfolrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYjzpfysufrIudk 'All gone feel-
ing hungry' [k uifyGef;wyfwwfMuaomfvnf; xdkcHpm;rIonf
tpmcsuft*Fg&yfrsm; tvkyfydkívkyfaqmif&aomaMumifh jzpfay:
vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif pdwfvufrtDromjzpfum
OD;aESmufonfvnf; xHkxdkif;aewwfygonf/
xdkuJhodkYrvdkvm;tyfaoma&m*gvu©Pmrsm;udkcHpm;&
jcif;rSm t*Fg&yfrsm;\tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udk oHk;oifhonfxuf
ydkítoHk;ûyojzifh armyef;EGrf;vsoGm;onfhoabmyifjzpfonf/
]uRefawmhfudktem;ay;ygawmh} [k tpmtdrfuzGifhqdkaeaomfvnf;
xdkarmyef;EGrf;vsrIudk tpmqmavmifjcif;udkcHpm;ae&jcif;jzpf
onf[k vltrsm;teufzGifhqdkum tpmtdrfudktem;ay;&rnfh
198 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 197
odkYapumrl ]]igbmudkpm;pm;? bmudkaomufaomuf?
rif;tvkyfr[kwfygbl;}} [k oifajymaumif;ajymygvdrfhrnf/
a&m*gonfwpfOD;teD;tem;wGif½SdaeolwpfpHkwpfa,mufonf
xdka&m*gonfESifhtwl 'ku©rsm;udkrQa0cHpm;&wwfygovm;/
rdwfaqG? ¤if;wdkYudkpdwfqdk;aprnfht&mwpfckckudkvkyfMunhfyg/
olwdkYpdwfqdk;MurnfrSm "r®wmyifjzpfygonf/ olwdkYpdwfqdk;Mu
ouJhodkY olwdkY\om;orD;rsm;vnf; pdwfqdk;vmMuvdrfhrnf/
rdom;pktcsif;csif; u½kPmrzufawmhbJ pum;udk½dkif;½dkif;pdkif;pdkif;
atmfBuD;[pfus,fajymvmMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYtay:usa&muf
vmonfha0'emonf ywf0ef;usif½Sdvlom;rsm;tay:odkYul;puf
oGm;um xdkraumif;aomt&m\tusKd;qufrsm;udk rQa0cHpm;
vmMu&ygonf/ t&dyfrnf;BuD;wpfckudk olwdkYxdk;xm;acsNyD/
xdkodkYqdkvQif oif\pm;usifhaomufusihfrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;
tay:odkYrul;pufbl;vm;/ aocsmayguful;pufrnfjzpfonf/
xdkaMumifh bk&m;ocifESifhwuG vlom;tcsif;csif;tay:wGifûy&rnfh
0wfrsm;udk wm0efausyGefEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm rdrdudk,fudktaumif;qHk;
usef;rma&;tajctaewGif½Sdaeatmif oif*½kxm;oifhygonf/
odk Yaomf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;
udk,fwdkifu twdkif;tqrJhpm;aomufaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmtm[m&rsm;udk oifhwifh
avsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;oifhMuygonf/
MS 93, 1901.
uREfkyfwdkYonf a,bk,stm;jzifh tvGeftuRHpm;aeMu
aMumif; uREfkyfwdkYtxJrStrsm;pkonf tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh
tqdkYtydwftwm;tqD;rsm;½Sdvmojzifh tpmajcpepfonfvnf;
yHkrSeftvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ ta&;ygaomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
rvdktyfbJtvkyfrsm;aponfhjyif tpmajcpepftwGuf xdcdkuf
aponfh xdktpmydkrsm;udkacszsuf&mwGif tpmajconfht*Fgrsm;udk
ulnD&ef tpmtdrfrS OD;aESmufausmqdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;udk qifhqdk
wwfygonf/
tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh rnfonfhMoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;
udk tpmtdrfüjzpfapoenf;/ tpmtdrfonf tm;tifqkwf,kwf
oGm;um tpmcsuft*Fgrsm;onf csnfheJYoGm;ygonf/ tusKd;quf
taejzifh a&m*gb,rsKd;pHkcHpm;vm&wwfygonf/ tu,fí
a&m*g½Sdxm;ESifholrsm;tpm;MuL;cJhygvQif ½Sdxm;ESifhaoma&m*g
rsm;onf ydkrdkqdk;½Gm;vmum tiftm;rsm;aeYpOfqkwf,kwfvm
ygonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonf pm;oHk;rdonfhtpmrsm;udk
acszsuf&ef cGeftm;rsm;udkrvdktyfbJ toHk;ûycJhMuygonf/ tvGef
qdk;½Gm;onfhtajctaeodkYa&muf½SdoGm;awmhrnfjzpfygwum;/
uREfkyfwdkYonf tpmraMuonfha&m*gudkcHpm;zl;Muojzifh
oabmaygufygonf/ rdom;pkxJrSm þa&m*grsKd;cHpm;ae&ol
½Sdav&m xdka&m*g\aMumufp&mhtajctaeudk uREfkyfwdkYodxm;
ygonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tpmraMua&m*gonf
wpfOD;jzpfvmvQif xdkolonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;wGif 'ku©
onfwpfOD;jzpfvmygonf/ xdkaMumifh vlpdwf½SdaomrdwfaqG
rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;ESifhtwl udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\'ku©udkcHpm;vm
&ygonf/
200 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 199
em;axmifaeMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf rsufpdtpHkudkrzGifhEdkif
awmh½Hkomru a[maeonfhw&m;awmfudkvnf; rMum;Edkif?
rodEdkifMuawmhacs/ xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;onf bk&m;ocif
tm; bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;apvsuf½Sdonf[k oifxifygovm;/
xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifudk toa&,kwfapvsuf½SdMuygonf/
tpmraMuonfha&m*gonfjzpfvm&jcif;rSmvnf; xdkenf;ESifESif
yifjzpfonf/ tpmudktcsdefrSefrSefpm;oHk;&rnfhtpm; cHwGif;tvdk
udkvdkufum reufpm? aeYv,fpmESifh npmrsm;tMum; oa&pm
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;wwfMuygonf/ tu,fí xdkolonf
txdkiform;rsm;jzpfcJhvQif tpmaMupepfudktaxmuftulûyrnfh
avhaumif;avoefYudk ¤if;wdkYr&½SdEdkifMuawmhacs/ vHkavmuf
aomum,avhusifhcef;rsm;udkvnf; olvkyfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
MH, p. 307 (1905)
uREfkyfwdkYonf OykofawmfaeYtwGuf tpm;tpmrsm;udk
jyifqif&mwGif tjcm;aeYrsm;wGifjyifqifonfhtpmrsm;xuf ydkí
trnfrrsm;oifhacs/ 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udk pdwfMunfMunf
vifvifjzifh qifjcifoHk;oyfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;
udkjyifqifum tjcm;aeYrsm;xuf avsmhípm;oifhygonf/
AdkufMuyfvmvQif OD;aESmufxdkif;rIdif;vmwwfonf/ pdwfESvHk;
xdkif;rIdif;aevQif trSefw&m;rsm;udk Mum;omMum;Edkifrnfjzpf
aomfvnf; tav;xm;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ vltrsm;onf Oykof
aeYwGif tpm;MuL;jcif;tm;jzifh rGefjrwfaomtcGifhxl;rsm;udk &,l
cHpm;&eftwGuf rdrdwdkYxifonfxufydkí rxdkufwefolrsm;jzpf
aeMuygonf/
rtDromjzpfum zsm;emjcif;tusKd;qufudkcHpm;aeMu&aMumif;
xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlonf/ xdk'ku©udk
xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfwdkYüpD&ifawmfrljcif;r[kwfbJ uREfkyfwdkY
bmomuREfkyfwdkYzefwD;cJhMujcif;omjzpfygonf/ a&m*ga0'emrsm;
onf tjypfusL;vGefjcif;\qdk;usKd;jzpfonfudk ¤if;wdkYod½Sd
em;vnf&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlygonf/
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tpmudkua&maomyg;pm;wwfMuovdk
wcsKdUrSmrl rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udka&mípm;aeMuonf/ tpmtdrf
udkxdcdkufatmifvkyfjcif;onf 0dnmOftoufwmudkxdcdkufap
aMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrfudkrw&m;toHk;ûyjcif;onf
c&pfawmfudktBuD;tus,ftoa&rJhaponfudkvnf;aumif;
vltaygif;wdkYod½Sdem;vnfMuvQif tpmtdrfudkusef;rmvef;qef;
ap&eftwGuf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;&ef owåd½SdvmMuygvdrhfrnf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;ap&ef tpm;
taomuftm;jzifh xrif;pm;yGJwGifxdkif&if; aq;zufqdkif&m
c&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/
bk&m;ausmif;wGiftdyfidkufjcif;
2T, p. 374 (1870)
uREfkyfwdkYonf tpm;tpmudkoifhwifhavsmufywfpGm
rpm;oHk;aomtcsdefwGif rdrd\udk,fcE¨mudktjypfûyaeMuygonf/
tpm;tdk;rsm;onf OykofawmfaeYü bk&m;ausmif;xJwGifxdkifum
EIwfxGufpum;a[mMum;aeonfudk xdkifvsuf? idkufvsuf
202 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 201
txdkifrsm;aomtrIaqmifrsm;twGuftMuHay;csuf
MH, pp. 308-310 (1905)
tpm;MuL;jcif;onf txl;ojzifhaES;auG;av;vHpGm
oGm;vmaexdkifonfhyifudk,fp½dkuf½Sdolrsm;udk xdcdkufepfemaponf/
xdkolrsm;onf tpmudkavsmhpm;um um,avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
ydkívkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ vltaygif;wdkYonf arG;&mygtpGrf;
owådrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaeaomfjim;vnf; cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjiif;qef
&ef pdwfrxdef;EdkifvQif ¤if;wdkYatmifjrifoifhonfhtwdkif;twm\
wpf0ufudkyif atmifjrifEdkifjcif;r½Sdygacs/
pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh pma[mq&mrsm;onf þtcsufwGif
csKdU,Gif;aeMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tm;&yg;±NyD;onfESifh
wpfûydifeuf pm;yGJwGifxdkifum qufNyD;zwfjcif;? a&;jcif;? avhvm
jcif;rsm;udkûyvkyfwwfMuonf/ tanmif;ajytnmajyvIyf½Sm;
zdkYyif tcsdefray;Muawmhacs/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh
¤if;wdkY\tawG;tqrsm;ESifh tajymtqdkrsm;onf oGufvuf
csufcsmrIr½SdawmhbJ olwpfyg;oabmaygufem;vnfatmif
ra&;Edkif? rajymEdkifMuawmhacs/ þodkYtm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf atmifjrifrIESifhuif;vmygawmhonf/
ta&;ygaomwm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmif&ef wm0ef½Sdaeol
rsm;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;wGif wm0ef,lapmifha½Smuf&olrsm;onf
xdk;xGif;od½SdrIxufjrufolrsm;jzpfoifhygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf
tjcm;olrsm;xuf tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sdoifhyg
onf/ tqDttdrfhESifhjynfhpHkaom t"durusonfhtpmrsm;udk
¤if;wdkY\pm;yGJay:wGif jyifqifrxm;oifhygacs/
arhwwfjcif;\taMumif;&if;
Letter 17, 1895.
cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh
taMumif;t&mudk oifhtwGuf uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocif
tvif;ay;awmfrlonf/ oifonf tpm;t&mwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;
uif;rJhaeonf/ vdktyfonfxuf ESpfqrsm;aomtpmrsm;udk
rMumcPoifpm;aeonf/ xdktpmrsm;ykyfodk;vmonfESifhtrQ
oiftouf½ª&mwGif tcuftcJawGUvmNyD; ESmap;acsmif;qdk;jcif;
ydkíjyif;xefvmygonf/ oif\tpmtdrfonfvnf; tvkyfydk
rsm;vkyfaqmifvm&um oifpm;vdkufrdonfhtpmrsm;udk acszsuf
&ef vdktyfonfhtiftm;rsm;udk&Edkif&ef OD;aESmufxHrSawmif;cH
vm&ygonf/ oifonf rdrdudk,fudk oem;MuifemrI½SdaMumif;
þvkyfaqmifrIwGif vHk;0azmfjyrxm;yg/
oifonf xrif;pm;pm;yGJwGifxdkifwdkif; tpm;MuL;ol
jzpfaeygonf/ þtcsufonf arhavsmhwwfjcif;\t"du
taMumif;&if;jzpfaeygonf/ oifajymcJhonfhpum;rsm;udk uREfkyf
odxm;onfht&mrsm;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;udkrajym
rdyg[k oifajymqdkavh½Sdonf/ xdkuJhodkYarhavsmhwwfjcif;rSm
tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumif h jzpfonfudk uREf kyfodxm;ygonf/
xdktaMumif;rsm;udkajymaejcif;jzifh rnfodkYtusKd;xl;rnfenf;/
xdktaMumif;rsm;udkajymqdkaejcif;jzifh raumif;rIrsm;udkrukpm;
Edkif&m/
204 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 203
½dk;pif;aomtpm ESpfrsKd;oHk;rsKd;xufrydkapygESifh/ pm;aomtcg
wGifvnf; tqmajy½Hkavmufompm;yg/ um,avhusifhcef;rsm;
udk rSefrSefvkyfyg/ xdkaemuf rnfodkYtusKd;xl;vmonfudk owdûy
Munfhyg/
um,tvkyform;rsm;twGufrl OmPtvkyform;rsm;
enf;wl tpm;tpmtwdkif;tqESifht&nftaoG;udk txl;*½kûy
&ef rwdkufwGef;vdkyg/ odkYapumrl tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;rI
½SdvQif ¤if;wdkYonf ydkíusef;rma&;aumif;vmrnfrSmaocsmyg
onf/
wcsKdUu pm;aomuf&rnfhtpm;tpmpm&if;udk wdwdusus
azmfjyay;apvdkMuonf/ tpm;MuL;cJhjcif;twGuf olwdkYoHa0*
&um ¤if;wdkYpm;aomufrdcJhonfht&mrsm;udkom wpfcsdefvHk;
pOf;pm;aewwfMuonf/ trSefrSm xdkodkYrjzpfoifhygacs/ vlwpfOD;
wpfa,muftwGuf tjcm;olwpfOD;wpfa,mufu tpm;tpm
pnf;rsOf;rsm;csrSwfray;Edkifyg/ vltoD;oD;wdkYonf qifqifjcifjcif
xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzifh pnf;rsOf;ed,mrtwdkif; vkyfaqmifoifh
Muygonf/
tpmraMujcif;ESifhbkwftpnf;ta0;rsm;
7T, pp. 257-258 (1902)
vlom;rsm;onf tvQHy,faomtpm;tpmrsm;jzifh jyifqif
xm;onfhpm;yGJwGifxdkifum tvG,fwultpmaMucsufEdkifonf
xuf tqrwefydkípm;oHk;aeMuonf/ tpmydkrsm;ESifh 0efydaeaom
BuD;rm;aomwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifae&olrsm;onf
ta&;ygaom&v'frsm;udkjzpfay:aponfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk aeYpOf
ESifhtrQvkyfae&ygonf/ tcsdefwdktawmtwGif;rSmyif rsm;aom
tm;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsMu&onfjzpf&m csKyfwnf;jcif;aumif;
aomolrsm;omvQif xdktvkyfrsm;udk atmifjrifatmifxrf;aqmif
EdkifMuygonf/ pdwf"mwfcGeftm;rsm;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\wefcdk;
rsm;udk rSefuefaomxdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufrIatmufwGif tm;aumif;
aeygonf/ tu,fíom 0efxkyf0efydk;onf rsm;pGmrBuD;us,f
vQif cGeftm;opfrsm;onf tusOf;tusyftoD;oD;udk&ifqdkifwdkif;
xGufay:vmwwfaomfvnf; ta&;ygaompDrHudef;rsm;udk csrSwf
ae&olrsm;ESifh ta&;BuD;onfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkcsae&olrsm;onf
rSm;,Gif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifrdjcif;aMumifh xdcdkufrI
rsm;ESifh&ifqdkifae&ygonf/ yHkrSefr[kwfaomtpmtdrfaMumifh yHkrSef
r[kwfaomraocsmaompdwf"mwftajctaersm;udkjzpfay:apyg
onf/ xdkaMumifh pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzpfjcif;? Murf;wrf;pGmajymqdk
aexdkifjcif;ESifh w&m;rQwrIuif;rJhpGmvkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;udk usifhoHk;
vmygonf/ urÇmavmutwGuf aumif;usKd;ûyrnfhpDrHudef;
rsm;udkab;z,fxm;um w&m;rQwrIr½Sdaom? zdESdyf&ufpufaom?
½kwf&if;Murf;wrf;aomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfaqmifvmMu&m tusKd;
quftaejzifh a&m*gb,rsm;xlajymvmygonf/
OmPtvkyform; (odkYr[kwf) xdkifítvkyfvkyf&aom
0efxrf;rsm;twGuf tMuHwpfckay;vdkygonf/ &JpGrf;owådESifh
pdwfxdef;wwfolrsm;êud;pm;Munfhyg/ xrif;pm;onfhtcgwdkif;
206 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 205
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;onfvnf; raorcsmjzpfaeonf/ a&m*g
&aeaomtpmtdrfonf OD;aESmufudkvnf; a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh
jynhf0aponf/ rSm;,Gif;aomxifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk qufvuf
qkyfudkifap&ef vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm;acgif;rmaponf/
xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\OmPfynm[kac:qdkEdkifaomt&monf
bk&m;ociftwGuf rdkufrJrIomjzpfaeygonf/
þtcsufonf bkwftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif jzpfay:ae
aomtajctae\taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwifjy
ygonf/ aocsmpGmavhvmoHk;oyfNyD;rS ajzqdkoifhaomar;cGef;
rsm;ESifh ta&;ygaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfrIrûybJ
tvsifpvdktajzay;qHk;jzwfaewwfonfhbkwftpnf;ta0;rsm;
wGif jzpfay:aeaomtajctae\taMumif;&if;rSm þtcsufyif
jzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwifjyay;aeygonf/ wpfaoG;wpfoHwnf;
acgif;ndwfoabmwloifhaomt&mrsm;udk acgif;,rf;uefYuGuf
Mujcif;jzifh tpnf;ta0;wpfck\ywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk vHk;vHk;
ajymif;vJcJhMuygonf/ xdk&v'frsm;udkvnf; uREfkyftm; rMum
cPwifjyvsuf½Sdygonf/
oifwdkYonf pm;aomufjcif;trIwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJh
rI½Sdojzifh omrefrD;ESifhoefY½Sif;aomrD;tMum;½Sdjcm;em;rIudk
xifxif½Sm;½Sm;jrifawGUzdkY t&nftcsif;rrD[k trIawmfaqmif
nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;tm; zGifhqdk&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifoGefoif
awmfrlaomaMumifh ,ckwGif þt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwifqufae
ygonf/ ¤if;jyif oifonf csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;tm;jzifh oifhtm;
tpmtdrfonf rdrd\tvkyfrsm;udkyHkrSefrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ xdkaMumifh
tusKd;quftjzpf OD;aESmufxdkif;rIdif;jcif;? qHk;jzwfcsufaES;auG;
jcif;rsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/ rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udk a&mípm;rd
jcif;aMumifh pdwfa0'emrsm;jzpfay:vmonf/ xdktpmrsm;aMumifh
tpmtdrfxJwGif tcsOfaygufvmonf/ xdkaMumifh aoG;rsm;onf
npfnrf;vmonf/ tqHk;wGif OD;aESmufonf xdkif;rIdif;½IyfaxG;
vmygonf/
tpm;MuL;aomtusihf (odkYr[kwf) wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
tpmrsKd;pHkpm;wwfaomtusifhonf tpmraMuonfha&m*gudk
rMumcP&½Sdapygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmaMucsufonfht*Fg&yf
rsm;wGif temw&rsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/ pm;oHk;aomtpm\
twdkif;tqtvGeftuRHjzpfjcif; (odkYr[kwf) rwnfhaomtpm
rsm;udka&mpm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf ¤if;\tvkyfrsm;udk
avsmufywfpGmrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ oabmxm;wdkufqdkifrIr½Sdaom
pdwfxifjcif;rsm;onf owday;Mujim;aomfvnf; tcsnf;ESD;om
jzpfaeonf/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh a0'emudkcHpm;vm
&ygonf/ a&m*gb,rsm;onf usef;rmjcif;\ae&mwGif
tpm;xdk;ae&m,lwwfMuygonf/
þt&mESifhbkwftpnf;ta0;rsm; rnfodkYywfoufae
ygoenf;[k wcsKdUuar;Muygonf/ tvGefoufqdkifaeygonf/
rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifhrsm;\tusKd;qufrsm;udk bkwftpnf;ta0;
rsm;odk Y,lvmwwfygonf/ tpmtdrf\tajctaeaMumifh
OD;aESmufonf xdcdkufaeonf/ yHkrSefr[kwfaomtpmtdrfaMumifh
208 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 207
usef;rma&;udk aumif;aeygvsufESifh wpfaeYvQif oHk;Budrfpm;ae
Muonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfh bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk csKd;azgufcJhvQif jypf'PfpD&ifrIudk aocsmayguf&ifqdkif
Mu&vdrfhrnf/
pm;aomufjcif;trIwGif tajrmftjrifuif;rJhaeMuaom
aMumifh wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;\tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;onf oGufcsmyg'
vdkufum ¤if;wdkYonf av;vHxdkif;rIdif;NyD; idkufrsOf;aeMuonf/
cHwGif;tvdkudk twåqefqefvdkufpm;rdjcif;\tusKd;qufrsm;udk
cHpm;ae&aom rusef;rmonfhxdkw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf axmufcHcsufaumif;rsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;&aomtcsdef
wGif xrif;wpfeyfwavudk wpfcgwpf&Hrpm;jcif;jzifh jyefNyD;
tm;opfavmif;ay;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\trIaqmifrsm;onf
xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk yg;pyfrSa[mMum;jcif;xuf
vufawGUtoufwmtm;jzifh ydkíazmfjyoifhMuygonf/ apwem
a0jzmonfhrdwfaqGrsm;u pm;aomufzG,f&mtrsKd;pHkudk ¤if;wdkY
twGufjyifqifauR;arG;aomtcsdeftcgrsm;wGif usef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udktav;rxm;&ef tjyif;txefpHkprf;jcif;cH&aomf
vnf; vufzuf&nf? aumfzDtygt0if [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;
ESifhjynfhpHkaom xdkpm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;udk ¤if;wdkYjiif;y,f
jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkYonf vufawGUusaomusef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdkifMuygonf/
wcsKdUrSm toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azgufjcif;\&v'frsm;
udk ,ckwGifcHpm;aeMu&m usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m
bk&m;ocifay;xm;onfhowday;pum;rsm;udk *½krxm;aMumif;
azmfjyaeonf/ ]]oifwdkYwGif tb,folonf xm0&bk&m;ocif
udkaMumuf½GHUoenf;/ xdkolonf udk,fawmfuRef\pum;oHudk
em;axmifygap/ tb,folonf tvif;r½SdbJ arSmifrdkufü
oGm;vmoenf;/ xdkolonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\emrawmfudk
cdkvIHí rdrdbk&m;ocifudktrSDûyygap/}} csKyfwnf;jcif;rJhpGm
pm;aomufjcif;rSvnf;aumif;? roefY½Sif;aomavmuaysmfarGUjcif;
cHpm;rIESifh qdk;npfrItaygif;rSvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYtm; u,fr
Edkif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifxH uREfkyfwdkYwdk;0ifcsOf;uyfjcif;rûybJ
aeMuawmhrnfvm;/ udk,fawmftm; aMumuf½GHUjcif;tm;jzifh
uREfkyfwdkY\pm&dwårsm;pHkvifpGmoefY½Sif;Edkifap&eftvdkYiSm udk,fpdwf
ESpfyg;udk ysuf,Gif;aponfht&mrSeforQudkypfy,fvsuf xm0&
bk&m;ocif\a½SUarSmufwGif rdrdudk,fudkrESdrfhcsMuawmhbl;vm;/
4T, pp. 416-417 (1880)
uREf ky fwd k Ytoif;awmfr Sw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf
pm;aomufjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ¤if;wdkY\tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk
vHkavmufpGm*½krxm;Muacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf tpmrsm;udk tqrwef
pm;aeMuonf/ wpfxdkifwnf;rSmyif tpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;aeMuonf/
wcsKdUrSmrl usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;trnfcHoufouf
rsm;omjzpfMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí
rnfonfhpnf;urf;uvem;rSrxm;bJ xrif;BuD;rsm;pm;onfh
tcsdefMum;wGifvnf; toD;tESHrsm;udk êudufovdkpm;aomufum
tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;udk 0efav;apMuvsuf½Sdygonf/
wcsKdUrSm wpfaeYvQif xrif;ESpfBudrfpm;jcif;jzifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\
210 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 209
DF- 14
tcef;BuD; (8)
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;
Sp. Gifts IV, 120 (1864)
tm'HESifh{0wdkYonf wifhw,faomtqif;oP²mefESifh
jynfhpHk½Hkomru tqpftcsKd;useum vSycefYnm;rIwGifpHkvif
olrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ xdkZeD;armifESHonf tjypfuif;NyD; usef;rm
a&;ESifhjynfhpHkMuonf/ ,aeYacwfvlom;rsm;\tajctaeESifh
rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSygwum;/ wifhw,fjcif;rsm;onf uG,faysmuf
aeacsNyD/ pHkvifaomusef;rma&;udkrawGU&awmhacs/ uREfkyfwdkY
Munfhonfhae&mwdkif;wGif a&m*gb,rsm;? udk,ft*FgcsKdU,Gif;rI
rsm;ESifh rdkufrJqdk;oGrf;rIrsm;udkomawGU&onf/ tHhMozG,faumif;
aom þedrfhusrIrsm;\taMumif;&if;udk uREfkyfpHkprf;Munfhvdkuf&m
{'ifO,smOfudkjyefMunfh&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;
awmfrlygonf/ rpm;ap½Hkonfomru xdyifrxdapvdkaom
tyif\toD;udkpm;&ef {0onf a>r\vSnfhjzm;rIudkcHcJh&ygonf/
{0ü aysmf½TifrIcHpm;Edkifonfht&mrsm;½Sdaeygonf/ olr\
ywfvnfwGif toD;rsKd;pHk½Sdaeygonf/ odkYapumrl O,smOftwGif;½Sd
pdwf½Sdwdkif;pm;cGifhûyxm;onfhtoD;rsm;xuf rpm;&efwm;jrpf
xm;aomtoD;udk pm;csifpdwfydkíjyif;xefcJhygonf/ olronf
rdrd\qE´udkrcsKyfwnf;EdkifcJhacs/ odkYjzifh olronf xdktoD;udk
pm;cJh½Hkomru olr\MoZmanmif;rIaMumifh cifyGef;jzpfolonf
vnf; pm;cJhrd&m ESpfOD;pvHk;tay:odkY usdefjcif;tr*Fvmusa&muf
trIawmfvkyfief;udk [efYwm;onfhtrnf;pufrsm;jzifh zefwD;ae
Muygonf/
tpm;MuL;jcif;? taomufMuL;jcif;? ttdyfMuL;jcif;ESifh
tMunfhMuL;jcif;wdkYonf tjypfjzpfonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\
cGeftm;rsm;udk nDnGwfrQwpGmvkyfaqmifusifhoHk;jcif;onf
aysmf½Tifjcif;udkjzpfaponf/ xdkcGeftm;rsm;udk ydkíoefYpifatmif
jr§ifhwifonfESifhtrQ ydkíppfrSefaomaysmf½TifrIrsm;udk cHpm;Mu&\/
4T, pp. 408-409 (1880)
zsm;emjcif;twGuf w&m;a[mq&mtrsm;nnf;wGm;ae&
jcif;\taMumif;&if;rSm um,avhusifhcef;vkyfaqmifrIenf;yg;
jcif;ESifh tpm;MuL;jcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/ cE¨mudk,fzGJUpnf;yHkudk
xdkt&mrsm;u tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufaponfudk ¤if;wdkYrodMu
acs/ oifuJhodkYaompdwf"mwfav;vHolrsm;onf tpmudkavsmhí
pm;oifh½Hkomru udk,fum,avhusifhcef;rsm;udkvnf; ra½Smif½Sm;
oifhMuacs/ w&m;a[mq&mrsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ocsKØif;wGif;
udk rdrdwdkY\oGm;rsm;jzifhwl;aeMuygonf/ tpmajc&ef a&muf½Sd
vmaomtpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef vkyfaqmifae&aomtpmcsuf
onfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf emrusef;jzpfvmum OD;aESmuf
udk tBuD;tus,fxdkif;rIdif;apygonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;
udk csKd;azgufrItoD;toD;twGuf csKd;azgufolonf rdrd\
cE¨mudk,füyif jypf'PfpD&ifrIudkcHpm;Mu&ygrnf/
ÀÀÀ
212tpm;MuL;jcif; 211
jzpfygonf/ aem{tcsdefu þurÇmBuD;tm; jypf'PfpD&ifaponfh
jypfrIrsKd;onf ,aeYacwfwGifvnf;wnf½Sdaeygonf/ vlom;
taygif;wdkYonf tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;onfhtajctxd
,aeYwGif pm;aomufaeMuygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;
awmihfwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;wnf;[laom ae&mwumwGifpdk;rdk;
aeaomþtjypfonf aem{tcsdefrSvlom;rsm;\tmom&r®uf
rsm;udkawmufavmifapum pm&dwåysufjym;rIrsm;udk ae&mwum
üESHYjym;apcJhygonf/ tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESifh tjypfusL;vGefjcif;
rsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHodkYem;aygufaponfhwdkif BuD;rm;cJhyg
onf/ þudk,fusifhw&m;npfnrf;rIrsm;udk tqHk;wGifa&tm;jzifh
aq;aMumum urÇmBuD;tm;oefYpifapcJhygonf/ &mZ0wfrI
usL;vGefjcif;udk ESpfûcdufp&mwpfckuJhodkYjzpfvmap&eftvdkYiSm
xdkuJhodkYaomtjypfrsm;onf aom'HkûrdUom;rsm;\udk,fusifhw&m;
qdkif&mcHpm;rIrsm;udk xHkxdkif;apcJhygonf/ xdkaMumifh þavmu
om;rsm;twGuf c&pfawmfowday;awmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]avmw
vufxufü vlrsm;wdkYonf pm;aomufa&mif;0,fvsuf? pdkufysKd;
vsuf? tdrfaqmufvsufaeouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? avmwonf
aom'HkûrdUrSxGufaomaeYü aumif;uifrSuefYESifha&maomrD;rdk;½Gmí
xdkvltaygif;wdkYudkokwfoify,f½Sif;ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; vlom;
ay:xGef;aomaeYüjzpfvdrfhrnf}} [líjzpf\/
c&pfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf þwGifta&;BuD;aom
oifcef;pmwpfckudkcsefxm;cJhygonf/ pm;aomufjcif;udk y"me
xm;jcif;\tEÅ&m,fudk udk,fawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYa½SUwGif csjy
cJhygonf/ ¤if;wdkYusL;vGefcJhaomtjypfaMumifh þurÇmBuD;onf
vnf; usdefjcif;tr*FvmudkcH,lcJh&ygonf/ tjypfwGifusqHk;
onfhxdktcsdeftcgrSpí rcsKyfwnf;rIrsm;onf yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
wnf½SdcJhygonf/ cHwGif;awmihfwrIu usKd;aMumif;qifjcifpdwfudk
xdef;csKyfcJhav&m vlom;rsm;onf jzpfay:vmrnfhtusKd;quf
rsm;onf ajymavmufatmifqdk;½Gm;rIr½Sdyg[k <um;0gvsuf
bk&m;ocif\wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk tav;rxm;awmhbJ {0uJhodkY
pmwef\vSnfhjzm;rIatmufwGif em;raxmifjcif;vrf;pOfudk
vdkufavQmufaeMuygonf/ vlom;rdom;pkrsm;onf usef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufum t&mcyfodrf;wGif tvGeftMuL;
usifhaqmifcJhMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh a&m*gb,rsm;onf
wjznf;jznf;wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmygonf/ tusKd;w&m;rsm;onf
taMumif;w&m;\aemufrS xufMuyfruGmvdkufaeygawmhonf/
(CTBH, pp. 11, 12) CH, pp. 23-24 (1890)
'kwd,tBudrf<uvmawmfrrlrDuav;wGif þavmuü
xif½Sm;aernfhedrdwfvu©Pmrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í c&pfawmfonf
oHvGifawmifxufwGifxdkifvsuf wrefawmfrsm;tm; oGefoif
awmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]vlom;onf<uvmaomtcg aem{vufxufü
jzpfouJhodkYjzpfvdrhfrnf/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;rjzpfrDumvü aem{
onf oabFmxJodkY0ifaomaeYwdkifatmif vlrsm;wdkYonf
pm;aomufvsuf? xdrf;jrm;pHkzufvsufaeí a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;a&muf
ojzifh vlcyfodrf;wdkYudkokwfoify,f½Sif;onfwdkifatmif owdarh
aeMuonfenf;wl vlom;<uvmaomtcgüjzpfvdrhfrnf}} [lí
214 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 213
xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGiftyfESH&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&m
wpfckjzpfonf/
(CTBH, pp. 42-43) CH, pp. 108-110 (1890)
vlom;rsm;&ifqdkif&rnfh tjyif;xefqHk;pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
jcif;rsm;wGif cHwGif;awmifhwjcif;onf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
tpOD;wGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;tm; orm"dESifh
jynfhpHkatmif zefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ wnfNidrfaompdwf? tcsKd;
tqpfuseonfhyHkoP²mef? udk,ft*Fgrsm;\[efcsufnDnDzGHUûzd;ae
aomcGeftm;rsm;ESihfjynfhpHkpGmzefqif;xm;awmfrlcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
rdkuf½dkif;onfh&efolBuD;pmwef\vSnfhjzm;rIatmufwGif ¤if;wdkYonf
bk&m;ocif\wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk *½krrlcJhMuacs/ xdkaMumifh
obm0w&m;wGif jypf'PfpD&ifrItvHk;pHkay:aygufvmapcJhygonf/
cHwGif;awmihfwrIudk yxrtBudrfjznfhqnf;onfhtcsdef
rSpí vlom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;udk cHwGif;awmifhw
jcif;,Zfyv’ifxufwGif tyfESHylaZmfonftxd rdrd\tvdk
qE´rsm;\vdkufavsmjcif;trIudk ydkíusifhoHk;cJhMuygonf/
a&vTrf;rdk;onfhacwfumvrwdkifrDrSvlom;rsm;onf tpm;
taomufbufwGif csKyfwnf;rIr½SdcJhMuyg/ xdkacwfxdktcsdefu
tom;pm;&ef bk&m;ocifucGifhrûyao;onfhwdkif ¤if;wdkYonf
wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk pm;aeMuacsNyD/ ¤if;wdkYtm; bk&m;ocif
onf onf;rcHEdkifawmhonfhtajctaexdatmif xdkolrsm;onf
tief;twmrJh cHwGif;tvdkudkjznfhqnf;cJhMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\
raumif;rIcGufzvm;onf jynfhvQHvsuf½Sdae&m xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf þurÇmBuD;udk a&jzifhaq;aMumawmfrlcJh&ygonf/
xm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJh
pGmvdkufpm;jcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mwefcdk;rsm;tm;enf;vmonfESifhtrQ tjypfudk
tjypf[krjrifEdkifawmhacs/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;onf pdwfudkxdef;csKyf
xm;&m &mZ0wfrIrsm;udkyif *½krxm;MuawmhbJ tqHk;wGif
aumif;jrwfaomed,mrpnf;urf;rsm;udkacszsufum xm0&bk&m;
ocifudkrxDrJ h jrifûyvmMuygonf/ þt&mtm;vHk;onf
tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;jcif;\&v'fjzpfygonf/ rdrd'kwd,
tBudrf<uvmaomtcg þtajctaersKd;½Sdaevdrfhrnf[k c&pfawmf
zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
omrefpm;jcif;? aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfjcif;rsm;xuf ydkí
êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeaomt&mtcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYtm; c&pfawmf
wifjyaeygonf/ xdkûrdUom;rsm;onf &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefonf
txd pm;aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;wGif tvGeftusL;
jzpfaeygonf/ xdkvGefusL;rIrsm;onf aemufqHk;aomacwfumv
wGifxif½Sm;onfhtjypfrsm;wGifyg0if½Hkomru c&pfawmf<uvm
jcif;\edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtm;tyfESif;
xm;aom xm0&bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlonfh tcsdef? aiGaMu;ESifh
cGeftm;rsm;udk cGeftm;qkwf,kwfum a&m*g&aprnfh tpm;?
taomufESifh 0wfqifrIrsm;twGuf uREfkyfwdkYoHk;ûzef;ypfaeMuyg
onf/ tjypfESifhjynfh0aom avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIrsm;
tm;jzifh a&m*gb,ESifhjynfh0ysuf,Gif;apvsuf½Sdonfh uREfkyfwdkY\
udk,fcE¨mtm; touf½Sifjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaom,Zfaumiftjzpf
216 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 215
NyD;umrS rdrd\rdkufrJrIudk olawGUjrifum rsuf&nfusum
aemifw&zdkYêud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; aemufusoGm;cJhacsNyD/ {aom
ESifhwlolrsm;pGm½Sdygonf/ bk&m;ocif\toufuJhodkY raoEdkif
onfhtoufwm? pMu0Vm\zefqif;½Sif? ra&wGufEdkifatmif
rsm;jym;onfhaysmf½TifrIESifhwuG xm0&bkef;wefcdk; ponfhtzdk;
rjzwfEdkifatmifxl;jcm;onfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk &,lcHpm;
EdkifonfhtajctaewGif½Sdaomfvnf; xm0&umvESifhywfouf
onfht&mrsm;udk odjrifEdkifonfhwefcdk;rsm;udk ,kwfavsmhaom
cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk tcsdefMumjrifhpGmjznfhqnf;
aeolrsm;tm; {aomonf udk,fpm;ûyygonf/
{aomonf txl;tpm;tpmwpfrsKd;udk tvGefpm;vdkcJh
ygonf/ ¤if;jyif olonf pdwftvdkudkumvwm½SnfpGmjznfhqnf;
cJholjzpf&m awmihfawmifhwwjzpfaeaomxdktpmudk arhaysmuf
ypfzdkYvdkonf[k rpOf;pm;rdcJhacs/ olonf xdkcHwGif;awmifhwrI
udkxdef;csKyf&ef rêud;pm;bJ xdktpmudkom tNrJpOf;pm;aecJhyg
onf/ tqHk;wGif xdkcHwGif;awmifhwonfhpdwfu olYtm;pdk;rdk;
oGm;um xdktpmudkrpm;&vQif aoawmhrnf[kyif olxifvm
ygawmhonf/ xdktpmtaMumif;udk ydkípOf;pm;avav? xdkt&m
udkpm;csifpdwfydkíjyif;xefvmavavjzpfum tqHk;wGif tvGef
rGefjrwfvSonfh ¤if;\om;OD;t&monf ¤if;\wefzdk;½SdrIESifh
oefY½Sif;rIrsm;qHk;½HI;cJh&ygonf/
(CTBH, pp. 43-44) CH, pp. 111-112 (1890)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf £oa&vrsm;tm; tJ*kwåKjynfrS
xkwfaqmifcJhpOftcsdefu tom;udkrsm;aomtm;jzifhauR;awmfrrlbJ
aom'HkESifha*garm&ûrdU
a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;acwfvGefumvwGif vlom;rsm;onf
wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk
wpfzefarhavsmhMujyef&m a½SUawmfwGif npfnrf;aomtrIrsm;udk
ûycJhMuygonf/ urÇmBuD;wpfckvHk;onf raumif;rIrsm;jzifhzHk;vTrf;
aeonfhtajca&mufonftxd csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomvkyf&yf
rsm;udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif
zefqif;xm;onfh om,maomajray:wGif ¤if;wdkYtm; trnf;puf
jzpfaponfh awmfvSefjcm;em;aomtjypfrsm;ESifh ,kwfnHhaom
&mZ0wfrIrsm;aMumifh xdkûrdUESpfûrdUpvHk;udk urÇmajrjyifrSz,f½Sif;
ypfawmfrlcJhygonf/ obm0ESifhqefYusifonfh cHwGif;awmifhwrI
udkjznfhqnf;jcif;onf xdkaom'HkûrdUESifha*garm&ûrdUrsm;\ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;jzpfaponfh tjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefapcJhygonf/
AmAkvkefûrdUBuD;onfvnf; pm;MuL;? aomufMuL;tusifhp½dkuf
rsm;aMumifh ysufpD;cJh&aMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifazmfjyawmfrl
cJhonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;jcif;
onf tjypftm;vHk;\rlvtajctjrpfjzpfygonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf{aomudkatmifyGJqifcJhjcif;
2T, p. 38 (1868)
{aomonf ¤if;êudufaom[if;wpfcGufudk irf;irf;wuf
pm;csifrdcJhonfhtwGuf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef rdrd\
om;OD;t&mudktqHk;½IH;cHcJhonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;
218 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 217
jcif;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh ,kwfnHhaomtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufpm;jcif;
aMumifh vlom;rsm;\jrifhjrwfaompGrf;&nfrsm; xHkxdkif;ukefacs
NyD/ qifjcifwHkw&m;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tkyfpdk;&rnfhtpm;
xdwfvefYp&maumif;avmufatmif cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRefjzpf
aeygonf/ wdk;wufrsm;jym;aeonfh tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;udkpm;vdk
pdwfrsm;tm; jznfhqnf;ay;aeojzifh tqHk;wGif&omrGefrSeforQ
udk AdkufxJxnfhjcif;onf vlêudufrsm;onfh"avhwpfckjzpfvm
ygonf/ txl;ojzifh aysmfyGJ½TifyGJ? ygwDyGJrsm;wGif cHwGif;awmifhw
rIudk txdef;tuGyfrJhjznfhwif;aeMuygonf/ [if;cwftarT;
têudifrsm;ESifhcsufxm;onfhtom;[if;rsm;? &omrGefpmNrdef&nf
rsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;? ydkifrkefYrsm;? a&cJrkefYrsm;? vufzuf&nf?
aumfzDrsm;ESifhjyifqifxm;onfh nOD;ESifhnaESmif;ydkif;xrif;yGJrsm;jzifh
tpm;MuL;aeMuygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;oHk;ae
olrsm;ü tpmraMuonfha&m*g\a0'emrsm;jzpfay:cHpm;ae&
onfudk tHhtm;oifhp&mrvdkygacs/
Sp. Gift IV, 131-132 (1864)
þurÇmBuD;\avmavmq,fysuf,Gif;aeaomtajc
taeudk uREfkyftm;jyoay;aeygonf/ jrifuGif;rSm aMumufp&m
aumif;vSygonf/ urÇmay:½Sd þvlom;rsm;tm; aom'HkESifh
a*garm&ûrdUom;rsm;enf;wl zsufqD;ypfawmfrrlonfudk uREfkyf
tHhtm;oifhaeygonf/ þurÇmBuD;xJwGif ,ckuJhodkYudk,fusifh
w&m;ysuf,Gif;um ,kwfnHhae&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udkvnf;
jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ tjrifr½Sdaomtvdk&r®ufu qifjcifwHk
aumif;uifrS rkefYESifhrmausmaomausmufaqmifrsm;rSxGufaom
a&udkomauR;arG;awmfrlcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;
ocifauR;arG;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESifh auseyfrIr½SdbJ tom;
[if;tdk;rsm;eHab;wGifxdkifcJh&aomtJ*kwåKjynfudk olwdkYjyefoGm;
vdkcJhMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tom;udkjzwf&rnfxuf uRefb0
ESifhtaocH&rnfudk ydkívdkvm;Muonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;
ocifonf ¤if;wdkY\qE´udkjznfhqnf;um tom;udkay;awmfrl
cJh&m tqHk;wGif uyfa&m*gjzpfyGm;vmonftxd tpm;MuL;um
vlrsm;pGmaoyGJ0ifcJhMuygonf/
þt&mtm;vHk;onfuREfkyfwdkYerlem,lp&mrsm;jzpfonf
cHwGif;awmifhwrItvdkudkjznfhqnf;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:
vmonfhtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udkazmfjy&ef om"ursm;rSm wpfck
NyD;wpfckxif½Sm;vsuf½Sdygonf/ tqif;t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtoD;
udkpm;jcif;trIonf bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfudk csKd;azgufjcif;
trIwGif tao;tzGJudpöuav;wpfckomjzpfoa,mif½Sdaomfvnf;
xdkvkyf&yfuav;aMumifh bk&m;ociftay:xm;½Sdonfh opömcHrI
ysufjym;cJh&m urÇmBuD;tm; 'ku©a&mufaprnfhraumif;rIESifh
tr*Fvma&vIdif;BuD;twGuf a&wHcg;BuD;yGifhoGm;cJhygonf/
,aeYurÇm
&mZ0wfrIESifha&m*gb,rsm;onf vlom;rsKd;quftoD;oD;
ESifhtwl wdk;yGm;vsuf½Sdygonf/ pm;aomufjcif;trIwGif csKyfwnf;
220 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 219
xJwGifvnf;aumif; oGm;onfhae&mwdkif;wGif xdkt&mudk uREfkyfwdkY
awGUae&ygonf/ touf0dnmOfudk pmwef\axmifacsmufxJrS
u,fEkwf&ef rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mtaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY
onf udk,fhudkudk,far;oifhygonf/ pmwefrSmrl vlom;rsKd;EG,fpk
wpfckvHk;udk rdrdxdef;csKyfrIatmufodkYvHk;vHk;a&mufatmifvkyfaqmif
&ef tNrJwrf;wuf<uaeygonf/ vlom;rsm;tay: olajcukyf
,lxm;onfht&mrsm;rS tckdifrmqHk;aomt&mrSm cHwGif;awmifhw
jcif;tm;jzifh vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf xdkt&mrSwpfqifh
jzpfEdkifaomenf;aygif;pHkjzifh Edk;qG&efêud;pm;aeygonf/ obm0
ESifhqefYusifaompdwfwuf<uaponfht&mrsm;onf xdcdkufrIudk
jzpfapNyD; t&ufaopmaomufcsifonfhqE´udkjzpfay:apygonf/
þt&mrsm;udkoHk;pGJjcif;jzifh jzpfay:vmonfhaMumufp&mhqdk;usKd;
rsm;rS vlom;rsm;tm; uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYtodynmay;rnfenf;/
rnfodkYumuG,frnfenf;/ þOD;wnfcsufESifhtnD uREfkyfwdkY
vkyfaqmifEdkiforQudk vkyfaqmifNyD;MuNyDvm;/
5T, pp. 196-197 (1882)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\vlwdkYtm; BuD;rm;aom
tvif;w&m;udkay;xm;awmfrlonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm;
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifhuif;vGwfEdkifonfhae&mwGifxm;onf
awmhr[kwfygacs/ uREfkyfwdkYtxJrS rnfolwdkYonf {êuefbk&m;
rsm;xHwGif tultnDawmif;aeMuoenf;/ pdwful;,OfNyD;
qGJxm;jcif;r[kwfonfhþ½kyfyHkvTmudkMunfhMuyg/ vrf;jytusifh
w&m;udkxdef;csKyfaeonfhjyif vlom;trsm;wefzdk;xm;aeonfrSm
avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;jcif;twGuf touf½Sifaexdkif&efyif
jzpfaeygonf/
tBuD;rm;qHk;aomr[mraumif;rIrSm pm;aomufjcif;wGif
csKyfwnf;jcif;r½Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ vlom;taygif;wdkYonf
rdrdudk,fudkcHwGif;awmifhwrI\aus;uRefjzpfapcJhMuNyD/ ¤if;wdkYonf
tvkyfvkyf&mwGifvnf; csKyfwnf;jcif;r½SdMuacs/ vludktBuD;
tus,f'ku©a&mufaprnfhtpmrsm;jzifh xrif;yGJjyifEdkif&ef Murf;wrf;
onfhtvkyfrsm;udk tvGeftuRHvkyfaqmifaeMuonf/ trsKd;orD;
rsm;onf t&omcHNyD;pm;zdkY [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;jzifh
NyD;aomtpmrsm;jyifqifjcif;trItwGuf rD;zdkxJwGif tcsdefukef
aeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf om;orD;rsm;tm;
ypfxm;um udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhbmoma&;qdkif&moGefoifrIrsm;udk
rûyEdkifMuawmhacs/ tvkyfrsm;aeaomxdkrdcifrsm;onf vlYtodkuf
t0ef;\a&mifjcnfOD;rsm;jzpfonfh El;nHhcsKdomaompdwfxm;rsm;
½Sdvmatmifvnf; om;orD;rsm;udkrûypkEdkifMuawmhacs/ xm0&
umvtwGufta&;ygaomt&mrsm;onf 'kwd,wef;pm;rsm;
jzpfvmacsNyD/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhpdwfxm;rsm;udk
Murf;wrf;vmaprnfh? qifjcifwHkpGrf;tm;rsm;udk xHkxdkif;oGm;ap
rnfh xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;jyifqifzdkY&ef &orQtcsdefrsm;udk olwdkY
toHk;ûyaeMuygonf/
CTBH, p. 16 (1890)
uREfkyfwdkYonf ae&mwumwGifcsKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhaejcif;
udkawGUae&ygonf/ um;rsm;xJwGifvnf;aumif;? oabFmrsm;
222 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 221
uREfkyfwdkYudk,fpm;c&pfawmfatmifyGJqifjcif;
4T, p. 44 (1876)
vlom;rsm;udkwdkufvSefrnfh r[mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;
rsm;udk c&pfawmfonf awmxJwGif&ifqdkifawmfrlcJhygonf/
udk,fawmf½Sifonf tvGefrwefaumufuspf? ½dkif;pdkif;aom
wpfudk,fawmf&efolBuD;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufvSefcJh&NyD; atmifyGJqif
cJhygonf/ tOD;qHk;&ifqdkif&onfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rSm cHwGif;
awmifhwrIESifhywfoufaeygonf/ 'kwd,pHkprf;jcif;rSm &J&ifh
aomraumif;rIûyrIESifhpyfqdkifNyD; wwd,t&mrSm avmuudkcspfjcif;
ESifhywfoufaeygonf/ pmwefonf tpm;taomuftm;jzifh
vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmudkpHkprf;atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/ &om½Hktvdkudk
jznfhqnf;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fwGif;pepfrsm;onf x<u
vIyf½Sm;vmNyD; trSm;trSefudkrpOf;pm;wwfavmufatmif
OD;aESmufcGeftm;enf;oGm;ygonf/ pdwfxm;onfvnf; rQwrI
r½Sdawmhyg/ jrifhrm;rGefjrwfaompdwfpGrf;tm;rsm;onfvnf;
wd&pämef&r®ufrsm;tvdkudkjznfhqnf;&ef vrf;vGJukefygonf/ xm0&
umvESifhpyfqdkifonfh oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udk *½krxm;Mu
awmhacs/ þpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk tEdkif&½SdoGm;csdefwGif tjcm;
pHkprf;jcif;ESpfrsKd;udktoHk;ûy&ef pmwefcsOf;uyfzdkYvrf;yGifhoGm;yg
onf/ tjcm;aompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;tjzmjzmwdkYonf þpHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif; (3) rsKd;rSay:xGef;vmaomt&mrsm;omjzpfygonf/
DA, pp. 122-123 (1898)
bk&m;ocif&ifqdkifcJh&aom yxrpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rS
oifcef;pm,lp&mtaumif;qHk;tcsufwpfckrSm cHwGif;awmifhwrI
p½dkufrsm;udk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rnfrQ\toufwmwGif
awGUjrifEdkifrnfenf;/ uREfkyfwdkYwpfpkvHk;vufcH&ef u½kPmawmf
tm;jzifhvrf;jyydkYaqmifcJhaom usef;rma&;ESifhtoufwmqdkif&m
pnf;rsOf;udk rxDrJhjrifûycJhygonf[k emrusef;olwpfOD;u yGifhyGifh
vif;vif;0efcHavh½Sdonf/ xdkolpm;onfhtpmudk tedXm½HkqE´udk
jznfhqnf;&ef jyifqifay;cJhjcif;jzpf&ygrnf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
onfhtpmrsm;jzifh jyifqifxm;onfhpm;yGJwGif olxdkif&rnfhtpm;
cHwGif;tvdkudktcsKyftxdef;rJhjznfhqnf;Edkifrnfh pm;aomufqdkif
pm;yGJrsm;wGif olxdkifcJhygonf/ olonf csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&m
rsm;tay: uRrf;uRrf;usifusifavQmufvJwwfaomxdkolonf
csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ta&;w,lrûywwf
acs/ olonf oufomjcif;tcGifhudkvdkvm;aomfvnf; xdkoufom
jcif;tcGifhudk udk,fhtvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh t&,l&efjiif;qdk
aeygonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfonf rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIXmyem
BuD;udk udk;uG,faeygonf/ olonf ½kyfwkudk;uG,folwpfOD;
jzpfonf/ bk&m;ociftm; bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;apzdkY toHk;ûy&rnfh
oefYpifjr§ifhwifNyD; wefcdk;tpGrf;rsm;udk oltm;enf;ap½Hkomru
trIawmftwGufvnf; toHk;rûyawmhygacs/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;twGuf olpdwfwdkvmygonf/ ol\OD;aESmuf
onfvnf; rMunfrvifjzpfum tm½HkaMumrsm;vnf; pkpnf;rI
r½Sdawmhacs/ olonf tm;udk;avmufolr[kwfawmhacs/ t&nf
taoG;ESifhjynfhpHkolwpfOD;r[kwfawmhacs/
224 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 223
cHpm;rI\raumif;rIrsm;udk c&pfawmfcHpm;cJh&onfh razmfjy
Edkifatmifjyif;xefonfha0'emtm;jzifhom wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\
tvdkawmfatmufwGif xm;½SdusifhoHk;jcif;onfom xm0&touf
twGuf wpfckwnf;aomarQmfvifhjcif;jzpfaMumif; udk,fawmf
jyawmfrlcJhonfhtoufwm erlemuazmfusL;aeygonf/
u,fwif½SifudkMunfhyg
uREfkyfwdkYonf tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;obm0
\tvdkqE´rsm;udk rdrdcGeftm;jzifhjiif;qef&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaom
t&mjzpfonf/ pmwefonf þvrf;aMumif;udktoHk;ûyvsuf
uREfkyfwdkYudkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\arG;&myg
xdktm;enf;csufudk tcGifhaumif;,lum bk&m;ocifudkrudk;pm;
olrsm;tm; rSm;,Gif;aomqGJaqmifrIrsm;jzifhaoG;aqmif&ef vlom;
toD;oD;xHodkYvma&mufpHkprf;rnfudk c&pfawmfodxm;awmfrl
onf/ udk,fawmfbk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;avQmufvSrf;&rnfh
xdkajrudkausmfjzwfvsuf uREfkyfwdkYatmifyGJqifEdkif&ef vrf;udk
jyifqifawmfrlcJhygonf/ pmwefESifh&ifqdkifwdkufvSef&mwGif
uREfkyfwdkYtm; tcGifhromaponfhtajctaersKd;wGifxm;&ef
udk,fawmf½Siftvdkr½Sdygacs/ pmwef\wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh pdwf"mwf
us? aMumufvefYaeonfhtajctaersKd;wGifvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm;
udk,fawmf½Sifusa&mufapvdkawmfrrlyg/ xdkaMumifh ]]rpdk;&drfMu
ESifh/ igonf avmuudkatmifNyD}} [k uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf½Sif
tm;ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/
ESifhtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyfjcif;tay: qufpyfaerIyifjzpfonf/
acwftqufqufwGif udk,fum,qdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;onf
vlom;rsm;tm; pm&dwåysufjym;NyD; ,kwfnHhoGm;ap&mwGif txd
a&mufqHk;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh tzdk;rjzwf
Edkifatmifwefzdk;½SdvSaompdwfwefcdk;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
zsufqD;ypf&ef pmwefonf csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudk toHk;cs
vkyfaqmifaeonf/ tcsKyftwnf;r½Sdaomvlom;rsm;onf
xm0&umvtwGuf wefzdk;BuD;vSaomt&mrsm;udk tav;xm;
&efrjzpfEdkifMuawmhacs/ pmwefonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudk
toHk;csum bk&m;ocifESifhwlonfht&mcyfodrf;wdkYudk vlom;
rsm;xHrS aysmufysufoGm;atmif êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeygonf/
c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmpOfu wnf½SdcJhaomtxdef;
tuGyfrJhavmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;jcif;jzifh xdkvkyfaqmifrI\
tusKd;qufjzpfaom a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh ,kwfnHhrIrsm;onf
c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmaomtcsdefwGif wpfzefwnf½Sdae
Muygvdrfhrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif þurÇmBuD;\tajctaeonf
a&rvTrf;rdk;rDtcsdefuuJhodkYvnf;aumif;? aom'HkûrdUESifha*garm&ûrdU
\tajctaeuJhodkYvnf;aumif; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k c&pfawmfrdefYqdk
xm;ygonf/ vlom;rsm;\pdwfESvHk;rSxGufvmaom tawG;tac:
toD;oD;wdkYonf raumif;rIoufoufomjzpfaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf tEÅ&m,fusa&mufvkqJqJumvwGif ,cktouf½Sif
aexdkifvsuf½SdMu&m c&pfawmfûycJhonfhtpma½Smifjcif;oifcef;pmudk
ta&;xm;oifhMuygonf/ txdef;tuGyfrJhavmuaysmfarGUjcif;
226 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 225
DF- 15
udk bk&m;ocifZmwdESifh,SufEG,fxm;onfjzpf&m oefY½Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrIatmufwGif atmifatmifjrifjrifwdkufvSef
EdkifcJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif udk,fawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; bk&m;
ocifZmwdudkrQa0cHpm;olrsm;jzpfatmifvkyfaqmif&efvnf; <uvm
awmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf ,HkMunfjcif;
tm;jzifh udk,fawmf½SifESifhpnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;½SdaeorQumvywfvHk;
tjypfw&m;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm;vTrf;rdk;Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
pHkvifaompm&dwåudk uREfkyfwdkY&,lydkifqdkifEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm
c&pfawmf\bk&m;ocifZmwdawmfudkudkifpGJapzdkY vrf;jy&ef
uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdaom,HkMunfjcif;vufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocif êudqdk
qkyfudkifvsuf½Sdygonf/
3T, p. 561 (1875)
pmwefonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef c&pfawmf
udkcsOf;uyfpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufonfhenf;wl vlom;rsm;xHodkYvmum
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufwwfygonf/ þtcsufwGif vlom;rsm;tay:
atmifyGJqif&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifaMumif; olaumif;aumif;odxm;
ygonf/ þtcsufwGif tm'HESifh{0wdkYudkvnf; olEdkifcJhojzifh
xdkolrsm;onf {'iftdrfr[mudktqHk;½IH;cHcJh&ygNyD/ tm'H\tpm;rSm;
jcif;aMumifh urÇmBuD;ü0rf;enf;p&mrsm;? &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifhjynfh0
aecJhonfr[kwfygvm;/ vlom;rsm;tm; pMu0VmrSaysmufuG,f
oGm;aponfh xdk&mZ0wfrIrsm;? jypfrIusL;vGefrIrsm;aMumifh ûrdUBuD;
rsm;udk ûrdUvHk;uRwfþavmurSz,f½Sm;cJhonfr[kwfygvm;/
cHwGif;awmihfwrIudk tvdkvdkuftêudufaqmifjcif;onf ¤if;wdkY
usL;vGefaomtjypfrsm;\tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfygonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrI\zdtm;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufvSefaeol
taygif;wdkY? awmwGifpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkifwGef;vSefcJhol
c&pfawmfudkMunfhMuyg/ ]a&iwfonf} [k uyfwdkifxufwGif
[pfa<u;aeol c&pfawmfcHcJh&aoma0'emudk½IjrifMuyg/ uREfkyfwdkY
cHEdkifpGrf;½Sdonfht&mtm;vHk;udk c&pfawmf&ifqdkifcHpm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/
udk,fawmf\atmifyGJonf uREfkyfwdkY\atmifyGJyifjzpfygonf/
a,½Ic&pfonf aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sif crnf;awmf
bk&m;ocif\cGeftm;ESifhOmPfynmrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdktm;ûyawmfrl
onf/ ]]t½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifonf ighudkapmifhrawmfrlvdrfh
rnf/ xdkaMumifh igr½HI;&---½SufaMumufjcif;udkra&muf&[k
igod\/---Munfh½Iavmh/ t½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifonf ighudk
apmifhrawmfrlrnf}} [k udk,fawmf½SifzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif
rdrdjyawmfrlonfhyHkoufaoudkñTefjyvsuf ]]oifwdkYwGif tb,f
olonf xm0&bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUoenf;/---tb,fol
onf tvif;r½SdbJ arSmifrdkufüoGm;vmoenf;/ xdkolonf
xm0&bk&m;ocif\emrawmfudkcdkvIHí rdrdbk&m;ocifudktrSD
ûyygap}} [k xyfavmif;rdefYrSmxm;awmfrlygonf/
]]þavmuudktpd k;&aomrif;onf vmqJjzpf\/
vmaomfvnf; igütb,ftcGif ht&mudkrQrawGU&}} [k
c&pfawmfurdefYqdkcJhonf/ c&pfawmfonf pmwef\wpfywf½dkuf
jcif;aMumifh rnfonfhtjypfudkrQrusL;vGefcJhacs/ pHkprf;jcif;aemufodkY
vdkufyg&ef pdwful;yifudk,fawmfrxnfhrdcJhacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
vnf; xdkenf;ESifESifjzpfoifhygonf/ c&pfawmf\vlom;Zmwd
228 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 227
ausmfvTm;atmifjrifEdkifygonf/ vGwfajrmufEdkifonfhenf;vrf;
½SdaMumif; bk&m;ocifuwdxm;awmfrlaompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;
toD;oD;wGif vltrsm;tb,faMumifh usqHk;aeMuygoenf;/
taMumif;rSm xdkolrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk rudk;pm;
Muyg/ vHkûcHrIudkjzpfap&ef pDpOfay;xm;awmfrlonfhenf;vrf;
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtoHk;rcsMuyg/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkuf
jcif;udkjznfhqnf;&ef ay;aomqifajcrsm;onf bk&m;ocifh
a½SUawmfwGift&mra&mufygacs/
'Ha,vonf rdrdü½SdaomtpGrf;tprsm;udk wefzdk;xm;
aomfvnf; rudk;pm;yg/ rdrdtm;vHk;vHk;rSDcdkum rdrdxHodkYESdrfhcs
aompdwfjzifhcsOf;uyfoltaygif;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifuwd
xm;awmfrlonfhwefcdk;awmfüom oludk;pm;ygonf/
½Sifbk&ifpm;aomtpm? ½Sifbk&ifaomufaomt&nfrsm;
udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkrnpfnrf;vdkonfrSm 'Ha,v\
qEyifjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm xdktpm;tpmrsm;onf udk,fum,
cGeftm;udkrwdk;yGm;apEdkif½Hkomru pdwfydkif;qdkif&mpOf;pm;awG;ac:
rIrsm;udkvnf; rxufjrufaponfudk olodxm;ygonf/ olonf
t&ufraomufyg/ obm0twdkif;r[kwfaomtm;<uaq;rsm;
udkroHk;aqmifyg/ pdwfudkxH kxd kif;aprnfht&mtm;vHk;ud k
ola½SmifMuOfygonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocifonf olYtm;
]]txl;xl;aomodyÜHtwwfynmwdkYudkodapjcif;iSm xdk;xGif;í
em;vnfEdkifaomOmPfowådudkay;oem;awmfrl\/---azmfjycsuf
jrifEdkifpGrf;tm;ESifhtdyfrufudkem;vnfEdkifaom OmPfynmESifhjynfhpHk}}
ap\/
CTBH, p. 16 (1890)
ysufpD;jcif;udktpysKd;cJhonfhae&mrS u,fwifjcif;udk
c&pfawmftpysKd;vkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/ tm'Ht½HI;ESifh&ifqdkif
cJhaomt&mrsKd;udk c&pfawmftppfaq;cHatmifyGJqifcJhygonf/
pmwefonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIqdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;jzifh
vlom;trsm;pktay:atmifyGJqifcJh&m tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaom
þN*Kd[fuav;udk rdrdoabmtwdkif; vkyfvdk&mvkyfEdkifonf[k
olxifaeygonf/ odkY&mwGif rdrdtm;qefYusifEdkifolwpfOD;½Sdae
aMumif;udk c&pfawmfESifholawGUrSod½Sdvmum wdkufyGJBuD;rS
olpGefYcGmcJhygonf/ ]]þavmuudktpdk;&aomrif;onf---igü
tb,ftcGifht&mudkrQrawGU&}} [k c&pfawmfa<u;aMumfcJhygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYvnf; pmwefESifhwdkufvSefyGJwGif atmifyGJqifEdkifaMumif;
udk,fawmf½Sif\atmifyGJonf tmrcHcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ c&pfawmf
ESifhtwlyl;aygif;um rdrdwdkY\u@udkêud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIrygbJ
uREfkyfwdkYtm;u,fwif&efrSm crnf;awmfbk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf
r[kwfygacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\u@udkvkyfaqmifMu&
rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIESifhyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvsuf
½Sdaom bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmfonf atmifjrifrIo&zludk
,laqmifay;vdrfhrnf/
atmifyGJqifcJhaom'Ha,v\yHkoufao
CTBH, pp. 22-23 (1890)
bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh trtptm;jzihfom
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;aponfh pHkprf;jcif;wefcdk;udk
230 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 229
jr§ifhwif&mwGif udk,fawmfESifhtwlyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifolrsm;tay:
xm;½Sdonfh bk&m;ocif\oabmxm;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkY\tawGU
têuHuazmfjyaeygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ociftwGuf
*kPf,lp&mwpfckjzpf½Hkomru AmAkvkefeef;awmfwGif awmufy
xGef;vif;aeaomtvif;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/
c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtzdk;weftvif;rsm;udk
pkpnf;um usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtwl touf½Sifaexdkif
Mu&ef uREfkyfwdkYwpfOD;pDudkawmif;qdkaeaom bk&m;ocif\
rdefYawmfrloHudkvnf; þtjzpftysufxJwGif uREfkyfwdkYMum;ae
&ygonf/
(R & H, Jan. 25, 1881) CH, p. 66.
tu,fíom 'Ha,vESifhtazmfrsm;onf xdkAmAkvkef
t&m½Sdrsm;ESifh tavsmhtwif;vkyfum zdtm;ay;rIudkvufajr§muf
t½HI;ay;NyD; AmAkvkef½dk;&m"avhESifhtnD pm;aomufcJhMurnfqdkvQif
rnfodkYjzpfvmvdrfhrnfenf;/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;udk wpfcsuf
uav;usL;vGef½HkESifh ¤if;wdkY\trSefw&m;udkodonfhpdwfonf
tm;enf;oGm;½Hkomru trSm;udk½GHonfhpdwfonfvnf; jyif;xef
jcif;r½SdEdkifawmhacs/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;onf
cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;? pdwfMunfvifrIrsm;ESifh 0dnmOfcGeftm;rsm;
udkxdcdkuf,kwfavsmhapygonf/ trSm;wpfcgusL;vGefjcif;onf
tjcm;aomtrSm;rsm;udkusL;vGefapEdkif½Hkomru tqHk;wGifpHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYtm;aysmufvGifhoGm;onftxd
bk&m;ocifESifh¤if;wdkYtMum;½SdqufoG,frIudk jywfawmufoGm;
apEdkifygonf/
csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk wdwdusususifhaqmifwwfatmif
olYtm; i,fpOfawmifaus;b0rSpí rdbrsm;uavhusifhay;cJh
Muygonf/ obm0w&m;ESifhusifhMuHûyrl&rnfjzpfaMumif; tpm;
taomufonf udk,fpdwfESifhudk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mobm0udk
wdkuf½dkufMoZmoufa&mufrI½SdaMumif;? rdrdü½SdaomtpGrf;tprsm;udk
bk&m;ociftwGuftoHk;ûy&rnfjzpfaMumif; olYtm; rdbESpfyg;u
oGefoifxm;aomaMumifh 'Ha,vonf xdkt&mtm;vHk;udk
bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfhqkaus;Zl;rsm;tjzpfrSwf,lum
xdcdkufysufpD;rIr½SdatmifumuG,fxm;zdkY ESvHk;oGif;xm;ygonf/
xdkuJhodkYrdbrsm;uoGefoifxm;jcif;aMumifh olonf bk&m;ocif
\ynwfawmfrsm;udkajr§mufpm;um ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;cJhygonf/
uRefb0a&mufcgpESpfrsm;wGif bk&ifheef;awmfESifhvnf;aumif;?
oDvaMumift,l0g'ESifhvnf;aumif;? Am[D&0g'ESifhvnf;aumif;
&if;ESD;tuRrf;0ifaprnfh 'ku©okcrsm;ESifh&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/
A[kokwonf olYtm;taomuftpm;uif;aomtoufwm?
½dk;om;êud;pm;aomtoufwmrsm;jzifh oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm
aexdkiftouf½SifEdkifatmif trSefwu,fûyjyifay;aom xl;qef;
onfhausmif;wpfausmif;awmhrjzpfEdkif&m/ raumif;rIywf0ef;usif
wGif xdkuJhodkYoltouf½SifaexdkifcJh&aomfvnf; pm&dwår@dKif
azgufjyefjcif;r½SdbJ olMuHhMuHhcHEdkifcJhygonf/
tpm;tpmudkûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh &½SdcHpm;&rnfh
tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk 'Ha,vESifhtazmfwdkY\tawGUtêuHu
xif½Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif toufwmudkoefYpif
232 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 231
yef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm ûyMu\/ igwdkYrlum; rñId;EGrf;? rysufpD;
Edkifaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSmûyMu\/ xdkaMumifh igajy;
aomtcg trSwfwrJhajy;onfr[kwf/ vufa0SYowfaomtcg
tmumoaumif;uifudkom xdk;íowfonfr[kwf/ olwpfyg;
udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif½IH;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudk
xdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\/}} 1aum? 9;24-27/
urÇmay:½Sdvlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif;
jzpfaponfhtusifh"avhrsm;udkvdkufpm;aeMuygonf/ cHwGif;
awmifhwrIonf ¤if;wdkYtm; pdk;rdk;aeonfhpnf;rsOf;jzpfaeonf/
¤if;wdkYusifhoHk;aeaomtusihfqdk;rsm;aMumifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;
ysuf,Gif;aeMuygonf/ oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaomt&mrsm;udk odjrif
EdkifonfhpGrf;&nfrsm;vnf; ysufpD;ukefygawmhonf/ xdkaMumifh
c&pf,mefrsm;onf csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk wdwdusususifhoHk;
oifhygonf/ toufwmpHrsm;udk jrifhjrifhrm;rm;xm;oifhygonf/
pm;aomuf0wfqifjcif;wGif csKyfwnf;jcif;onf r½Sdrjzpf
usifhaqmif&rnfht&mjzpfonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIu ¤if;wdkYtm;
rtkyfpdk;apbJ toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;utkyfpdk;ap&ygrnf/
tpm;BuD;olrsm; (odkYr[kwf) tm[m&rjzpfEdkif[kxif&aomtpm
rsm;udkpm;oHk;olrsm;onf taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rIaemufodkYvdkufyg
&efvG,fulNyD; ]]tjypfaoG;aqmifjcif;? zrf;rdjcif;? rdkufrJzsufqD;
wwfaomwyfrufjcif;rsm;xJodkYusa&mufwwfMu\/}} 1wd 6;9/
bk&m;ocifESifhtwl yl;wGJtrIaqmifaeMuolrsm;onf ppfrSefaom
csKyfwnf;jcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk trsm;jynfolem;vnfvmatmif
rdrdwdkY\MoZmwefcdk;tm;vHk;udk toHk;ûyoifhMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mefwm0ef
2T, p. 65 (1868)
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
em;vnfoabmaygufvmaomtcsdefwGif t&mcyfodrf;wdkYudk
csKyfwnf;&ef udk,fawmf½Sifawmif;qdkaeonfudk awGUjrifvmMu
ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYusifhaqmifoifhqHk;t&mrSm udk,fawmf½Sifydkifonfh
uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;
udkxGef;vif;ap&efjzpfygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;rsm;udk
xdcdkufaponfh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;aeaomtcsdefwGif
þtrIudk uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYvkyfaqmifEdkifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ rdrdwdkY\
udk,fcEmtm; touf½Sifaom,ZfuJhodkYtyfESHMu&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmaeygonf/ odkYrSom tvdkawmfESifhtnD
tusef;rmqHk;tajctaewGif qufvuf&yfwnfapzdkY cEmudk,fudk
xdef;odrf;&efwm0efrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;jyXmef;awmfrlygvdrfhrnf/
]]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;aumif;?
rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk
axmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh/}}
6T, pp. 374-375 (1900)
]]ajrwvif;üûydifíajy;aomoltaygif;wdkYonf ûydifí
ajy;Muaomfvnf; wpfa,mufwnf;omvQif qkudk&onf[k
oifwdkYrodMuoavm/ qkudk&rnftaMumif; ajy;Muavmh/ yGJü
ûydifí tcsif;csif;wdkufaomolrnfonfum; t&m&müwyfruf
jcif;udkcsKyfwnf;wwf\/ xdkolwdkYonf ñId;EGrf;ysufpD;wwfaom
234 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 233
toif;awmfwdkif;ü toHudkay;wwfonfhwHydk;c&mwpfckudkay;aom
½Sif;vif;xufjrufonfhoufaocHcsufwpfckvdktyfaeygonf/
tu,fíom csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mbmom&yftay:wGif
vltrsm;pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifMurnfqdkvQif
BuD;us,faomatmifjrifrIrsm;udk qGwfcl;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ cyfodrf;
aomt&mwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&rnfqdkonfhtcsufudk oGefoif
Mu½Hkomru vufawGUusifhoHk;MuzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ tpm;?
taomuf? t0wfESifh ttdyfwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;trIonf
bmoma&;toufwm\r[mpnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf/ pdwf0dnmOf
xJodkY0ifvmaomtrSefw&m;onf cE¨mudk,fukpm;rIwGif vrf;jy
ygvdrfhrnf/ vlom;rsm;\usef;rma&;ESifhrywfoufonfht&m
wpfpHkwpfckudkrQ ta&;xm;p&mrvdkaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\
xm0&umvaumif;pm;a&;onf þtoufwmü tcsdef? cGeftm;
ESifhMoZmwefcdk;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtoHk;csrItay:wGif trSDûyaeygonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRef
Sp. Gifts IV, 129-131 (1864)
trSefw&m;udk,HkMunfvufcHaMumif; zGifhqdkonfhtzGJU
wpfzG JU½S dygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf aq;vdyfraomufyg/
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDraomufMuyg/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf
uGJjym;jcm;em;aomenf;jzifh cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufjcif;raumif;rIudk
usL;vGefaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;rsm;?
tESpfrsm;rsm;ygonfhtom;[if;rsm;udk pGJvrf;ESpfoufMuum
xdkvkyf&yfonf bk&m;ocifhtay:opöm½SdrItwGuf rsm;pGm
t"dyÜg,f½SdvSygonf/ xdkvkyf&yfudkusifhaqmifMu&efvnf;
trIawmfjrwfwGifyg0ifaeorQvlom;taygif;wdkYtm; udk,fawmf½Sif
awmif;qdkaeygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;udk usef;rma&;
taumif;qHk;tajctaewGifxdef;odrf;xm;&ef udk,fawmf½Sif
tvdk½Sdovdk bk&m;ocifhxHrS&½Sdxm;onfhwefcdk;cGeftm;rsm;udk
bk&m;ocif\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGifomxm;½Sd&ef tvdk½Sdawmfrlvsuf
½Sdonf/ xdktvdkawmfudkjznfhqnf;&efrSm wif;usyfpGmusifhMuH
aom? csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhuomwwfEdkifygonf/ xdkaMumifh
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifay;qkaus;Zl;rsm;ESifhwuG rdrdwdkY\
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udk udk,fawmf½Sif\trIawmfjrwftwGuftoHk;ûy
&ef aus;Zl;wifaompdwfjzifh r>cif;rcsefay;qyftyfESHMuzdkY
wm0ef½Sdygonf/
þu½kPmawmfumvtwGif;ü rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;?
pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tNrJwrf;zGHUûzd;tm;aumif;aeatmif vkyfaqmif&ef
vdktyfvSygonf/ þusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tav;xm;um
rdrdcEmudk,fudk owdynm½SdpGmjzifh bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUaom
pdwfjzifh *½kwpdkufusifhoHk;cJholrsm;omvQif þtrIawmfwGif
wm0efay;&ef a½G;cs,fjcif;cHoifhygonf/ trIawmfjrwfwGif
tcsdefMumjrifhpGmxrf;aqmifcJhNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; ajzmifhrwfjcif;
pnf;rsOf;ESifhraumif;rIvkyf&yfrsm;udk rcGJjcm;Edkifonfhjyif bk&m;
ocif\w&m;rQwrI? u½kPmawmfESifh arwåmawmfrsm;udk od½Sd
em;vnfrIr½Sdao;olrsm;udk trIawmfrStem;ay;oifhygonf/
236 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 235
udkyif olwdkYpOf;pm;aeMuao;onf/ taMumif;aMumifhtusKd;
xifcJhacsNyD/ yxrpm;xm;onfhajccsufjcif;trINyD;aemuf acwå
em;&eftcsdefray;bJ tpmtdrfxJodkY aemufxyfwpfcgtpmrsm;udk
rxnfhoGif;oifhyg/ tu,fí wwd,tBudrfpm;csifvQifvnf;
tdyf&mr0ifrDem&Dtenf;i,fapmí tenf;i,fompm;oifhygonf/
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf qifjcifoHk;oyfrIvHk;0rûyawmhbJ
tpm;MuL;jcif;tusifhudkrjyifawmh&ef csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;aom
tusifhtwGuf udk,fhudkudk,ftyfESHxm;Muygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
tpm;taomufudkcsKyfwnf;jcif;xuf usef;rma&;csKdUwJhum tcsdef
rwefrDaoqHk;jcif;udkydkívdkvm;Muonf/ ¤if;tjyif usef;rma&;
ESifhtpm;taomufqufpyfrI½Sdaeonfudkvnf; vltrsm;rod½Sd
Muacs/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYtm; usef;rma&;ynmay;EdkifcJhvdrfh
rnfqdkvQif olwdkYonf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyaom
tpmrsm;oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;um cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf
jcif;tusifhudkjiif;y,f&ef pdwfwefcdk;rsm;&½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/
xdkenf;tm;jzifh xdkolrsm;onf tema&m*guif;½Sif;vmum
usef;rmaysmf½TifvmMuvdrfhrnf/
cHwGif;awmihfwrIudkavhusifhynmay;jcif;
tom;rsm;? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;jzifhcsufûywfpDrH
xm;aom[if;rsm;? tcsKdtqdrfhESifhNyD;aomrkefYrsm;udk pm;aeus
jzpfaeaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk
csufcsif;BuD;t&omawGUMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ tm[m&½Sdaom
usef;rma&;udkxdcd kufaponfhcsufûywfjyifqifrIr[kwfvQif
tom;[if;yifjzpfvifhupm; olwdkYtmomrajyMuawmhacs/
xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfonf usef;rma&;csK dUwJhvmygonf/
tpmaMucsufrIvnf; tm;enf;vmygonf/ odk Yapumrl
xdktpmrsm;udkacszsufypf&ef tpmtdrfonf jyif;jyif;xefxef
vkyfaqmifae&&m tqHk;wGif tm;ukefvmum [mwmwmBuD;
cHpm;vm&ygonf/ þonfudk wcsKdUu tpmqmonf[kxifum
tpmtdrfudk tem;ray;awmhbJ aemufxyftpmrsm;jzifhjznfhyg
awmhonf/ odkYESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkydkítvdkvdkufonfESifhtrQ
auseyfrI&&ef ydkíydkícufcJvmygonf/ þuJhodkY[mwmwmBuD;
cHpm;rIonf tom;pm;jcif;? tpm;rsm;jcif;? rMumcPtpm
pm;jcif;wdkY\&v'fjzpfygonf/
tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomudwfrkefY? ydkifrkefYrsm;ESifh ylwif;rsm;
ponfhusef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIonf
vltrsm;vufcHusifhoHk;aeaomt&mjzpfaeygonf/ pm;yGJudk
pm;p&mrsKd;pHkjzifhjyifrxm;rdvQif cHwGif;awmifhwrI\tvdkrjynfh
ouJhodkYjzpfaeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf tdyf&mxwGif
yg;pyfteHYraumif;ovdk vQmüacs;wufaewwfMuonf/
usef;rma&;csKdUwJhaejim;aomfvnf; cHpm;&aoma0'em\Zmpfjrpf
udk ¤if;wdkYr½SmazGMuacs/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf wpfaeYvQif xrif;
(3) Budrfpm;½Hkomruao;bJ tdyf&m0ifcgeD;wGifvnf; pm;vdkuf
Muao;onf/ tpmtdrfrSm em;cGifhr&awmhojzifh oufwrf;wdkwdk
twGif;rSmyif tm;enf;oGm;ygawmhonf/ jyif;xefonfhtpmtdrf
a&m*gudkvnf; cHpm;vmMu&m tb,faMumifhxdka&m*g&onf
238 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 237
pm;aomufjcif;u tumtuG,fay;ygvdrfhrnf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;
tusifhtm;jzifh udk,fhudkudk,fowfjcif;rSuif;uif;raeMuvQif
vltrsm;onf usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmMuvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/
tpm;MuL;jcif;\uRefjzpfvm&ef rdrdudk,fudkcGifhûyolrsm;
onf csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhtvdk&r®uf
rsm;udkjznfhqnf;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk,kwfnHhatmifvkyfaqmif
aeMuonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udktBuD;tus,fxdcdkufepfemonf
txd xdk,kwfnHhonfhtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;aeMuygonf/
xdktusifhqdk;aMumifh usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwfonfhtpGrf;rsm;
vnf; tBuD;tus,fysufpD;ukefygonf/
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifhjzpfay:vmaomxdcdkufrItrsKd;rsKd;
CTBH, p. 83 (1890)
tpm;taomufonf usef;rma&;tay:BuD;rm;aom
vTrf;rdk;rIwpfckudkjzpfaponfqdkonfhtcsufudk ausmif;om;
trsm;u rESpfûrdUzG,frodusKd;uRHûyaeMuonf/ wcsKdUrSm tpm;
taomufudkxdef;csKyfzdkYêud;pm;&ef wpfcgrQpdwfrul;zl;Muacs/
rnfonfhpnf;urf;rsm;udkvdkufemoifhonfudkvnf; pdwfr0ifpm;
Muacs/ olwdkYonf xrif;udkw0wNyJBuD;pm;½Hkomru pHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;cH&wdkif; oa&pmudkvnf; Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGif
pm;wwfMuao;onf/ rdrdtm; pdwf½IyfaprnfhtcuftcJrsm;udk
ajz½Sif;ypf&efqE´½Sdaomc&pf,mefrsm;onf tb,faMumifh þrQ
aygifrkefY? opfoD;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk t&omrawGU
avmufatmif ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;onf ysufpD;vrf;vGJaeygonf/
pm;aeustpmrsm;rStjcm;tpmrsm;udkajymif;pm;&efvnf; ¤if;wdkY
rawmifhwMuacs/ tu,fí ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;cgpwGif cHwGif;
rawGUygvQif tqmcHNyD;rSpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ tqmcHpm;jcif;onf
aq;0g;rsm;udkoHk;pGJjcif;xufydkítusKd;½Sdygonf/ taMumif;rSm
tqrweftoHk;ûyjcif;cHxm;&onfhtpmtdrfonf tem;&½Hkomru
trSefwu,fqmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;udk ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;uom
ajyaysmufapEdkifygonf/ obm0twdkif;jyifqifxm;aom½dk;½dk;
tpmrsm;udk oabmusvmzdkY&ef êud;pm;&mwGif tcsdef,lzdkYvdk
aomfvnf; pm;aomufjcif;t&mü udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,f&mwGif
ZGJ½SdMuvQif ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;\t&omudk tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;
êudufESpfoufvm½Hkomru ,ciftpmqef;rsm;xuf ESpfûcduf
pGmoHk;aqmifvmMuvdrfhrnf/
xdktcg tpmtdrfonf tom;rsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?
tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; cHpm;&rnfha0'emrsm;rS
uif;½Sif;vm½Hkomru rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudkvkyfaqmif&ef
tqifoifh½SdvmEdkifygonf/ xdkaMumifh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpö
rsm;twGuf raESmifhaES;oifhMuyg/ tpm;MuL;taomufMuL;
jcif;rsm;udk pGefYy,fjcif;tm;jzifh usef½SdaeaomcGeftm;rsm;udk
xdef;odrf;&efêud;pm;oifhMuygonf/ tpmtdrfonf rnfonfh
tcgrQjynfhjynfh00jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmjcif;r½SdEdkifawmhaomf
vnf; aemufxyfjzpfyGm;rnfhysufpD;qkwf,kwfrIrsm;udk rSefuefpGm
240 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 239
rdrdwdkY\OmPfynmxufjrufrIrsm;onf rnfrQtxdjrifhrm;cJhvdrfh
rnfudkvnf; xdktcsdefwGif olwdkYoabmaygufMuvdrfhrnf/
olwdkYonf aemifwpdwf\rcsdrqHha0'emudkcHpm;&if; ¤if;wdkY\
b0udkjyefvnftouf½Sifvdkpdwfrsm;aygufzGm;vmMuvdrfhrnf/
obm0ESifhqefYusifaomtpmrsm;udka½Smif½Sm;&ef
CTBH, pp. 150-151 (1890)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\vlwdkYtm; avmuqdkif&m
tvGeftusL;tusifhrsm;? pm;MuL;aomufMuL;tvdk&r®ufjyif;xef
jcif;rsm;rS udk,ftvdkudkjiif;wwfaomtusifh? t&mcyfodrf;wGif
csKyfwnf;wwfaomtusifhrsm;udk usifhaqmif&mqDodkY ydkYaqmif
ay;vsuf½Sdygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifvrf;jyydkYaqmifaeaom
xdkvlwdkYonf xl;jcm;aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ avmuom;
rsm;ESifhrwlMuyg/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\
OD;aqmifrIudkvufcHvdkufavQmufcJhMuvQif udk,fawmf\tMuH
awmfudk ¤if;wdkYtaumiftxnfazmfMuvdrfhrnfomru rdrdwdkY\
qE´rsm;udkvnf; udk,fawmhfxHwGif tyfESHMuayvdrfhrnf/
c&pfawmfonfvnf; pdwfESvHk;xJwGifudef;0yfvmum cE¨mudk,f
AdrmefawmfBuD;onfvnf; oefY½Sif;vmygvdrfhrnf/ oif\
udk,fcE¨monf oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudef;0yf&mAdrmefawmf
jzpfaMumif; aygvkuzGifhqdkxm;onf/ cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk
xdcdkufysufpD;jcif;rS rdrdudk,fudkjiif;y,f&ef om;orD;rsm;tm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrrlbJ udk,fum,usef;rma&;
avmufpdwfESvHk;xHkxdkif;ae&oenf;/ tb,faMumifh ¤if;wdkY\
bmoma&;onfrvdktyfbJ tm;enf;aeMu&oenf;qdkygvQif
xdkt&monf vHkavmufaomtaMumif;jycsufjzpfygonf/
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tpm;taomufaMumifh bk&m;ocifESifh
yifvrf;cGJwwfMuonf/ pmuav;wpfaumifaoonfudkvnf;
aumif;? acgif;ay:rSqHyiftacsmif;a&udkvnf;aumif; owdûy
wwfonfhudk,fawmf½Sifonf udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;rsm;tqkwf,kwf
cHum todOmPfESifhudk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtodtjrifrsm;udk
txHkxdkif;? taoaMucHum cHwGif;tvdkvdkufaeolrsm;\tjypfudk
rSwfawmfrlaeygonf/
oHa0*&rnfhtem*wfaeYwpfaeY
5T, p. 135 (1882)
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tpm;MuL;jcif;ESifh avmuaysmfarGUrI
cHpm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&mESihfpdwfydkif;qdkif&mvkyfaqmifrI
rsm;wGif tm;enf;vmMuonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh0dnmOfa&;
obm0rsm; tm;enf;vmonfESifhtrQ wd&pämeftavhtxrsm;
tm;aumif;vmygonf/ yv’ifjzLBuD;ywfvnfwGif uREfkyfwdkY
&yfxMuaomtcsdefwGif vltaygif;wdkY\toufwmrSwfwrf;
rsm;udk wifqufMuvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ay;tpGrf;rsm;udk,kwfnHhatmif
rvkyfrdcJhvQif rnfonfht&mrsm;udk rdrdwdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhMurnfudk
xdktcsdefwGifolwdkYawGUjrifMuvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifay;udk,fpdwf
tpGrf;owådrsm;udk bk&m;ocifxHwGif tyfESHrdcJhMurnfqdkvQif
242 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 241
DF- 16
oefY½Sif;jcif;½Sd&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/
pHkvifaomolrsm;tjzpf xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGifr&yfxrD
NyD;pD;atmifvkyf&rnfhtvkyfrSm þtvkyfyifjzpfonf/
Health Reform, September, 1871.
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf pdwfoabmajymif;vJjcif;½Sd
awmfrrlyg/ 'ku©rcHpm;&bJ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk azgufzsuf
Edkifatmifvnf; uREfkyf\cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ajymif;vJ
ypf&ef MuH½G,fcsuf½Sdawmfrrlyg/ odkY&mwGif vltrsm;rSm tvif;
w&m;udkrawGUvdkbJ rsufpdpHkrSdwfxm;Muonf/ xdkolrsm;onf
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azguf
aeMuonf/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf rodpdwf\vIHYaqmfrI
udkemcHMurnfqdkvQif tpm;taomufESifh0wfqifrIrsm;wGif ed,mr
pnf;rsOf;rsm;\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif½SdaeMuvdrfhrnf/
trIaqmifrsm;\toHk;0ifrIonf
cHwGif;xdef;csKyfjcif;tay:wGiftajcûyjcif;
Letter 158, 1909.
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;qdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk
MuHhMuHhcHzdkYvdkaMumif; vlwdkYtm;wifjyMuyg/ taMumif;rSm vltrsm;
wdkYonf þpHkprf;jcif;wGifusqHk;aeMuonf/ udk,fESifhpdwfonf
eD;uyfpGmqufpyfaeonfudkvnf;aumif;? xdkt&mESpfckpvHk;udk
taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif½Sdatmif xdef;odrf;xm;&efvdktyf
aMumif;udkvnf;aumif; vlwdkYtm;½Sif;jyMuyg/
udkxdef;odrf;EdkifzdkY obm0w&m;udkvdkufavQmuf&efom awmif;qdk
awmfrlygonf/ obm0vrf;aMumif;onf udk,fawmf½Sifjyifqif
xm;awmfrlaomt&mjzpfNyD; c&pf,mefrsm;avQmufvSrf;Edkifavmuf
atmif us,f0ef;ygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY\
aysmf½TifrIESifhtouf½Sif&eftwGuf <u,f0rsm;jym;pGmaomaumif;csD;
r*Fvmrsm;udk &ufa&maomvufawmftm;jzifh jyifqifawmfrlyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif touf½Snfusef;rmaponfh obm0tpm;
tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYESpfoufvmap&eftvdkYiSm udk,fawmfonf
tpm;tpmrsm;udkuefYowfay;awmfrlonf/ obm0ESifhqefYusif
aomtpmrsm;udk owdûya½SmifMuOfMu&efvnf; udk,fawmf
rdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/ tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYonf vrf;vGJaom
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkzefwD;rdMuvQif usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azgufaeMuacsNyD/ rdrdudk,fudka&m*g&apjcif;ESifh udk,fcE¨m
udkysuf,Gif;apjcif;rsm;twGuf uREfkyfwdkYwm0ef,lMu&awmhrnf/
9T, pp. 153-154 (1909)
usef;rma&;ESifhrjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk csufûywfjcif;ESifh
tom;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDoHk;aqmifjcif;wdkY\raumif;usKd;rsm;
taMumif;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? tyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh
bk&m;ocifESifhy#dnmOfwpfckûyvkyf&ef qHk;jzwfxm;olrsm;onf
vnf;aumif;? raumif;rSef;odxm;onfh xdktpm;taomuf
rsm;twGuf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk&yfwefYypfMuvdrfhrnf/
raumif;aomt&mrsm;udk rpm;aomufrdatmif udk,ftvdkudk
jiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudkusifhoHk;&efESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIwGif
244 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 243
onf/ ]]ysufpD;qHk;½IH;tHhqJqJjzpfaeaom touf0dnmOfrsm;udk
u,fq,f&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftwGuftrIawmfaqmif½Gufae
Muolrsm;taejzifh oifwdkY\vkyfaqmifrIxufjrufjcif;onf
cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:wGif oifwdkYatmifyGJqifaerIwGif trsm;BuD;
tajcûyaeygonf}} [k "r®trIawmfaqmifrsm;ESifh ,leD,HOuúX
rsm;tm;ajym&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrl
cJhonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:wGif atmifyGJqifyg/ odkYûyvQif
oif\tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk vG,fulpGmoifxdef;odrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf/
xdktcsdefwGif oif\pdwfwefcdk;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;onf
tm;aumif;vmvdrfhrnf/ ]]olwdkYonf odk;oi,f\taoG;awmf
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY\oufaocHcsufrsm;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; atmifyGJqifcJhMuonf/
trIaqmifwpfOD;xHodkYawmif;cHcsufwpfck
Letter 49, 1892.
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtm;trIawmfwGifyg0if
aqmif½Guf&ef a½G;cs,fxm;awmfrlonf/ oifonf trIawmfudk
*½kwpdkufêud;pm;vkyfaqmifNyD; pm;aomufaexdkifrIwGif owd
ynmjzifhxdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;usifhaqmifrnfqdkvQif oifonf
aysmf½Tifom,maomtoufwmudkcHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ cHwGif;tvdk
vdkufjcif;udkxdef;csKyfum rdrdukd,fudk xm0&bk&m;ocif\
vufawmfwGiftyfESHvdkufyg/ rdrdukd,fudk*½kwpdkufxdef;odrf;
apmifha½Smufjcif;tm;jzifh oif\toufwmudk½Snfapyg/
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufaeolrsm;? udk,fcE¨mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk
tv[óûzef;wD;ypfaeolrsm;ESifh pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk tm;enf;
oGm;atmifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;
csKd;azgufjcif;twGuf jzpfay:vmrnfhtusKd;qufrsm;udk rMumrD
wGifcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/
c&pfawmfonf tjypfom;rsm;\u,fwifjcif;twGuf
toufawmfudkpGefYcJhonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf xm0&
umvESifhpyfqdkifonfh oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udkrodjrifEdkifavmuf
atmif udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;? pGrf;&nfrsm;udk usqif;
ysuf,Gif;aponfudk c&pfawmfodxm;awmfrlygonf/ udk,ftvdk
½Sdonfhtwdkif; pm;aomufaexdkifjcif;rsm;onf udk,fusifhw&m;
qdkif&mwefcdk;rsm;udk azgufjyefaponfudkvnf;aumif;? udk,ftvdk
udkvdkufavsmjcif;rS udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;odkY vlom;rsm;
ajymif;vJzdkYvdkonfudkvnf;aumif; udk,fawmfodxm;ygonf/
"r®q&mrsm;ESifhwuG tdyfaysmfaeaomtoif;awmfrsm;udk Edk;x
vmatmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhudk
rpygap/ orm;awmfwm0efESifh "r®q&mwm0efudk tcsKd;tq
nDnDoifwdkYaqmif½GufMuyg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhpyfqdkifaom
trSefw&m;udka[mMum;&ef uREfkyfwdkY\aq;cef;rsm;udkwnfaxmif
xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf vlom;rsm;udkûyjyifajymif;vJay;zdkYvdktyf
ovdk EIwfxGufpum;udka[mMum;aeonfh"r®q&mrsm;ESif h
ausmif;q&mrsm;udkvnf; txl;ojzifhûyjyifajymif;vJay;zdkYvdkyg
246 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 245
todw&m;rsm;udkjzpfay:aponfh pdwfwefcdk;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;
tpGrf;rsm;udk xGef;um;ap½Hkomru todOmPfrsm;vnf;
qufvufzGHUûzd;ygvdrfhrnf/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkwGef;vSefyHkudk
vlwdkYtm;jyo&ef aumif;uifa½Teef;udkpGefYum þurÇmodkY
<uvmcJhaom c&pfawmf\tyfESHrIudk trSefwu,fem;vnfol
tm;vHk;onf udk,ftvdkudk0rf;yef;womjiif;y,fum c&pfawmf
ESifhtwl ql;cif;aomvrf;udkavQmuf&efa½G;cs,fMuvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUjcif;onf ynm\tcsKyftjcm
jzpfawmfrl\/ c&pfawmfenf;wl atmifyGJqifcJholrsm;onf pmwef
\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;rS rdrdudk,fudktpOfrjywfumuG,fMu&rnf/ pmwef
\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh vQKdU0SufMuHpnfrIrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\
vufcsuf[k rrSwf,lrdap&eftvdkYiSm todOmPfrsm;? xdk;xGif;
OmPfrsm;rxdcdkufrysuf,Gif;oGm;&atmif cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh
tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk tjrifrSefaomtodpdwf\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif
csKyfwnf;xm;oifhygonf/ vltrsm;onf atmifjrifolrsm;
tm;ay;awmfrlrnfh aemufqHk;atmifyGJESifhqkrsm;udkvdkvm;Muaomf
vnf; ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\u,fwif½Sif&ifqdkifcJhaomtcuftcJ
ESifhpm;0wfaea&;qif;&JrIrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? udk,ftvdkudk
jiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudkvnf;aumif; cHpm;usifhMuH&eftvdkr½SdMu
acs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;ESifh pOfquf
rjywfêud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifhom c&pfawmfenf;wl
atmifyGJqifEdkifMurnfjzpfonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrI\tkyfpdk;rIaMumifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGm
aomvlom;rsm;onf ysufpD;qHk;½IH;Muvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
ûcd;jcHa½SmifMuOfjcif;onfcGeftm;udkwdk;yGm;aponf
3T, pp. 490-492 (1875)
vlom;rsm;\uHMur®mudktqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh owif;
pum;udka[mMum;jcif;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY
a[monfhtrSefw&m;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYtoufwmwGif vufawGU
usifhoHk;oifhMuonf/ tpm;taomuf? tajymtqdk? taetxdkif
wGif olwpfyg;twGufpHerlemjzpfoifhMuonf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;?
,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;tvdkodkYvdkufjcif;ESifh qdk;½Gm;aomtjypf
rsm;udk urÇmt&yf&yf½Sdc&pf,mefrsm;u [efaqmifzHk;uG,fxm;
wwfMuonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;rI½SdvQif vlawmf
rsm;onf trIawmfudk,ckxufydkíxda&mufatmifvkyfaqmifEdkif
Muvdrfhrnf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifhtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufavsm
jcif;onf pdwfudkrMunfrvifjzpfaponf/ udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;
rsm;udk,kwfavsmhaponf/ pdwfwefcdk;udkusqif;apygonf/
xdkolrsm;\oHk;oyfawG;ac:rIrsm;onf rMunfvifawmhacs/ olwdkY
ajymaompum;rsm;ü 0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;ryg½Sdojzifh Mum;&ol
rsm;twGuf cGeftm;rjzpfawmhacs/
uREfkyfwdkY\rdOD;zOD;wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkuf
rdjcif;aMumifh {'ifO,smOfudkqHk;½HI;cJhMu&m cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh
tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk rvdkufravsm? jiif;qefjcif;tm;jzifhom xdk{'if
O,smOfudkjyefvnf&½Sd&ef arQmfvifhEdkifMuygonf/ tpm;taomuf
rsm;udkûcd;jcHjcif;ESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyfjcif;onf trSm;
ESifhtrSef? tqdk;ESifhtaumif;rsm;tMum; cGJjcm;odjrifaprnfh
248 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 247
txd rdrdwdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhMuvdrfhrnfudk ¤if;wdkYoHk;oyfoifhMu
ygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifhaomufusihfrsm;ESifh tvdk&r®uf
rsm;udkusifhaqmifjcif;jzifh c&pf,mefrsm;yifvQif ¤if;wdkY\
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru udk,fpdwfESifhudk,fusifh
w&m;tpGrf;rsm;udkvnf; tm;enf;apMuvsuf½Sdonf/ xdkodkY
usifhaqmifaeolwcsKdUu rdrdwdkYonf bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGif
oefY½Sif;onf[kzGifhqdkaejim;aomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\zGifhqdkcsufwGif
tajctjrpfr½Sdygacs/
]]om;onf tzudk½dkaowwf\/ uRefonf ocifudk
aMumuf½GHUwwf\/ igonf tzrSefvQif ighudktb,fol½dkao
oenf;/ ocifrSefvQif tb,folaMumuf½G H Uoenf;[k
aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifonf emrawmfudk
rxDrJhjrifûyaom ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkYtm;ar;awmfrl\/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf emrawmfudk tb,fodkYrxDrJhjrifûyygoenf;[k oifwdkY
ar;&mwGif npfñl;aomtpmudk ighyv’ifodkYaqmifcJhMuonf
wum;/ tuREfkyfwdkYonf udk,fawmfudktb,fodkY½Iwfcsyg
oenf;[kar;&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocif\pm;yGJonf ,kwfrm\[k
qdkaomaMumifh ighudk½IwfcsMuNyD/ rsufpduef;aomtaumifudk
,ZfylaZmfvQif tjypf½Sdonfr[kwfavm? ajcqGHUaomtaumifESifh
emaomtaumifudk ,ZfylaZmfvQif tjypf½Sdonfr[kwfavm?
ûrdU0efrif;tm;qufygavmh/ rif;\pdwfESifhawGUvdrfhrnfavm?
oifhrsufESmudkaxmufvdrfhrnfavm[k aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sif
xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl\/}}
þtcsufwGifatmifjrifvQif pmwef\pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;rsm;
udk atmifyGJqifEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRefrsm;onf c&pf,mefpm&dwåudkpHkvifap
&mwGif ½HI;edrfhMuvdrfhrnf/ ESpfaygif; 6000 Mum pOfqufrjywf
usL;vGefcJhaomvlom;rsm;\tjypfrsm;aMumifh zsm;emjcif;? emusif
jcif;ESifh aojcif;rsm;udk tusKd;quftjzpf vlom;rsm;&dwfodrf;
aeMu&onf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvkeD;
vmonfESifhtrQ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIESifhywfoufaom pmwef\
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;onfvnf; ydkrdktm;aumif;vmum
ausmfvTm;&efydkícufvmygonf/
R & H, Jan. 25, 1881.
twåvGefuJNyD; tpm;MuL;aeaomolrsm;onf oefY½Sif;
jcif;ESifhpyfqdkifonfh aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;&zdkYrjzpfEdkifyg
acs/ þolrsm;onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhqefYusifaom
pm;usifh? aomufusihfrsm;aMumifh csnfheJYtdkrif;um nnf;wGm;
aeMuygonf/ vltrsm;wdkYonf pm;rSm;aomufrSm;rsm;aMumifh
¤if;wdkYtpmajct*Fg&yfrsm;onf tm;enf;vsuf½SdMuonf/
vlom;rsm;ü½Sdxm;ESifhNyD;aomcHEdkifrItajctaeonf tHhMop&m
aumif;avmufatmif aumif;rGefaomfvnf; pOfqufrjywf
usL;vGefaeaom pm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;aMumifh cEmudk,ftpdwf
tydkif;toD;oD;wdkYrSm tm;enf;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkvlom;rsm;
onf csKyfwnf;aomtoufwmjzifhtouf½Sifum usef;rma&;
aumif;atmifaexdkiftouf½SifcJhMurnfqdkvQif rnfa½GUrnfrQ
250 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 249
Letter 166, 1903.
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjiif;qefwwf&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcswwf
onfhpm&dwå½Sd&ygrnf/ vlom;rsm;wdkYonf qHk;jzwfcsufrcs
wwfMuojzifh ysufpD;qHk;½IH;aeMu&onf/ tm;enf;aysmhnHhNyD;
tvG,fwulaoG;aqmifrIaemufodkYvdkufygwwfaomvlrsm;pGm
wdkYonf bk&m;ociftvdk½SdonfhtajctaeodkYra&muf½dSEdkifMu
acs/ qHk;jzwfcsufnHhzsif;olrsm;onf atmifjrifaomaeYpOf
toufwmudk rzefwD;EdkifMuacs/ þurÇmBuD;onf ½l;½l;rl;rl;
yk*¾dKvfrsm;? csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJholrsm;? pdwfxm;aysmhnHholrsm;
ESifhjynfh0ae&m vlom;rsm; c&pf,mefppfppfjzpf&efrSm tvGef
cufcJvSygonf/
]]igüqnf;uyfvdkaomoljzpfvQif udk,fudkudk,fjiif;y,f&
rnf/ udk,fvuf0g;uyfwdkifudkxrf;í ighaemufodkYvdkuf&rnf}}
[k c&pfawmfurdefYqdkxm;ygonf/ rdrdwdkY\aemufvdkufrsm;udk
pHkprf;aESmifh,SufzdkY vlom;rsm;udk pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;trIudk
pmwefvkyfaqmifavh½Sdonf/ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;wGif rdrdESifhtwl
vkyfaqmif&ef vlom;rsm;udk olêud;pm;aoG;aqmifavh½Sdonf/
Zmwdyuwdt&awmifhwavh½Sdaom cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufjcif;?
pdwfvIyf½Sm;zG,fazsmfajzrIESifh rdkufrJrIrsm;udk wufa&mufcHpm;jcif;
rsm;udk vHk;vHk;vdkufpm;oGm;atmif vlwdkYtm;vrf;jy&ef olêud;pm;
avh½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;udkrvkyfMu&ef xm0&
bk&m;ocifwm;jrpfxm;awmfrlonfjzpf&m vlom;rsm;wGif½Sdaom
bk&m;ocif\½kyfvHk;udkysuf,Gif;atmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif ¤if;wdkY
onf pmwef\wynfhrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&zdkYjzpfvmygonf/
þqHk;rpum;rsm;ESifh owday;pum;rsm;udk owd0D&d,ESifh
vdkufemMuygpdkY/ þpum;rsm;tm;jzifh a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;
tm; qHk;rowday;aeonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; ,aeYtouf½Sif
vsuf½SdMuaom ,HkMunfolrsm;udkvnf; þpum;rsm;tm;jzifh
qHk;rowday;aeawmfrlygonf/ ¤if;jyif bk&m;ocif\u½kPm
awmfudkaxmufxm;um rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,frsm;udk touf½Sif
aom,Zf? oefY½Sif;aom,Zf? ESpfoufzG,faom,Zfrsm;tjzpf
tyfESHMu&ef ,HkMunfolrsm;tm; awmif;yefaeaomwrefawmfBuD;
½Sifaygvk\EIwfxGufpum;rsm;udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYoHk;oyfoifh
Muygonf/ þt&monf ppfrSefaomoefY½Sif;jcif;jzpfonf/
þt&monf oDtdk&Dwpfck? pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIwpfck? pum;pkwpfck
oufoufomr[kwfbJ aeYpOftoufwmwGifusifhoHk;&rnfh
touf½Sifxufjrufaompnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\
udk,fcE¨mudktouf½Sifjcif;? oefY½Sif;jcif;? ESpfoufzG,faom
vu©PmESifhjynfhpHkaom,ZfaumifuJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif
tyfESHEdkif&eftvdkYiSm udk,fpdwfESvHk;rsm;udk usef;rm½Tifvef;aprnfh
pm;aomufjcif;ESif h0wfqifjcif;tusihfrsm;udkusifhaqmif&ef
þt&muawmif;qdkaeygonf/
bmomw&m;ESifhtouf½Sifol[k rdrdudk,fudkzGifhqdkaeol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udk*½krpdkufbJrae
MuygESifh/ csKyfwnf;jcif;r½Sdjcif;ü tjypfr½Sdyg[kvnf;aumif;?
csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;tMum;qufET,frIr½Sdyg[kvnf;
aumif; rajymrdMuygapESifh/
252 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 251
xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½SdawmfrlonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; þtvdk
awmfudk vlom;rsm;jznfhqnf;Edkif&ef rdrdwdkY\tvdkqE´rsm;udk
udk,fawmf½Sif\tvdkawmfatmufwGifxm;Mu&rnf/
Health Reformer, May, 1878.
Zmwdyuwd\tvdkESifh rsufpdyom'\tvdkudkvnf;
aumif;? toufwm\rmepdwfudkvnf;aumif; jznfhqnf;
vdkufavQmuf&ef pHkprf;jcif;cH&jcif;udk tbufbufwGif&ifqdkif
Mu&ygrnf/ cdkifrmaompnf;rsOf;udkavhusufjcif;ESifh cHwGif;
tvdkvdkufjcif;? tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkMuyfwnf;pGmxdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;
tm;jzifhom toufwmudkvHkûcHapygonf/
MS 86, 1897.
aq;vdyf? t&ufrsm;ESifhywfoufaomt&mrsm;udk ynm
ay;&efêud;pm;aomtcsdefwGif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd xdkaq;vdyf?
t&ufrsm;udktaomuf&yfoGm;aMumif; wcsKdUuajymMuygonf/
xdktjzpftysufrsm;onf pmweftwGuf&,fp&mjzpfaeygonf/
'DvlawGonf ighvufxJrSmvHkûcHpGmaexdkifaeMuonf[kvnf;
oluqdkygonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí ¤if;wdkYtwGufpdk;&drfrI
r½Sdyg[kvnf; olzGifhqdkaeaomfvnf; tqGJaqmifcH&aomtcsdef
wGif raomufbl;? roHk;bl;[k cdkifrmpGmjiif;qdkaeaomtjypfom;
wpfOD;tay:wGif jc,fvS,fEdkifpGrf;r½Sdonfudkvnf; oloabm
aygufxm;ygonf/ ewfqdk;BuD;udkESifxkwfum c&pfawmfESifh
vufwGJaeorQumvywfvHk; vlom;rsm;onf vHkûcHygonf/
xdkolrsm;onf atmifyGJqifEdkif&ef rdrdwdkYtm; pdwfwefcdk;ay;onfh
vltrsm;wdkYonf tmPmwefcdk;rsm;\ jyif;xefaom
pHkprf;jcif;rsm;aMumifh pmwef\vufxJodkYusa&mufoGm;Muyg
onf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;\uRefb0odkYa&muf½SdoGm;onfh
xdkolrsm;onf £a`E´rqnfEdkifavmufatmif ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;
vmMuygonf/
]]tb,fodkYenf;/ oifwdkYudk,fcE¨monf bk&m;ocif
ay;oem;awmfrlaom 0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom oifwdkYtxJü
udef;0yfí oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\AdrmefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;
aumif;? rdrdwdkYudk,fudkrdrdwdkYrydkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; rod
Muoavm/ oifwdkYonf tzdk;ESifh0,fawmfrlaomoljzpfaom
aMumifh bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlaomoifwdkY\udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf
0dnmOftm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudkxif½Sm;ap
Muavmh/}} 1aum 6;19-20/
bk&m;ocifESifhþuJhodkYqufET,frI½SdaMumif; tpOfoabm
aygufaeoltaygif;wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwaomraumif;onfh
tpmrsm;udk rpm;Mu½Hkomru tpmaMucsufonfhuvDpmrsm;udk
xdcdkufaprnfht&mrsm;udkvnf; pm;oHk;Murnfr[kwfacs/ xdkolwdkY
onf raumif;aompm;usifh? aomufusifh? 0wfusifhrsm;tm;jzifh
bk&m;ocifydkifqdkifonfht&mudk zsufqD;Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
xdkYjyifomru xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhvufwGJvkyfaqmif&ef
þt&mudkusifhaqmif&rnf[laomtodjzifh rdrdwdkY\udk,fcE¨m
tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk owdBuD;pGmxm;í apmifha½SmufMuayvdrfh
rnf/ vlom;rsm;tm; usef;rmaysmf½Tifum toHk;0ifolrsm;jzpf&ef
254 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 253
tm;jzifhom wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI
onf oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udkyif rodjrifEdkifavmufatmif
vlom;rsm;\todpdwfrsm;udk arSmifrdkufapEdkifonfqdkonfhtcsuf
udk udk,fawmf½Sifodxm;ygonf/ tm'Honf cHwGif;tvdkudk
vdkufcJhrdjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfwGifusqHk;cJhaomfvnf; c&pfawmf
onf cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfw&m;tay:wGif
atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/ {'ifO,smOfudkjyefvnfqufcHEdkifrnfh
wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm udk,fhudkudk,fcdkifrmpGmxdef;ausmif;
jcif;tm;jzifhomjzpfEdkifygonf/ c&pfawmfonf vlom;rsm;
udk,fpm; &ufowå (6) ywfrQ tpma½SmifcJh&onfhtajctxd
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrdjcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;onf tvGefjyif;xefonf
jzpf&m c&pf,mefrsm;avQmufvSrf;vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrSm
BuD;us,fvSygonf/ odkYapumrl BuD;rm;aom½kef;uefrIrsm;
Mum;rSyif atmifyGJqifEdkifMuygrnf/ pmwefzefwD;aom tjyif;xef
qHk;pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk c&pfawmf&ifqdkifpOfu udk,fawmf\
teD;tyg;wGif ulnDrpcJhaomwefcdk;awmftm;jzifhyif xdkc&pf,mef
rsm;onf r[mwdkufvSefyGJwGifatmifyGJqifum tqHk;wGif
EdkifiHawmfodkY0ifpm;NyD; atmifjrifjcif;OD;&pfo&zludk aqmif;Edkif
Muygvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfESifhtvdkawmf\wefcdk;tm;jzifh
CTBH, p. 37 (1890)
pmwefonf tpm;taomufrsm;tm;jzifh vlom;rsm;\
udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udkxdef;csKyfxm;&m tpm;taomuf
aumif;uifom;rsm;ESifhqufoG,fEdkifonfhae&mwGif &yfxaeMu
jcif;jzpfonf/
ayw½k\toem;cHcsuf
CTBH, pp. 53-54 (1890)
wrefawmfayw½konf udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwfwdkYtMum;
qufoG,frI½Sdonfudkem;vnfonfhtavQmuf ]]cspfolwdkY? 0dnmOf
ESifhppfûydifwwfaom udk,fum,wyfrufjcif;wdkYudka½Smifrnf
taMumif; {nfhonfuJhodkYaom oifwdkYudkigawmif;yef\}} [k
c&pf,mefnDtpfudkrsm;tm; owday;pum;ajymMum;cJhygonf/
þusrf;csufonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vGefusL;rIrsm;udka½Smif½Sm;&ef
twGufom owday;pum;jzpfonf[k trsm;urSwf,lMuaomf
vnf; xdkusrf;csufü us,f0ef;aomt"dyÜg,f½Sdaeygonf/
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifh tvdk&r®uf
udkjznfhqnf;jcif;tm;vHk;udk þusrf;csufuowday;aeygonf/
vrf;rrSefaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf ppfûydifaeaom avmu
aysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIwpfckjzpfvmygonf/ cHwGif;cHpm;rIudk
aumif;aom&nf½G,fcsufwpfcktwGuf uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&
bk&m;ocif ay;xm;awmfrlonfjzpf&m 0dnmOfESifhppfûydifonfh
avmuaysmfarGUrIcHpm;jcif;wpfcktoGiftxd edrfhusoGm;avmuf
atmif wvGJtoHk;csjcif;jzifh aorif;wrefwpfyg;uJhodkYjzpfrvm
atmif rvkyfaqmifoifhygacs/
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;jcif;\twdrfteufudk
c&pfawmfawmxJü tcsdefMumjrifhpGmûyvkyfcJhonfhtpma½Smifjcif;
256 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 255
tao;tzGJudpörsm;wGif ausmfvTm;Edkifjcif;r½Sdaomolrsm;ü
BuD;us,faompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udk &ifqdkifausmfvTm;Edkif
onfhwefcdk;½SdMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
MH, p. 323 (1905)
oifpm;rnfhtpmudk owdESifha½G;cs,fyg/ usKd;aMumif;
qufET,frIudkavhvmyg/ udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;Edkifatmifavhusifhyg/
usKd;aMumif;xdef;csKyfrIudkusifhoHk;um tpm;tpmudka½G;cs,fyg/
vGefusL;pGmpm;aomufjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;
twGuftaxmuftuljzpfaprnfh tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk
ûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; oif\tpmtdrfudk
rnfonfhtcgrQrxdcdkufygapESifh/
6T, p. 336 (1900)
r,HkMunfolrsm;ESifhaygif;zufjcif;tm;jzifh rSefuefaom
vrf;pOfrS oifhudk,foifaoGznfroGm;ygapESifh/ ¤if;wdkYESifhtwl
oiftpmpm;pOfwGif oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;aomufyg/
pdwfESvHk;udk½IyfaxG;roGm;aprnfhtpm;taomufrsm;udkom
oHk;aqmifyg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIESifhuif;a0;ygap/ 0dnmOfa&;
qdkif&mudpörsm;wGif trSm;trSefra0cGJwwfrnfpdk;ojzifh oif\
udk,fpdwfwefcdk;rsm;udkusqif;aprnfhtpmrsm;udk oifrpm;&yg/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf EIwfuywfawmfrS rGefjrwfaomtrSef
w&m;rsm;udk xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;wGif trSwf&apEdkif
awmfrlonf/
rqifjcifaomvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m? cE¨mudk,fESifh
pm&dwåqdkif&mcsKdU,Gif;rIrsm;jzifh b0ed*Hk;csKyfcJhMu&ygonf/ cHwGif;
tvdkvdkufrIaemufodkYvdkufygroGm;bJ pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;udk
&ifqdkifwGef;vSefEd kif&eftvdkYiSm ,ckacwfvlom;rsm;onf
acwftqufqufvlom;rsm;xuf bk&m;ocifxHrSaus;Zl;awmf
ESif htrtprsm;udkawmif;cHMu&ef ydkívdktyfaeMuygonf/
taMumif;rSm touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuorQaomvlom;rsm;wGif
,aeYtouf½SifaeMuolrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudkxdef;csKyfEdkifrIwGif
ydkítm;enf;aeMuygonf/
4T, p. 574 (1881)
tpm;taomufudpörsm;ESifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;trI
wdkYwGif &ifqdkif&onfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef
pdwfcGeftm;½Sdolenf;yg;vSygonf/ olwpfyg;pm;aeonfudk
jrif&aomtcg pm;csifpdwfrsm;udkwm;qD;r&onfhtajctxd
jzpfvmwwfonf/ qmavmifaeonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYxifwwf
Muonf/ trSefrSm xdkt&monf trSefwu,fqmavmifjcif;
r[kwfbJ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;wGif tavhtxr½Sd? pnf;vGwf
0g;vGwfaewwfaompdwf\awmifhwrIomjzpfaewwfygonf/
udk,fudkudk,fxdef;odrf;csKyfwnf;jcif;wHwdkif;rsm;udk ½kwfw&uf
csufcsif;BuD; tm;enf;ûydvJroGm;apoifhygacs/ xdkaMumifh
½Sifaygvku ]]igonf olwpfyg;udka[majymNyD; udk,fwdkif qHk;½IH;ol
wpfOD;jzpfroGm;ap&ef ig\cEmudk,fudk wif;usyfaomxdef;csKyfrI
wpfckatmufwGifxm;½Sdonf}} [k zGifhqdkcJhzl;ygonf/
258 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 257
DF- 17
Letter 324, 1905.
tpmudktcsdefrSefrSefpm;yg[laomowif;pum;udk oifhxH
ta&mufydkY&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmawmfrlxm;
ygonf/ tpmpm;&mwGif usifhoHk;aeaomtusifhqdk;rsm;tm;jzifh
oifonf ukd,hfudkudk,f'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfaeygonf/ t&om
½Sdaompm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;jzifh wnfcif;auR;arG;aom rdwfaqG
rsm;\{nfhcHyGJwdkif;odkYwufa&mufjcif;onfvnf; tEÅ&m,f½SdvS
ygonf/ tpmaMucsufrIudkrxdcdkufap&ef tpmpm;onfhtcg
wdkif;wGif tpm (2) rsKd; (3) rsKd;cefYudkoHk;aqmifEdkifonfudk
oifodxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh {nfhcHyGJrsm;wGif tpm;tpm
trsKd;rsKd;udkwnfcif;xm;onfhwdkif oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;
oifhygonf/ oifonf opöm½Sdaomuif;apmifhjzpfvQif þudpö
wGif oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;ygvdrfhrnf/ wnfcif;{nfhcH
xm;aomt&mrsm;rS tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk
pm;oHk;rdcJhvQifvnf; cHpm;&rnfhqdk;usKd;rsm;twGuf rnfolYudkrQ
oiftjypfrwifoifhygacs/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfh
tpm;tpmrsm;udkoma½G;cs,fpm;oHk;&ef oifudk,fwdkifqHk;jzwf
csufcszdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifarQmfvifhawmfrlygonf/
c&pfawmftm;jzifhatmifyGJqifjcif;
CTBH, p. 19 (1890)
c&pfawmfonf tpm;taomufESifhqdkifonfhwdkufvSefyGJ
wGif atmifyGJqifawmfrlcJh&m uREfkyfwdkYonfvnf; udk,fawmfxHrS
trSeftwdkif;aqmif½Guf0HhonfhowådtwGufar;cGef;wpfck
2T, p. 374 (1870)
rnfa½GUrnfrQompm;oifhonf[k tjcm;olwpfOD;u
oifhudkajymjyzdkYvdkonf[k tcsKdUolrsm;txif½SdMuonf/ trSefrSm
xdkodkYrjzpfoifhyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf bmoma&;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;
qdkif&m½IaxmifhrSMunfhum pm;aomufMu&efjzpfygonf/ rysufpD;
Edkifonfhaumif;uifEdkifiH½SdOD;&pfo&zlonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf
jyifqifNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif oifhwifhavsmufywf
pGmuREfkyfwdkYpm;aomufMu&efjzpfonf/ tcktcsdefrSm c&pf,mef
nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;udk uREfkyfajymcsifonfht&mrSm uREfkyfudk
ay;tyfxm;onfhwm0efudkxrf;aqmifum udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyf
&ef uREfkyfrSm trSefudkaqmif½Guf0Hhonfhowåd½SdaeNyDqdkonfh
tcsufyifjzpfygonf/ tjcm;olwpfOD;tay:rSm wm0efawGyHkcs
vdkonfhqE´uREfkyfrSmr½Sdyg/ oifrsm;rsm;pm;rdvQif oifom'ku©
a&mufrnf/ xdkaMumifh rnfonfht&mudk rnfa½GUrnfrQpm;ae
onfqdkonfhtcsufudk qifjcifoHk;oyfyg/ bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfrSm
aemifw&p&mrvdkbJ pdwfMunfMunfvifvifjzifh oifhtwGuf
taumif;qHk;jzpfonfhtpmrsm;udkom oifhwifhpGmpm;oHk;yg/
uREfkyfwdkYvlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;udk pHkprf;jcif;rSuif;a0;onfhtae
txm;wGifa&muf½SdzdkY uREfkyfwdkYarQmfvifh,HkMunfjcif;r½Sdyg/
uREfkyfwdkY\a½SUwGif wdkufvSefyGJwpfckck½SdaeNrJjzpf&m pmwefzefwD;
aomxdkpHkprf;jcif;udk wGef;vSef&ifqdkif&efomjzpfonf/ xdkwdkufvSefyGJ
udk&ifqdkifEdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYüwefcdk;½Sdyg&Jhvm;[laomtcsufudk
uREfkyfwdkYodcsifMuvdrfhrnf/
260 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 259
tcef;BuD; (9)
tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif;
tpmpm;onfhtBudrfaygif; - tydkif; (1)
tpmtdrfudktem;ay;&efvdktyfjcif;
tpmtdrfudk txl;*½kpdkufMu&ygrnf/ ¤if;t*Fgtpdwf
tydkif;udk qufwdkufBuD;tvkyfrrsm;apbJ tem;ay;onfhtcsdef
vnf;½Sd&ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYpm;vdkufaomtpmudk tpmtdrfu
aMucsufay;NyD;onfhaemuf aemufxyftpmrsm;udkaMucsufay;&ef
tpmcsufonfht&nfrsm;udk obm0udk tvHktavmufrxkwf
ay;rD rnfonfhtpmudkrQrpm;ygESifh/ tpmwpfckESifhwpfckudk (5)
em&Djcm;ípm;oifhygonf/ þt&mudkusifhoHk;&ef tcuftcJ
½SdrnfqdkvQif wpfaeYvQif tpm (3) Budrfpm;jcif;xuf (2)
Budrfpm;oHk;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf[k pdwfxJwGifrSwfom;
xm;oifhygonf/
eHeufpmudkAdkufjynfhatmifpm;yg
Letter 3, 1884.
eHeufpmudk tqmajyavmufompm;wwfonfrSm
vltrsm;pk\tavhtxwpfckjzpfaeygonf/ þtusifhonf
tpmtdrftwGuf taumif;qHk;aomt&mr[kwfyg/ eHeufydkif;
wGif aeYv,fESifhnaeydkif;xuf tpmrsm;rsm;pm;zdkYvdktyfygonf/
eHeufpmudktqmajyompm;NyD; npmudkrsm;rsm;pm;jcif;onf
cGeftm;rsm;udk&,lum atmifyGJqifEdkifMuygonf/ a½TûrdUawmfxJodkY
rnfolrsm;0ifa&mufpdk;pHMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI\
xdk;ESufrIudkrwGef;vSefEdkifyg[kzGifhqdkolrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfodkY
r0ifpm;Mu&acs/ c&pfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; xdef;csKyfxm;
aompmwef\wefcdk;udk ûzdcGif;awmfrlcJhonf/ &ufaygif; (40)
vHk;vHk;tpma½SmifcJhojzifh tm;tifcsnfheJYaeonfhMum;rS udk,fawmf
onf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwGef;vSefawmfrlcJh&m uREfkyfwdkY
onf arQmfvifhcsufrJholrsm;r[kwfonfudk xdktcsufuxif½Sm;
apygonf/ rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;jzifh atmifyGJrqifEdkifonfudk uREfkyfwdkY
odxm;Mu&m tultnDay;&ef qE´jyif;jypGmjzifh tqifoifh
apmifhpm;aeaomu,fwif½Sifwpfyg; uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdonfqdkonfh
tcsufrSm aus;Zl;wifp&maumif;vSygonf/
MH, p. 176 (1905)
xm0&wefcdk;awmfESifhjynhfpHkum rpulnD&ef qE´jyif;jy
awmfrlaom xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhyl;aygif;pnf;vHk;onfhtm;enf;
olwdkif;twGuf oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaomtoufwmESifh cHwGif;tvdk
vdkufrItay:atmifyGJqifaomtoufwmonf jzpfEdkifaomt&m
wpfckjzpfonf/
ÀÀÀ
262cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 261
tBudrfrsm;rsm;vGefMuL;pGmwpfaeYvHk;pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrf
onf tBuD;tus,fEGrf;&doGm;aomtcsdefwGifjzpfay:vmaom
cHpm;csufwpfckyifjzpfonf/ tpmtdrfonf yifyef;EGrf;&daeNyD
jzpfojzifh ukefcef;oGm;aomtm;tifrsm;udk jyefvnf&½Sdap&ef
tem;,lzdkYvdkygonf/ xdkaMumifh pm;oHk;vdkufonfhtpmrsm;udk
aMucsufjcif;tvkyfudkvkyfaqmifNyD;aemuf vHkavmufaomtem;,l
jcif;ukefqHk;rSom aemufxyftpmpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ wpfaeYwm
twGif;pm;oHk;onfh wwd,tBudrfpm;oHk;jcif;onf awmf½Hkwef½Hk
omjzpfoifhNyD; tdyf&mr0ifrD em&Drsm;pGmapmoifhygonf/
odkYapumrl vlrsm;pGmwdkY\tpmtdrfrsm;onf tv[ó
EGrf;&drIrsm;aMumifh nnf;wGm;aeMuygonf/ tpmtdrfudk wpfaeYvHk;
tvkyfrsm;ap½Hkomru ntdyfcsdefrsm;wGifvnf; tvkyfay;vsuf
½Sdygonf/ xdkaMumifh tdyfrufqdk;rsm;udk wpfnvHk;jrifrufap
½Hkomru eHeuftdyf&mxvmaomtcgwGifvnf; rtDrom
jzpfaewwfMuygonf/ EGrf;vsum cHwGif;rsm;vnf;ysufaewwf
Muygonf/ cEmudk,fwpfckvHk;wGif tiftm;csnfheJYaeoa,mifcHpm;
ae&wwfygonf/ tem;r&aomtpmtdrfonf tcsdefwdktwGif;
rSmyif tm;tifukefcef;oGm;ygonf/ þonfrSm rnfuJhodkYpGJuyf
vmrSef;rodonfh tpmraMua&m*g\Zmpfjrpfyifjzpfonf/
taMumif;wpfckaMumifh tusKd;w&m;onf xif½Sm;vmacsNyD/
þtusifhqdk;udk ESpf½Snfvrsm;usifhoHk;rdygvQif usef;rma&;rSm
tBuD;tus,fnhHzsif;oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ cE¨mudk,fwGif;½SdaoG;rsm;
onf npfnrf;vmrnf/ tom;ta&rsm;ajcmufaoGUvmrnf/
ta&jym;uGJtufrIrsm;jzpfay:vmrnf/ rMumcPAdkufatmifhjcif;
rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhwpfckjzpfonf/ oif\eHeufpmonf
wpfaeYwmtwGuf taumif;qHk;tpmjzpfygap/
aemufusrSpm;aomnpm
MH, p. 304 (1905)
txdkifrsm;olrsm;twGuf aemufusrSpm;aomnpmonf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponf/ ¤if;wdkYüjzpfay:vmonfht[efY
twm;rsm;onf aojcif;odkYwdkifydkYaqmifrnfha&m*g\tpyifjzpf
ygonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif qmavmifrGwfodyfovdkvdk &ifxJwGif
cHpm;&wwfygonf/ trSefrSm xdkt&monf wpfaeYvHk;vGefusL;
pGmpm;xm;rdjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomcHpm;rIwpfckjzpfonf/
tpmwpfcgpm;NyD;wdkif; tpmtdrfudkvHkavmufpGmtem;ay;zdkYvdktyf
ygonf/ tpmwpfckESifhwpfcktMum; tenf;qHk; (5)em&D
(odkYr[kwf) (6)em&Djcm;oifhygonf/ wpfaeYvQif xrif; (3)eyf
pm;jcif;xuf (2) eyfpm;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/
H to L, ch. 1, pp. 55-57 (1865)
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tdyf&m0ifcgeD;tpmpm;jcif;wnf;[laom
tusifhqdk;wpfckudk usifhoHk;wwfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf wpfaeYvQif
xrif; (3) cgpm;olrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; qmavmifonf[k
txif½Sdaomtcsdefrsm;wGif pwkw¬tBudrfxyfpm;wwfMuygonf/
xdkuJhodkYBudrfzefrsm;pGmusifhrdvmvQif aemufydkif;wGif xrif;rpm;bJ
tdyf&mr0ifwwfMuawmhacs/ qmovdkvdkcHpm;&wdkif; trSefwu,f
qmavmifjcif;jzpfonfr[kwfyg/ tm[m&rjzpfonfhtpmrsm;udk
264 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 263
xdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udkajccsufvsuf rjcm;rvyftoHk;csrIudk
cH&aomaMumifh yifyef;tm;avsmhvmygawmhonf/ em;csdefr&bJ
pOfqufrjywftpmajcae&ojzifh tpmtdrftm;enf;vmum
cPcPtpmpm;csifaompdwfESifh EGrf;vsrIrsm;udkcHpm;&apygonf/
xdka0'emrsm;udkukpm;&eftwGuf tpmpm;onfhtBudrfta&twGuf
udkavsmhvdkufyg/ tpmtwdkif;tqudkvnf;avsmhvdkufyg/ ½dk;½dk;
tpmrsm;udkompm;yg/ wpfaeYvQif (2) Budrfavmufomtpm
pm;yg/ (3) BudrfxufrydkygapESifh/ tpmtdrftwGuftvkyfvkyf
&rnfhtcsdefESifh em;&rnfhtcsdefrsm;udk yHkrSefjzpfapyg/ tcsdeftcg
r[kwfpm;jcif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcd kufapygonf/
oifhwifhavsmufywfaomtpmrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSefpm;oHk;jcif;
tm;jzifh tpmtdrfonf wjznf;jznf;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmyg
vdrfhrnf/
R & H, May 8, 1883.
wpfaeYvQif (8) Budrfpm;csifvmatmifvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\
0rf;udkusifh,lvdkY&ygonf/ usifhxm;onfhtwdkif; pm;ray;vQif
qmovdkvdk? 0rf;[maeovdkcHpm;vm&ygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
Budrfzefrsm;pGmpm;aomufjcif;twGuf aqG;aEG;p&mrvdkavmuf
atmif ½Sif;vif;aeygonf/
wpfaeY (2) Budrfxrif;pm;jcif;
Ed., p. 205 (1903)
wpfaeY (2) Budrfxrif;pm;jcif;onf (3) Budrfxrif;pm;
jcif;xuf ydkíaumif;ygonf/ npmudkapmípm;vQif eHeufpm
a0'emudkcHpm;vm&rnf/ tvkyfvkyfpOfwGif rMumcP&yfem;
&onftxd Adkufatmifha0'emudkcHpm;vmMu&vdrfhrnf/
xdka0'em\t&if;tjrpfESifha0'emukoenf;
wpfaeYxrif; (3) Budrfpm;olrsm;onf wpfaeY (2)
Budrfomajymif;vJpm;oHk;vmaomtcgwGif wwd,tBudrfpm;csdef
wdkif;ü AdkufxJrSmqmovdkvdkcHpm;Mu&vdrhfrnf/ ZGJ½Sd½SdESifh xdkcHpm;
csufudkonf;cHvdkufvQif xdka0'emonf aysmufuif;oGm;yg
vdrfhrnf/
uREfkyfwdkYvJavsmif;tem;,laomtcsdefrsm;wGif cEmudk,f\
tjcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;tem;,lcGifh&ovdk tpmtdrfvnf; tem;,l
cGifh&oifhygonf/ tdyfpuftem;,laomtcsdefwGif tpmcsufjcif;
tvkyfudkvnf; &yfqdkif;xm;oifhygonf/ vGefMuL;pGmpm;oHk;
wwfonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;\tpmtdrfrsm;onf tpmcsufjcif;tvkyfudk
vkyfudkifNyD;onfhtcsdefwGif EGrf;vspûyvmNyDjzpfojzifh armyef;
ovdkvdkcHpm;csufudkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/ tpmpm;oHk;&efvdk
aomaMumifh xdkcHpm;csufjzpfay:aeonf[k vltrsm;txifrSm;
aewwfMuonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfudktem;ray;awmhbJ
tpmrsm;jzifh ydkíjznfhwwfMuygonf/ xdkodkYtpmpm;vdkufaom
tcsdefwGif armyef;ovdkvdkcHpm;csufvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;wwf
ygonf/ xdkodkYjzifh cHwGif;tvdkudkydkívdkufavav? tmom&r®uf
ydkíjyif;jyavavjzpfvmygawmhonf/ xdkarmyef;ovdkvdkcHpm;rI
onf tom;pm;jcif;? tBudrfBudrftpmpm;jcif;ESifh vGefuJpGm
pm;jcif;wdkY\&v'fjzpfygonf/ tpmtdrfonf usef;rma&;udk
266 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 265
udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyfwwfatmifavhusifhyg/ usKd;aMumif;
qifjcifí cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udkcsKyfwnf;yg/ {nfhonf½Sdaom
tcsdefrsm;wGifrl usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;jzifh oifhpm;yGJ
udkjyifqifoifhonf[kr,lqygESifh/ oifh{nfhonfrsm;\tavh
txESif hcHwGif;awGUrIrsm;udk oifpOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhovdk
oifhrdom;pkusef;rma&;ESifh oifhom;orD;rsm;tay:usa&mufonfh
oif\MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhygonf/
4T, p. 574 (1881)
wwd,tBudrfajrmuf xrif;BuD;pm;aeonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk
jrif&aomtcsdefwGif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tda`Er&avmufatmif
jzpfvmwwfMuonf/ qmavmifvmonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYxifjrif
vmwwfMuonf/ trSefrSmxdkcHpm;rIonf tpmtdrfu tpmudk
awmifhwrIwpfckr[kwfbJ txdef;tuGyfrJhaompdwf\awmifhwrI
wpfckomjzpfaeygonf/
pdwfqdk;vG,frIudkukpm;enf;
tpfudkBuD;[mrlonf yHkrSeftwdkif;r[kwfonfudkawGU&
onf/ ¤if;onf êudufonfht&mudktxl;OD;pm;ay;ovdk rêuduf
onfht&mudkrl wl;wl;cg;cg;rkef;wwfygonf/ rdrd\cHpm;rIudk
usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIatmufwGifxm;avhr½Sdyg/ êudufonfhtpm
udk tvGeftuRHpm;oHk;jcif;ESifh tcsdefrSefrpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;aMumifh
ol\usef;rma&;onf txl;xdcdkufaeygonf/ þtcsufrsm;
onf OD;aESmufxJü aoG;pk&jcif;\yifrtaMumif;&if;rsm;jzpf
pm;xm;onfhtpmrsm;aMucsufjcif;udk taESmifht,Sufay;Edkif
ouJhodkY aemufusrSpm;jyefvQifvnf; tdyf&mr0ifrD tpmaMu
Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfonf vHkavmufaom
tem;r&jcif;? ESpfûcdufpGmtdyfraysmfjcif;? tm½HkaMumESifhOD;aESmuf
rsm;xdkif;rIdif;jcif;? eHeufpmpm;&ef cHwGif;rvdkufjcif;? rvef;rqef;
jzpfjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfudkif&ef oGufoGufvufvufr½Sdjcif;rsm;udk
jzpfapEdkifygonf/
MH, p. 321 (1905)
wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfpm;jcif;onf usef;rma&;udk
taxmuftulûyonfrSmrSefaomfjim;vnf; wcsKdUtajctaersm;
wGif wpfaeY (3) Budrfpm;zdkYvdktyfaumif; vdktyfvmvdrfhrnf/
xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;wGif tpmaMuvG,fonfhtpmrsm;udk
wwd,tBudrfwGifpm;oifhygonf/ bDpuGwf? opfoD;0vHrsm;
ESifh auGumtkyfuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;onf xdkodkYaomnpmtwGuf
toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfygonf/
(CTBH, p. 58) CH, p. 156 (1890)
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf xrif; (2) Budrfompm;onfhtwGuf
usef;rma&;ydkrdkaumif;rGefaeMupOfwGif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm tajc
taetrsKd;rsKd;aMumifh (3) Budrfpm;zdkYvdktyfaumif; vdktyfMu
vdrfhrnf/ tu,fí wwd,tBudrfpm;rnfqdkvQifvnf;
tenf;i,fompm;oifhMuygonf/ yHkaoum;csyfr,lqoifhygacs/
]igvkyfovdk vlwdkif;vkyf&rnf} [k r,lqoifhMuygacs/
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ
rpm;ygESifh/ tpm;MuL;jcif;jzifh tpmtdrfudkrxdcdkufapygESifh/
268 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 267
Letter 200, (1902)
wpfaeYvQif xrif;BuD; 2 cgompm;yg/ wcsKdUrSm
wwd,tBudrftpmpm;wwfaomfvnf; tpmaMuvG,faom
tpmrsm;udkoma½G;cs,fum owdynm½SdpGmpm;wwfMuonf/
¤if;wdkYudk (2) Budrfompm;&ef wm;jrpfaomtcg xdkajymif;vJrI
twGuf ¤if;wdkYjyif;xefpGmcHpm;Mu&onf/
prf;oyfcsufwpfckr[kwfyg
Letter 30, 1903.
uREfkyfonf wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfompm;ygonf/
wpfaeYvQif xrif;tBudrfrnfrQpm;onfqdkonfhtcsufonf
prf;oyfcsufwpfckjzpfonf[k uREfkyfrxifyg/ wpfaeYxrif;
(3) Budrfpm;ojzifh usef;rma&;ydkrdkaumif;vmolrsm;onf
wpfaeY (3) Budrf pm;zdkYtcGifhta&;½Sdaeygonf/ uREfkyfonf
wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfpm;&efa½G;cs,fcJhygonf/ 35 ESpfvHk;vHk;
vnf; usifhoHk;cJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
oifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrf
pm;apjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomtjiif;yGm;zG,f&v'frsm;
Letter 141, 1899.
tpmESifhpyfvsOf;onfhar;cGef;onf wpfzufpGef;a&mufvm
onf[k vltrsm;utxifa&mufaeygonf/ þausmif;
(Avondale) wGif ynmoifMum;aeMuaomausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;onf pdwfa&mudk,fygyifyef;Muonfjzpf&m wwd,tBudrf
onf/ pdwfESvHk;onf ½IyfaxG;vmNyD; olYudk,folxdef;csKyfEdkif
jcif;r½Sdawmhyg/ olonf pdwfazgufjyefolwpfOD;ES,fjzpfvmyg
onf/ vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf jrefqefvGef;vmonf/ pdwfqdk;vG,f
vmonf/ jriforQudkyHkBuD;csJUvmonf/ tjrifrSm;vmonf/
tjyifwGifavhusifhcef;rsm;rsm;vkyfjcif;ESifh tpmûcd;jcHjcif;onf
omvQif ol\usef;rma&;twGuf r½Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mjzpf
vmonf/ olonf wpfaeYvQif xrif; (2) Budrfxufydkí
rpm;oifhacs/ ntcsdefwGif pm;csifpdwfay:vmvQif azsmf&nf
wpfcGufavmufaomufoifhygonf/ xdkodkYûyvQif eHeufrdk;aomuf
aomtcg vef;qef;aeygvdrfhrnf/
xrif; (3) Budrfrpm;&[k
rnfolYudkrQtwif;tusyfrwdkufwGef;ygESifh
Letter 145, 1901.
þudpöESifhywfoufí twif;tusyfcdkif;aprIrsm;udk
a½Smif½Sm;oifhygonf/ wpfaeYxrif; 2 Budrfpm;jcif;onf (3)
Budrfpm;jcif;xuf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulay;onfqdkonfudk
azmfjyoifhygaomfvnf; ZGwftwif;BuD;tvkyfrcdkif;oifhygacs/
oabmaygufatmifajymum qGJaqmifjcif;onf twif;tusyf
cdkif;apjcif;xuf ydkíoifhavsmfygonf/
aeYwmwdkaomtcsdefumvrsm;wGif þowif;pum;udk
wifjy&ef ydkíoifhavsmfygonf/ aeYwmwdkvmonfESifhtrQ
npmpm;jcif;onfvnf; ydkíaemufusvmwwf&m wwd,tBudrf
xrif;pm;jcif;onf vdktyfawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
270 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 269
qdkygpdkY/ tpmtdrfonf tpmopftwGuf tqifoifhjzpfvdrfhOD;rnf
r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rSm pm;NyD;om;tpmrsm;udkaMucsufNyD;OD;rnf
r[kwfacs/ xdkaMumifh tpmopfudkaMucsuf&ef tiftm;tjynfh
r½SdEdkifao;acs/ þenf;tm;jzifh tpmtdrfonf tm;enf;EGrf;vs
vmygawmhonf/
tvkyfNyD;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;
aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; tpmudk 1 em&D (odkYr[kwf) 2 em&D
aemufusNyD;rpm;oifhacs/ pm;aeustcsdefa&mufvmvQif tpmtdrf
onf tpmudkawmifhwaeayrnf/ tpmpm;&efMuefYMumaevQif
t"duwm0ef,ltpmcsufaeaomt*Fgrsm;\pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;
usqif;oGm;Edkif½Hkomru aemufqHk;wGif cHwGif;ygysufoGm;Edkif
ygonf/ xdktcsdefa&mufrS tpmpm;vdkufrnfqdkvQif tpmtdrf
onf 0ifvmaomtpmopfrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmaMucsufEdkif
awmhrnfr[kwfacs/ t"dyÜg,frSm xdktpmrsm;onf aumif;aom
aoG;tqifhodkYajymif;vJypfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
vltaygif;wdkYonf Mum;wGif oa&pmrpm;bJ tcsdef
rSefrSefxrif;pm;MurnfqdkvQif xrif;pm;aomtcsdefwGif Nrdef,Suf
rnfomru pm;vdkufaomtpmrsm;onfvnf; tm;jzpfvmyg
vdrhfrnf/
MH, pp. 303-304 (1905)
tcsdefrSefrSefxrif;pm;jcif;onf tvGefta&;ygvSygonf/
xrif;pm;csdefrsm;udk wdwdususowfrSwfxm;um tcsdefa&muf
vmvQif tpmtdrfrSawmif;qdkaeonfhtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;Muyg/
aemufwpfBudrfxrif;BuD;rpm;rD rnfonfhtpmudkrSrpm;ygESifh/
xrif;pm;jcif;twGuf uefYuGufrIudkz,f½Sm;ypf&ygrnf/
xdkodkYûyvQif rw&m;tqHk;jzwfcH&onf[k txif½SdMuzdkYrvdkawmh
acs/ odkY&mwGif todpdwftm;jzifh wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrf
pm;olrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\tavhtxudkajymif;vJ&efrvdkygacs/
wcsKdUq&mrsm;ESifhausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoifcef;xJwGif
tpmpm;Mujcif;t&monf aumif;aomyHkoufaor[kwfyg/
tpmpm;aomufjcif;ESifhywfoufí wajy;nDnDvkyfaqmifoifh
Muygonf/ wwd,tBudrfxrif;pm;zdkYrvdkawmhatmif 'kwd,
tBudrfpm;&mwGif vHkavmufatmifpm;&rnf[k wpfaeY 2 cg
xrif;pm;olrsm;u,lqMuvQif ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\tpmtdrf
udkxdcdkufapMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmjzpfaom
toD;tESHESifhaygifrkefYrsm;udk wwd,tBudrfpm;aomtpmtjzpf
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pm;cGifhûyMuyg/
xrif;pm;csdefrsm;tMum;pm;aomufjcif; - tydkif; (2)
yHkrSefpm;aomufjcif;\ta&;ygyHk
yHkrSeftwdkif;xrif;BuD;pm;NyD;wdkif; (5) em&DcefYtpmrpm;bJ
aeoifhonf/ aemufwpfBudrfxrif;BuD;rpm;rD rnfonfhtpmudkrQ
rpm;oifhacs/ xrif;BuD; (2) BudrftMum; xdkuJhodkYtpma½Smif
xm;jcif;jzifh tpmaMucsufrIudk tjynfht0vkyfaqmifNyD;pD;ap
rnfhtjyif xrif;pm;aomtcgwGifvnf; ydkíNrdef,Sufaponf/
xrif;udk tcsdefrSefrSefpm;yg/ tu,fí npmudk pm;aeus
tcsdefxuf (1) em&D (odkYr[kwf) (2) em&Dapmípm;rdonf
272 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 271
rsm;jzpfonf/ ]'dkYtwGuf'dkYpm;wmyJ} qdkNyD; rnfonfht&mudkrQ
ta&;rxm;Muacs/ xrif;udkrMumcPpm;um pm;csdefaomufcsdef
udkvnf; ta&;rxm;Muawmhacs/ xdkuJhodkYaompDrHrInHhzsif;jcif;
aMumifh tdrfom;wdkif; rusef;rrmjzpfaeMuonf/ ¤if;jyif xdkuJhodkY
{nfhonfrsm;twGuf tpmjyifqifjcif;onf tdrfom;rsm;twGuf
tjypfusL;vGef&ma&mufap½Hkomru tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh
tdrfom;rsm;auR;arG;jcif;onf rSm;,Gif;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/
2T, p. 373 (1869)
tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;onfh oifwdkYxJrStrsm;pkonf
xrif;BuD; (2) ESyftMum;wGif oa&pmrsm;pm;aeonfudk
awGU&ojzifh uREfkyfthHtm;oifhrdygonf/ xdktcsdefydkif;wGif wpfvkwf
wavaomrnfonfhtpmudkrQ oifrpm;oifhacs/ pm;oifhaom
tpmrsm;udk xrif;BuD;rsm;pm;aomtcsdefwGifompm;oifhygonf/
(CTBH, p. 50) CH, p. 118 (1890)
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf &½Sdxm;aomtvif;w&m;ESifhtodynm
rsm;udkausmcdkif;um toufwmudktepfemcHvsuf yg;pyft&om
cHaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf qGJaqmifrIudk&ifqdkif[efYwm;&ef
pdwfwefcdk;rsm;tm;enf;aeMu&m tpmtdrfutpmtvdkr½Sdaom
tcsdefrsm;wGif tpmtdrfxJodkY tpmrsm;udkxnfhoGif;aeMuonf/
xdkaMumifh rw&m;tcdkif;cHxm;&aomtpmtdrfESifhywfoufonfh
a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ tcsdefrSefrSefpm;aomuf
jcif;onf cE¨mudk,fusef;rmjcif;ESifh pdwfESvHk;Nidrfoufjcif;rsm;udk
&½Sd&ef ta&;ygaomt&mjzpfonf/ xrif;BuD; (2) cgtMum;
wGif rnfonfhtpmwpfvkwfwavudkrQ rpm;oifhygacs/
pdwfwefcdk;tm;enf;olrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tvdkqErsm;udk rwGef;vSef
EdkifaomaMumifh Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGif tpmrsm;udkpm;rdwwfMu
onf/ txl;ojzifh c&D;oGm;aomtcsdefrsm;wGif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvf
rsm;onf awGUorQtpmrsm;udk tqufrjywfpm;wwfMuygonf/
c&D;oGm;aeolrsm;onf yHkrSeftcsdeftwdkif; ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk
pm;oGm;MurnfqdkvQif armyef;EGrf;e,frIrsm;uif;a0;Muvdrfhrnf/
tzsm;temrsm;vnf; uif;pifMuvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 384 (1905)
tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif;udk *½kwpdkufusifhoHk;oifhygonf/
xrif;pmcsdefrsm;tMum;wGif rnfonfhopfoD;0vH? oa&pm
rsm;udkrQrpm;oifhygacs/ tcsdefrSefrSeftpmrpm;jcif;onf tpm
aMucsufonfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk txl;xdcdkufapum usef;rm
aysmf½TifrIudkysufpD;apygonf/ uav;i,frsm;onf tm[m&ESifh
jynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk cHwGif;rawGUwwfbJ ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udkom ¤if;wdkYcHwGif;vdkufwwfMuygonf/
2T, p. 485 (1870)
þrdom;pkü tpm;taomufESifhywfoufí pnf;urf;
r½SdbJ pm;csifonfhtcsdefrSm êudufovdkpm;aeMuonf/ tm[m&
½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifum tcsdefrSefrSefpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh usef;rm
aysmf½TifMu&rnfhtpm; a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf tjcm;rdom;pkrsm;enf;wl {nfhonfrsm;udkzdwfac:um
pm;zG,faomufzG,frsm;udkjyifqifum tpm;MuL;aeMuonf/
rSm;,Gif;aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifum {nfhcHaeMuonf/ jyifqif
xm;onfhtpmrsm;onf tm[m&enf;yg;onfh nHhzsif;aomtpm
274 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 273
DF- 18
pdwf½Snfvuf½Snfavhusifhynmay;&rnfhtpm; rsm;pGmaomrdb
rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk êudufovdkpm;aomufcGifhûy
xm;Muygonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh twåjyif;xefonfhusifhMuH
pm;aomufjcif;rsm;onf rSefuefpGmxdef;csKyfray;vQif cGefESifh
tm;ESifhBuD;xGm;&ifhoefvmMuvdrfhrnf/
R & H, July 29, 1884.
wpfaeYvQif (3) Budrfxrif;pm;jcif;onf vltrsm;pk\
tavhtxwpfckuJhodkYjzpfaeygonf/ Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGifvnf;
oa&pmpm;wwfMu½Hkomru wwd,teyfudk tdyf&mr0ifrD
uav;wGif tm;&yg;±wwfMuygonf/ xdktusifhonf
trSefwu,fusifhaqmif&rnfht&mESifhajymif;jyefjzpfaeygonf/
trSefrSm tm;&yg;±onfhxrif;0dkif;onf wpfaeYwm\
wwd,xrif;0dkif;rjzpfoifhygacs/ vltrsm;onf xdktusifhudk
jyifum wpfaeYvQif (2) Budrfomxrif;BuD;pm;rnfqdkvQif
vnf;aumif;? Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGif rnfonfht&mrQrpm;vQif
aomfvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;onf txl;wdk;wufum
cHwGif;aumif;vmrnfudkawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
R & H, July 29, 1884
wcsKdUrSm c&D;oGm;pOfwGif awGUorQ? jriforQudktquf
rjywfpm;aewwfygonf/ þtusifhonf tvGefqdk;½Gm;vSyg
onf/ todw&m;uif;rJhaomwd&pämefrsm;onf xdktusifhrsKd;udk
temw&rjzpfbJ usifhoHk;Edkifaumif;usihfoHk;EdkifMurnfjzpfaomf
vnf; bk&m;ocifESifhvlom;rsm;twGuf toHk;ûyoifhaompdwf
wefcdk;udkydkifqdkifxm;ol? todw&m;ESifhjynfhpHkaomvlom;rsm;
2T, p. 374 (1869)
tpmraMuavxdk;avema&m*gjzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;
onf txufygtcsufyifjzpfonf/ tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;&rnfh
tpm; pm;csifaomtcgwdkif;wGif txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;jcif;aMumifh
tpmraMuavxdk;avema&m*gonfrsm; jzpfvmMu&ygonf/
Health Reformer, May, 1877.
rnfonfhtpmrsKd;udk rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif rnfuJhodkY
pm;jcif;\ta&;ygyHkrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm; rsm;aomtm;jzifh
roGefoifwwfMuacs/ udwfrkefY? aygifrkefYESifh axmywfrStp
rsufpdxJwGifjrifavorQtpmrsm;udk pm;csifonfhtcsdefwGif
pm;csifwdkif;pm;&ef om;orD;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;ucGifhûyxm;wwf
ygonf/ tcsKdrsm;udk wpfcsdefvHk;pm;aeojzifh tpm;ykwfrsm;?
avema&m*gonfrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ wpfcsdefvHk;tvkyfrsm;
aeaomBudwfqHkBuD;uJhodkYjzpfaeonfh tpmtdrfonfvnf;
tm;enf;vmygonf/ tvkyfydkrsm;udkvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef vdktyf
aomtultnDrsm;twGuf OD;aESmufudkrMumcPtultnD
awmif;&mrS pdwfwefcdk;tpGrf;rsm;vnf;usqif;vmygonf/
obm0rusaomEId;qGrIrsm;? ta&;ygonfhcGeftm;rsm;qkwf,kwf
vmjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf xdwfvefYonfha0'em? csKyfwnf;rI
tm;enf;jcif;ESifh pdwfqdk;vG,fjcif; ponfhraumif;aomt&m
rsm;udkjzpfay:cHpm;vmMu&ygonf/
3T, p. 364 (1875)
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhESifh bk&m;ocifay;oem;
awmfrlonfhaumif;csD;rsm;udk rSefrSefuefueftoHk;ûywwfatmif
276 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 275
tcef;BuD; (10)
tpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;
jiif;qefjcif;tm;jzifhc&pfawmfatmifyGJqifjcif;
{'ifO,smOfwGif touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuaom ZeD;armifESH
(2) OD;uJhodkYyif c&pfawmfonfvnf; tpm;taomufqdkif&m
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/ vlom;rsm;udkusqHk;
aponfht&mrS vlom;u,fwifjcif;vkyfief;udktpûy&ygrnf/
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrItm;jzifh tm'HwdkYtjypfwGifusqHk;cJhovdk cHwGif;
tvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfawmfonf tjypfudkausmfvTm;
atmifjrifawmfrlcJhygonf/ ]]a,½Ionf t&ufav;q,fywfvHk;
tpmtm[m&udkroHk;aqmifbJaeNyD;rS rGwfodyfjcif;odkYa&mufawmfrl
\/ xdktcg pHkprf;aoG;aqmifolonf csOf;uyfí udk,fawmf
onf bk&m;ocif\om;awmfrSefvQif þausmufcJwdkYudk rkefY
jzpfapjcif;iSm trdefY½Sdawmfrlyg[kavQmufav\/ a,½Iuvnf;
vlonf rkefYtm;jzifhom toufudkarG;&rnfr[kwf/ bk&m;ocif
rdefYawmfrlorQtm;jzifh toufudkarG;&rnf usrf;pmvmonf[k
jyefajymawmfrl\/}}
tm'Htouf½SifcJhaomtcsdefrSpí c&pfawmf\aeY&ufrsm;
wdkifatmif udk,ftvdk½Sdovdkpm;aomufaexdkifjcif;tusihfonf
txdef;tuGyfrJhonfhtajctxda&muf½SdvmcJhygonf/ xdkaMumifh
vlwdkYonf ,kwfnHhedrfhusvmum a&m*gb,xlajymvmygonf/
rdrdwdkY\tpGrf;tpjzifh cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;qefzdkY&ef cufcJvmyg
twGuf xdkusifhaqmifrIrsm;onf vdkufavQmuf&rnfhpnf;rsOf;
rsm;r[kwfyg/
Health Reform, June, 1878.
tpm;MuL;jcif;ESifhtcsdefrSefrSefrpm;jcif;rsm;onf cEmudk,f
\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/
GW, p. 174 (1892) (old edition).
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk *½krxm;
awmhbJ tcsdef½Sdoa½GUpm;aewwfMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\
pdwfonf rIdif;a0aeavh½Sdygonf/ bk&m;ocifay;onfhtvif;
w&m;rsm;udk*½krxm;bJ aygufvTwfyJpm; pm;aomufaeolrsm;
onf bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmftm; rnfuJhodkYxGef;vif;
EdkifMuygrnfenf;/ twåtvdkudkvdkufNyD; pm;aomufwwfonfh
tusifhrS ajymif;vJoifhaomtcsdefonf þtcsdefumvr[kwf
ygvm;/
R & H, May 8, 1883.
wpfaeYvQif (3) Budrfxrif;BuD;pm;jcif;ESifh Mum;tcsdef
rsm;wGif rnfonfhoa&pmrQrpm;jcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYusifhaqmif
&rnfht&mjzpfoifhonf/ xdkxufydkíusifhaqmifolrsm;onf
obm0w&m;udkqefYusifaejcif;jzpfojzifh tusKd;qufudkcHpm;
Mu&vdrfhrnf/
ÀÀÀ
278tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 277
cJhaom xdk&uf½Snftpma½Smifjcif;trIonf acwftqufquf
touf½SifMurnfh tm;enf;aomvlom;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pm
wpfckjzpfygonf/ pmwef\pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;½IH;edrfhawmfrrl
aom c&pfawmf\vkyfaqmifrIonf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;
wGif½kef;uefaeaomtouf0dnmOfwdkif;twGuf cGeftm;,lp&m
wpfckjzpfygonf/ c&pfawmfonf vlom;wdkif; pHkprf;jcif;udk
wGef;vSefEdkifMuaMumif; þtrItm;jzifhxif½Sm;apawmfrlcJhonf/
bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmfoltaygif;wdkYonf odk;oi,f\
taoG;awmftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY\oufaocHEIwfxGuf
pum;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; c&pfawmfenf;wl atmifyGJqifMu
ygvdrfhrnf/ xdk&uf½Snftpma½Smifjcif;aMumifh c&pfawmfonf
xdkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkifEdkifcJhygonf/ vlom;rsm;\
usqHk;rIudk jzpfapcJhaomcHwGif;awmifhwjcif;tay: atmifyGJ
qifjcif;trIjzifh tpysKd;awmfrlcJhaMumif;udk c&pfawmfonf
vlom;rsm;tm; om"uay;awmfrlcJhygonf/
2T, pp. 202-203 (1869)
c&pfawmfonf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef
&ifqdkif&pOfrSmyif rnfonfht&mudkrQ pm;oHk;awmfrrlchJacs/
pdwfa&mudk,fygqkawmif;jcif;ESifh tvdkawmfwGifvHk;vHk;ay;tyf
jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkvufawmfütyfESHum atmifyGJqifcJh
ygonf/ aemufqHk;aomacwfumvESifhpyfvsOf;onfh þowif;
pum;rsm;udkvufcHaomc&pf,mefrsm;onf omrefc&pf,mefrsm;
xuf qkawmif;jcif;t&mrSm c&pfawmfudktwkcdk;oifhMuygonf/
awmhonf/ odkYjzifh c&pfawmfonf Murf;wrf;&ufpufonfh
xdkpHkprf;jcif;udk&ifqdkif&m vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; atmifyGJqifawmfrl
cJhygonf/ qmavmifjcif;ESifh aojcif;xufjyif;xefaom
udk,ftvdkudkxdef;csKyfjcif;tusifhudk uREfkyfwdkYudk,fpm;usifhaqmif
awmfrlcJhygonf/ ewfqdk;rsm;ESifh&ifqdkifwdkufvSef&rnfht&m
tm;vHk;ESifh þyxratmifyGJonf txl;qufET,faeygonf/
c&pfawmfonf awmxJwGif½SdaepOf crnf;awmfbk&m;
ocif\bkef;wefcdk;jzifh um&H0dkif;ywfxm;jcif;udkcHawmfrlcJh&onf/
crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESifhrdwfo[m,zGJUjcif;wGif epfarsmaeaom
c&pfawmfonf wefcdk;cGeftm;ESifhjynfhpHkaeonfrSmrSefaomfvnf;
xdkbkef;wefcdk;uG,faysmufoGm;aomtcsdefwGifrl pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
jcif;udk udk,fawmf&ifqdkif&ayawmhrnf/ xdktajctaeonf
udk,fawmftm;tcgrvyfzdpD;aeygonf/ udk,fawmf\vlZmwdu
rdrdtm;acgif;pm;aeaom xdktajctaeESifha½Smif½Sm;vdkcJhygonf/
t&ufav;q,fvHk;vHk; tpma½Smifqkawmif;cJhaom udk,fawmf½Sif
onf tiftm;rsm;qkwf,kwfum rsufESmawmfonf csKH;usaeNyD;
omrefvlom;rsm;xufydefvSDaeygonf/ þtajctaeonf
pmweftwGuftcGifhtvrf;wpf&yfjzpfcJhygonf/ c&pfawmftay:
rdrdatmifyGJqifvdrfhrnf[kvnf; pmweftxifa&mufcJhygonf/
Letter 158, 1909.
c&pfawmfonf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkif&m vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; &ufowå
(6) ywfeD;yg;wGef;vSefawmfrlcJhygonf/ awmxJwGif&ifqdkifawmfrl
280 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 279
&rnfhtrSefw&m;rsm;\ta&;ygaomtcsufrsm;udkrl em;vnfEdkif
Muygonf/
urÇmBuD;onf acwftvdkufoufqdkifonfhtrSefw&m;
rsm;udktprf;oyfcH&aomtcsdefwGif bk&m;ocif\pDpOfawmfrlcsuf
t& oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf or®musrf;pmudk½SmazGawGU½Sd
Edkif&ef ¤if;wdkYtm;vrf;jyawmfrlygonf/ tpma½Smifjcif;?
qkawmif;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh qufpyfrI½SdaomtrSefw&m;rsm;udk
½SmazGum pHkvifaomw&m;awmfwpfcktjzpfodkYa&muf½SdoGm;
onftxd aygif;pnf;EdkifMuygonf/
u,fwifjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; vwfwavmod½SdzdkYvdktyf
aomtcsuftvufrsm;udkrl rnfolrQtrSm;t,Gif;r½Sd&avatmif
½Sif;vif;pGmod½SdcGifh&Muvdrfhrnf/
2T, pp. 650-651 (1870)
trIawmftwGuftyfESHxm;onfh vltenf;i,f\êud;pm;rI
aMumifh ,aeYtrSefw&m;\cufcJaomtydkif;rsm;udk ausmfvTm;
cJhygNyD/ tpma½Smifjcif;ESifh qkawmif;jcif;rsm;aMumifh xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf trSefw&m;b@mwdkufBuD;
udkzGifhay;awmfrlcJhonf/
(R & H, July 26, 1892) L & T, 47.
trSefw&m;udk trSefwu,fvdkvm;Muolrsm;onf ½SmazG
pkaqmif;a0zefwifjy&ef aESmifhaES;Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wdkY\
oabmxm;rsm;udk olwpfyg;uqefYusifvmvQifvnf; pdwfqdk;
Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ESpfaygif;av;q,fvHk;vHk; uREfkyfwdkYtxJ
wGif xdkpdwf"mwfrsKd;udkjrwfEdk;cJhMuygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
3T, p. 486 (1875)
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf cEmudk,fusef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf
apEdkifonfomru xm0&umvqdkif&mw&m;awmfrsm;udkodjrif
EdkifpGrf;r½Sdavmufatmif cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifonfhpGrf;&nfrsm;udkvnf;
rIef0g;aponfudk c&pfawmfodxm;awmfrlygonf/ ¤if;jyif
þurÇmom;rsm;onf tpm;MuL;um pm&dwåwefcdk;rsm;vnf;
vrf;vGJaeMuonfudk udk,fawmfodjrifxm;awmfrlygonf/
þurÇmBuD;wGifvdkufpm;aeaom cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIBuD;onf
ûzdcGif;&efrjzpfEdkifavmufatmif cdkifrmtm;BuD;ae&m vlom;rsm;
udk,fpm; &ufowå (6) ywfeD;yg; udk,fawmftpma½Smif&ef
vdktyfvmygonf/ þt&monf c&pfawmfenf;wlatmifyGJqif&ef
c&pf,mefrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mjzpfonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf
jcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;\jyif;xefrIudk awmxJwGif
tpma½SmifpOf c&pfawmfcHpm;cJh&aom ajymrjyEdkifavmufatmif
jyif;xefonfha0'emtm;jzifhwdkif;wmEdkifygonf/
EIwfxGufpum;udkavhvm&efjyifqifrIwpfcktjzpf
2T, p. 692 (1870)
or®musrf;pmwGifazmfjyxm;onfhwcsKdUt&mrsm;onf
em;vnf&efcufvSygonf/ ynmrJhrsm;ESifh NidrfoufrIuif;rJholrsm;
onf rdrdwdkY\aowGif;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifwl;Muonf[k ayw½ku
zGifhqdkygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf þb0wGif usrf;csufwdkif;\
teufudkzGifhEdkifcsifrSzGifhEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; vufawGUusifhoHk;
282 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 281
oifwdkY&ifqdkifae&aomtcuftcJrsm;udk pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzifh
bk&m;ocifudktoday;Muyg/ tusKd;rJhaompum;rsm;udkajymqdk
aejcif;jzifh tcsdefudkrûzef;ygESifh/ &ufa&mpGmay;oem;rnf[k
bk&m;ocifuwdawmfxm;onfhOmPfynmudk&½Sd&eftvdkYiSm
pnf;vHk;rItjynfhjzifh tpma½Smifqkawmif;Muyg/
1T, p. 624 (1867)
trIawmfwdk;wufa&;ESifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;
apzdkY&ef qefYusifzDvmrIrsm;ESifh ra½SmifrvGJawGUqHk&ifqdkif&aom
tcgwdkif;wGif ESdrfhcsaompdwf½Sdí owdxm;ajz½Sif;oifhMuygonf/
pdwfESvHk;ygygtjypf0efcsvsuf? qkawmif;vsuf? tpma½Smifvsuf
trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udkxifxif½Sm;½Sm;od½Sda½Smif½Sm;um atmifyGJqif
Edkif&ef bk&m;ocifxHwGif trtpESifh rGefjrwfaomtrSefw&m;
rsm;udk em;vnfapEdkifonfhOmPfrsm;ay;oem;rnfhtaMumif;
toem;cHoifhMuygonf/
ppfrSefaomtpma½Smifjcif;
(Letter 73, 1896) M.M., 283.
vlwdkif;vkyfaqmif&ef axmufcHoifhonfhppfrSefaom
tpma½Smifjcif;[lrlum; pdwfudkEId;qGonfhtpmrsKd;rsm;udk vHk;vHk;
a½SmifMuOfNyD; tvQHy,fbk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;aom tm[m&ESifh
jynfhpHkaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf
rnfonfhavmuqdkif&mtpm;taomufrsm;taMumif;rsm;tay:
pdwf0ifpm;rIavsmhum bmoma&;tawGUtêuHrsm;twGuf cGeftm;
,HkMunfjcif;ESifh,HkMunfcsufrsm;wGif wpfvHk;wpf0wnf;½Sdrnfh
taMumif; qkawmif;vsuf touf0dnmOfrsm;udku,fwif&ef
twlwuGvkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm c&pfawmfü
uGJjym;jcm;em;rIr½Sdonfudk uREfkyfwdkYodxm;ygonf/ taMumif;
t&mwpfckcsif;udk oD;oefYpDpl;prf;avhvmcJhMuygonf/ £a`E´
odu©mESifhjynfhpHkjcif;onf xdkpl;prf;avhvma&;tzGJU\xl;jcm;
csufyifjzpfonf/ ½dkaoysyf0yfaompdwfjzifh or®musrf;pmudk
zGifhíavhvmcJhMuygonf/ trSefw&m;udkydkíem;vnfEdkifap&ef
uREfkyfwdkYrMumcPtpma½SmifcJhMuygonf/
bk&m;ocif\tultnDudktxl;vdktyfaomtcsdefwGif
Letter 73, 1896.
wcsKdUudpörsm;twGuf tpma½Smifqkawmif;jcif;trIonf
oifhavsmfvSygonf/ vkyfaqmifoifhaomt&mvnf;jzpfygonf/
bk&m;ocif\vufawmfwGif xdkt&mrsm;onf pdwfESvHk;udk
oefY½Sif;aponfhenf;? cH,lvdkaompdwfoabmxm;rsm;udkjzpfap
enf;rsm;jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifha½SUawmfwGif
pdwfESdrfhcsMuaomaMumifh qkawmif;csufrsm;twGuf tajzudk
&½SdMuygonf/
GW, p. 236 (1892) (old edition).
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udkxrf;aqmifaeolrsm;onf wpfOD;udk
wpfOD;tMuHay;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? udk,fawmfxHrSom
&EdkifonfhOmPfynmrsm;twGufqkawmif;Mu&efaomfvnf;aumif;
rMumcPpka0;oifhaMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlygonf/
284 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 283
a&m*gtwGufukoenf;wpfck
MH, p. 235 (1905)
tpmpm;&mwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIonf emrusef;jzpf
&jcif;\taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfwwfygonf/ obm0utvdktyf
qHk;tcsufrSm tcsdefrwefrDwifxm;onfh0efrsm;tm; z,f½Sm;ay;
jcif;yifjzpfonf/ emrusef;rItrsm;pktwGuf taumif;qHk;uko
enf;wpfckrSm tvkyfydkvkyfae&aomtpmtdrfudk em;csdef&ap&ef
xrif; (1) eyf (odkYr[kwf) (2) eyfrpm;bJaejcif;yifjzpfonf/
OD;aESmufjzifhtvkyfvkyf&olrsm;twGufrl &uftenf;i,fopfoD;
0vHrsm;udkpm;oHk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*goufomoGm;apEdkifyg
onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh zsm;empOfwGif tcsdefwdktpma½Smifjcif;udk
usifhoHk;um emvefxcsdefwGif ½dk;½dk;tpmESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;udk
pm;ay;jcif;onf jyefvnfusef;rmjcif;udk vsifjrefapygonf/
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;onf usef;rma&;vrf;pOfjzpfonfudk
wpfv (odkYr[kwf) ESpfvMum tpmavsmhpm;onfhvlemrsm;
oabmaygufvmMuvdrfhrnf/
7T, p. 134 (1902)
wcsKdUrSmrl q&m0efxHwGif aq;ukorIcH,ljcif;xuf
tpmudkwpf&ufwefonf? ESpf&ufwefonf avsmhpm;jcif;u
ydkítusKd;xl;aMumif; cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ &ufowåwpfywfvQif
wpf&uftpma½Smifjcif;jzifh rsm;jym;vSaomtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk
¤if;wdkYcHpm;Mu&ygonf/
udkay;pGrf;rnfh aumif;uifrSay;oem;rnfhtpmudkom tav;ay;
pOf;pm;qifjcifzdkYvdktyfygonf/
R & H, Feb. 11, 1904.
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf ,aeYrSpí urÇmqHk;wdkif
atmif rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;OmPfynmrsm;udk tm;udk;jcif;rûybJ
c&pfawmf\OmPfawmfwGifrSDcdktm;udk;vsuf pdwfa&mudk,fyg
Edk;Mum;rI½SdMuyg/ tpma½Smifjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;rsm;twGuf
oD;jcm;aeY&ufrsm;owfrSwfoifhMuygonf/ (tpma½Smifaom
aeYwGif) tpmudkvHk;0rpm;oHk;&[krawmif;qdkyg/ odkY&mwGif
½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;&efjzpfygonf/
Letter 206, 1908.
þurÇmBuD;wGif usifhaqmifaeaomtpma½Smifjcif;trI
t&mtm;vHk;onf bk&m;ocif\EIwfxGufpum;udk½dk;½dk;om;om;
,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
]awmif;yg? oif&vdrfhrnf} [k c&pfawmfrdefYawmfrlxm;&m
&ufaygif;av;q,ftpma½Smif&ef oifhudkzdwfac:awmfrrlyg/
udk,fawmfonf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifhNyD;aomawmxJwGif
oifhtwGuftpma½SmifawmfrlcJhNyD/ xdkaMumifh xdkuJhodkYaom
tpma½Smifjcif;trIwGif rnfonfhtHhMozG,ftpGrf;owådrQr½SdbJ
c&pfawmf\taoG;awmfüom xl;uJaomtpGrf;owåd½Sdawmfrlonf/
MS 28, 1900.
tpma½Smifjcif;ESifh qkawmif;jcif;qdkif&m ppfrSefaom
pdwf"mwfrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifxHü rdrd\pdwfESvHk;ESifhtvdkqE´
rsm;udktyfESHaompdwf"mwfjzpfonf/
286 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 285
onf aq;pm;jcif;xufydkítusKd;xl;ygvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm
tcsdefMumjrifhpGmtem;r&onfhtpmtdrfonf em;cGifh&vmaom
aMumifh trSefwu,fqmavmifrIudk ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;tm;jzifh
ajyaysmufoGm;apygvdrfhrnf/ þtajctaea&mufatmif tcsdef
tenf;i,f,l&vdrfhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; udk,ftvdkudk ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh
jiif;qefcJhygvQif rMumrDrSmyif tcsKdtqdrfht&omESifhjynfhpHkaom
tpmrsm;udk t&omawGUonfxuf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom½dk;½dk;
tpmrsm;udk t&omawGUvmygvdrfhrnf/
tEÅ&m,f½Sdaomtpmavsmhpm;jcif;rSumuG,fjcif;
2T, pp. 384-385 (1870)
zsm;empOfwGif tcsdefwdktpmavsmhpm;jcif;onf tzsm;us
aponfhjyif aomufaoma&udkvnf; ydkítusKd;oufa&mufap
onf/ odkY&mwGif tpmajconfhpepfwpfckvHk; tm;enf;oGm;onfh
tajctxd xdkvlemtm; tpmavsmhpm;apjcif;udkrl cGifhrûyoifhbJ
vlem\tajctaerSefudk em;vnfzdkYvdktyfvSygonf/ tzsm;wuf
aepOfwGif pm;vdkufaomtpmrsm;onf aoG;udkydkrdkvIyf½Sm;jyif;xef
vmapEdkifonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; tzsm;usoGm;onfESifhwpfûydifeuf
tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk *½kwpdkufjyifqifauR;arG;oifh
ygonf/ tMumBuD;tpmudkjzwfxm;cJhygvQif tpmiwfaeaom
tpmtdrfonf tzsm;wufjcif;udk ydkíjzpfapygvdrfhrnf/ rSefuef
aomtwdkif;tq½Sdonfh tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkauR;
jcif;jzifhom xdktzsm;rsKd;udk aysmufuif;oufomapEdkifygonf/
tjyif;zsm;aepOfrSmyif tpmpm;zdkYtxl;awmifhwaeygvQif tpmudk
288 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Sp. Gifts IV, 133-134 (1864)
tpmudkrsm;rsm;pm;jcif;? rMumcPpm;jcif;rsm;onf
tpmtdrfudkEGrf;vsap½Hkomru tpmtdrfudkusef;rma&;csKdUwJhap
ygonf/ ¤if;jyif aoG;rsm;onfnpfnrf;vmum a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;
udkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/
þuJhodk Yaoma&m*gonfrsm;onf ¤if;wdk YtwGuf
olwpfyg;rpGrf;aqmifEdkifaomt&mrsm;udk olwdkYudk,fwdkifvkyfaqmif
EdkifMuonf/ rdrdwdkYwifxm;aom0efrsm;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif
oufomatmif pwifvkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ a&m*gjzpf&jcif;
taMumif;&if;udkz,f½Sm;ypfoifhMuygonf/ tcsdefwdktpma½Smif
jcif;tusifhudkusifhaqmifum tpmtdrfudktem;ay;oifhMuygonf/
a&udkaumif;rGefpGmtoHk;csum emrusef;rIudkavsmhcsypf&rnf/
þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf npfnrf;rIudkuif;pifatmif ½kef;uef
aeaomcEmudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk taxmuftulûyygvdrfhrnf/
(Sp. Gifts IV, 130-131) CH, p. 148 (1864)
tom;rsm;? t&om½Sdatmiftoifhjyifqifxm;onfh
[if;vsmrsm;ESifh udwfrkefYrsm;udk êudufovdkoHk;aqmifcJhMuolrsm;
onf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ½kwfw&uft&om
awGUMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;onf opfoD;0vH
rsm;? aygifrkefYrsm;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk pm;vdkYt&omrawGU
awmhonfhtajctxd vrf;vGJcJhacsNyD/ pm;aeustpmrsm;ESifh
t&omrwlaomxdktpmrsm;udk wpfcgwnf;ESifht&omawGUzdkY
arQmfvifh&efrvdkacs/ ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;pm;csif;t&omrawGUvQif
t&omawGUonftxd tpma½Smifoifhygonf/ xdktpma½Smifjcif;
tpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 287
tcef;BuD; (11)
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;
rajymif;rvJyHkrSefpm;aomufjcif;\wefzdk;
(CTBH, p. 55) CH, pp. 153-155 (1890)
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;ESifh avmuom;rsm;tMum;
vufcHusifhoHk;aom½Iaxmifhrsm;rSm uGmjcm;vSygonf/ a&yef;
rpm;onfhtrSefw&m;wpfckudkwifjyaomolrsm;onf rdrdudk,fwdkif
\toufwmüvnf; rajymif;rvJonfhyHkrSefpm;aomufaexdkifrI
rsm;½Sdoifhygonf/ rdrdwdkYwefzdk;xm;aomt&mudk olwpfyg;tm;
ulnDrpapEdkif&eftwGuf ¤if;wdkYtm; rnfa½GUrnfrQtxdvdkufavsm
Edkifrnfudkom êud;pm;oifhNyD; rnfrQjcm;em;aeonfudk rMunfhoifh
ygacs/ þodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;onf rdrdwdkYudkifqGJxm;aomtrSef
w&m;udk axmufcHcsD;ajr§mufjcif;jzpfonf/
tpm;tpmESifhywfoufonfh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wpfckudk
axmufcHtm;ay;aeolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYpm;aeaomtpm;tpmrsm;
tm;jzif h usef;rma&;ESif hpyfvsOf;onfhtcGif hta&;rsm;ud k
taumif;qHk;tvif;ay;oifhygonf/ olwpfyg;qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkif
ap&ef rdrdwdkY\axmufcHcsufESifhywfoufonfhed,mrrsm;udkvnf;
½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;azmfjyoifhMuonf/
tu,fíom cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkcsKyfwnf;zdkY&eftwGuf
omwifqufrnfqdkvQif usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfrIrnfodkYyifaumif;
apumrl xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk BuD;rm;aomvlwef;pm;wpfcku
290
vHk;0rauR;jcif;xuf oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmauR;vdkufjcif;u
ydkítEÅ&m,fuif;ygonf/ tpmudkvHk;0rawmifhwygrl vHk;0
rauR;jcif;u ydkíobm0usygonf/
oufusm;½G,ftdkw&m;a[mq&mwpfOD;xHtMuHay;csuf
Letter 2, 1872.
oifonf tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif;ü wpfaeYvQif
wpfBudrfomxrif;pm;onf[k uREfkyfMum;odcJh&onf/ þudpö
wGif oif\vkyfaqmifcsufonf rSm;,Gif;onfudk uREfkyfodyg
onf/ taMumif;rSm oifütm[m&csKdUwJhaeonfudkvnf;aumif;?
vdkonfxufydkítpma½Smifaeojzifh tEÅ&m,f½Sdaeonfudkvnf;
aumif; uREfkyfawGUjrifae&onf/ oifvkyfaqmifaeonfh jyif;xef
aompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk qufvufusifhaqmif&ef oifücGeftm;
r½SdawmhNyD/
ESpf&uftpma½Smifjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrI
jzpfonf[k uREfkyfxifonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifzdkY xm0&bk&m;
ocifu rdefYawmfrljcif;r½Sdyg/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk
wpfaeYvQif (2) Budrfpm;&ef oifhudkuREfkyfawmif;yefvdkonf/
þyHkpHtwdkif; oifqufvuftouf½SifoGm;rnfqdkvQif cEmudk,f
cGeftm;rsm; aocsmaygufusqif;vmNyD; [efcsufrnDonfhpdwfae
oabmxm;rsm;jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf/
ÀÀÀ
tpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 289
DF- 19
em;cs&ef cufcJvSygonf/ xdktpGef;a&muform;rsm;onf pmwef
vkyfapvdkonfhtvkyfwpfckwGif yg0ifywfoufaeNyDjzpf&m ¤if;wdkY\
toufwmwpfavQmufvHk;ü rvkyfjzpfcJhaomt&mrsm;xuf
xdcdkufapaomt&mrsm;udk vtenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif vkyfjzpf
oGm;Muygonf/
vlwef;pm; (2) rsKd;udk uREfkyfudkjyocJhygonf/ yxr
wpfrsKd;rSm ¤if;wdkYtm; bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfhtvif;awmf
ESifhtnD aexdkiftoufr½Sifolrsm;ESifh tjcm;wpfrsKd;rSm ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;qdkif&moabmw&m;rsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdkifwpfzufpGef;
a&mufatmif usifhaqmifae½Hkomru olwpfyg;tm;vnf; xdkuJhodkY
usifhaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;aeolrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;onf
rdrdwdkY&yfwnfxm;aomtaetxm;wpfckwGif acgif;rmrmjzifh
qufvuf&yfwnfaeMu½Hkomru t&m&mwGif wpfzufpGef;
onftxd vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/
yxrwpfrsKd;wGifyg0ifaeolrsm;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk olrsm;vkyfonfhtwGuf ¤if;wdkYvnf;
vkyfaqmifaeMuaomfvnf; þûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí
pnf;rsOf;ed,mrrsm;udk aumif;pGmem;rvnfMuay/ þtzGJUxJrS
vltrsm;pkonf xdktrSefw&m;udk tjcm;olrsm;vufcHojzifh
vufcHcJhMujcif;jzpfNyD; rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;twGuf cdkifrmaom
taMumif;jycsufr½SdMuacs/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYonf wnfNidrfrI
r½SdMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYonf xm0&umvESifhqdkifaomtvif;w&m;
tay: av;av;eufeufoabmxm;&rnfhtpm; rdrdwdkY\
292 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
vufcHMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ xdkolrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;onfhusKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIESifh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
aqG;aEG;Murnfhtpm; t&omudkomOD;pm;ay;aqG;aEG;Muvdrfh
rnf/ "avha[mif;udkypfy,fNyD; ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifzdkY
tm;ay;wdkufwGef;olrsm;udk þvlpku qefYusif½Hkomru ¤if;wdkY
tm; ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudkvdkvm;olrsm;[k owfrSwfMuvdrfhrnf/
odkY&mwGif rnfolrQxdkqefYusifrIudkcGifhrûyoifhyg/ ûyjyifa&;qdkif&m
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk&yfwefYoGm;atmif jyuf&,frûyoifhyg/ xdkûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udpöud k ayghayg hwefwefoabmxm;atmif
rvkyfaqmifoifhyg/ 'Ha,vudk EId;qGvrf;jycJhonfh oefY½Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfESifhjynfh0olrsm;onf tjrifusOf;rI? pdwfaejrifhrIrsm;
ESifhuif;a0;rnfomru trSefw&m;bufwGif cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf
Muvdrfhrnf/ c&pf,mefnDtpfudkrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? tjcm;
olrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aygif;oif;qufqHaeaomtcsdefrsm;wGif
vnf; xdkolonf trSefw&m;rSaoGznfjcif;½Sdrnfr[kwfonf
omru c&pfawmfESifhwlaom jrifhjrwfonfhonf;cHjcif;pdwfxm;
udkazmfjy&ef ysufuGufvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIvkyfaqmifMuolrsm;onf wpfzufpGef;a&mufvmaom
tcg ¤if;wdkYonf ½GHp&maumif;olrsm;jzpfvmovm;[k vlwdkYu
tjypfwifMurnfr[kwfyg/ uREfkyfwdkY\bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuf
rsm;onfvnf; þodkYaomenf;rsm;tm;jzifh *kPftoa&,kwfnHh
vmwwfygonf/ þuJhodkYaomjrifuGif;rsKd;udk jrifawGUaeolrsm;
udk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIü aumif;aomt&mrsm;½Sdonf[k
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 291
294 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 293
vkyfaqmifrItpkpkwdkYtwGuf tav;ay;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;
onfh vufawGUoabmw&m;rsm;udk&,lxm;Mu&rnfhtpm;?
trSefw&m;udkeuf½Idif;pGm½SmazGí rdrdwdkYtwGuf rSefuefaomtkwfjrpf
udk cdkifcdkifrmrmcs&rnfhtpm; olwpfyg;\rD;wkwfrSvmaom
tvif;a&mifuav;udktm;udk;um avQmufvSrf;aeMu&m xdkolrsm;
onf qHk;½IH;jcif;ESifh&ifqdkifMu&vdrfhrnf/
'kwd,wpfrsKd;wGifyg0ifaeolrsm;rSmrl þûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
qdkif&mudpörsm;udk rSm;,Gif;aom½IaxmifhrSMunfhMujyefonf/
þolrsm;onf tpm;taomufwGif txl;ûcd;jcHvGef;vSygonf/
tm[m&enf;yg;onfhtpmrsm;tay:wGifom ¤if;wdkYrSDcdktouf½Sif
aeNyD; xdktpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGifvnf; txdef;tuGyfr½SdMu
acs/ cHwGif;wnfhap&eftwGuf tpm;tpmudk*½kwpdkufjyifqif
&efrSm ta&;ygvSygonf/
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapNyD; usef;rma&;udkysufpD;aponfh
tpmrsm;udkjzwfxm;aomaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;ESifh
ywfoufonfh aemufqufwGJqdk;usKd;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrcHpm;&
yg[k oabmrxm;oifhygacs/ tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef
uREfkyfraxmufcHyg/ tukeftusoufomrI? pDpOf&efvG,fulrI?
ûywfxm;onfhnHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;onf tpm;tpmqdkif&mûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;\OD;wnfcsufjzpfonf[k usef;rmaomtoufwm\
t&omudkcHpm;vdkolrsm;onf tvSnfhjzm;cHaeMu&onf/ vlwcsKdU
wdkYonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;urf;rsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmfaeonf[k udk,fhudkudk,ftxif½Sdvsuf EGm;EdkY
ESifhoMum; twdkif;tqrsm;pGmudkpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif
EGm;EdkYudk oMum;ESifha&míoHk;aqmifjcif;onf tpmtdrfudktcsOf
aygufapjcif;\taMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfum usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufapygonf/ oMum;udktwdkif;tqr½SdoHk;aqmifjcif;onf
tpmaMucsufrIudk t[efYtwm;jzpfap½Hkomru a&m*ga0'em
jzpf&jcif;\taMumif;wpf&yfvnf;jzpfygonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
aomtpm;tpm 2rsKd;? 3rsKd;udk twdkif;tqwpfckavmuftxd
pm;vQif vHkavmufNyD[k wcsKdUtxif½SdMuaomfvnf; twdkif;tq
tvGefao;i,fNyD; trSefwu,ftm[m&ESifhrjynfh0vQif zGHUûzd;rI
twGuf vHkavmufrIr½SdEdkifygacs/
tjrifusOf;ajrmif;jcif;ESifh tao;tzGJudpöuav;rsm;tay:
wGif yHkBuD;csJUaejcif;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk txl;
xdcdkufaponf/ tpm;tpmudk a½G;cs,fjyifqif&mwGif usef;rma&;
aumif;zdkYxuf tukeftusoufomrIudkOD;wnfvQif tm[m&
r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkompm;&ayrnf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh nHhzsif;
aomaoG;rsm;udkjzpfapvdrfhrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tuk&cuf
aoma&m*gawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk
pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYaom
a&m*grsm;pGJ&jcif;rSm tpm0,fp&maiGaMu;qif;&JaomaMumifh
r[kwfbJ ¤if;wdkY\rSm;,Gif;aomt,ltqrsm;aMumifhjzpfonf/
olwdkYonf tpmraMu? avxdk;avema&m*grsm;jzpfonftxd
tpm;tpmrsm;udk tajymif;tvJr½Sd aeYpOf&ufqufpm;oHk;wwf
Muygonf/
296 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 295
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tay:xm;½Sdonfht,ltqtrSm;rsm;
MH, pp. 318-320 (1905)
tpm;tpmqdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk ,HkMunfouf0ifol
wcsKdUrSm ppfrSefaomajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;r[kwfMuyg/ tm[m&
r½SdaomtpmwcsKdUudka½SmifMuOfjcif;udk tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
[k wcsKdUutxif½SdaeMuygonf/ trSefrSm ¤if;wdkYonf
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;rvnfMuojzifh ¤if;wdkY\pm;yGJ
onf usef;rma&;xdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;ESifhjynfhESufae&m
c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;twGuf yHkoufaoaumif;rsm;r[kwfMuyg/
yH koufaoaumif;jyvd konfhtjcm;wpfrsK d;uvnf;
txufygtzGJUESifhqefYusifbuf wpfzufpGef;udkOD;wnfaeygonf/
wcsKdUrSm vdkcsifaomtpmrsKd;rsm;udk r&EdkifMuojzifh vG,fulpGm
&Edkifonfhtm[m&rJhtpmrsm;udkompm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY
pm;aomtpmrsm;onf aumif;aomaoG;udkjzpfaprnfhtajccH
t&mrsm;udkay;pGrf;Edkifjcif;r½Sdacs/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;
rSm csKdUwJhvmygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\wwfpGrf;rIrsm;vnf; ysuf,Gif;
vmygonf/ ¤if;wdkYjyonfhyHkoufaoonfvnf; xdkûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udkaxmufcH&mra&mufawmhbJ qefYusif&ma&muf
aeygawmhonf/
usef;rma&;aumif;&ef ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;zdkYvdkonfjzpfí
tpmrsm;udka½G;cs,fjyifqif&mwGif ta&;rBuD;vSyg[kvnf;
wcsKdUuxifMuonf/ wcsKdUrSmrl cE¨mudk,füvdktyfonfhtpm
trsKd;rsKd;udkrpm;awmhbJ pm;aeuswpfrsKd;ESpfrsKd;udkom aeYpOf
pm;oHk;wwfMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tusKd;quftaejzifh
a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;vm&Muonf/
yk*¾dKvfa&;½Iaxmifhrsm;udkvufcH&efwdkufwGef;jcif;
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wpfpdwfwpfa'orQom
em;vnfxm;olrsm;onf rdrdawGUjrifaom½Iaxmifhudk udk,fwdkif
taumiftxnfazmfMu½Hkomru aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGrsm;udkvnf;
twif;tusyfvkyfcdkif;wwfMuygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom¤if;wdkY\
tjrifrsm;aMumifh rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif usef;rma&;csKdUwJhaeMu½Hkomru
¤if;wdkY\wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh tjcm;olrsm;vnf; usef;rma&;
qdkif&mrSefuefaomvrf;pOfrsm;udk jiif;qefvmMuygonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;vnfum xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;
twdkif;touf½Sifaexdkifolrsm;onf tvGeftuRHpm;aomufjcif;
ESifh tvGeftuRHtpma½SmifMuOfjcif;wnf;[laom tpGef;a&muf
rIrsm;udka½Smif½Sm;Muvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf yg;pyft&omudk
OD;pm;ay;í tpmudka½G;cs,fjcif;r[kwfbJ cEmudk,fwnfaqmufrI
udktom;ay;um a½G;cs,fcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifh
trIawmfESifh vlom;tusKd;ûyvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;
EdkifrnfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif qufvuf
xdef;odrf;&ef olwdkYêud;pm;avh½Sdygonf/ todpdwfESifh qifjcifwHk
w&m;rsm;udktajccHum tpm;tpmrsm;udk olwdkYa½G;cs,fcJhMuojzifh
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;\usef;rmrIudk olwdkYcHpm;Mu&onf/ rdrdwdkY
vkyfaqmifovdk olwpfyg;tm; olwdkYrwdkufwGef;Muaomfvnf;
298 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
olwdkYay;aomyHkoufaoonf rSefuefaomvrf;pOfrsm;udk
axmufcHonfhoufaocHwpfckjzpfaeygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
us,fjyefYaumif;rGefonfh MoZmoufa&mufrI½SdMuygonf/
tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;onfhûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif ppfrSef
aomomrefpOf;pm;OmPfwpfck½Sdonf/ þbmom&yfudk euf½Idif;
us,fjyefYpGmavhvmoifhygonf/ rdrd\tusifh"avhESifhrwlaom
aMumifh xdkolrsm;udk rnfolrQra0zefoifhacs/ vlwdkif;usifhaqmif
&ef rajymif;rvJwnf½SdaomOya'wpfckudk twnfûywnfaxmif
&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ rdrdonf vltm;vHk;
twGuf vdkufavQmuf&efpnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf[k udk,fhudkudk,f
rxifMuygESifh/ vltm;vHk;onf tpmwpfrsKd;wnf;udk0dkif;ípm;Edkif
Murnfr[kwfacs/ wpfOD;wpfa,muftwGuf t&om½Sdtm[m&
jzpfaomtpmonf tjcm;wpfOD;twGuft&omrJhNyD; tEÅ&m,f½Sd
aomtpmjzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygonf/ wcsKdUu EGm;EdkYudkraomufoHk;
vdkMuaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSm EGm;EdkYudktvGefwnfhMuonf/ wcsKdU
twGuf yJtrsKd;rsKd;onf tpmaMucJaomfvnf; wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;
twGuf yJonf tm[m&jzpfapaomtpmwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ *sKHMurf;
ESifhûyvkyfxm;onfhtpmrsm;onf wcsKdUvlrsm;twGufaumif;aom
tpmjzpfaomfvnf; wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm xdktpmrsm;rpm;EdkifMuacs/
nhHzsif;aomtpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOfyg
2T, pp. 366-367 (1870)
nHhzsif;aomtpmqdkonfrSm rnfonfhtpmjzpfoenf;/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhudkufnDaom tpm;tpmrsm;\t&nf
taoG;ESifhtwdkif;tqrsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfzGifhqdkcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
uREfkyftaeESifh nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef raxmufcHyg/
usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk tjrifvGJum
nHhzsif;tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;cJholrsm;½SdaMumif;
uREfkyftm; jrifEdkifaompdwftm½HkwGifazmfjyawmfrlcJhygonf/ xdkolrsm;
onf aps;csKdNyD; t&nftaoG;rrDaomtpmrsm;udk pnf;rJhurf;rJh
earmferJhjyifqifpm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ cHwGif;awGU&ef tpmrsm;udk
aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifzdkYtxl;ta&;ygvSygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDonfh tom;? axmywf?
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udk usef;rma&;xdcdkufrnfpdk;&drfojzifh
jzwfawmufcJhonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtjcm;tpm
rsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fr½SdEdkif[k oabmrxm;oifhygacs/
tpGef;a&mufaeolwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tpm
ESpfrsKd;oHk;rsKd;avmufudk twdkif;tqwpfckowfrSwfum pm;oHk;
aeMuygonf/ rdom;pkpm;&ef pm;zG,ftenf;i,fudkomjyifqif
oHk;aqmifavh½SdMuonf/ pm;onfhtpmunHhonfhtjyif pm;onfh
twdkif;tquvnf; enf;yg;onfjzpf&m cE¨mudk,fzGHUûzd;&ef
vHkavmufaomtpmrsm; tpmtdrfxJodkYra&mufawmhacs/ nHhzsif;
aomtpmrsm;onf aumif;aomaoG;om;udkrjzpfapEdkifygacs/
nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;onf nhHzsif;aomaoG;om;rsm;udkomjzpfap
vdrfhrnf/
(CTBH, pp. 49-50) CH, p. 118 (1890)
rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;wnfhjcif;udk tmomajyap&ef pm;oHk;½Hk
oufoufonf rSefuefaomvkyfaqmifcsufr[kwfaomaMumifh
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 297
300 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaomt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYpdwf0ifpm;oifh
ygonf/ ta&;BuD;aomt&mwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/ nHhzsif;
aomtpmrsm;jzifhom rnfolrQtouf½Sifaexdkif&efroifhavsmf
yg/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf a&m*ga0'emrsm;aMumifh tm;avsmh
qkwf,kwfaeMu&m tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif
csufûywfxm;onhftpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/
usef;rma&;vdkufpm;olrsm;onf tpGef;ra&mufapzdkY tjcm;
olrsm;xuf *½kxm;oifhMuygonf/ cE¨mudk,fonf vHkavmuf
aomtm[m&udk&½Sd&ygrnf/
MS 59, 1912.
cspfcifav;pm;tyfaomtpfudkBuD;?
oifonf usef;usef;rmrm½SdapzdkY usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wif;usyfwduspGmtwdwftcsdef
uwnf;uvdkufavQmufcJhygonf/ oifemrusef;jzpfonfhtcg
oifhudku,fzdkY uREfkyftm;owif;pum;wpfck bk&m;ocifay;awmfrl
cJhonf/ oifonf tpm;tpmrsm;udk trSm;t,Gif;r½SdoHk;aqmif
Edkif&ef txl;êud;pm;uefYowfcsKyfwnf;um oHk;aqmifcJhygonf/
odkY&mwGif oifhtwGufuREfkyfqkawmif;pOf oifhtm; vrf;rSefodkY
ydkYaqmif&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlcJhonf/
tpm;tpmrsm;udk ,ckxufydkí&ufa&mpGmpm;oHk;oifhonf[k
oifhtwGufrdefYawmfrlygonf/ tom;udkpm;&rnf[k tMuHray;
vdkaomfvnf; pm;oHk;&rnfhtpmESifhywfoufonfhñTefMum;csufudk
ay;oem;awmfrlcJh&m xdkñTefMum;csuftwdkif; oifoHk;aqmifcJh
ojzifh ,aeYwdkifuREfkyfwdkYESifhtwl oif½Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/
xdkpOfu oifhudkay;cJhaom xdkñTefMum;csufrsm;udk
rMumcPuREfkyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/ emrusef;aoma&m*ga0'em½Sif
rsm;xHodkY ay;ydkY&rnfhtzdk;wefowif;pum;rsm;udk uREfkyftm;
ay;oem;awmfrlonfhtwGufvnf; xm0&bk&m;ociftm;
aus;Zl;wifvSygonf/
pm;aomufzG,f&mtzHkzHk
2T, p. 63 (1868)
oif\toufwm"avhtusifhrsm;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef
oifhtm;tMuHay;onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; oabmaygufem;vnf
pGmjzifhajymif;vJ&ef uREfkyfowday;vdkygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;udk
jzwfum tm[m&rJhaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk ajymif;ípm;onfh
rdom;pkrsm;ESifh uREfkyf&if;ESD;cJhygonf/ jyifqifpm;aomufaom
tpmrsm;onf tvGefnHhonfjzpf&m tpmtdrfonf xdktpmrsm;
udkvufrcHawmhyg/ xdktpmwGif ¤if;wdkYu usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYESifhrudkufnDaMumif; cEmudk,fcGeftm;
rsm;yifavsmhyg;oGm;aMumif; uREfkyfudkajymvmygonf/ ½dk;½dk;
tpmrsm;udkpm;&ef êud;pm;rIwGifratmifjrif&jcif;twGuf þt&m
onf taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;oHk;aomtpm
rsm;onf EGrf;yg;NyD; jzpfovdkjyifqifxm;onfh aeYwdkif;pm;aeus
tpmjzpfonf/ xrif;BuD;pm;aomtcg tpmtrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGm
udkroHk;aqmifoifhonfrSmrSefuefaomfvnf; tpmwpfrsKd;ESpfrsKd;
wnf;udk aeYpOfpm;oHk;aeonfrSmrSefuefrIr½Sdyg/ tpm;tpmudk
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 299
jyifqif&mwGif ½dk;pif;rI½Sd&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; cHwGif;awGUzdkY
[if;pyfwnfhatmif jyifqif&efvdkygonf/ oifpm;aomtpm
xJwGif tqDrygapygESifh/ tqDonf oifjyifqifrnfhtpmrsm;
udknpfnrf;apEdkifonf/ toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufudkrsm;rsm;
pm;yg/
Y.I, May 31, 1894.
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
udk vGJrSm;pGmteufzGifhum rSefuefaomtouf½Sifaexdkifa&;
taMumif;zGifhqdkxm;aomoabmw&m;rsm;udk vGJrSm;pGm&,lcJhMu
onf/ qefûywfonf uREfkyfwdkYpm;&ef toifhavsmfqHk;tpm
pm&if;wGif t"duyg0ifaeonf[kyif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;u oabm½dk;
jzifhxifjrifaeMuonf/ qefûywftrsm;BuD;aomufjcif;onf
tpmajconfht*Fg&yfrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;aumif;rGefaponf[k
tmrcHEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ taMumif;rSm qefûywfonf t&nfyif
jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;\vdktyfcsufudkoHk;oyfjcif;
2T, p. 254 (1869)
oufaomihfoufom½Sdaomywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkifvdk&ef
oif\ZeD;tm; ydkYaqmifaompdwf"mwfrSm rmepdwfjzpfonf[k
oiftxifvGJrSm;aeygonf/ oifpm;ovdk olrtm;pm;cdkif;um
olrtm; oifpdppfcdkif;aeonf/ trSefrSm olronf omí
aumif;NyD; ydkírsm;aomtpmtm[m&udkpm;oHk;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/
vG,fulpGmcsufûywfvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef oufaomifhoufom
vG,fvG,fulultoHk;csEdkifrnfhypönf;rsm;udk olrvdktyfaeygonf/
odkY&mwGif þtcsufudk rSm;,Gif;aom½IaxmifhrSoifMunfhaeyg
onf/ aexdkiftoufarG;jrLEdkifum cGeftm;rsm;udkvnf; qkwf,kwf
roGm;apEdkifvQif pm;vdkY&onfht&mtm;vHk;eD;yg;onf aumif;
onf[koifxifjrifaeonf/ xdkt&eftpm;tpm;rsm;\ta&;ygyHk
udk oifhZeD;tm; oifxyfcgwvJajymcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif olr
onf nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udk oifhtwGufaumif;aomaoG;om;
rsm;jzpfatmif rzefwD;Edkif½Smay/ csufûywfjyifqifenf;rsm;wlvifh
upm; yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;twGuf tusKd;ûyaomtpmrsm;udk tjcm;
yk*¾dKvfrsm;u t&omrawGUonfvnf;½Sdwwfygonf/
oifonf wpfzufpGef;a&mufolwpfOD;jzpfvmrSmpdk;&drf&
onf/ usef;rma&;aumif;aomaMumifh oif\tpmtdrfonf
nHhaomtpmrsm;udkyif aoG;om;jzpfatmif wwfpGrf;Edkifonfh
tajctaewGif½SdonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; oif\ZeD;rSmrl tpm
aumif;aumif;udka½G;ípm;zdkYvdkaeonf/ oifpm;aeonfhtpm
rsm;udkom oifhZeD;udktpm;cdkif;aernfqdkvQif olrtwGuf
usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ tm[m&jzpfaprnfhtpm;tpm
rsm;udk olrpm;zdkYvdkaeygonf/ aeYwdkif;pm;aeustpm;tpm
rsm;udkom olrudkrauR;bJ aumif;aomopfoD;0vHrsm;udkvnf;
auR;rnfqdku tvGefaumif;ygonf/ olronf ydefvSDum
emrusef;jzpfaeojzifh olrcE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;onf
usef;rmaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\vdktyfcsufESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSygonf/
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 301 302 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
1T, pp. 205,206 (1859)
udk,fcEmudkxdckdufemusifapjcif;ESifh tm[m&½Sdaomtpm
rsm;udk jzwfxm;jcif;tay:xm;½Sdonfh oif\t,ltqonf
rSm;aeaMumif; uREfkyfjrifawGUcJh&onf/ bk&m;ocifonf oifESifh
twl½Sdonf/ odkYr[kwfygu oifonf þuJhodkYudk,ftvdkudk
jiif;y,fEdkifrSmr[kwf[k oif\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkjrifum wcsKdU
toif;om;rsm;uxifjrifaeMuonf/ odkYaomf þt&mrsm;udk
vkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh oifonf ydkíoefY½Sif;rvmEdkifonfudk
uREfkyfawGUjrifae&onf/ r,HkMunfvlrsm;onfvnf; þt&m
tm;vHk;udkvkyfaqmifaeusygonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfhtusKd;
aus;Zl;udkrQolwdkYrcHpm;Mu&yg/ aemifw&aMuuGJaompdwfESvHk;
onfom bk&m;ocif\a½SUawmfwGif wefzdk;½Sdygonf/ þt&m
rsm;ESifhywfoufaomoif\tjrifonf rSm;aeonfudkvnf;
aumif;? oifonf rdrdta&;udktm½HkûyoifhaomtcsdefwGif tajc
taerSefudkowdrxm;bJ toif;awmfudkomapmifhMunfhaeonf
udkvnf;aumif; uREfkyfawGUjrifcJhonf/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf rdrd
odk;pkxrf;&rnfh0efudk oifhtay:wGifwifxm;awmfrrlcJhyg/
toif;awmfonf oifjrifovdkrjrif? vdkufavQmuf&efoifhavsmf
onf[kxifum oifvdkufavQmufaeonfhtwdkif; rvdkufavQmuf
aomaMumifh rxifr½Sm;jzpfae&onf[k oifxifaeonf/ rdrd
vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efESifh olwpfyg;vkyf&rnfhwm0efrsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í oiftvSnfhjzm;cHae&onf[k uREfkyfjrifae&onf/
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm tpm;taomufudpöESifhpyfvsOf;í wpfzufpGef;
a&mufaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf usef;rma&;xdcdkufNyD; a&m*g
&um bk&m;ocif\AdrmefawmfBuD; ,dk,Gif;oGm;onfhtajcxd
atmif usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wif;usyfpGmvdkufemum
½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;aeMuygonf/
bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfudef;0yf&mAdrmefawmfBuD;
,dk,Gif;oGm;onftxd wif;wif;usyfusyfvkyfaqmif&ef rnfolY
udkrQxm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlrxm;onfudk uREfkyfod½Sd&yg
onf/ ESdrfhcsaompdwf? aMuuGJaemifw&aomESvHk;jzifhtouf½Sif
&efom toif;awmfudk EIwfxGufpum;wGifawmif;qdkwm0ef
tyfESif;xm;aomfvnf; xdkESdrfhcsaMuuGJaompdwfxm;rsm;jzpfay:
ap&ef cE¨mudk,fudkemusifatmifvkyfum uyfwdkifrsm;udk
wnfaqmuf&efudkrl cdkif;apxm;awmfrrlyg/ þvkyfaqmifrI
tm;vHk;onf or®musrf;pmtyrSt&mrsm;omjzpfonf/
'ku©qif;&Jjcif;umvudk rMumrDwGif uREfkyfwdkY&ifqdkifMu
&awmhrnf/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum toufqufavmuf½Hkom
pm;aomufMu&ef rdrdvlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrl
vdrfhrnf/ odkYapumrl xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdkumvtwGuf
uREfkyfwdkYtm;jyifqifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ aMumufp&maumif;onfh
xdkumvwGif uREfkyfwdkYr½Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mrSm cGeftm;udk
jzpfaponfhwefcdk;udkrQa0&efESifh rdrdvlwdkYtm; auR;arG;apmifha½Smuf
&ef bk&m;ociftm; tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;omjzpfygonf/
rdrd\tpGrf;udktm;udk;vsuf vkyfaqmifolrsm;onf xdktrI
udkaqmif½Guf&ef cGeftm;udkzGHUûzd;apMurnf/ bk&m;ocif\
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 303 304 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
EIwfxGufpum;tm;jzifh vkyfaqmifMuolrsm;rSmrlum; ¤if;wdkY\
cGeftm;udkBuD;yGm;zGHUûzd;apMuvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm pmwefESifh
wuG ol\aemufvdkufewfqdk;rsm;onf xdkcGeftm;rsm;udkacszsuf
&ef ¤if;wdkYtm;wdkufvSefaeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh udk,fawmf\
om;orD;rsm;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udkEGrf;vsroGm;atmif tem;,l
um cGeftm;udkjzpfaprnfhtpmtm[m&rsm;udk pm;oHk;oifhMuyg
onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYü½SdonhfcGeftm;
tvHk;pHkudk toHk;csMu&rnfjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ rdrdudk,fudk
'ku©qif;&Jjcif;ESifh&ifqdkif&atmifvkyfaqmifjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\
bkef;wefcdk;udkxGef;vif;jcif;r[kwfyg/ 'ku©qif;&Jjcif;umvudk
bk&m;ocif \om;orD;rsm;&ifqdkifMu&vdrfhrnfrSmrSefaomfjim;
vnf; udk,fawmfonf xdkumvtwGuf rdrdvlwdkYudkjyifqifay;
awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
Letter 37, 1901.
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufaom wpfzufpGef;
a&mufonfhtjrifrsm;taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í uREfkyfüajymp&m
tenf;i,f½Sdygonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhaqmif&mü
tpGef;a&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
vkyfief;rsm;onf tûyoabmrStysufoabmodkYajymif;vJoGm;
ygonf/ oifESifhoifhZeD;pm;ovdk oifhxHa&mufvmaomvlem
rsm;udkpm;oHk;&ef ñTefMum;aomoifhaq;cef;onf atmifjrifrI&
vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ vlemrsm;udkauR;onfh tm[m&ESifhywfouf
onfhoif\oabmw&m;tay:wGif uREfkyftMuHrûyvdkyg/
ajymif;vJrIrSmtvGefBuD;rm;ygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapojzifh tom;udkuREfkyfwdkYrpm;awmhonfh
tcsdefwGif xdckdufrIoufomaomtpmwpfrsKd;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY
pm;oHk;Mu&ygrnf/ xdktpmonf Orsm;yifjzpfonf/ EGm;EdkY
aomufaeaomoludk raomufESifh[krajymygESifh/ csufûywf&m
wGif EGm;EdkYtoHk;ûyjcif;udkrwm;ygESifh/ toHk;ûyaomEGm;EdkYonf
usef;rmaomEGm;rrS&aom ydk;owfxm;onfhEdkYomjzpfoifhygonf/
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif tpGef;a&mufolrsm;
onf t&omrJhaom[if;vsmrsm;udk jyifqifrdrSmpdk;&drf&ygonf/
rMumcPjyifqifcJhMuonfudkvnf; awGUzl;cJhygonf/ xdk[if;vsm
rsm;onf t&omayghysufojzifh tpmtdrfuvufrcHvdkacs/ vlem
udkauR;onfhtpmrsm;onf trsKd;pHkoifhonf/ tpmtrsKd;tpm;
twlwludkaeYpOfrauR;oifhacs/
oifonf rdrd\cE¨mudk,fudk nHhzsif;aomtpm;rsm;
pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh usef;rma&;xdcdkufatmifvkyfaeaMumif; uREfkyf
odcJhNyD;jzpfojzifh oifhudkajymcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ tm[m&qdkif&m
tcuftcJrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í oifusifhaqmifovdkusifhaqmif&ef
ausmif;om;rsm;udkñTefMum;zdkYraumif;aMumif; uREfkyfajymcsifyg
onf/ taMumif;rSm tpmwcsKdUudka½SmifMuOfjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;
onfhoifhoabmw&m;onf tultnDvdkaeonfhxdkolrsm;
twGuf tultnDjzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? uREfkyfonf oifwdkYudk,HkMunf
pdwfcsygonf/ oifwdkYonf0dnmOfa&;bufwGif pHkvifrI½SdEdkifrnfh
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 305 306 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
DF- 20
taMumif; cE¨mudk,fusef;rmMuapzdkY uREfkyftvGeftvdk½Sdygonf/
pm;aomufonfhtpm;tpmrSefuefrIr½Sdjcif;onf emrusef;&jcif;
twGuf t"dutaMumif;&if;jzpfygonf/ oifvdktyfaeaom
cGeftm;rsm;udkjzpfaprnfhta&;ygaomtpmrsm;udk oifrpm;cJhyg/
tm[m&ESifhjynfh0onfh tpm;tpmaumif;rsm;udkpm;oHk;&ef
oifrjiif;qefoifhygacs/
t&omwdk;aponfht&mrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? qm;udk
vnf;aumif; rxnfhbJ usef;rma&;ûyûyajymif;vJrIESifhnDnGwf
aompnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; xrif;[if;rsm;udkcsuf&ef wpfcgwkef;u
q&m0efwpfOD;onf uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkudkoGefoif&ef êud;pm;cJhyg
onf/ q&m0efoGefoifonfhtwdkif; vdkufemusifhaqmifcJh&m
uREfkyfrSm wjznf;jznf;tm;,kwfvmojzifh tajymif;tvJwpfck
vkyfcJh&ygonf/ tpmudkajymif;vJpm;vdkufrSom usef;rma&;
jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmygawmhonf/ þuJhodkYoifhtm;ajymae&
jcif;rSm oifütEÅ&m,f½Sdaejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ cGeftm;rsm;udk
wdk;wufzGHUûzd;aprnfhtpmrsm;udkom jyifqifoHk;aqmifoifhNyD;
tpmtdrfrSvdktyfaomt&mrsm;udk rpm;bJraeoifhMuygacs/
ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;vkyfum tem;,lcsdefrsm;xm;½Sd&ef
wcsKdUnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifqifhqdkawmfrl
aeygonf/ twdwftcsdefu oifvkyfaqmifcJhonfhtwdkif;
0efxkyfrsm;udk xrf;½GufaeOD;rnfqdkvQif oifonfrSm;aeayawmh
rnf/ tu,fíom uREfkyf\pum;udkoifem;raxmifvQif bk&m;
ocifha½SUawmfwGif tzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmif wefzdk;½Sdaomoif\
toufwmudk oiftepfemcH&ayawmhrnf/ ]oifhudk,foif
rydkifqdkifyg/ taMumif;rSm oifhudktzdk;tcay;í 0,fxm;awmfrlNyD/
xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlonfh oif\udk,fcE¨m?
oif\pdwf0dnmOfrsm;tm;jzifh udk,fawmf½Sif\bkef;wefcdk;udk
xif½Sm;apMuavmh/}
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tpGef;
ra&mufMuygESifh/ wcsKdUaomnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;onf þudpöESifh
ywfoufí *½krxm;Muay/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdUolrsm;onf þudpö
ESifhywfoufí tvGefaemufususef&pfcJhMuNyDjzpfojzifh oifonf
¤if;wdkYtwGuf yHkoufaojzpfap&eftvdkYiSm tpGef;a&muform;
jzpf&rnfr[kwfyg/ aoG;om;udkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udkjzwfrxm;
ygESifh/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudkraxmufcHonfh tawGU
têuHA[kokwwpfckudk oifhtm;cHpm;apvsuf½Sdonfh tm[m&
wpfckudkrSD0J&ef oifvkyfaqmifusifhMuHaeaomt&mrsm;u oifhtm;
wGef;ydkYaeygonf/ þt&monf oifhtwGuftEÅ&m,fjzpfyg
onf/ cGeftm;qkwf,kwfvmonfudkcHpm;vm&aomtcgwGif
tpmrsm;udkcsufcsif;ajymif;ípm;oifhonf/ oifcsefvSyfxm;onfh
wcsKdUtpmaumif;rsm;udkxnfhoGif;pm;oHk;oifhonf/ usef;rmaom
Muufrsm;rS&onfhOrsm;udk csufûywfNyD;pm;oHk;yg/ uapmfrayguf
ao;aom0dkifxJwGif xdkOrsm;udkrcsufrûywfbJxnfhyg/ xdkt&m
rsm;udkoHk;aqmifygu vdktyfaomtm;rsm;udk jyefvnf&½Sdvm
vdrfhrnf/ þuJhodkYpm;oHk;jcif;onfrrSefuef[k ½kwfw&uf
csufcsif;txifr½SdvdkufygESifh/
oif\orm;awmftawGUtêuHtwGuf uREfkyf*kPfûyyg
onf/ odkYapumrl? MuufOESifhEGm;EdkYrsm;udk oif\tpm;tpm
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 307 308 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pm&if;xJwGifxnfhoGif;oifhonf/ ,ckavmavmq,fwGif
xdkt&mrsm;udkrpm;bJ csefvSyfrxm;Edkifacs/ rpm;bJcsefvSyfxm;&ef
ynwfonfh,HkMunfcsufrsm;udkvnf; roGefoifoifhygacs/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk txl;vdkvm;onfh
tEÅ&m,fESifh qufvuftoufr½SifapEdkifavmufonfhtpm;tpm
rsm;udk azmfjyjcif;tEÅ&m,frsm; oifwdkYüusa&mufaeonf/
uREkfyfajymonfhpum;udk oifem;axmifvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyf
arQmfvifhxm;ygonf/ wcsKdUt&mwGif oifonf vdkufavsmrI
r½SdvQif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudpöudk atmifjrifpGmvkyfaqmif
Edkifrnfr[kwfaMumif; uREfkyftm;azmfjyxm;awmfrlygonf/ ,ck
tcsdefuJhodkY EGm;EdkYudkvGwfvGwfvyfvyftoHk;ûycGifhr&onfhtcsdef
rsKd;a&mufvmvdrfhOD;rnf/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefü EGm;EdkYudk
a½SmifMuOf&rnfr[kwfyg/ MuufOwGif tqdyfajyaponfht&m
rsm;yg0ifaeygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOudk rrSefruefpGJpGJvrf;vrf;
toHk;ûyaeaomrdom;pkrsm;twGuf owday;xm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf;
usef;rmaomMuufrBuD;rSOxm;aomMuufOrsm;udk *½kwpdkuf
csufûywfpm;oHk;jcif;udk pnf;urf;azmufzsufrIwpfcktjzpf
uREfkyfwdkYr,lqoifhygacs/
c&pfawmfudk,fawmfwdkif taocHu,fwifcJhaomvlom;
rsm;onf rdrdudk,fudkoifhwifhavsmufywfpGmxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf
&rnfomru olwpfyg;tm;vnf; rSefuefaomyHkoufaojyMu
&ygrnf/ oifonf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;tm; prf;oyfrI
rsm;ûyvkyf&efr[kwfyg/ odkYr[kwfygu us,fjyefYpGmoGefoifxm;
aomt&mrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY,HkMunfMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ vlom;
wdkif;udkusef;rmapvdkonfrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf
jzpfaomfjim;vnf; uREfkyfwdkYonf tpGef;ra&mufoifhMuacs/
wcsKdUnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;\ usef;rma&;csKdUwJh&jcif;
taMumif;&if;rSm ]usef;rma&;bPf} BuD;xJrStxkwfrsm;NyD;
tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpm;tpmrsm;ESifh jyefíxnfhay;&ef
ysufuGufjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ oifhtwGufuyfwdkifwGiftaocH
awmfrlcJhonfhc&pfawmftwGuf oifhtoufwmudk tyfESH&rnf
rSefaomfvnf; nHhzsif;aomtpmtm[m&rsm;jzifh oifhtoufwm
udkrxdckdufapoifhyg/ taMumif;rSm xdkodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh
oifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk
rSm;,Gif;pGmazmfjyaeygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf tpm;MuL;jcif;ESifhcsKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;rsm;
udkqefYusifvkyfaqmifaepOf rSefuefaumif;rGefaomqHk;jzwfpD&ifrI
rsm;udkcsD;rGrf;onfh{0Ha*vdtrSefw&m;awmfwGif azmfjyxm;aom
enf;vrf;ESifhtoHk;csyHkrsm;udk owd&atmufarhzdkYvdkygonf/
vkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk t[efYtwm;r½Sdvkyfaqmif
Edkif&eftvdkYiSm vlom;rdom;pkrsm;\tajctaerSefudk todtrSwf
ûy&ygrnf/ rwlnDaomEdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifaexdkifMuolrsm;twGuf
xm0&bk&m;ocifpDrHxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifhtwl
vkyfaqmifonfhtrIaqmifjzpfvdkolrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk bk&m;ocif\pyspfO,smOf
BuD;xJwGif rdrdwdkYrnfodkYoGefoifaeMuonfudk *½kwpdkufoHk;oyf
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 309 310 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
oifhMuygonf/ rnfonfhtpmudk pm;oifh? rpm;oifh? cGJjcm;
owfrSwfay;&mwGif *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ bk&m;ocif
u,fwifawmfrlrnfhvlom;rsm;xHodkY u½kPmawmfqdkif&mowif;
pum;udkwifquf&mwGif vlom;apwrefrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;
ocifESifhyl;wGJvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf vlrsm;pkESifhtquftoG,f½SdaeMu&rnf/
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;udk tpGef;a&muf
yHkpHrsKd;jzifh oGefoifoGm;rnfqdkvQif xdcdkufepfemrIrsm;udkjzpfay:
apvdrfhrnf/ tom;rpm;zdkY? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDraomuf
zdkYavmuf ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkYawmif;qdkvQifawmfao;onf/
wcsKdUrSmrl EGm;Ed k Yraomufzdk Yyif awmif;qdkaeMuygonf/
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udkwifquf&mwGif *½kpdkufzdkYvdktyfygonf/
EGm;EdkYESifhaygifrkefYavmufudkom wwfEdkifonfhqif;&Jom;rdom;pk
rsm;½SdMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tenf;i,fom
0,fpm;EdkifMuonf/ tom;[if;vsmpm;jcif;udkjzwfoifhaomfvnf;
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk EGm;EdkY (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;oifhavsmfaom
t&mrsm;ESif ha&mum t&om½Sdatmifcsufpm;oifhygonf/
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIESifhudkufnDatmif ]]uREfkyfwdkYbmudk
pm;&awmhrvJ/ opfoD;awG? ajryJawGudk uREfkyfwdkY0,frpm;
Edkifygbl;}} [k xdkqif;&Jom;rsm;uajymvmwwfygonf/
tm[m&jzpfrnfhtpmrsm;udkpm;yg[k qif;&Jom;rsm;udk w&m;
a[mwdkif;ajymMum;&ef uREfkyfudk xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;
awmfrlxm;ygonf/ EGm;Edk YraomufESif h? MuufOrpm;ESih f?
tpmrsm;xJwGif axmywfrxnfhESifh[k ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyf
rajym&ufyg/ qif;&Jom;rsm;xHoGm;í {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk
a[mMum;&rnfjzpf&m wif;usyfaomtpm;tpmpm&if;udkwifjyzdkY
tcsdefrusa&mufao;onfudk owdûyoifhygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY,aeYpm;aeonfh MuufOESifhEGm;EdkYrsm;uJhodkYaom
tpm;tpmrsm;udkjzwf&rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhOD;rnf/ odkY&mwGif
oifhudk,foif 'ku©qif;&Jjcif;umvxJodkY apmía&mufatmif
rydkYaqmif&efrSm oifhtm;ajymvdkaomowif;pum;jzpfonf/
xdkodkYûyvQif oifhudk,foifaoatmifvkyfaejcif;omjzpfvdrfhrnf/
oifhtwGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifvrf;jyifqifay;onfhtcsdeftxd
apmifhyg/
þûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk tjyif;xefqHk;zdtm;ay;vmvQif
vdkwm&Edkifonfhvlwef;pm;wpfcktwGuf tqifajyacsmarmoGm;
Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif þppfaq;rIrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
t"durusonfhyHkrsKd;azmfrnfh vlenf;pktzGJUuav;wpfckudk
þvlwef;pm;uzGJUpnf;wwfonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufonf[k
tajymcH&aomt&mtm;vHk;udka½SmifMuOf&ef êud;pm;aeolrsm;onf
xdkolrsm;yifjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf oifhavsmfaomtm[m&rsm;udk
cE¨mudk,ftwGufrpm;oHk;aomaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh
tm;tifrsm;ukefcef;vmum tvkyfudkaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifawmh
acs/ þodkYtm;jzifh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf emrnf
ysufcJh&ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYcdkifcdkifrmrmwnfaqmufaeaomt&m
udk bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrrlonfhtjcm;t&mrsm;ESifha&maxG;
wwfMuonf/ xdkaMumifh toif;awmf\cGeftm;rsm;onf csnfheJY
vmygawmhonf/
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 311 312 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
od k Yaomf txl;jyi f;xefaomþoabmw&m;\
tusKd;qufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifumuG,f&ef 0ifa&muf
[efYxm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf tjypfom;
vltrsKd;tEG,frsm;udk nDnmjzjzjzpfatmifvkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/
vlcsrf;omrsm;ESifhvlqif;&Jrsm;udk c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;odkY
twlwuGac:aqmifvm&efjzpfygonf/
odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkY? rvdkif? axmywfESifh MuufOrsm;udk
oHk;pGJjcif;onf pdwfrcs&aomtcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf þt&mudkazmfjyawmfrlvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfajymvdk
ygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;wGif tpGef;ra&muf
MuygESifh/ EGm;EdkY? axmywfESifh MuufOpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;ESifhywfouf
onfhtcuftcJrsm;onfvnf; ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ ,ck
avmavmq,fwGif þudpöESifhywfoufí uREfkyfpdwfrylrdyg/
oif\rQwpGmaexdkifpm;aomufrIudk tjcm;olrsm;tm; od½Sdyg
avap/
Letter 37, 1904.
vGefcJhaomnu uREfkyfonf tdyfrufxJwGif q&m0ef
wpfa,mufESifhpum;ajymaerdygonf/ ]tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí
wpfzufpGef;ra&mufatmifvkyfaqmifyg/ oifhtwGufaomfvnf;
aumif;? oif\aq;cef;wGiftukocHaeonfhvlemrsm;ESifhwuG
oifhudkulnDaeolrsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; tpm;tpmrsm;
jyifqifpm;oHk;&mwGif tpGef;ra&mufapygESifh/ vlemrsm;onf
tzdk;tcudkvHkavmufpGmay;aqmifxm;Mu&m &ufa&mpGmauR;arG;
ûypkjcif;udk&oifhygonf/ aq;cef;odkYa&muf½SdvmonfhwcsKdUvlem
rsm;onf t½dk;qHk;tpmrsm;udk pnf;urf;wuspm;oHk;&rnfhtajc
tae½SdMuaomfvnf; usef;rma&;wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmaomtcg
wGif tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk vHkvHkavmufavmufpm;oHk;zdkY
vdktyfvmygonf/
cHwGif;awGUatmiftpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;
2T, p. 538 (1867)
txl;ojzifh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;
onf tpGef;a&mufolrsm;rjzpfatmif *½kpdkufoifhMuygonf/
cE¨mudk,fonf vHkavmufaomtm[m&udk&½Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
av½ª½Hkjzifh toufr½SifEdkifovdk tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;
vQifvnf; usef;rma&;aumif;zdkYrjzpfEdkifyg/ cHwGif;awGUEdkifonfh
t&omrsm;udkzefwD;Edkif&ef tpm;tpmudk pepfwusjyifqifoifh
Muygonf/
9T, pp.161-168 (1909)
tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom tajccHpdwfobm0rsm;avsmhyg;
onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk ½Iwfcsp&mjzpfaponf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf aorsKd;rsm;jzpfMu
ojzifh cEmudk,fudk tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh tm;jznfhMu&rnf/
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf todpdwf"mwfjzifh raumif;aom
tpmrsm;a½SmifMuOfaepOfrSm cE¨mudk,ftwGufvdktyfonfhtajccH
tm[m&"mwfrsm;udkvnf;pm;oHk;&ef vspfvsL½IaeMuonf/
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 313 314 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tpGef;a&muform;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifrpm;Edkifavmufatmif
t&omayghjyufonfhtpmrsm;udkjyifqifjcif;tEÅ&m,fESifh&ifqdkif
Mu&onf/ tpmudk tm[m&jynfhatmifjyifqifzdkYvdktyfovdk
cHwGif;awGUatmifvnf;jyifqifwwfzdkYvdkygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\
trSefwu,fvdktyfcsufrsm;udkypfy,frxm;oifhMuyg/ uREfkyfonf
qm;udktenf;i,fpm;ygonf/ qm;onf ab;jzpfapaomt&m
wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; aoG;twGufr½Sdrjzpf trSefwu,fvdktyf
aomt&mwpfckvnf;jzpfaeygonf/ [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk
EGm;EdkYtenf;i,f? rvdkiftenf;i,f (odkYr[kwf) xdkt&mrsm;
uJhodkYaomypönf;rsm;ESifha&mum t&om½Sdatmifjyifqifoihfygonf/
axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g&EdkifaMumif;? uav;i,f
rsm;tm; twdkif;tqr½SdMuufOauR;jcif;onf rdkufrJ&musaMumif;
owday;pum;rsm;ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; aocsmpGmarG;jrLxm;onfh
Muufrrsm;rS&onfhOrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onfvnf; pnf;urf;
csKd;azgufjcif;jzpfonf[k roHk;oyfoifhygacs/ MuufOwGif tqdyf
ajyaponfh"mwfobm0rsm;yg0ifaeygonf/
wcsKdUrSm EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udka½SmifMuOfpOf
tm[m&½Sdaomtjcm;tpmrsm;udk tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef ysufuGuf
aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cE¨mudk,ftiftm;
rsm;qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfudkaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifMuawmh
acs/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; emrnf
ysufMu&ygonf/ cdkifcdkifrmrmwnfaqmufzdkY uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;
vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudk bk&m;ocifcdkif;apxm;onfht&mrsm;ESifh
a&maxG;ypfojzifh toif;awmf\tiftm;rsm;onf csnfheJYvmyg
awmhonf/ odkYaomf txl;jyif;xefaomþoabmw&m;\
tusKd;qufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonfumuG,f&ef 0ifa&muf
[efYwm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf tjypfom;
vltrsKd;tEG,frsm;udk nDnmjzjzjzpfatmifvkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/
vlcsrf;omrsm;ESifh vlqif;&Jrsm;udk c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;odkY
twlwuGac:aqmifvm&efjzpfygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY,aeYpm;oHk;aeMuaom EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufO
rsm;udk jzwf&rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tpGef;a&muf
csKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udk tcsdefra&mufrDusifhoHk;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh
rdrdudk,fudkpdwf'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfjcif;onf rvdkvm;tyfaom
t&mjzpfonf/ tajctaeuawmif;qdkvmonfhtcsdefxdatmif
apmifhyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtwGufjyifqifay;awmfrl
vdrfhrnf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkzGifhqdk&mwGif atmifjrif
vdkolrsm;onf or®musrf;pmudkvrf;ñTeftjzpftoHk;ûyMu&rnf/
xdkuJhodkYvkyfaqmifrSom tmom&Muvdrfhrnf/ raumif;aom
aMumifh jzwfxm;onfhtpmrsm;tpm; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0NyD; t&om
½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomuf&ef ysufuGufjcif;tm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;
aomyHkoufaoudkrjyMuygESifh/ pdwf"mwfEdk;<uapzdkY&eftwGuf
cHwGif;udktm;ray;MuygESifh/ ½dk;pif;NyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;
udkompm;Muyg/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twGufvnf; xm0&
bk&m;ocifudk tNrJwrf;aus;Zl;wifMuyg/ t&m&mwGif rSefuef?
wnfMunfrI½Sdyg/ odkYûyvQif oifonf atmifyGJqifvdrfhrnf/
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 315 316 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tpGef;a&muform;rsm;\raumif;aomMoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;rsm;
2T, pp. 374-375 (1870)
taumif;qHk;t&nftaoG;ESifhjynfhpHkaom tpm;tpmrsm;
udkyif tpm;rMuL;MuzdkYowday;aepOfrSm rSm;,Gif;aompHEIef;rsm;
twdkif; rdrdudk,fwdkifpm;oHk;ae½Hkomru olwpfyg;tm;vnf;
rdrdwdkYuJhodkYusifhaqmif&ef tm;ay;wdkufwGef;aeonfh tpGef;a&muf
orm;rsm;udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYowday;vdkygonf/
2T, pp. 384-387 (1870)
OD;bDESifhOD;pDESpfOD;pvHk;onf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfudk
toa&ysufatmifvkyfaqmifaeaMumif; pdwftm½HkwGif uREfkyfudkjyo
awmfrlcJhonf/ pifatmifokwfr&awmhonfhtpGef;wpfckudk olwdkY
jzpfapcJhMuonf/ OD;'DwdkYrdom;pktaMumif;udkvnf; uREfkyftm;
jyoawmfrlcJhonf/ tu,fíom vdktyfaomtrtpudk tcsdefrD
&cJhvQif ¤if;\tdrfom;rsm;onf ,aeYwdkifatmif touf½Sif
vsuf½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhaqmifrIrsm;udk ta&;,l
aqmif½GufrnfhOya'rsm;rjyXmef;jcif;twGuf tHhMop&mjzpfaeyg
onf/ xdkrdom;pkonf tpm;tpm (½dk;pif;aomtpm;tpm)
twGuf ysufpD;qHk;yg;cJh&Muonf/ ayg<u,f0aomwdkif;jynf
wpfjynfwGif ¤if;wdkYtpmiwfaeMuonf/ tawGUtêuHEke,fol
wpfOD;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;pOf a&m*g
aMumifhraobJ tpmiwfíaooGm;cJhygonf/ tpmonf
cE¨mudk,fudk cGeftm;ESifhjynfhûzd;apvsuf cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;udk
qufvufvnfywfapygonf/
xdktawGUtêuHEke,folrsm;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk wm;qD;
&ef wpfckckudkvkyfzdkYtcsdefa&mufvmacsNyD/ touft½G,fBuD;&ifhNyD;
todynmESifhjynfhpHkaomvlBuD;rsm;xuf ¤if;wdkY\vkyfaqmifrIESifh
ajymqdkrIrsm;onf ydkíxdcdkufepfemapEdkifygonf/ tpGef;a&muf
orm;rsm;\vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh vlxkwGifcHpm;ae&aomtjrif
rSm;rIrsm;udkuif;pifatmif azsmufzsufypfum trSeftwdkif;
vlxkBuD;oabmaygufem;vnfatmifvkyf&efrSm t&nftcsif;
jynfh0olrsm;twGufyif vG,fulaomt&mr[kwfygacs/ Oykof
aeYESifhywfoufaomowif;pum;ESifh 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;
qdkif&mowif;pum;rsm;udk r,HkMunfao;olrsm;xH ra&mufEdkif
avmufatmif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd wHcg;ydwfaevsuf½Sdyg
onf/ tzdk;wefrGefjrwfvSaomtrSefw&m;rsm;udk w&m;em&ef
rxdkufwefaomt&mrsm;uJhodkY vlwdkYuab;z,fxm;vsuf½Sdyg
onf/ xdkolrsm;udk usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh Oykof
apmifhjcif;qdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpfazmfñTef;aeMuonf/
r,HkMunfao;olrsm;xH owif;pum;ra&mufEdkifavmufatmif
[efYwm;rIrsm;twGuf xdkolrsm;üwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/
yk*¾dKvfa&;tjrifESifhprf;oyfrIrsm;udktm;ay;aejcif;
Letter 39, 1901.
usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;\ ta&;ygrIrsm;udk
txufwef;vTmESifh atmufwef;pm;vlwef;pm;ESpfckpvHk;rS vlrsm;
pGmwdkYu vufcHvmrnfhtcsdefonfa&mufvmNyD/ aumif;uifwref
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 317 318 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
(3) yg;owif;pum;udk arSmif&dyfoef;aprnfh rnfonfhowif;
pum;udkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrvdkufavsmoifhMuacs/ vltrsm;pkxHodkY
csOf;uyfcGifhr&Edkifavmufatmif usOf;ajrmif;aomtief;twm
wpfckwGif uREfkyfwdkYtm;ajccsKyfrdaprnfh rnfonfhtao;tzGJ
udpöudkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrvdkufavsmoifhygacs/
toif;awmfESif hwuG avmuom;taygif;wdk Yonf
uREfkyfwdkYtm; bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfh tpGrf;owåd
rsm;? wefcdk;MoZmrsm;udkvdkvm;aeMuonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf
udkwifquf&mwGif oif\udk,fydkiftjrifrsm;udk ryg0ifygapESifh/
uREfkyfwdkYü½SdorQt&mtm;vHk;onf udk,fawmftwGuf toHk;wnfh
aomt&mrsm;jzpfoifhonf/ wpfurÇmvHk;ESifhqdkifonfhowif;
pum;wpfck uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdae&m ay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfhxdkt&m
udk oefY½Sif;atmifapmifha½SmufapvdkonfrSm udk,fawmf½Sif\
tvdkawmfyifjzpfygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vltoD;oD;
wdkYtm; vkyfaqmifp&mrsm;udkay;oem;xm;ygonf/ rSm;,Gif;
aomowif;pum;rsm;udko,faqmifroGm;MuygESifh/ wpforwf
wnf;r[kwfaomtcuftcJrsm;wGif usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyif
ajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;udk rSm;,Gif;pGmteufrzGifhrdygapESifh/
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\tajymESifhtvkyfrnDnGwfrIonf ,HkMunfol
wpfzGJUvHk;tay:wGif trSDwHuJûyaewwf&m vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf\
wpfzufpGef;a&mufrIonf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfudkyifxdcdkuf
apygonf/
tpGef;a&mufaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf aMumufp&m
aumif;aomudpöwpfckjzpfonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;
onf tpGef;a&mufolrsm;jzpfonf[k vltaygif;wdkYutxif
ra&mufap&ef þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;rS
umuG,f[efYwm;zdkY uREfkyftm;twif;t"r®zGifh[cdkif;aeygonf/
vlwdkYtm; rD;xJrSqGJxkwf&ef uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;pOfwGif wpfzuf
wGifvnf; trSm;udkjyifap&ef ajymqdkrnfhpum;rsm;udk avmu
aysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;jcif;taMumif;udk trSeftwdkif;zGifh[&eftoHk;ûyzdkY
jzpfonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;\prf;oyfjcif;ESifh
tpGef;a&mufjcif;rsm;rS uREfkyfwddkYtm;uG,fumygap/
rnfonfht&mudk pm;aomuf&rnfqdkonfhudpöESif h
pyfvsOf;í rnfolrQtpGef;a&muftjrifrsm;udk rwdk;yGm;ygapESifh/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf tvif;ay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpf&m uREfkyfwdkY
onf tvif;udkvufcHvsuf xdktvif;w&m;twdkif; touf½Sif
aexdkifMuygpdkY/ bk&m;ocifESifhc&pfawmfudkoduRrf;jcif;t&mwGif
rsm;pGmwdk;yGm;zdkYvdktyfaeygao;onf/ þoduRrf;jcif;onf
xm0&toufjzpf\/ bmomw&m;½Sdjcif;? aumif;jrwfjcif;?
ESdrfhcsjcif;? 0dnmOfa&;ESifhjynfh0aomtoufwmBuD;yGm;rIrsm;onf
c&pfawmfudkavhusufEdkifaomtajca&mufatmif uREfkyfwdkYudk
ydkYaqmifay;vdrfhrnf/
EGm;EdkYudkoHk;aqmifjcif;onf pdwfrcsaomtcsdefodkYa&muf
vmEdkifygonf/ EGm;rBuD;onfusef;rmNyD; EGm;EdkYudkaumif;rGefpGm
usufatmifusKdxm;vQif cufcJqif;&Jjcif;umvudk tcsdefrwefrD
a&mufvmatmif zefwD;&efrvdktyfygacs/ uREfkyfwdkY\vlwdkY
pm;aomuf&rnfht&mrsm;taMumif;udk owif;ay;zdkY uREfkyfwdkY
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 319 320 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
vkyfaqmif&rnf[k rnfolrQtxifra&mufMuygESifh/ &v'frsm;
onf rdrdxifovdkjzpfrvmaMumif;udk tpGef;a&muform;rsm;
onf tqHk;wGifawGUMu&vdrhfrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf vrf;tjycH
MurnfqdkvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vuf,mvufawmftm;jzifh
uREfkyfwdkYudkvrf;jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ cspfjcif;ESifhpifMu,fjcif;onf
aumif;jrwfaomtyifay:wGif oD;avh½SdaomtoD;rsm;jzpfMu
onf/ cspfwwfaomolrnfonfum; xm0&bk&m;ocifjzpfyGm;ap
aomoljzpf½Hkomru udk,fawmfudkvnf; oduRrf;av\/
usef;rma&;qdkif&mowif;pum;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYrSvGJí tjcm;
olrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrrl[k,lqum rdrdwdkY
vufcHusifhoHk;vsuf½Sdaom usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI
rsm;udk olwpfyg;tm; twif;tusyftvkyfcdkif;aeaom uGefz&ifh
wpfckudk owif;ay;&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;
awmfrlcJhonf/ arG;&mygESifhûypkysKd;axmifxm;onfh ¤if;wdkY\
pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udkaysmhaysmif;apcJhvdrfhrnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkY
udk,fwdkifvnf; ajymif;vJzdkYvdktyfaeaMumif; jrifawGUvmvdrfh
rnf[k ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfzGifh[cJhygonf/ ]]uREfkyfwdkYtcsif;csif;
cspfcifMurnfqdkvQif uREfkyftv,fwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifpdk;pH
awmfrlum uREfkyfwdkYtm;pHkvifapygvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf cspfjcif;arwåmjzpf&m cspfjcif;arwåmwGiftouf½Sifaom
olonf xm0&bk&m;ocifütouf½Sifaexdkif&m udk,fawmf
onfvnf; xdkolwGifudef;0yfawmfrl\/}}
vlwdkY\OmPfudk xm0&bk&m;ocif\OmPfawmfESifhvnf;
aumif;? u½kPmawmfESifhvnf;aygif;pnf;um c&pfawmfü ]ig}
udkjr§KyfESHMuygpdkY/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmftm;jzifh pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJ
jcif;qdkif&mowfrSwfxm;awmfrlonfhpHEIef;udkrDatmif êud;pm;Mu
ygpdkY/ tm;enf;olrsm;ausmcdkif;oGm;rnfpdk;ojzifh ajzmifhaomvrf;?
rSefaomvrf;twdkif;avQmufvSrf;Mu&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&
bk&m;ocifqifhqdkawmfrlaeygonf/ xdktcsdefusrSom c&pfawmf
onf auseyfESpfodrfhrI½Sdawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
Letter 57, 1886.
nDtpfudkarmifESrwpfpkonf pm;aomufjcif;udpöwGif
tpGef;a&mufaeojzifh xdktzGJUtpnf;onf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwGif
ysufjym;aeacsNyD/ ,ckwGifpmwefonf tm[m&nHhzsif;aomtpm
rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;wGif tpGef;a&mufoGm;&ef oifhudk olwwfEdkif
orQwGef;ydkYaeygonf/ rSefuefpGmqifjcifqHk;jzwfEdkif&ef *½kpdkuf
Muyg/ txufrSOmPfynmrsm;udkawmif;cHum em;vnfrI½Sd½Sdjzifh
vkyfudkifvIyf½Sm;yg/ tu,fíom oifonf wpfzufpGef;a&muf
tajctjrpfrStp vHk;vHk;BuD;tpm;taomufajymif;ypfvdkufrnf
qdkvQif rvGJraoGvufavsmh&vdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;twdkif; wpfoa0rwdrf;usifhaqmifonf[kqdkapOD;awmh? rdrd\
qHk;jzwfcsuftay:wGif oifudk,fwdkifoHo,0ifvm½Hkomru
,HkMunfolrsm;tygt0if tjcm;vlrsm;uvnf; oifhudkpdwfcs
awmhrnfr[kwfacs/ bk&m;ocifxHrStvif;ay;onfxuf ydkí
rvkyfaqmifrd&efowdxm;yg/ vlwdkYxHwGiftMuHr,lbJ bk&m;
ocifudkaMumufcspfaompdwfjzifh owdynm½Sd½Sdvkyfaqmifyg/
trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udkoifvkyfrdvQifvnf; vlawGqDrStMuH
,lojzifh trSm;vkyfrdjcif;rsKd; wwfEdkiforQrjzpfygapESifh/ vlom;
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 321 322 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
DF- 21
rsm;bufrS&yfwnfvsuf trSm;vkyfrdjcif;xuf ¤if;wdkYESifha0;a0;
aejcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/ xdkodkYjzpfvQif ¤if;wdkYudk oifESifh
twlqGJac:vm&ef arQmfvifhcsuf½SdEdkifao;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif
tbufbufwGif trSm;uif;vQif taumif;qHk;jzpfygonf/
oifonf a&xJujzwfíoGm;p&mrvdkovdk rD;xJudk
jzwfívnf;oGm;p&mrvdkyg/ tpGef;a&mufjcif;tm;vHk;udk a½Smif½Sm;
vsuf tv,fvrf;udka½G;cs,favQmufvSrf;yg/ oifhudk wpfzuf
owfqefol? rQwrIr½Sdol[k olwpfyg;rjrifygapESifh/ tm[m&
nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udk r0w0rpm;ygESifh/ olwpfyg;pum;
em;axmifNyD; nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkroHk;aqmifrdapygESifh/
usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyNyD; t&om½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk
jyifqifpm;oHk;yg/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk trSefwu,f
½kyfvHk;azmfrnfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifpm;oHk;yg/
usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vlom;tusKd;ûy
onfhvkyfaqmifrI[krjrifbJ ½GH½SmzG,fvkyfaqmifrIwpfcktjzpf
olwpfyg;jrifapatmif udkifwG,fvkyfaqmiftpGef;a&mufaponfh
OmPfynmenf;yg;aompdwf"mwfrsm;onf þûyjyifajymif;vJrI
BuD;udk azgufjyefysufpD;aponfht&mjzpfonf/ þodkYaom
oabmw&m;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaeonfhae&mrsKd;wGif
uREfkyfa&mufcJhzl;ygonf/ [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk a&jzifhom
ûywfpm;jcif;onf usef;rma&;ysuf,Gif;aponfhcsufûywfenf;
jzpfonf/
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;ap
vdkonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfrnfhtajctxda&muf
oGm;atmif vHkYvrxkwfrdzdkY *½kûyMuyg/ vlom;rsm;\xifjrif
,lqcsufrsm;ü epfarsmraebJ rQwwnfNidrfaompdwfjzifh bk&m;
ocifudkudk;pm;vkyfaqmifyg/
tpGef;a&mufjcif; (2) ckpvHk;udka½SmifMuOfyg
6T, pp. 373-374 (1900)
uREfkyfwdkY\nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;
ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhqefYusifaomt&mrsm;udk
usifhaqmifaeMuonfudk uREfkyfodygonf/ tpGef;ra&mufonfh
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk uREfkyfaxmufcHygaomfvnf; uREfkyf\vufa&;rl
rsm;udkoHk;oyfaomtcg avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;? tpm;
taomufMuL;jcif;? 0wfqifrIrsm;wGifrmewufjcif; ponfh avmu
tusifh"avhrsm;udk twkcdk;usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfay:vmrnfh
tEÅ&m,frsm;taMumif;udkazmfjyxm;onfhowday;csufrsm;ESihf
cdkifrmonfh oufaocHcsufrsm;udkawGUae&ygonf/ t&mcyfodrf;\
wnf½SdqJtajctaeaMumifh uREfkyfpdwfxdcdkufrdygonf/ wcsKdU
nDtpfudkrsm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; jyif;jyif;
xefxefar;cGef;xkwftjiif;yGm;aeMuonf/ odkYaomf wcsKdUrSmrl
xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí rdrdwdkY\cHpm;csufoabmxm;
rsm;udkwifjy&ef pdwfygjcif;r½SdMuaomaMumifh þudpöESifhpyfvsOf;
onfhtrSefw&m;rsm;udkuG,f0Sufxm;csifaeMuygonf/ avmu
om;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh avmuaysmfarGUrIcHpm;jcif;ESifh tpm;
taomufwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udkrqefYusifvdkMu&m tusKd;quf
taejzifh npfnrf;aomtusifhrsm;ESifhjynfh0aeygonf/
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 323 324 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
c&pfawmftwGuftrIawmfjrwfudkxrf;aqmif&ef jyifqif
cJhMuaomfvnf; usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkapmifhxdef;&ef wm0ef
½Sdonf[k oabmraygufcJholtrsm;pkonf ,cktcsdefwGif tem
a&m*grsm;udkjyif;xefpGmcHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ cE¨mudk,fqdkif&m
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifowfrSwfxm;onfh
pnf;rsOf;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf þtcsufudk vltrsm;owd
r&awmhoa,mifjzpfaeonf/ wcsKdUrSm usef;rma&;udkvHkavmuf
pGmjznfhqnf;ray;Edkifonfhtm[m&rsm;udkom rSD0JaeMuonf/
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udkjzwfawmufcJhMuaomf
vnf; xdkae&mwGif tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh tpm;rxdk;Muacs/
usef;rma&;udktaxmuftuljzpfaprnfh tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif
&mwGif zefwD;wwfrIESifh pDpOfwusaqmif½GufwwfrIrsm;½Sd&rnf
udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYoabmraygufMuacs/ aoG;om;aumif;rsm;
jzpfxGef;&ef tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;Mu&ygrnf/ nHhzsif;
aomtpmrsm;udkrpm;awmhonfhaemuf qufvufpm;oHk;aeaom
tqifhedrfhtpmrsm;udkvnf; tpm;avsmhvdkufjcif;onf usef;rma&;
ûyjyifajymif;vJrIESifhqefYusifonfhtpGef;a&mufjcif;jzpfonf/
þodkYaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf "Health Reform" usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;r[kwfbJ "Health Deform" usef;rmjcif;
,dk,Gif;ysufpD;a&;jzpfygonf/
ÀÀÀ
tcef;BuD; (12)
udk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm;
MH, pp. 371-373 (1905).
rD;rzGm;rD MoZmoufa&mufrI\xda&mufrIudk cPwm
udpöuav;wpfcktjzpfom rdbtrsm;u½IjrifMuygonf/ odkYaomf
þt&mudk xm0&bk&m;ocifu tav;xm;awmfrlonf/ bk&m;
ocifxHrSaumif;uifwrefwpfyg;u (2) Budrfwdkifwdkifay;awmfrl
cJhonfhowif;pum;t& þt&monf *½kxm;oHk;oyf&ef
xdkufwefaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/
]igcdkif;aporQudkvdkufemMuyg} [k a[NAJrdcifrsm;tm;
rdefYawmfrlonfhtwdkif; acwftqufquftouf½SifaexdkifMu
onfhrdcifrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmaeygonf/ uav;i,f
\usef;rma&;udk rdcif\tusifhp½dkufrsm;u xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/
xdkaMumifh olr\tpm;tpmESifhpdwfxm;rsm;udk pnf;urf;wus
xdef;odrf;&ygrnf/ olrtm; om;orD;wpfa,mufxGef;um;
apvdkonfh bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfudkjznfhqnf;vdkvQif olr
taejzifha½SmifMuOf&rnfht&mwcsKdU½Sdygrnf/ olronf udk,f0ef
aqmifxm;pOfwGif avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rnfqdkvQif
vnf;aumif;? twåBuD;rnf? pdwfwdkaernfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;
þtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf uav;i,f\pdwfxm;wGif a&mifjyef[yf
aeygrnf/ þenf;tm;jzif h uav;i,frsm;pGmwd k Yonf
raumif;rIudk rausmfvTm;Edkifonfhpdwfxm;rsm;udk arG;&myg
wpfcktjzpf vufcH&½SdaeMuygonf/
tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 325 326
odkY&mwGif udk,f0efaqmifrdcifonf csKyfwnf;jcif;
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum Muifemjcif;? odrfarGUjcif;? twåpdwf
rrsm;jcif; ponfhrSefuefonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wpfoa0rwdrf;
vdkufavQmufrnfqdkvQif arG;zGm;vmrnfhuav;i,fü xdktusifh
p½dkufrsm;ESifhjynhfpHkaeygvdrfhrnf/ udk,f0efaqmifrdcifrsm;twGuf
xif½Sm;pGmwm;jrpfxm;aomt&mrSm 0dkift&ufrsm;udkraomuf&ef
yifjzpfonf/ olraomuforQt&ufwpfpufwdkif;onf trd0rf;
xJ½Sduav;i,f\ um,? OmPESifh pm&dwåqdkif&musef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru xdkvkyfaqmifcsufonf bk&m;ocifudk
wdkuf½dkufapmfum;aomtjypfvnf;jzpfygonf/
udk,f0efaqmifrdcifrsm;\qE´udkvdkufavsmoifhonf[k
vnf; tMuHay;yk*¾dKvfrsm;u tMuHûyxm;Muygao;onf/
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYawmifhwvQif
awmifrS ¤if;wdkYtm;êudufovdkpm;oHk;cGifhûyoifhaMumif; wdkufwGef;
xm;ygonf/ xdktMuHay;wdkufwGef;csufrsm;onf rSefuefrIr&Sd
yg/ xkdrdcif\cEmudk,fqdkif&mvkdtyfcsufrsm;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifh
rQvspfvsL½Irxm;oifhyg/ touf (2) ck\&SifoefrIonf olr
tay:wGif rSSDcdkaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh olr\qErsm;udk *½kwpkduf
tav;xm;um vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &uf&ufa&ma&mjznfhqnf;
ay;Mu&ygrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdeftcgrsKd;wGif olronf udk,fpdwf
ESpfyg;pvHk;\cGeftm;ukd ,kwfavsmhoGm;aprnfht&mrSeforQudk
a&SmifMuOfoifhygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\rdefYrSmcsuft&qdkvQif
udk,ftvdkudkxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;tusifhudk usifhaqmif&ef
olrtm; txl;*½kpdkufapmifha&SmufMu&ygrnf/
CTBH, pp. 37, 38 (1890) .
rdrd\vlwdkYudku,fwifrnfholwpfOD;tjzpf ½SHqkefudk
jzpfyGm;appOfu ¤if;tm; udk,f0efaqmifxm;onfhtwGuf
vdkufemusifhaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifjyXmef;
awmfrlcJhonf/ wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk xdkuav;tay:wGif tp
yxruwnf;ujyXmef;aeawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ odkYrSom olonf
arG;uif;pt½G,frSpí emZ&ufûrdUom;wpfOD;uJhodkY xm0&bk&m;
ocifa½SUawmfwGiftyfESHEdkifygonf/
]],ckrSpí oifonf t&ufaopmrsm;ESifh roefY½Sif;aom
tpmrsm;udka½Smifyg}} [k om;i,fwpfOD;udk&½Sdawmhrnfh rmaemf\
ZeD;xHodkY aumif;uifwrefwpfyg;onfay:vmNyD; ta&;BuD;
onfhñTefMum;csufrsm;udkay;cJhygonf/
rmaemf\om;uav;aqmif½Guf&ef ta&;BuD;onfhtvkyf
wpfck½Sdae&m xdktvkyfudkNyD;ajrmufpGmvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf
rdcifESifhuav;ESpfOD;pvHk;usifhaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk *½kwpdkufjzifh
aumif;uifwrefuñTefMum;cJhygonf/ t&ufudkraomuf?
roefY½Sif;aomtpmrsm;udkrpm;&ef aumif;uifwrefu rmaemf\
ZeD;tm;ñTefMum;cJh&m rdcifwpfOD;\tusifhp½dkufonf arG;zGm;
rnfhuav;tay:wGif a&mifjyef[yfEdkifaMumif;xif½Sm;ygonf/
rdrd\om;i,fuav;usef;rmaysmf½TifaeonfudkawGUjrifvdkvQif
olronf csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHNyD; pnf;urf;wustouf½Sifaexdkif&ef
vdktyfaeygonf/
udk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 327 328 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Signs, Feb. 26, 1902.
rmaemf\ZeD;tm; rdefYqdkcJhaompum;rsm;wGif ,aeY
touf½Sifaeonfhrdcifrsm;avhvmoifhaomtrSefw&m;wpfckyg0if
aeygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þrdcifwpfOD;udkrdefYqdk&if;
acwftqufquftouf½SifaexdkifMurnfh pdk;&drfylyefaeonfh
rdciftm;vHk;udkrdefYqdkaeygonf/ rdcifwdkif;onfvnf; rdrdwdkY
xrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efudkem;vnfEdkifMuygonf/ jyifytcGifhomrI?
tcGifhromrIrsm;xuf uav;i,fvlrjzpfrDESifh vljzpfNyD;tcsdef
rsm;wGif rdcif\yk*¾vduvkyfaqmifrItusifhp½dkufrsm;onf
xdkuav;i,f\pm&dwåwnfaqmufrIwGif ydkítajcûyaeonfudk
olrod½SdEdkifygonf/
]]odkYjzpfíowdûyavmh}} [k pHkprf;jcif;udkwGef;vSefzdkY
tqifoifhjyif&ef aumif;uifwrefu rmaemf\ZeD;tm; owday;
cJhygonf/ tpm;taomufESifhpdwfaepdwfxm;udk pnf;urf;wus
pDrHxdef;odrf;&ygrnf/ rdcifwdkif;udkvnf; ]odkYjzpfíowdûyavmh}
[krdefYrSmaeygonf/ olrtm; uav;arG;zGm;cGifhay;onfh xm0&
bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfudkjynfhpHkapvdkvQif wcsKdUt&mrsm;udk
olra½SmifMuOfí wcsKdUt&mrsm;udkvHk;vHk;qefYusif&rnfjzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaomq&mrwpfOD;jzpf
aom rdcifonf udk,f0efaqmifpOfrSmyif udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,f
jcif;? xdef;csKyfjcif;tusifhrsm;udkusifhaqmif&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm
olr\tm;enf;csuf? tm;omcsufrsm;udk rdrduav;i,fxHodkY
vufqifhurf;&rnfjzpfygonf/ þt&mudk rdbrsm;xuf
pmwefuydkíem;vnfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh uav;i,frsm;udk
xdcdkufap&ef rdcifrsm;udk olpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufygonf/ rdcifrsm;
twGuf wpfckwnf;aomudk;pm;&mrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifwpfyg;
wnf;omjzpfygonf/ aus;Zl;awmfESifhcGeftm;rsm;udk&Edkifrnfh
taMumif; olronf xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGifcdkvIH&ygrnf/
xdkodkYcdkvIHum trtpawmif;cHvQif olrtwGuftcsnf;ESD;rjzpf
Edkifyg/ uav;i,ftm; b0atmifjrifrIESifhxm0&touf&Edkif
onftxd tultnDay;Edkifrnfht&nftaoG;rsm;udk udk,fawmf
onf olrtm; vufqifhurf;Edkif&ef wwfEdkifatmifrpawmfrl
vdrfhrnf/
2T, pp. 381-383 (1870) .
udk,f0efaqmifaeaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;\b0udk rsm;aom
tm;jzifhpdwfr0ifpm;MuonfrSm rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckyifjzpfygonf/
ta&;ygonfhxdktcsdefrsKd;wGif xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;onf jyif;jyif;
xefxeftvkyfrvkyfoifhMuyg/ olr\cEmudk,ftwGif;ü BuD;rm;
aomajymif;vJrIrsm;jzpfay:ae&m aoG;twdkif;tqrsm;udk rsm;pGm
vdktyfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh taoG;tom;jzpfaprnfhtm[m&
rsm;udkydkípm;oHk;Mu&ygrnf/ tu,fíom olronf tm[m&
jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udkrpm;oHk;cJhvQif cGeftm;rsm;,kwfavsmhum
udk,f0efaqmifxm;onfhuav;i,fudkvnf; tm;,kwfapygvdrfh
rnf/ olr0wfqifonfht0wfudkvnf; *½kxm;oifhygonf/
¤if;tjyif tat;rrdap&efvnf; owdxm;&ygrnf/ t0wf
rvHkavmufrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef cGeftm;rsm;udkrvdktyfbJ olr
330 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufudk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 329
toHk;rûyoifhacs/ tm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkroHk;aqmif
cJhvQif olrüt&nftaoG;rDaomaoG;rsm;avsmhenf;oGm;ayvdrfh
rnf/ aoG;vnfywfrIavsmhenf;oGm;ojzifh olrudk,f0efaqmif
xm;aomoaE¨om;onfvnf; aoG;tm;enf;vmvdrfhrnf/ rdcif
a&moaEom;uav;yg usef;rmap&ef aEG;axG;aomt0wftxnf
ESifhtm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf ta&;ygvSygonf/
rdcifrsm;\tm;rsm;udk tydktoHk;ûyjcif;tm; oHk;oyfMu&ygrnf/
jyefvnftpm;xdk;Edkifatmifvnf; jyifqifay;Mu&ygrnf/
odkY&mwGif xdkuJhodkYaomtxl;tajctaersm;wGif tpm;
tpmrsm;udk aygufvTwfyJpm; pm;cGifhûyjcif;onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;rI
wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ þtajctaersKd;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
tpmtrsKd;rsKd;udkpm;vdkMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk
tmomajyatmifpm;&efvnf;cufygonf/ "avhxHk;pHt& ¤if;wdkY
pm;csifonfhtpmonf olrtwGufaomfvnf;aumif; oaE¨om;
twGufaomfvnf; aumif;onfraumif;onfudk y"merxm;
awmhbJ olr\tvdkudkvdkufum auR;arG;avh½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif
olrtm;auR;aomtpmonf tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmom
jzpfoifhygonf/ aoG;om;udkvIHYaqmfay;onfhtpmrsKd;rsm;rjzpf
oifhacs/ "avhxHk;pHt& tom;jzpfjzpf? [if;cwftarT;têudif
jzpfjzpf olrpm;csifonfhrnfonfht&mudkrqdk auR;arG;wwfMu
onf/ cHwGif;awGUzdkYomt"dujzpfonf[k,lqMuonf/ þt,l
tqonf r[mtrSm;BuD;jzpf½Hkomru usef;rma&;udkvnf;
txl;xdcdkufapygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdckdufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk
rauR;oifhygacs/ ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;? tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;udk
txl;*½kûyauR;&rnfhtcsdefonf þtcsdefrsKd;yifjzpfonf/
oifwef;rsm;aumif;rGefpGm&,lum usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkod½Sdem;vnfaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf þtcsdefrsKd;wGif
½dk;pif;aomtpmtm[m&rsm;udk vufvTwfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
tjcm;vlom;oaE¨om;wpfOD;u rdrdwdkYtm;rSDcdkaeaMumif;od½Sdum
tpm;taomuftaetxdkifrsm;wGif*½kûyMuvdrfhrnf/ t&om
om½SdNyD; tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk olwdkYrpm;oifhMuacs/
cHwGif;awmif;onfhtpmrsm;udkpm;yg[k tMuHay;rnfholrsm;pGm
½Sdaewwfygonf/
a&m*gonfuav;i,frsm;udk arG;zGm;&jcif;\taMumif;
&if;rSm rdbrsm;\cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifhjzpfygonf/ pm;csif
pdwfay:vmonfhtcgwdkif;udk tpmtdrfuawmif;wvdkvm;ae
onfr[kwfyg/ þtpmudkpm;vQifaumif;rnf[k pdwfxJu
xifaejcif;onf c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;rsm;rjiif;qefEdkifatmif
jzpfaeonfhtrSm;wpfckjzpfonf/ pdwful;,OfrIrsm;onf cEmudk,f
\vdktyfcsufudkxdef;csKyf&ef cGifhrûyoifhygacs/ t&omwpfck
wnf;udkom OD;pm;ay;NyD; tpma½G;cs,fpm;aomufaevQif
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;csKd;azgufjcif;\tzdk;tcudk cHpm;Mu&vdrfh
rnf/ xdktzdk;tcudk olwdkYomru 0rf;xJrSmvG,fxm;aom
uav;i,fudkyif a&m*gonfjzpfapygvdrfhrnf/
aoG;om;udkjzpfaponfh t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf
[if;cwfarT;têudifrsm;? a&m*g½Sdaomwd&pämef\tom;rsm;udk
332 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufudk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 331
aumif;aomaoG;tjzpfodkYul;ajymif;atmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;r½SdMuacs/
tpmrsm;udk tvGeftrif;pm;rdyguvnf; xdktpmrsm;udkacszsuf
&ef tpmtdrfonf tvkyfydkvkyfae&ojzifhvnf;aumif;? ydkvQH
tpmrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;ae&ojzifhvnf;aumif; rdcifBuD;rSm
usef;rma&;xdcdkufvm½Hkomru oaE¨om;uav;twGufvnf;
a&m*g½Smay;ovdkjzpfaewwfygonf/ rdrdyg;pyft&omudkOD;pm;
ay;um rdrdpm;vdkonfht&mudkpm;aernfqdkvQif raumif;aom
tusKd;qufrsm;udk olrwpfOD;wnf;omr[kwfbJ 0rf;xJrSuav;
i,fygcH&vdrfhrnf/ olr\tajrmftjrifenf;yg;rIaMumif; tjypfrJh
aomuav;i,fonf 'ku©a&mufayOD;rnf/
H To L, ch. 2, pp. 33-34 (1865) .
udk,f0efaqmifrdciftrsm;pkudk udk,f0efaqmifaepOftwGif;
eHeufvif;tm;BuD;ESifh ntaESmif;ydkif;rsm;wGif aoG;qlaponfh
yifyifyef;yef;tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfcGifhay;wwfMuonf/ trSefrSm
¤if;wdkY\cGeftm;rsm;udk tjrwfwEdk;xm;vQif ydkrdkíoifhavsmfvS
ygonf/ olrxrf;aqmif&aom0efwmESifh ylyefaomursm;onf
avsmhyg;oGm;cJvSygonf/ þtcsdefrsKd;rSm aumif;pGmtem;,l&
rnfhtpm; EGrf;e,frI? 0rf;enf;rIrsm;udk olrydkícHpm;ae&wwfyg
onf/ xdkpOfwGif ydkrdktm;xkwfae&ojzifh vdktyfaomcGeftm;
rsm;&½Sd&ef obm0tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? olrrSwpfqifh
rQa0xm;jcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? oaE¨om;&½Sdxm;onfh
tm;rsm;udk olruwpfzefvk,ltoHk;ûyae&jyefonf/ xdkenf;
tm;jzifh trd0rf;xJwGif touf½SifaeaomoaEom;uav;onf
touf½Sifoefaprnfh udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf"mwfcGeftm;rsm;tvk,l
cHae&ygonf/
2T, pp. 378-379 (1870) .
tdrfaxmifwGif OD;bDusifhoHk;aeaom usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfpdwftm½Hk&onf/ olonf OD;pDxHrSMum;cJh
&aom usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk OD;pDuJhodkYyif wpfzufpGef;
a&mufonftxd usifhaqmifae½Hkomru olwpfyg;tm;vnf;
oluJhodkYusifhaqmif&ef twif;tusyfwdkufwGef;aeygonf/ olü
rQrQwwa0zefydkif;jcm;wwfonfhpdwf"mwfuif;rJhae&m BuD;us,f
aomtrSm;t,Gif;rsm;udkvkyfrdcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif raumif;aom
tusKd;qufrsm;udk ola½Smif½Sm;Edkifjcif;r½SdcJhyg/ olonf zwf½I
&onfhpmtkyfrsm;xJrStcsuftvufrsm;\tultnDjzifh OD;pD
ajymjyíMum;zl;onfh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk OD;pDuJhodkYyif
taumiftxnfazmf½Hkomru olowfrSwfxm;onfhpHEIef;twdkif;
touf½Sifpm;aomufMu&ef olwpfyg;tm;vnf; qGJac:ygawmh
onf/ rdrd\rdom;pkrsm;udkvnf; xdkMuyfwnf;aompnf;rsOf;
rsm;twdkif; pm;aomufMu&ef olodrf;oGif;cJ haomfvnf;
oludk,fwdkifurl wd&pämefpdwfrsm;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkifcJhacs/ rdrd
owfrSwfxm;aompHEIef;udkrD&ef oludk,fwdkifysufuGufcJhygonf/
tu,fíom olYüusef;rma&;qdkif&mrSefuefaomtodynm½SdcJh
rnfqdkvQif olYZeD;ü usef;rmzGHUûzd;aomuav;i,fwpfOD;udk
arG;ay;Edkifavmufonfhtajctaer½Sdonfudk olodcJhvdrfhrnf/
ESdyfuGyfrIr½Sdaomol\&r®ufrsm;u olYtm; usKd;aMumif;qifjcif
EdkifpGrf;uif;rJhapcJhygonf/
334 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufudk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 333
olonf udk,f0efaqmifaeaomZeD;onftm; udk,f0ef
aqmifwpfOD;uJhokdYrqufqHcJhacs/ rdcifa&m? uav;twGufyg
vdktyfonhftm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;taomufrsm;udk vHkavmuf
pGmolrpDpOfay;cJhacs/ oaEom;uav;\vHk;vHk;rSDcdkjcif;cHae&aom
rdcifBuD;rSm rdrd\cGeftm;rsm;udk qufvufxdef;xm;apEdkifrnfh
tm[m&jynfh0aomtpmrsm;udk roHk;aqmifcJh&acs/ vdktyfaom
twdkif;tqESifh t&nftaoG;ESpfckpvHk; olrpm;aomtpmwGif
csKdUwJhaeygonf/ ydkítm[m&jzpfaprnfhtpmrsKd;pHkudk olrcEmudk,f
uawmifhwaeacsNyD/ odkYaomf oHk;aqmifcGifhr&cJhojzifh ydefvSDNyD;
aoG;om;cGeftm;enf;onfhuav;i,fwpfOD;udk olrarG;zGm;cJh&
onf/ pm;&onfhtpmonf aumif;aomaoG;om;udkrjzpfap
EdkifcJhonfhtwGuf [l;rm;[kac:onfh udk,fwGif;t&nfrsm;ESifh
NyD;aomuav;wpfa,mufudk olrarG;zGm;cJh&ygonf/
ÀÀÀ
tcef;BuD; (13)
uav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm
Signs, Sept. 13, 1910.
]]uREfkyfwdkYtdrfaxmifrSmarG;zGm;vmrnfhuav;udk rnfuJhodkY
ûypk&rnfenf;}} [laomar;cGef;udk rdcifzcifrsm;ar;oifhygonf/
0rf;xJwGifvG,fxm;onfhoaE¨om;uav;twGuf ûypk&rnfh
enf;rsm;udk bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmonfhtwdkif; uREfkyfwdkYwifjyxm;
NyD;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;onf tukefr[kwfao;yg/
xrf;½Guf&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk rdcifzcifrsm; aumif;rGefpGmod½Sd
em;vnfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm arG;zGm;NyD;uav;rsm;udk ûypkysKd;axmif
&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udkay;&ef *gajAvtm; aumif;uifa½Teef;rS
apvTwfawmfrlcJhygonf/
c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmrnfhtcsdefavmufwkef;
uvnf; *gajAvonf rmaemftm;ay;awmfrlonfhowif;pum;
rsKd;udk Zmc&dxHvmíay;cJhzl;ygonf/ a,m[ef[ktrnfwGifrnfh
om;i,fuav;udk ¤if;\ZeD;arG;zGm;vdrfhrnf[k oufusm;½G,ftdk
,Zfyka&m[dwfBuD;tm; rdefYqdkcJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif ]]oifonf
0rf;om½TifjrL;jcif;½Sdvdrfhrnf/ xdkom;udkzGm;jrifaomaMumifh
vltrsm;wdkYonfvnf; 0rf;ajrmufjcif;odkYa&mufMuvdrfhrnf/
taMumif;rlum;? xdkom;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfü
BuD;jrwfaomoljzpfvdrfhrnf/ pyspf&nfESifh,ZfrsKd;udkraomufbJ
aeí trd0rf;xJuyif oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifhjynhf0vdrfh
336udk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 335
rnf}} [kvnf; rdefYqdkcJhygonf/ uwdawmfESifhqdkifaom þuav;
udk wif;usyfaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhrsm;jzifh ysKd;axmif&efjzpf
onf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&m ta&;ygaomtvkyfwpfckudk
Zmc&dxHwGiftyfESHum c&pfawmftwGuf vrf;jyifqifay;cJhygonf/
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomp½dkufrsm;udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
vlwdkYtv,fwGifusifhoHk;aeMuygonf/ pyspf&nfudktaomufMuL;
jcif;ESifh tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmrsm;udk tpm;MuL;jcif;onf
qdk;½Gm;aom&mZ0wfrsm;udkyif tjypfjzpfonf[k rjrifawmhonfh
txd pm&dwårsm;udk,kwfnHhapvsuf cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk
qkwf,kwfapygonf/ q&ma,m[efonf tjypfESifhjynfh0aom
avmuaysmfarGUjcif;rsm;udk awmxJrStoH[pfNyD; jyif;xefpGmqHk;r
½Hkomru ¤if;\udk,fydkifcsKyfwnf;jcif;toufwmjzifhvnf;
xdkacwfxdktcgu pm;aomufMuL;olrsm;udkqHk;r&efjzpfonf/
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udktpaumif;jcif;
csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtrIaqmifrsm;\êud;pm;rIonf
uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiHrS csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhjcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk z,f½Sm;
ypfavmufatmif vHkavmufrIr½Sdyg/ wpfBudrfwpfcgwnfaqmuf
zGJUpnf;NyD;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;udk ajzazsmuf&efrSm cufcJvSyg
onf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;qkdif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk udk,f0ef
aqmifrdcifrsm;ESifhtpûy&ygrnf/ tu,fíom bk&m;ocif\
ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk opöm½SdpGmvdkufemMurnfqdkvQif csKyfwnf;
jcif;uif;rJhrIudkawGUjrifMu&rnfr[kwfyg/
rdcifrsm;onf ,ckacwfysufpD;wwfaomraumif;rIrsm;rS
uif;a0;aomtoufwmudk rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm; tvdkawmf
ESifhtnDay;Edkif&ef bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhnDaom tusifh
p½dkufrsm;twdkif; rdrdudk,fwdkiftouf½SifaexdkifEdkifzdkY rem;rae
êud;pm;oifhygonf/ aESmifhaES;jcif;r½SdbJ bk&m;ocifudk rSefuef
aomenf;vrf;jzifh rdcifrsm;qufoG,fMuyg/ odkYrSom ¤if;wdkY
onf bk&m;ocif\axmufronfhaus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh taysmfMuL;
ESifhpm;aomufMuL;jcif;rsm;&efrS rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udkumuG,f
EdkifMurnfjzpfonf/ rdcifrsm;onf þenf;vrf;udkvdkufavQmuf
rSomvQif ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf 'Ha,vwdkYuJhodkY pm&dwå
ydkif;wGifvnf;aumif;? OmPfynmt&mwGifvnf;aumif; jrifhrm;
aomtqifhwGif½Sdum vlom;rsm;udktusKd;ûyolrsm;? xm0&bk&m;
ocifudkav;pm;olrsm;jzpfvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;
MH, p. 383 (1905) .
EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;aomtpmrSm obm0u
¤if;wdkYtwGufpDpOfay;xm;aomtpmjzpf&m rvdktyfbJ xdktpmudk
jzwfawmufrypfoifhygacs/ uav;i,fudkûypkjcif;trIrS a½Smif½Sm;zdkY
êud;pm;&if; oufaomifhoufomaexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf þtrIudk
ûyjcif;onf rdcifwpfOD;twGuf ESvHk;om;uif;rJh&ma&mufygonf/
tjcm;tpmrsm;jzifh rdrd\EdkYpdkYuav;i,ftm; wdkufauR;
cGifhûyxm;onfhrdcifrsm;taejzifh jzpfay:Edkifaom&v'frsm;udkvnf;
338 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 337
DF- 22
pOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhygonf/ tenf;qHk;tusKd;quftaejzifh
uav;i,ftm;ûypkaom q&mr\pdwfaepdwfxm;onf
xdkuav;i,fudkvTrf;rdk;ul;pufoGm;wwfygonf/
Health Reform, Sept. 1871.
0wfqifrIrsm;wGifacwfrDatmifêud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;
tm;jzifh obm0udkqefYusifaeMuygonf/ rdcifrsm;onf wpfcg
wpf&HwGif &ifom;tvSysufrnfpdk;ojzifh EdkYbl;rsm;jzifhtpm;xdk;
um uav;i,frsm;udkauR;arG;wwfygonf/ rdcifwpfOD;taejzifh
rdrdtoufwmESifh &ifaoG;i,f\toufwmudka&m,Sufum rdrd\
ESvHk;om;½SdoefY½Sif;rGefjrwfvSaomcHpm;csufrsm;udkEdk;<uaprnfh
El;nHhodrfarGUNyD; pGJvrf;p&maumif;aomwm0efwpfckudk zuf½Sif
tvSqdkif&m vufr½GHUavmfrmrIwpfcktwGuf tyfESHpaw;wwf
Muygonf/
rdrdwdkY\&ifaoG;jzpfaom EdkYpdkYuav;i,frsm;twGuf
tcsdefukefcHum 'ku©rcHvdkMuojzifh xdkuav;rsm;tay:ûy&rnfh
rdcif\0wfudk paw;aeMuaomrdcifrsm;vnf;½Sdygonf/ nuvyf
rsm;ESifh taysmftyg;vdkufjcif;rsm;aMumifh xdktouf0dnmOf\
El;nHhaomtm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;onf xHkxdkif;ukefMuacsNyD/ om;orD;
wm0efudkxrf;aqmifaomrdcifjzpfonfxuf zuf½Sifr,frdcif
wpfOD;jzpfonfudk olwdkYydkrdkvdkvm;aeMuygonf/ rdrdwpfOD;wnf;
omvkyfoifhaom0wå&m;rsm;udkvkyfaqmif&ef rdrdwdkY\om;orD;
i,frsm;udk uav;xdef;vufxJodkY olwdkYxnfhwwfMuygonf/
olr\rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufonf olrtm; vkyfaqmifwdkif;
aysmf½TifrIudkay;rnfh rvGJra½Smifomaom0wå&m;rsm;ESifhudkufnDrI
r½Sdawmhacs/ taMumif;rSm uav;udkrapmifha½SmufEdkifavmufatmif
tvSjyifcsifaomtoufwmu vTrf;ûcHaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
xdkrdcif\wm0efrsm;udk olpdrf;wpf&HqHwpfOD;uvkyfaqmifum
uav;i,f\toufquf&ef ûypkauR;arG;aewwfygonf/
xdkYjyifomru xdkolpdrf;wpf&HqHonf ¤if;\pdwfae
oabmxm;rsm;udkvnf; xdkuav;i,ftm; rQa0wwfygao;
onf/ xdkuav;\toufwmonf olr\toufwmESifhEG,f
aeacsNyD/ tu,fíom xdkuav;xdef;onf Murf;wrf;ol?
usKd;aMumif;rqifrjcifwwfoljzpfvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? pm&dwå
ydkif;udktav;rxm;oljzpfvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? ¤if;xdef;ae
onfhuav;onfvnf; xdktusifhrsm;udk&½SdoGm;wwfygonf/
Murf;wrf;onfhuav;xdef;\pdwfoabmxm;rsm;onf txdef;cH
uav;i,fxHodkYul;pufoGm;wwfygonf/ rdrdom;i,fudk csDydk;&ef
0ef;av;olzuf½SifaemufodkYvdkufum rdrdxrf;½Guf&rnfhrdcifwm0ef
rsm;udkjiif;qefolrsm;onf rdcif[kyiftac:rcHxdkufMuacs/
trsKd;orD;rsm;ü½Sdtyfaom jrifhjrwfaomjyuawhoabmxm;ESifh
rGefjrwfaomMueftifvu©Pmrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYü,kwfavsmhae
acsNyD/ rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk *½krxm;awmhbJ
vlêudufrsm;aomtaysmftyg;rsm;aemufudkom ¤if;wdkYvdkufaeMu
acsNyD/ rdcifrsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\EdkYtHkudktoHk;rûyawmhbJ
EdkYbl;rsm;udktpm;xdk;toHk;ûyaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkifu
uav;i,frsm;tm; rauR;arG;Muawmhojzifh EdkYbl;onfr½Sdrjzpf
vdktyfaomt&mjzpfvmygonf/ vli,ft½G,frSpí usifhaqmif
340 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 339
cJhaomrSm;,Gif;aomt0wftpm;rsm;aMumifh 90 &mcdkifEIef;aom
vli,frsm;onf obm0u ¤if;wdkYtm;ay;tyfaomwm0efrsm;udk
ausyGefpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;r½SdMuawmhacs/
rdcifEdkY&nfjzifhwdkufauR;EdkifygvsufESifh EdkYbl;udkomtoHk;ûy
aomrdcifrsm;\ ESvHk;om;uif;rJhaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk uREfkyf
pdwftm½HkwGifrMumcPawGUjrifcJh&onf/ EdkYbl;wdkufrnfqdkvQif
vnf; usef;rmaomEGm;rBuD;xHrS&aomEdkYjzpfzdkYta&;BuD;ovdk
toHk;ûyaomEdkYbl;onfvnf; oefYjyefYzdkYvdktyfvSygonf/ xdktcsuf
udk ta&;rxm;Muojzifh EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;onf rvdkvm;tyfbJ
a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ tpmtdrfESifhtlrsm;qdkif&ma0'em
rsm;jzpfay:vmNyD; arG;uif;ptcsdefwkef;u usef;rmonfjzpfaomf
vnf; oem;p&mha&m*gonfrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/
H to L, ch. 2, pp. 39-40 (1865)
rdcifEdkYudkaomufoHk;aeonfh EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;\tcsdefumv
onfvnf; a0zefoHk;oyfp&mwpfckjzpfonf/ EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;udk
EdkYwdkufûypkaomrdcifrsm;tm; tvkyfudkjyif;xefpGmvkyfaqmifap½Hk
omru csufa&;ûywfa&;tvkyfrsm;aMumifh? ¤if;wdkY\aoG;rsm;udk
qlapjcif;aMumifh EdkYpdkYuav;i,ftm; rsm;pGmxdcdkufapygonf/
roefY½Sif;? rusef;rmaomrdcif\EdkYomru raumif;aomtpm;
tpmrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:aeaomrdcif\roefY½Sif;aomaoG;rsm;
onf uav;i,f\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ xdkYjyif
omru xdkEdkYpdkYoli,fuav;onf rdcif\pdwfaeoabmxm;
aMumifhvnf; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwGif xdcdkufrIrsm;½Sdwwfygonf/
tu,fíom olronf pdwfESvHk;okefrIefwwfol? pdwfqdk;vG,f
ol? a'goaygufuGJwwfolwpfOD;jzpfcJhvQif ¤if;\EdkY&nfudk
aomufoHk;aomuav;i,fü avxdk;avatmifha&m*g? wufwwf
onfha&m*g ponfha&m*gqdk;rsm;pGJuyfwwfygonf/
rdcifxHrS&,lpm;oHk;&onfh tm[m&\obm0onf
xdkuav;i,f\pm&dwåudkvnf; tenf;ESihftrsm;xdcdkufapyg
onf/ EdkYpdkYoli,fudk EdkYcsKdwdkufauR;ûypkpOfumvtwGif; rdcif
wpfOD;onf rdrdpdwfudkaumif;rGefpGmxdef;csKyfum pdwfaysmfaysmf
aexdkif;jcif;rSm tvGefta&;BuD;vSygonf/ þodkYvkyfaqmif
jcif;jzifh uav;i,fpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fr½Sd
awmhonfhjyif uav;ESifhqufqH&mwGif rdcifusifhoHk;cJhaom
wnfNidrfat;csrf;aomvkyfaqmifrIonf xdkEdkYpdkYoli,f\pdwfydkif;
qdkif&mwnfaqmufrIwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftulûyygonf/
aMumufwwf? pdwfwdkwwfaomEdkYpdkYoli,fonfyifvQif rdcif\
wnfNidrf*½kxm;aomtûytrlrsm;tm;jzifh ESpfodrfhay;ygu
xdkuav;\usef;rma&;tajctaeonf rsm;pGmwdk;wufvmEdkif
ygonf/
EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;onf roifhavsmfaomqufqHrIrsm;aMumifh
rsm;pGmepfemcJhMu&onf/ uav;i,frsm; wtDtDjzifhidkaewwfvQif
NidrfoGm;atmif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpmauR;ay;&ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY
tDae&jcif;\taMumif;&if;onf tpmrsm;pGmpm;rdjcif;aMumifh
jzpfwwf&m rdcif\rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh uav;i,fü
rsm;pGmxdcdkuf&ygonf/ tpmudkydkíauR;jcif;onf tajctaeudk
ydkíqdk;½Gm;oGm;apwwfygonf/ taMumif;rSm tpmtdrfonf
vdkonfxufydkaomtpmrsm;jzifh jynfhvQHaeNyD;jzpfonf/
342 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 341
tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif;
H to L, ch. 2, p. 47 (1865)
rdcifrsm;xHrS EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;&,loifhonfh yxrOD;qHk;
ynmrSm cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;ESifhqufpyfaomt&mrsm;omjzpf
oifhonf/ uav;i,frsm;tm; usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul
ûyrnfh tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;jzifh auR;arG;ûypkoifh
onf/ tpmauR;&mwGifvnf; tcsdefrSefrSefauR;&rnf? wpfaeY
vQif (3) Budrfxufrydkoifhyg/ wpfaeY (2) BudrfauR;jcif;onf
(3) Budrfxufydkíaumif;onf/ tu,fíom uav;i,frsm;udk
pnf;pepfususûypkcJhrnfqdkvQif idkNyD;awmif;vdkY rnfonfht&m
udkrQ&Murnfr[kwfaMumif;udk olwdkYrMumrDrSmyifem;vnfvm
Muvdrfhrnf/ tajrmftjrif½SdaomrdcifwpfOD;onf om;orD;rsm;udk
oGefoif&mwGif rdrd\vwfwavmoufaomifhoufom½SdrIudkom
rMunfhbJ uav;rsm;\tem*wfaumif;pm;a&;udkvnf;xnfh
wGufum vkyfaqmifvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;ESifhtnD pm;aomuf
aexdkifwwfatmif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;ESifh udk,ftvdk
udkjiif;y,fjcif;qdkif&m ta&;BuD;aomoifcef;pmrsm;udk om;orD;
rsm;tm; olroGefoifay;vdrfhrnf/
4T, p. 402 (1880)
oif\om;orD;rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;onfhtpmpm;
csdefrsm;twGif; oMum;vHk;? opfoD;? ajryJrStp rnfonfhtpm
udkrQpm;cGifhrûyygESifh/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf wpfaeY (3) Budrfpm;jcif;
xuf (2) Budrfpm;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/ rdbrsm;udk,fwdkifu
pnf;urf;wususifhaqmifum erlemyHkoufaojyrnfqdkvQif
om;orD;rsm;onf rMumrDrSmyif yHkpHusvmygvdrfhrnf/ tcsdef
rSefrSefrpm;aomufjcif;onf tpmaMucsufrIpepfudk xdcdkufysufpD;
aponf/ oifwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwlpm;aomufpOf
tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk tm;&yg;±rjyvQif ¤if;wdkYonf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk awmifhwMuvdrfhrnf/
xdkuav;rsm;onf roifhavsmfaomtpm;taomufrsm;aMumifh
Budrfzefrsm;pGmzsm;emwwfMu&m ¤if;wdkY\emrusef;rIrsm;twGuf
rdbrsm;wGifwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ zdpD;rIrsm;pGmrSuif;0if;apEdkifrnfh?
usef;rma&;rsKd;udkwnfaqmufaprnfhtusihfp½dkufrsKd;udk om;orD;
rsm;wnfaqmufaejcif;½Sd? r½Sdudk Munfh½IoHk;oyf&efrSm rdbrsm;\
wm0efjzpfygonf/
Health Reform, Sept., 1866.
om;orD;rsm;ud k rMumcPauR;aewwfMuonf/
xdkaMumifh trsKd;rsKd;aomtema&m*grsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/
tpmtdrfudktNrJwrf;tvkyfvkyfaeatmifrzefwD;bJ xdkufoifhovdk
tem;ay;oifhygonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif xdkuav;rsm;onf
rMumcPpdwfwdkvdrfhrnf/ rMumcPzsm;emMuvdrfhrnf/
tpmtm[m&qdkif&ma½S;OD;ynm
MH, pp. 383-385 (1905)
tpm;taomufqdkif&m tusifhp½dkufaumif;rsm;udk&½Sd&ef
avhusifhjcif;\ta&;ygyHkudk ydkícefYrSef;cJMuygonf/ uav;rsm;
344 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 343
taejzifh rdrdwdkYonf pm;zdkYtouf½Sifaejcif;r[kwfbJ touf½SifzdkY
pm;jcif;jzpfonfudkavhusufoifhygonf/ þoifwef;udk EdkYpdkY
oli,ftm; &ifcGifydkufb0rStpûyí tpûyoifhonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk
yHkrSeftcsdefydkif;twdkif;auR;oGm;NyD; toufBuD;vmonfESifhtrQ
auR;onfhtBudrfta&twGufudkavsmhoGm;&ygrnf/ tpmaMucJ
onhf oMum;vHk;rsm;ESifh vlBuD;pm;onfhtpmrsm;udkrauR;oifh
yg/ uav;i,frsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSefauR;arG;apmifha½Smufjcif;jzifh
¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;ESifhpdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk wdk;wufvm
ap½Hkomru ¤if;wdkYtoufBuD;vmaomtcg aumif;csD;r*Fvm
wpfckjzpfaprnfh pm&dwåudktkwfjrpfcsay;jcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/
EdkYpdkYoli,ftcsdefrS uav;b0odkYul;ajymif;pOfwGif tpm;
taomufESifhywfoufí qufvufynmay;oifhygonf/ pm;csif
onfhtpmudk pm;vdkonfhtcsdefüpm;&ef ¤if;wdkYtm;rMumcP
cGifhûywwfMuonf/ tm[m&r½Sdaomtpm;taomufrsm;twGuf
aiGudka&vdkoHk;cGifhûyjcif;cH&aomuav;rsm;onf b0&nfrSef;csuf
ESif h BuD;rm;aomaysmf½TifrIqdkonfrSm êudufonfht&mudk
êudufovdkpm;aomufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf[k rSwf,lvmwwfMuonf/
tusKd;quftm;jzifh tpm;MuL;jcif;? xdkaemufwGifzsm;emjcif;?
xdkYaemufwGif rl;,pfaq;rsm;udktoHk;ûyjcif;wdkYyifjzpfygonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\cHwGif;udkavhusifhay;oifh
onf/ tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQpm;oHk;cGifh
rûyoifhyg/ odkY&mwGif tpm;tpmrsm;udkowfrSwfay;&mwGif
t&omr½Sdaomtpmrsm;rjzpfapzdkYESifh vdkonfxufydkírauR;rd
apzdkY *½kpdkufoifhonf/ om;orD;rsm;ü ydkícHwGif;awGUaom
tpmrsm;vnf;½Sdwwf&m ¤if;wdkYêudufaomtpmonf usef;rma&;
udkrxdcdkufapvQif cGifhûyoifhygonf/
om;orD;rsm;\têudufudkaqmifum usef;rma&;ESifh
pdwf"mwfa&;&mrsm;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk auR;aeaom
rdbrsm;onf raumif;rItoD;udkoD;rnfh raumif;rIyifudk
ysKd;axmif&ef rsKd;aphBuJaejcif;jzpfonf/ xdkuav;rsm;BuD;xGm;
vmonfESifhtrQ avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIrsm;vnf;rsm;jym;
vm&m udk,fpdwfESpfyg;qdkif&mtpGrf;owådrsm;onf tpaw;cHae
&ygonf/ þuJhodkYvkyfaqmifaeaomrdcifrsm;onf rdrdwkdYpdkuf
onfhtwdkif; rsKd;aphrsm;udk cg;oD;rItjynfhjzifh&dwfodrf;Mu&onf/
rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf tdrfwGifaomfvnf;aumif; vlYtodkuf
t0ef;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; jrifhjrwftoHk;0ifaomu@wGif
yg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfhpdwf"mwfESifhpm&dwårsm;udk rydkifqdkifEdkif
awmhaMumif;udk olwdkYawGUjrif&ygonf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuf
tulrûyaomtpm;tpmrsm;aMumifh ¤if;wdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;qdkif&m
tpGrf;rsm;,kwfavsmhouJhodkY 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;vnf; nHhzsif;
vmygonf/ todpdwfonf xdkif;rIdif;awGa0vmum aumif;aom
t&mrsm;udk odjrifcHpm;rIrsm;vnf;ysuf,Gif;ukefygonf/
cHwGif;tvdkrvdkuf&efESifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh
udkufnDaomtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifaepOfrSm
raumif;aomtpmrsm;udkom a½SmifMuOfoifhonfudk ¤if;wdkYtm;
½Sif;vif;pGmajymjyMu&rnf/ aumif;aomt&mrsm;udktpm;xdk;&ef
346 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 345
raumif;aomtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpGefYvTwfjcif;omjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifutvQHy,fcsay;xm;onfh aumif;rGefaomtpm;tpm
rsm;jzifh pm;yGJudkpm;csifhpzG,fjzpfatmifjyifqifMuyg/ xrif;pm;
onfhtcsdefonf ESpfvdkYzG,faomtcsdef? aysmfp&maumif;aom
tcsdefjzpfygap/ bk&m;ocifcsay;oem;awmfrlonfht&mrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkYoHk;aqmifpOf aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;jzifh xm0&bk&m;
ocifudkwHkYjyefMuyg/
3T, p. 564 (1875)
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhp½dkufudk ysKd;axmifjcif;
ESifh bk&m;ocifay;aumif;csD;rsm;udk rSefuefpGmtoHk;cswwfatmif
oifMum;ay;jcif;tvkyfrsm;udk onf;nnf;cHNyD; vkyfaqmif&
rnfudka½Smif½Sm;&ef? rdbrsm;pGmwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;tm;
êudufovdkpm;aomuf&ef cGifhûyxm;wwfonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI
ESifh avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;udk jywfjywfom;om;xdef;csKyf
rxm;vQif cGefESifhtm;ESifhBuD;xGm;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ þuav;rsm;
udk,fhajcaxmufay:udk,f&yfwnfpûyaomtcsdefwGif olwdkYü pHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkwGef;vSefzdkY cGeftm;tpGrf;½SdMuawmhrnfr[kwf
acs/ pm&dwåysufjym;rIESifh raumif;rIusL;vGefrIrsm;onf ae&m
wumwGifawGUjrifae&awmhrnf/ yg;pyft&omudkOD;pm;ay;jcif;
ESifh wyfruforQudkpm;oHk;jcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;onf
ESpfvMumanmif;vmonfESifhtrQ avsmhyg;oGm;jcif;r½Sdonfhjyif
vli,ftrsm;pkonf pdwfvIyf½Sm;rI\tkyfpdk;rIrSmvnf;aumif;?
tpm\aus;uRefb0rSmvnf;aumif; usifvnftouf½SifaeMu
ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tpm;MuL;olrsm;? aq;vdyfpGJolrsm;?
t&uform;rsm;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;orm;rsm;\toufwmrsm;
wGif rSm;,Gif;pGmynmay;rdjcif;rsm;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk awGUjrifae&
ygonf/
avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;ESifhpm&dwåysufjym;jcif;
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 132-133 (1864)
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk rpm;onfhuav;rsm;
onf ydefvSD? azsmhawmhNyD; vlpOfrrDjzpfwwfonf/ aMumufvefY
wwf½Hkomru pdwfvnf;tvGefwdkwwfonf/ jrifhjrwfaom
Mueftifvu©PmrSeforQonf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifhqHk;½IH;
cJh&NyD; wd&pämefpdwfrsm;vTrf;rdk;aewwfygonf/ touf (5)
ESpfESifh (10) ESpftMum;½Sduav;rsm;ESifh (15) ESpft½G,f½Sduav;
rsm;onf pm&dwåazgufjyefrIrsm;½SdaewwfNyD; raumif;rItusifh
tm;vHk;eD;yg;udk olwdkYuRrf;usifaewwfMuonf/ trSm;vkyfrd
atmif oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\vrf;jyrIudkcHcJh&
aomom;orD;rsm;\tjypfrsm;twGuf rdbrsm;tm; tjypfzdkY
awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm þudpöwGif xdkrdbrsm;rSm;,Gif;
cJhMuNyD; uav;awGpm;rnfhpm;yGJay:ü tom;[if;rsm;ESifh [if;cwf
tarT;têudifrsm;jzifh pD&ifcsufûywfxm;onfh[if;rsm;udkjyifqifum
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufap&ef om;orD;rsm;udk olwdkYpHkprf;Muygonf/
trSefrSm xdk[if;rsm;onf wd&pämefpdwfudkEId;qGay;onfhtmedoif
yg½Sdygonf/ ¤if;jyif olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkoufao
348 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 347
tm;jzifh tpmpm;jcif;ü csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;udk om;orD;
rsm;tm; oifay;Muygonf/ wpfaeYvHk;eD;yg; tpmudkyJpm;aeMu
ojzifh olwdkY\tpmtdrfonfvnf; tNrJwrf;tvkyfvkyfae&yg
onf/ rdcifrsm;rSmvnf; om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifzdkY&ef tcsdef
r&avmufatmif tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk csufûywfjyifqif
jcif;udpörsm;jzifh tvkyfrsm;aeMuygonf/
rsm;pGmaomrdbrsm;wdkYonf acwfESifhavsmfnDatmif rdrd
wdkY\toufwmudk êud;pm;ysKd;axmifaepOf ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;
rsm;udktysufpD;cHaeMuonf/ {nfhonfvmvQif tjcm;olrsm;
enf;wl avmuqefqefolwdkY{nfhcHwwfMuonf/ þudpö
twGuf tcsdefukef? aiGukefcHwwfMuonf/ olwpfyg;\tjrif
wGif wifhw,fap&eftwGuf t&om½Sdrnfhpm;aumif;aomufzG,f
rsm;udk jyifqif{nfhcHwwfMuonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onfyif
pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;udkauR;&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzifh xdkuJhodkYrsKd;
{nfhcHwwfonfhvlwef;pm;rsm;udk zdwfac:{nfhcHwwfygonf/
xdkaMumifh c&pf,mefrsm;onfvnf; þudpöESifhywfoufí ûyjyif
oifhMuygonf/ {nfhonfrsm;udkysLiSmpGmzdwfac:{nfhcHoifhonfrSm
rSefaomfvnf; xdkuJhodkYaomtpm;taomufESifhacwfaemufodkY
vdkufaeolrsm;rjzpfoifhygacs/
CTBH, p. 141 (1890)
rdcifrsm;twGuf tpm;tpmjyifqif&mwGif tcsdefrsm;pGm
rukefap&eftvdkYiSm ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkompm;oHk;oifhMuygonf/
pm;csifhpzG,fjzpfatmif tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;jzifh pm;yGJudk
*½kwpdkufwnfcif;oifhonfqdkonfrSmrSefonf/ owdrxm;bJ
jyifqiforQaomtpmrsm;onf aumif;rGefoifhavsmfonf[k
rxifMuygESifh/ odkY&mwGif om;orD;rsm;udk tpm;tpmESifh
ywfoufí ynmay;Edkif&ef tpmrsm;udktcsdef,ljyifqifoifhyg
onf/ roifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif toHk;ûy&rnfh
tcsdefrsm;ESifh t0wfrsm;udka½G;cs,f&mwGif toHk;ûyaomtcsdefrsm;
udk wpfudk,fa&oefY½Sif;a&;ESifhavsmfuefatmif0wfqifa&;rsm;
twGuftoHk;csMuyg/
Letter, p. 72 (1896)
tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tom;qDoGwfbl;rsm;onf uav;
rsm;\cE¨mudk,fwGif;½Sd tpmajconfht*Fg&yfrsm;udkrsm;pGmxdcdkuf
apygonf/ tu,fíom olwdkYonf tm[m&½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpm
rsm;udkpm;aeusjzpfaernfqdkvQif obm0twdkif;r[kwfaom
xdktpmrsm;udkrufarmMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ uav;rsm;udk
tom;auR;jcif;onf atmifjrifrIudktmrcHonfh taumif;qHk;
enf;vrf;wpfckr[kwfacs/ tom;udkpm;zdkY uav;rsm;udkoifay;
jcif;onf ¤if;wdkYudkxdcdkufapygonf/ obm0twdkif;r[kwfonfh
tpmrsm;udk cHwGif;vdkufoGm;vQif obm0tpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;zdkY
ûyjyif&efcufcJvSygonf/
3T, p. 563 (1875)
ae&mwumwGifBuD;pdk;aeaom csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrI
twGuf oHa0*&aeaomrdcifrsm;pGmwdkYonf taMumif;&if;udk
awGUjrif&ef eufeufrMunfhMuacs/ cHwGif;vdkufap½Hkomru
350 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 349
tpm;MuL;jcif;udkjzpfaponfh tom;qDoGwfbl;rsm;ESifh [if;rsKd;pHk
udk olwdkYaeYpOfjyifqifaeMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;
pm;onfhpm;yGJrsm;udk t&uform;rsm;jzpfaprnfhyHkpHrsKd;jzifh jyifqif
wwfMuygonf/ vlwef;pm;trsm;pkwGif cHwGif;t&omudkom
OD;pm;ay;aeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk
rMumcPpm;aomoltaygif;wdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifh?
aomufusifhrsm;udk pdwfwdrf;ñTwfoGm;ap½Hkomru cHwGif;ESifh
&r®ufjyif;jyrIrsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef tpGrf;owådrsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;
apvsuf½Sdygonf/ zGHUûzd;aomtusifhpm&dwårsm;ESihfjynfh0aom
uav;rsm;ESifh urÇmBuD;tm;tvSqif&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;?
uav;rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif tyfESH&eftwGufaomf
vnf;aumif; rdrdwdkYüwm0ef½SdaMumif; rdcifrsm;oabmaygufzdkY
vdkygonf/ avmuZmwfcH kay:odk Ywufa&mufvmMuonfh
pnf;urf;useaomtrsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;rsm;onf pm&dwå
ysufjym;azgufjyefaeaomþacwfwGif rñId;EGrf;? rysufpD;bJ
&yfwnf&ef tqifoifh½SdMuygvdrfhrnf/
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapNyD; zsm;emrIrsm;udkjzpfaprnfh tpm;
tpmrsKd;pHkjzifh pm;yGJrsm;udkom c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;rsm;aeYpOf
jyifqifaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\aoG;xJwGif uifqmESifhta&jym;
wDbDa&m*grsKd;rsm;jynfhvmonftxd tom;[if;udkyifwdkifxm;í
rdom;pkrsm;pm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\cEmudk,fonf ¤if;wdkY
pm;onfht&mrsm;jzihfom zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfjzpfaomf
vnf; a&m*g&vmaomtcsdefwGifrl bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmif
csufjzpfonf[k ¤if;wdkYoHk;oyfwwfMuygonf/
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJrStpûycJh
onf[k xyfavmif;zGifhqdkvdkygonf/ avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;
jcif;udk 'kwd,wef;pm; yifudk,fobm0wpfckjzpfvmonftxd
cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufpm;aeMuonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD
aomufoHk;jcif;aMumifh aq;vdyfaomufcsifpdwfrsm;ay:vm
wwfonf/ aq;vdyfaomufjcif;onf t&ufaomufjcif;udk
cHwGif;awGUoGm;apwwfygonf/
MH, p. 334 (1905)
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhonfhtûytrlrsm;udk rD;zdkeHab;rS
tpûyum rdbrsm;wdkufvSefMuyg/ xdkodkYwdkufvSef&mwGif EdkYpdkY
oli,ft½G,frSpí oifwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifcJhaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;vkyfaqmifyg/ odkYûyvQif oifwdkYüatmifyGJ
qif&ef arQmfvifhcsuf½SdEdkifygonf/
(CTBH, p. 46) CH, p. 113 (1890)
om;orD;rsm;ü usef;rmaomcE¨mudk,f? Munfvif
vef;qef;aompdwfESvHk;½Sdaeap&eftvdkYiSm om;orD;rsm;udk ûypk
onfhenf;vrf;rsm;rSefuefapzdkY rdbrsm;onf yxrOD;pm;ay;oifh
ygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tdrfwGif;toufwm
wGif tao;pdwfoGefoiftaumiftxnfaz:oifhonf/ udk,ftvdk
udkjiif;y,fwwfatmifvnf; i,f½G,fpOftcgrSpí oGefoifay;
oifhygonf/
3T, pp. 488-489 (1875)
rsm;pGmaomrdbrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtm; yg;pyft&omcHwwf
atmif ynmay;avh½Sdonf/ tom;rsm;udkpm;wwfvmatmif
352 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 351
¤if;wdkYoifay;Muovdk vufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;udkaomufwwf
atmifvnf; usifhay;wwfMuonf/ tom;ESifh vufzuf&nf?
aumfzDrsm;udk pm;wwf? aomufwwfatmifoifay;aeaomrdcif
rsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;xuf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhaq;vdyf
udkaomufwwf&ef vrf;cif;ay;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ aq;vdyf
aomufwwfvmvQif t&ufaomufwwfzdkYeD;pyfvm&m aq;vdyf
ESifht&ufaomufjcif;onf tm½HkaMumpGrf;tm;rsm;udk rvGJraoG
tm;enf;oGm;apygonf/
t&mcyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&rnf[laomtod
pdwf"mwfuav; c&pf,mefrsm;üEdk;Mum;vmvQif ¤if;wdkY\
toufwmyHkpHESifh ¤if;wdkYpm;aomufaomt&mrsm;tm;jzifh cHwGif;
tvdkudkwGef;vSef&ef tcufawGUaeolrsm;ESifh udk,ftvdkudk
rxdef;Edkifolrsm;tm; ulnDEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ þb0wGif uREfkyfwdkY
wnfaqmufaeaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf xm0&umvwGif
&½SdrnfhtusKd;aus;Zl;udk xdcd kufEd kifonfudkvnf;aumif;?
uREfkyfwdkY\xm0&umvqdkif&muHMur®monf wif;usyfpGm
usifhaqmifaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhtay:wGif trSDwHuJûyae
onfudkvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYodEdkifMurnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf
tpm;taomufwGif wif;usyfpGmcsKyfwnf;Muygvdrfhrnf/
uREfkyfwdkY\yk*¾vduyHkoufaoESifhêud;pm;rIrsm;tm;jzifh
vlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYtm; csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhonfhtoufwmrS
vnf;aumif;? &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;ESifh aojcif;rSvnf;aumif;
u,fwifEdkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY&yfwnfEdkifMuyg
vdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\nDrrsm;onf tm[m&udkjzpfaprnfh ½dk;½dk;
tpmrsm;jzifh xrif;pm;yGJudkjyifjcif;tm;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;\
u,fwifjcif;twGuf BuD;us,faomtrIawmfudkaqmif½GufEdkif
Muygonf/ olwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;\tm[m&qdkif&mudpörsm;
wGif ynmay;jcif;? t&mcyfodrf;ücsKyfwnf;jcif;½Sdap&ef avhusifh
jcif;ESifh udk,ftvdkjiif;um olwpfyg;tusKd;aqmifwwfaom
tusifhrsm;udkusifhzdkYtm;ay;jcif;tvkyfrsm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\wefzdk;
½SdaomtcsdefudktoHk;csEdkifMuygonf/
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udkjiif;qefjcif;tm;jzifh atmifyGJqif
cJhyHkudk awmü&ifqdkifcJh&aompHkprf;jcif;wGif c&pfawmfjycJhaom
yHkoufao½Sdaejim;aomfvnf; rsm;pGmaomc&pf,mefrdcifrsm;onf
rdrdwdkYjyaomyHkoufaotm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYay;aeaom
ynmrsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; om;orD;rsm;tm; tpm;MuL;?
taomufMuL;olrsm;jzpfatmif jyifqifaeMuygonf/ c&pf,mef
rsm;onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk*½krxm;awmhbJ pm;csif
onfht&mudk pm;csifonfhtcsdefwGif êudufovdkpm;aeMuygonf/
c&pf,mefuav;i,frsm;onf i,f½G,fpOftcsdefrSpí êudufovdk
pm;&ef ynmay;jcif;cHMu&&m touft½G,fEkysKdpOfrSmyif tpm
raMuavxdk;avema&m*gonfrsm;jzpfvmwwfMuygonf/
avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;ESifh csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;
onfvnf; cGefESifhtm;ESifhBuD;rm;vmygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\
cGeftm;tpGrf;rsm;onf rdbrsm;\udk,ftvdkvdkufrIaMumifh ysufpD;
qHk;½IH;Mu&ygonf/ udk,fcE¨mtwGuf cGeftm;rjzpfap½Hkomru
354 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 353
DF- 23
usef;rma&;udkygxdcdkufapEdkifNyD; tpmtdrfudkygtvkyfrsm;aprnfh
tpmrsm;udkom t&omcHNyD;pm;aewwfMuonf/ xdkaMumifh
¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;onf ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmygonf/
CTBH, p. 17 (1890)
tm;<uaq;rsm;udk½GH½Smap&ef om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoif
Muyg/ xdkaq;rsm;udk todw&m;uif;rJhpGmjzifh rnfolrsm;toHk;ûy
aeMuygovJ/ Oa&my½Sdolemûyq&mrrsm;onf uav;i,frsm;udk
0dkift&ufrsm;? bD,mrsm;wdkufaeonfudk uREfkyfjrifzl;ygonf/
xdkuav;rsm;onf bD,mrsm;rSwpfqifh tm;<uaq;rsm;udk
t&omawGUvmygonf/ toufBuD;vmonfESifhtrQ xdkt&m
rsm;udkyd kíoHk;aqmifvm&m wjznf;jznf;tultnDay;&ef
vufvSrf;rrDEdkifonfhtajctxd xdkt&mrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rIudk olwdkY
cH&um tqHk;wGif t&uform;rsm;\ocsKØif;odkYa&muf½SdoGm;
Muygonf/
odkY&mwGif tpm;tpmudkcHkrifjcif;udk axmifajcmufwpfck
tjzpfajymif;vJoGm;apjcif;t&mrSm txufygenf;wpfckwnf;
omr[kwfyg/ tpm;tpmrsm;onf pdwf<uaq;&nfrsm;udk
aomufvdkonfhqE´rsm;udk EId;qGay;onfht&mrsm;uJhodkYvnf;
rMumcPjzpfwwfygonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifESifhcsufxm;
aom[if;rsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tom;[if;&nf
rsm; ponfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;\a½SUwGifjyifqifay;
wwfMuonf/ qDoGwftom;bl;rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru pdwf<uaq;rsm;udkpm;vdkaomqE´
udkvnf;jzpfay:apygonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; rpm;oifhaomtpm
rsm;udk êudufovdkpm;oHk;cGifhûyum cHwGif;awmihfwrIudkpHkprf;ae½Hk
omru êudufonfhtcsdefwGifpm;cGifhûyxm;jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf
14 ESpfavmufa&mufvmaomtcg avxdk;avemtpmraMu
onfha&m*gonfrsm;b0odkY rMumcPa&muf½SdaewwfMuygonf/
t&ufudktjyif;txefpGJaeonfh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\tpmtdrf
udk½dkufxm;onfh"mwfrSefyHkudk uREfkyfwdkYjrifzl;aumif;jrifzl;Muvdrfh
rnf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udkpm;oHk;olrsm;\tpmtdrfonf
vnf; xdkenf;ESifESifyifjzpfwwfygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtajctae
wGif½Sdaeaomtpmtdrfrsm;onf ydkíydkíjyif;aomt&mrsm;udk
awmifhwaewwfonf/ xdkaemuf tqHk;wGif xdkolonf aq;vdyf
aomufusifh&ef vrf;ay:odkYa&mufaeNyDudk oifawGU&vdrfhrnf/
(CTBH, pp. 46-47) CH, p. 114 (1890)
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;r½Sdolrsm;onf pHkvif
aomc&pf,meftoufwmudkydkifqdkif&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ ¤if;wdkYpm;&ef
tpmudka½G;cs,f&mwGif *½krxm;cJhygvQif oifhom;orD;rsm;\
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mod½Sdem;vnfrIudkEId;qGay;zdkYrvG,fulacs/ rdcif
trsm;pkonf rdom;pktwGuf axmifacsmufjzpfaprnfh xrif;
pm;yGJrsKd;udkjyifqifwwfMuonf/ tom;? axmywfESifh 'defcJ
rsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh [if;cwftarT;têudifxnfhxm;aom
[if;rsm;udk vlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;pdwfêudufpm;aeMuygonf/
xdktpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkuarmufurjzpfaponf/ tm½HkaMum
rsm;udk rwnfrNidrfjzpfaponf/ todOmPfpGrf;tm;udk tm;enf;
apygonf/ taoG;tom;vnf;rjzpfapEdkifonfhjyif tqDrsm;
aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf tpmaMu&efvnf;cufvSygonf/ 'defcJ
356 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 355
rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh touftEÅ&m,fudkyifxdcdkufapEdkifonf/
jzLatmifzGyfxm;onfh*sKHrIefYjzifhvkyfxm;onfhaygifrkefYrsm;onf
*sKHMurf;jzifhvkyfxm;onfhaygifrkefYwGifawGU&onfh tm[m&jzpfap
rnfht&mrsm;csKdUwJhaeygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk yHkrSef
pm;oHk;jcif;onf taumif;qHk;usef;rma&;tajctaeudkxdef;odrf;
Edkifjcif;r½SdEdkifyg/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmtdrf½Sd
El;nHhaomtumudk a½S;OD;pGm,m;,Hapygonf/ odkYaomf tqHk;
wGif El;nHhaomtpmtdrf\tawGUtm½Hkrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfygonf/
xdktcg aoG;onf qlxvmNyD; udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhtodw&m;
rsm;tm;enf;vmum wd&pämefpdwfrsm;0ifvmygonf/ xdkaemuf
,kwfnHhaom&r®uf\uRefb0odkYa&mufoGm;ygonf/ rdcifrsm;onf
½dk;pif;í tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk rdom;pktwGufjyifqifwwf
atmif avhvmoifhMuygonf/
3T, pp. 567-568 (1875)
þacwfþtcgwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdonfhrdcif
rsm;onf rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wm0efudk rGefjrwf
oefY½Sif;onfudkod½Sdum vlcsrf;omtdrfeD;csif;rsm;ESifh yumoe
bufwGif,SOfûydif[efvkyf&efrêud;pm;bJ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm;
ydkíaumif;aomtoufwmudkydkifqdkifEdkifatmif opöm½Sd½Sdjzifh
oGefoifyHkoGif;&mü ¤if;wdkYxufomvGefatmifêud;pm;rnf[k
oabmxm;½SdMuygovm;/ om;i,forD;i,frsm;udk udk,ftvdkudk
jiif;y,fjcif;ESifh udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;odrf;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk avhusifh
oifMum;ay;vQifvnf;aumif;? pm;zdkYtouf½Sifjcif;r[kwfbJ
touf½SifzdkYpm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;udk oGefoifcJhvQifvnf;aumif;
a&m*gb,enf;yg;½Hkomru tusifhpm&dwåysufjym;rIenf;yg;
oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mppfrSefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
oGefoifay;EdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif csKyfwnf;jcif;twGuf rsm;pGm
êud;pm;vkyfaqmifzdkYvdkawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf c&pfawmf
xHwGifcGeftm;,lum aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;wGifêuH&rnfh
npfnrf;rIrsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef pdwf"mwfcGeftm;ESifhvnf;aumif;?
orm"dpdwfESifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHkaeMuvdrfhrnf/ oefYpifaom
tusifhESifh wdusaocsmaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk avhusifh
ynmay;onfhtvkyfudk ydkícufcJaprnfh cHwGif;ESifh&r®uftvdk
udkvdkufwwfaompdwfxm;rsm;udk om;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;
xHrSul;,l&½Sdwwfygonf/ raumif;aomtpmrsm;? pdwf<u
aq;rsm;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;udkêudufonfhpdwfrsm;udk rdb
rsm;xHrS om;orD;rsm;xHodkY qdk;arGay;xm;rdygu xdktusifhqdk;
rsm;udkwdkufzsufay;&ef rdbrsm;ü tvGefBuD;av;aomwm0ef
BuD;wpfck½Sdaeygwum;/ uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusaeonfh rdrdwdkY\
om;orD;rsm;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf ,HkMunfjcif;? arQmfvifhjcif;
tjynfh? êud;pm;rItjynfhjzifh wm0efausyGefatmifvkyfaqmif&efrSm
rdbrsm;\0wå&m;yifjzpfonf/
rdrdwdkYjyifqifauR;arG;onfhtpmtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;?
rdrdwdkYusifhoHk;aomtusifhp½dkuftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; raumif;
aompdwfxm;rsm;? om;orD;rsm;ürzGHUûzd;aprnfhtaMumif;
rnfonfhtrSm;t,Gif;wpfpHkwpfckudkrQ rvkyfrdap&eftwGuf
toufwmESifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;vnf&efrSm rdb
rsm;twGufta&;tBuD;qHk;tvkyfwpfckjzpfoifhonf/ auR;arG;
358 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 357
aomtpmrsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfudkrxdcdkufap&eftwGufaomf
vnf;aumif;? tm½HkaMumrsm;[efcsufnDnDtiftm;aumif;ap&ef
twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? oGefoifaomt&mrsm;ESifh auR;aeonfh
tpmrsm;tMum; qefYusifrIrsm;r½Sdap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;
usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkaprnfhtpmaumif;rsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;
wwfzdkY rdcifrsm;taejzihf *½kwpdkufavhvmoifhMuygonf/
auR;vdkufaomtpmrsm;onf taoG;awmfjzifh0,fxm;onfh
uav;rsm;\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rma&;udk taxmuftyHhjzpf
apEdkifouJhodkY tm;enf;xdcdkufrIrsm;udkjzpfoGm;Edkifonftxd
ta&;ygaeygonf/ tm½HkcHpm;rIwGif rQwrI½Sdum touf0dnmOf
udk tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifhuif;a0;ap&eftvdkYiSm om;orD;rsm;\
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;qdkif&mtajctaeudkumuG,f&ef rGefjrwfonfh
wm0efBuD;wpfckudk rdbrsm;tm; ay;tyfxm;awmfrlygonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; tpm;tpmbufwGiftvdkvdkufum ¤if;wdkY\
&r®ufudkxdef;ray;onfhrdbrsm;onf tm½Hkrsm;xHkxdkif;NyD;
tvdrftnmpum;rsm;? twif;tzsif;pum;rsm;udkomajymqdk
wwfonfh t&ufuRef? aq;vdyfuRefjzpfaeonfhom;orD;rsm;\
b0wGif ¤if;wdkYûyrdcJhaomtrSm;rsm;udkawGUjrifMu&vdrfhrnf/
avmuaysmf½Tifjcif;ücHpm;jcif;\&ufpufaomMuifemrI
3T, p. 141, (1873).
om;orD;rsm;udk um,pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD ysKd;axmif
&rnfudk rdbrsm;oabmraygufjcif;onf ,aeYjzpfysufaeaom
0rf;enf;p&mtajctaersm;\ t"dutaMumif;&if;jzpfaMumif;
uREkfyftm;jrifjcif; (vision) ay;awmfrlygonf/ rdcifrsm;onf
¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk iHkxm;rwwfcspfMu&m usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udkyif ododBuD;ESifhtvdkvdkufauR;arG;wwf
Muygonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;üa&m*gpGJuyfvm&m
pdwfrcsrf;omrIrsm;ESifh&ifqdkifMu&ygawmhonf/ þodkYaom&ufpuf
onfhMuifemrIrsKd;udk ,ckacwfwGif xifxif½Sm;½Sm;awGUae&yg
onf/ usef;rma&;ESifhpdwfcsrf;omrIrsm;udktqHk;½IH;cHum uav;
rsm;pm;csiforQudkauR;aeMuygonf/ taMumif;rSm uav;rsm;
ylqmonfht&mudkrauR;bJxm;jcif;xuf auR;vdkufonfu
tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh ydkívG,fulaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
rdcifrsm;onf þenf;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY&dwfodrf;&rnfht&m
rsm;twGuf rsKd;aphBuJaeMuygonf/ uav;rsm;udk pm;csifwdkif;
rpm;bJ rdrdwdkY\qE´rsm;udkxdef;csKyfMuzdkY ynmray;Muaom
aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonftwåvGefuJvmMuygonf/ em;axmifrIr½Sd
avmbBuD;rIrsm;? aus;Zl;rodwwfrIrsm;? npfnrf;rIrsm;ESifh
jynfh0olrsm;jzpfvmapygonf/ þuJhodkYvkyfaqmifaeaomrdcif
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYBuJcJhaomrsKd;aphrS cg;oD;aomtoD;rsm;udk
&dwfMu&vdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhvnf;aumif;?
rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; qefYusifí tjypfusL;vGef
cJhMuaomaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkYü
wm0ef½Sdonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifrSwfawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
CTBH, pp. 76-77 (1890)
aemufqHk;jypf'PfpD&ifaomae&mü rdbrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY
\om;orD;rsm;awGUqHkaomtcg rnfonfhjrifuGif;udkwifquf
360 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 359
vdrfhrnfenf;/ tpm;tpmrsm;\uRef? ,kwfnHhaomraumif;rI\
uRefjzpfcJhzl;aom axmifESifhcsDaomom;orD;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
tusifhpm&dwåydkif;wGifazgufjyefysufpD;cJhzl;aomuav;i,frsm;pGm
wdkYonfvnf;aumif; xdkb0rsKd;a&mufatmif ¤if;wdkYtm;vkyfcJh
onfhrdbrsm;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif&yfMu&vdrfhrnf/ aMumufvefY
p&maumif;aomxdkwm0efudk rnfolxrf;aqmif&rnfenf;/
þvli,frsm;udk pm&dwåysufjym;atmif xm0&bk&m;ocif
vkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhovm;/ r[kwfyg/ r[kwfvQif þudpötwGuf
rnfolYwGifwm0ef½Sdoenf;/ rdbrsm;\raumif;aompm;usifh
aomufusifhrsm;ESifh azgufjyefaom&r®ufrsm;onf om;orD;
rsm;xHodkYul;pufoGm;cJhNyDvm;/ bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;
roGefoifrdojzifh xdkuJhodkYjzpfoGm;&ygovm;/ rdbrsm;onf
xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmufwGif aocsmayguftppfaq;cHMu&
ygvdrfhrnf/
Health Reform, Dec. 1870.
]]uav;awGtwGuftpmjyif&wm odyfNyD;*½kpdkuf&w,f/
olwdkYu tom;wdkY? udwfrkefYwdkYryg&ifrpm;bl;}} [k rdbrsm;u
rSwfcsufay;oHudk um;jzifhc&D;oGm;pOf uREfkyfMum;zl;cJhygonf/
xdkuav;rsm; aeYv,fpmpm;aomtpm\t&nftaoG;udkvnf;
uREfkyfowdxm;rdcJhonf/ *sKHESifhvkyfxm;onfhaygifrkefY? tuGif;
vdkufvSD;NyD; i½kwfaumif;rIefYjzL;xm;onfh0ufaygifajcmuf?
[if;cwftarT;&eHYrsm;jzifhNyD;aom toD;t½Gufqm;pdrf? aygifrkefY
ponfhtpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;auR;aeygonf/ xdkuav;
rsm;\tom;ta&rsm;onf azsmhawmhajcmufcef;ae&jcif;rSm
¤if;wdkY\tpmtdrfrsm;\rusef;rmrIudkazmfñTef;aeygonf/ uREfkyf
awGUjrifaeaom xdkuav;rsm;xJrS ESpfa,mufonf tjcm;
rdom;pkwpfpkrSuav;rsm; 'defcJpm;aeonfudkjrifaomtcg ¤if;wdkY
pm;aeaomtpmudk rpm;Muawmhacs/ ¤if;wdkY\rdcifu xdkrdom;pk
xHrS 'defcJtenf;i,fawmif;auR;rS tpmqufpm;awmhonf/
]]uRefruav;awGu 'gudkodyfêudufwm? [dk[mudkodyfêudufwm?
tpm;ysuf&if tpmtdrf'ku©a&mufrSmpdk;vdkY olwdkYêudufwmawG
udkauR;ay;&r,f}} [k xdkrdcifurSwfcsufcsoGm;ygonf/
xdkuav;rsm;\cHwGif;awmifhwrI[m azgufjyefrIr½Sd
ao;bl;qdkvQif xdkrdcif\zGifhqdkcsufonf rSefuefygonf[k
ajymEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ½Sd&if;pGJcHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh azgufjyef
aeaomcHwGif;awmifhwrI[lí (2) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ uav;awGu
½THUajr? ausmufwH? rD;uRrf;aeaomaumfzD? vufzuf&nf?
opfMurf;ydk;acguf? av;n§if;yGifh? rqvm ponfwdkYudkcHwGif;awGU
aeonfhtajca&mufatmif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapaom? aoG;<u
apaomtpmrsm;udkpm;wwfatmif oGefoifcJhaomrdbrsm;onf
tpmtdrfuawmif;qdkcsuftwdkif; cHwGif;awmifhwaeonf[k
rzGifhqdkoifhygacs/ raumif;onfhtpmrsm;udkpGJvrf;aeonfhtajc
txd cHwGif;udkrSm;,Gif;pGmusifhay;cJhMuygonf/ El;nHhaom
tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;qHk;½HI;oGm;onftxd tpmtdrf½Sdta&;ygaom
t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;ysufpD;cJhacsNyD/ ½dk;pif;NyD; usef;rma&;udk
taxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;udk cHwGif;rawGUawmhacs/ aoG;<u
362 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 361
aponfhtpmrsm;udkrxnfhay;vQif tpmtdrfonf tpmudkrcsuf
awmhacs/ tu,fíom tom;rsm;? tqDrsm;ESifh [if;cwf
tarT;têudifrsm;udkrauR;bJ e*dk½Sd&if;pGJt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
wwfEdkiforQxdef;odrf;aprnfh ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk t½dk;qHk;
enf;rsm;jzifhjyifqifum EdkYpdkYoli,fb0rSpí auR;cJhMurnfqdkvQif
,ckuJhodkYcHwGif;ysufpD;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;\obm0tajc
taewGif tpmtdrf\vdktyfcsufrsm;twdkif; taumif;qHk;tpm
rsm;udk cHwGif;awmif;aeayvdrfhrnf/
rdbrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf t&ompHkaom
tpmrsm;udkpm;aomufaeMupOfwGif uREfkyfwdkYZeD;armifESHonf
yHkrSefpm;csdefjzpfonfh aeYv,f (1) em&DwGif *a&[rfaygifrkefYudk
axmywfrygbJpm;NyD; tpmydwftjzpf opfoD;rsm;udk tvQHy,f
pm;aeMuygonf/ t&om½Sd½Sdpm;oHk;cJhMuonfomru azgufjyef
aeaomcHwGif;awmifhwrItwGuf oa&pmqdkifwpfqdkifudk
twlo,faqmif&efwm0efr½SdonfhtwGufvnf; aus;Zl;wifonfh
pdwfjzifh tm;&yg;±oHk;Muygonf/ aemufwpfaeYreuftxd?
pm;csifpdwfr½Sdawmhonftxd pm;vdkYaumif;cJhMuygonf/ vdar®mf
oD;? ajryJ? csKdcsOfrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYxHvma&mif;onfhvli,fuav;
onf rnfonfht&mudkrQra&mif;cJh&acs/
wcsK dUom;trdom;tzawG pm;aomtpmrsm;onf
aumif;aomaoG;om; (odkYr[kwf) csKdomaompdwfxm;rsm;udk
rjzpfay:apEdkifyg/ uav;rsm;rSm jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfum rsufESm
ESifhvufrsm;wGiftemawGaygufaeonf/ wcsKdUuav;rsm;rSm
rsufpduef;vkrwwf rsufpdpl;aeMuonf/ Munfh&onfrSm
tvGeft½kyfqdk;vSygonf/ wcsKdUrSm tom;ta&aumif;aomf
vnf; acsmif;qdk;jcif;? touf½ªMuyfjcif;a0'em? ESm&nf,dkjcif;
a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ 0rf;avsmaeonfh (3) ESpfom;
a,musfm;uav;wpfOD;udk uREfkyfowdûyrdcJhygonf/ olonf
tzsm;wufaeaomfjim;vnf; tpmudkyJawmif;pm;aeygonf/
udwfrkefY? Muufom;ESifh qm;&nfpdrftpmrsm;udk rMumcP
awmif;pm;aeygonf/ rdcifjzpfolrSm opöm½SduRefwpfa,mufyrm
awmif;orQudkauR;aeygonf/ olawmif;aeonfht&mudk rdcif
ay;wmaemufusaevQif olu rdcifBuD;udkrmefrJvdkuf&m ]]at;yg
om;&,f? pm;&rSmaygh}} [kqkdum awmif;qdkaeonfhtpmrsm;udk
olYvufxJxnfhay;vdkufaomfvnf; ay;wmaemufusonf[k
qdkum vTifhypfvdkufygonf/ rdef;ri,fuav;wpfOD;onf tuGif;
vdkufvSD;NyD;ûywfxm;onfh0ufaygifajcmuf? qm;&nfpdrfwpfckESifh
aygifrkefYaxmywfokwfrsm;udkpm;aepOf uREfkyfpm;aeaomyef;uef
udkacsmif;Munfhaeygonf/ olYyef;uefxJrSm olpm;csifonfht&m
r½Sdojzifh qufNyD;rpm;awmhacs/ olrpm;csifonfht&mrSm
uREfkyfpm;aeonfhteDa&mifyef;oD;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfxifonf/
uREfkyfwdkYüyef;oD;tenf;i,fom½Sdaomfjim;vnf; oem;pdwf
0ifvmojzifh olrtm; yef;oD;wpfvHk;ay;vdkufygonf/ olronf
uREfkyfvufxJrSyef;oD;udkvk,lvdkufNyD; um;Murf;jyifay:odkY
vTifhypfvdkufygonf/ ]]'Duav;awmh 'DvdkomqufNyD;ypfxm;&if
rdbawGt½SufuGJawmhrSmyJ}} [k uREfkyfawG;rdygonf/
364 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 363
tvdk&r®ufBuD;jcif;udk þuJhodkYay:vGifxif½Sm;ae&jcif;
rSm rdcif\avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIqdkif&m&v'fyifjzpfonf/
rdrduav;i,ftwGuf olrjyifqifay;onfhtpmrsm;onf tpmajc
onfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;udk qufwdkuf0efav;apcJhonf/ xdkaMumifh
aoG;onfroefYpifawmhbJ xdkuav;i,fonf zsm;emum pdwfwdk
aeygonf/ þuav;tm; aeYpOfauR;aeaomtpmrsm;onf
ol\nHhzsif;aom&r®ufudkEId;qGum tusifhpm&dwåESifhtodOmPf
rsm;udkedrfhusoGm;apygonf/ rdbrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\om;i,fü
xdktusifhp½dkufudkysKd;axmifaecJhMuygonf/ twåpdwfjyif;xefum
arwåmw&m;enf;yg;atmif vkyfaqmifaecJhMuygonf/ ol\
tvdkudkrxdef;? ol\&r®ufudkrcsKyfxdef;cJhMu&m þuav;i,f
BuD;jyif;vmaomtcsdefwGif rnfonfhvlpm;rsKd;jzpfvmrnf[k
olwdkYarQmfvifhEdkifMurnfenf;/ cE¨mudk,fESifhpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\
qufpyfaeyHkrsm;udk vlrsm;pGmwdkYem;vnfyHkray:acs/ rSm;,Gif;
aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh OD;aESmufESifh tm½HkaMum
rsm;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru raumif;aom&r®ufrsm;udkvnf;
vG,fulpGmEdk;xapygonf/
(10) ESpfom;t½G,fuav;i,fwpfOD;onf tzsm;0ifum
pm;csifaomufcsifpdwfaysmufaeygonf/ ]'DudwfrkefYuav;
enf;enf;awmhpm;vdkufyg? 'DrSmMuufom;[if;vnf;½Sdao;w,f?
bmrSpm;csifpdwfr½Sdawmhbl;vm;uav;&,f} [k rdcifjzpfolu
wdkufwGef;cJhygonf/ tqHk;wGif xdkuav;onf vlaumif;wpfOD;
pm;oavmufpm;ypfvdkufygonf/ ¤if;\tarjzpfolu auR;aom
tpmrsm;onf tpmtdrftwGuf raumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpf½Hk
omru zsm;emaepOfwGif pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;
jzpfaeygonf/ rdcifjzpfolonf 2 em&DcefYtMumwGif bmaMumifh
þrQavmufzsm;&onfudkem;rvnfbJ xdkuav;tm;acgif;avsmf
ay;vdkufygonf/ xdkaemuf rD;vif;zdkwGif rD;tm;aumif;&ef
rD;xyfxdk;NyD; tylcsdefudkjr§ifhvdkufygonf/ tu,fíom þuav;
tm; yHkrSeftwdkif;ukoum tpmtdrfudktem;ay;apcJhrnfqdkvQif
tzsm;onf ,ckxuftrsm;BuD;usoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;
ESifhjynfhpHkatmif rnfodkYaexdkifpm;aomuf&rnfudkrodjcif;onf
tema&m*gjzpf&jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;jzpfygonf/
avmavmq,fb0toufwmrSm aysmf½TifrIudktjrifhqHk;
&atmif uREfkyfrnfodkYtouf½SifaexdkifNyD; rnfonfht&mrsm;udk
pm;&rvJ[laomar;cGef;udk vlrsm;pGmwdkYuar;aeygonf/ tmom
qErsm;udk vwfwavmjznfhqnf;&ef wm0ef0wå&m;ESifhpnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk ab;wGiftomxm;wwfMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYusef;rmae
MuvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkt&mtwGuftouf½SifaexdkifMu&
rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pf,meftusifhp½dkufESifhpHkvifaevQifvnf;
xdkt&mtwGufyif touf½SifaexdkifMu&rnf/ om;orD;rsm;tm;
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rma&;twGuf rdbrsm;ü rsm;pGmwm0ef½Sdae
ygonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;rusef;rmrIrSuif;a0;
apzdkY usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; touf½SifaexdkifMu&ef
rdbrsm;taejzifh wdkufwGef;oGefoifoifhygonf/ odkY&mwGif
rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;\udk,fpdwfESvHk;usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh
366 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 365
avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIrsm;udk rdcifrsm;vdkufpm;aeMujcif;rSm
tHhMop&m aumif;vSygwum;/ xdkuJhodkYaomrdkufrJrI\xif½Sm;
onfhvu©PmrSm rnfonfht&mjzpfoenf;/ þrdcifrsm;onf
rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm; vuf½SdtoufwmwGif aysmf½TifrI
uif;atmif vkyfaeMu½Hkomru tem*wfumvtwGufvnf;
raocsmra&&matmif vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/
(CTBH, pp. 61-62) FE, pp. 150-151 (1890)
yHkrSeftcsdefrSefpm;aomufjcif;onf om;orD;rsm;\tusifh
p½dkuftm;vHk;wGif pnf;rsOf;Oya'jzpfoifhonf/ xrif;pm;csdef
rsm;twGif; oa&pmrsm;udkpm;cGifhûyjcif;onf rdcifrsm;\
rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIjzpfonf/ þtusifhaMumifh tpmtdrf
onf uarmufurjzpfvmNyD; tem*wfzsm;emrIrsm;onf tpysKd;
tkwfjrpfcsvmygonf/ tm[m&uif;rJhNyD; tpmraMuao;onfh
tpmrsm;aMumihfvnf; pdwfua,mufu,ufjzpfwwfygonf/
odkYaomf þudpötwGuftcsdefay;um rSm;,Gif;aompDrHrIudk
rjyifqifEdkifavmufatmif rdrdtvkyfrsm;aeonf[k rdcifrsm;u
xifjrifwwfygonf/ rdrdwdkYcHpm;ae&aomaomua0'emrsm;udk
aysmufuif;atmifvnf; roHk;oyfMuawmhacs/ em;NiD;oufom
atmif uav;rsm;tm; udwfrkefYtenf;i,folray;wwfaomf
vnf; xdkt&mu raumif;rIuav;udkwdk;yGm;apygonf/
txl;ojzifh tvkyfrsm;aomrdcifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;
xufyif pdwfwdkvG,fMuNyD; uav;awGNidrfoGm;atmif ajcmufvSefY
jcif;? Budrfarmif;jcif;rsm;udkûywwfMuonf/
rMumcPzsm;emwwfaomuav;rsm;twGuf rdcifrsm;
nnf;wGm;um q&m0efrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;wdkifyifwwfMuaomfvnf;
tpm;taomufrSm;,Gif;rIaMumifh rusef;rrmjzpfae&onfudk
OD;aESmufuav;enf;enf;oHk;½Hkjzifh olwdkYawGUjrifEdkifMuygonf/
tpm;MuL;aomacwfBuD;xJwGif uREfkyfwdkYtouf½Sifaexdkif
Muygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rdbrsm;uyif tpm;MuL;&ef
vli,frsm;udkynmay;aeMuygonf/ xdktusifhonf obm0
w&m;ESifhvHk;vHk;qefYusifaeygonf/ wpfcgwGif touf (12)
ESpfatmufuav;wpfpkESifhtwl uREfkyfxrif;pm;cJhzl;ygonf/
tom;[if;rsm;udktvQHy,fpm;aeMuNyD; vefYwwfaomrdef;uav;
wpfOD;rSmrl [if;oD;[if;½Gufqm;pdrfudkawmif;pm;aeygonf/
i½kyfaumif;rIefY? [if;arT;rqvmrsm;ESifhNyD;aom oeyfbl;wpfbl;
udkpdwfêudufpm;&ef olrtm;ay;vdkufMuygonf/ xdkuav;rSm
vefYwwfol? pdwfwdkolwpfOD;jzpfonfudk vltrsm;odMuygonf/
xdktyltpyf"mwfobm0½Sdaom [if;arT;rqvmrsm;onf
xdktajctaersKd;udkzefwD;ay;wwfygonf/ xdkuav;rsm;xJrS
touftBuD;qHk;uav;u tom;rygvQif xrif;pm;r0if[k tjrif
½Sdaeygonf/ tom;[if;rauR;vQif rauseyfonfhtrlt&mESifh
rav;rcefYtûytrlrsm;udkolûywwfygonf/ xdktcg rdcifBuD;rSm
om;tvdkudkvdkufum om;êudufonfht&mudkauR;ae&m tapcH
uRefomomtajctaewGifa&mufaeygawmhonf/ xdkuav;udk
rnfonfhtvkyfudkrQrvkyfcdkif;ojzifh olonf tusKd;r½Sdaom
pmrsm;udkzwfjcif;jzifhom tcsdefûzef;aewwf&m ]acgif;udkufw,f?
xrif;pm;raumif;bl;} [k wpfcsdefvHk;nnf;aewwfygonf/
368 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 367
rdbrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk oifhavsmfaom
tdrfrIudpörsm;wGifyg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef pDrHay;oifhonf/ tvkyf
rvkyfbJ ysif;&daejcif;onf tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf raumif;rIudk
usL;vGefapygonf/ <uufom;rsm;udkusef;rmoefpGrf;aponfh
cE¨mudk,fqdkif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk
cHwGif;vdkufap½Hkomru tom;[if;udkrjrif&vQifvnf; xrif;
0dkif;rSxoGm;apvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
rdrd\vufrsm;udktoHk;ûyum zcif\vuform;½Hkuav;
xJwGif tvkyfvkyfcJhaomc&pfawmfonf vli,ftm;vHk;twGuf
yHkoufaowpfckjzpfygonf/ vkyfaqmifoifhonfht&mrsm;udk
vkyfaqmif&ef nnf;wGm;aeolrsm;onf c&pfawmfudkowd&
atmufarhoifhMuonf/ udk,fawmfonf rdbpum;udkem;axmif
um tdrfrIwm0efrsm;udkulnDvkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/ a,moyfESifh
rm&dwdkYonf qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfMu&m ¤if;wdkY\xrif;
pm;yGJwGif pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;udkjrif&cJygonf/
tpm;tpmESifhpm&dwåzGHUûzd;rItMum;qufET,frI
CTBH, p. 134 (1890)
þacwfvli,frsm;tay:vTrf;rdk;aeaom pmwef\wefcdk;
onf aMumufp&maumif;avmufatmifBuD;rm;vSygonf/
tu,fíom ¤if;wdkY\pdwfudk bmoma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ü [efcsuf
nDnDtajcpdkufrxm;vQif ¤if;wdkYESifhxdawGUvmrnfh ,kwfnHhaom
yHkoufaorsm;aMumifh olwdkY\pm&dwårsm;onf azgufjyefvm
vdrfhrnf/ vli,frsm;twGuf tEÅ&m,ft½SdqHk;t&mrSm udk,fhpdwf
udkrxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ avmuaysmf½TifrIudkvdkufpm;ol
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fwwfatmif
oifray;wwfMuacs/ uav;awGudk ¤if;wdkYauR;onfhtpmrsm;
onfvnf; tpmtdrfudkaoG;<uaprnfhtpmrsKd;omjzpfwwfonf/
jzpfay:vmonfhvIyf½Sm;rIonf OD;aESmufESifhqufoG,frdum
tusKd;quftaejzifh &r®ufavmbpdwfrsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/
tpmtdrfxJodkYa&muf½SdvmorQaomtpmrsm;onf cEmudk,fwpfck
wnf;udkomxdcdkufEdkifonfr[kwfbJ pdwfudkygajymif;vJrIjzpfay:
apEdkifygonf/ tyltpyfrsm;onf aoG;udk<uapí tm½HkaMum
zGJUpnf;rIudkvIyf½Sm;apygonf/ ¤if;jyif usKd;aMumif;qifjcifEdkifjcif;
r½Sdavmufatmif pdwfydkif;qdkif&modjrifrIudkxdkif;rIdif;apygonf/
tpm;taomufwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;r½SdolwpfOD;onf pdwf½Snfjcif;
tusifh? udk,ftvdkudkxdef;csKyfEdkifaomtusifhrsm;udkavhusifh&ef
rjzpfEdkifavmufatmifcufcJwwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh tusifh
pm&dwårsm;zGJUpnf;NyD;jcif;r½Sdao;onfhuav;rsm;udk auR;arG;aom
tpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;om
jzpfzdkYta&;BuD;vSygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk csKyfwnf;jcif;
uif;rJhaponfhraumif;rIrsm;udktumtuG,fay;rnfh usef;rma&;
qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocif
ay;oem;awmfrljcif;t&mrSm r[marwåmawmfudkxif½Sm;apvsuf
½Sdygonf/
]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;
aumif; rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\
370 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 369
DF- 24
bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh/}
rdom;pkrsm;twGuf xrif;yGJjyifum xrif;auR;aomtcgwGif
rdbrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYûyvkyfaeygovm;/ rdrdwdkYaumif;onfxif
onfhtpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;auR;aeMuygovm;/ tpmtdrfudk
xdcdkufrIenf;yg;onfh usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpm
rsm;udkauR;aeMuygovm;/ (odkYr[kwf) uav;rsm;\tem*wf
usef;rma&;udk*½krxm;bJ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyaom
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk auR;aeMuygovm;/
2T, p. 365 (1870)
odkY&mwGif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkusifhaqmif
aeolrsm;yifvQif ¤if;wdkYpm;onfhtpmtwdkif;tqü rSm;,Gif;
Edkifygao;onf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;udk
yif twdkif;tqr½Sd ¤if;wdkYpm;aumif;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/ wcsKdUrSm
tpmt&nftaoG;a½G;cs,f&mwGif rSm;,Gif;wwfonf/ usef;rma&;
ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudky"merxm;bJ rdrdwdkYêudufonfhtpmrSeforQudk
êudufovdkpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf
rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapMuonfomru wd&pämefpdwfudk
wdk;yGm;apum aumif;uift&mrsm;udktav;xm;rIavsmhyg;ap
onfhtpmrsm;jzifh rdom;pkrsm;udkauR;arG;aeMuygonf/ rdb
rsm;onf þvkyf&yftm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;\0dnmOfcGeftm;rsm;udk
avsmhyg;apum wd&pämefpdwfrsm;udkydkrdkBuD;xGm;apvsuf½Sdygonf/
uyfumvtqHk;wGif ¤if;wdkYay;qyf&rnfhtjypf'Pfonf BuD;rm;
vSygwum;/ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwGif
tvGefnHhzsif;ygwum;[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYawG;awmaeMuygao;onf/
2T, pp. 359-362 (1870)
tusifhpm&dwåazgufjyefysufpD;aeaomacwfumvwGif
uREfkyfwdkYtouf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdygonf/ bk&m;ocifhxHawmf
wGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tyfESHxm;jcif;r½Sdolrsm;tm; tjynfht0
eD;yg; pmwefxdef;csKyfzdkYêud;pm;aeaom tcsdefumvvnf;jzpfonf/
xdkaMumifh uav;i,frsm;½SdMuonfh rdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;ü BuD;rm;
aomwm0efBuD;wpfckusa&mufvsuf½Sdygonf/ rdbrsm;taejzifh
om;orD;rsm;udkvljzpfatmifarG;zGm;cJhMuNyD;jzpf&m rnfonfht&m
rsm;udk ,ckvkyfaqmif&efwm0ef½Sdaeoenf;/ uav;rsm;udk
jzpfcsifovdkjzpfygapqdkNyD; ypfxm;Murnfvm;/ rdbrsm;tay:
wGifusa&mufaeonfh BuD;av;aomwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;taMumif;
udk uREfkyftm;ajymcGifhûyyg/
wcsKdUaomrdbrsm;onf twårsm;onf[k uREfkyfajymcJh
NyD;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfqdkvdkonfht&mudk olwdkYem;rvnfMuao;
yg/ bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmuf&rnfhtpm; yg;pyft&om
udkvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifay;toufwmESifh bk&m;ocifudk
aMumuf½GHUjcif;½SdpHkvifaomoefY½Sif;jcif;tpm; tvdkqE´uav;
wpfckudkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYOD;pm;ay;aeMuonf/ oifwdkYonf
rdrdwdkYcHpm;&rnfhom,mrIESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkom OD;pm;ay;
touf½SifaeMupOf pmwefonf oifhtay:wGifatmifyGJqifum
oif\êud;pm;rIrsm;udk tcsdefwdkif;ESdyfuGyfaeygonf/
wcsKdUzcifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;cHpm;ae&aom
a&m*grsm;udkod½SdEdkifzdkY q&m0efoGm;jyMuonf/ rnfonfha0'em
372 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 371
jzpfaMumif;udk 2 rdepftwGif; oifhudkuREfkyfajymjyEdkifygonf/
oifhuav;rsm;onf pm&dwåysufjym;aeMuacsNyD/ olwdkYonf
pmwef\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGifa&mufaeMuonf/ pmwefu
oifhxHodkY'ku©ay;&ef csOf;uyfvmaepOfrSm uav;rsm;udk bk&m;
ocifenf;wl tumtuG,fay;&rnfhoifonf rnfonfht&m
udkrQpdwfr0ifpm;bJ tdyfidkufaeygwum;/ udk,fawmf½Sif\tvdk
awmfESifhtnD uav;rsm;udkûypkysKd;axmif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu
oifhudkrdefYrSmxm;awmfrlcJhaomfvnf; pmwefonf oifhudkausmf
NyD; xdkuav;rsm;udkvTrf;rdk;xm;ygonf/ odkYapumrl oifrlum;
tdyfNrJwdkif;tdyfaeygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifwdkYudk
oem;awmfrlygap/ taMumif;rSm oifwdkYtm;vHk;onf xm0&
bk&m;ocif\oem;MuifemrIudkvdktyfaeMuygonf/
oifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif yg0if
vkyfaqmifcJhrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;? oif\,HkMunfjcif;wGif
tusifhoDv? tusifhoDvwGif todynm? todynmü csKyfwnf;
jcif;rsm;udkaygif;pyfcJhrnfqdkvQif cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYonf wpfrl
xl;jcm;vmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif oifhtdrfxJwGifjzpfysufaeaom
pm&dwåazgufjyefrIESifh raumif;rIrsm;tm;jzifh wpfpdwfwpfa'oom
Edk;Mum;rI½SdcJhygonf/
om;orD;rsm;udk oifoGefoifoifhygonf/ þacwfwGif
awGUjrif&rnfhraumif;rIrsm;ESifh pm&dwåazgufjyefrIrsm;udka½SmifvTJ&
rnfhenf;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; oifoGefoifay;oifhonf/ odkY&mwGif
pm;vdkYaumif;rnfht&mrsm;udk &Edkifrnfhenf;rsm;udkom vltrsm;
avhvmaeMuonf/ oifonf pm;yGJay:wGif axmywf? MuufO
ESifh tom;rsm;udkjyifqifxm;&m oifhom;orD;rsm;onf xdktpm
rsm;udkpm;aeMuonf/ Murf;wrf;onfh&r®ufrsm;udk EId;qGay;rnfh
tpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;auR;aeMuonf/ xdkaemufrS bk&m;
ocifhxHwGif'l;axmufum rdrd\uav;rsm;udk aumif;csD;ay;
u,fwifzdkY oifqkawmif;wwfonf/ oif\qkawmif;csufonf
rnfrQjrifhjrifhwufoGm;Edkifygrnfenf;/ yxrOD;pm;ay;tjzpf
oifvkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wpfck½Sdygonf/ oifhom;orD;rsm;
twGuf oifvkyfaqmifay;&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlxm;
onfht&mrsm;udk vkyfaqmifNyD;aomtcsdefwGif uwdxm;awmfrl
aom txl;trtprsm;twGuf oifpdwfcsvufcsqkawmif;EdkifygNyD/
cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;trIudk oifavhvm
oifhonf/ oifpm;aomtpmESifh oifaomufaomt&mwdkYwGif
xdkt&mudkoifavhvm&rnf/ odkY&mwGif ]bmudkyJigpm;pm;?
bmudkyJaomufaomuf? b,ftpmudkyJ ighpm;yGJrSmjyifxm;xm;?
b,folYeJYrSrqdkifbl;} [k oifajymwwfonf/ tu,fíom
oifonf om;orD;rsm;udk *½kwpdkufrxdef;odrf;bl;qdkvQifaomf
vnf;aumif;? oifwdkYonf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;
rjzpfap½Hkomru oifhom;qdk;orD;qdk;rsm;u ¤if;wdkYaexdkif
touf½SifaomvlYtodkuft0ef;udk tusifhpm&dwårazgufjyefap
Edkifrnfh awmwpfawmxJodkY oifwdkYoGm;a&mufraexdkifvQifaomf
vnf;aumif; xdktcuftcJonf wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifhoufqdkifae
ygonf/
374 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 373
(CTBH, pp. 63-64) FE, pp. 152-153 (1890)
pm;aomufjcif;trIwGi f owdBuD;p Gmxm;Muyg/
oifhuav;rsm;udk ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufí yg;pyfESifhoGefoifouJhodkY vufawGUvnf;yHkoufao
jyyg/ om;orD;rsm;tm; tusKd;½Sdaomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfapjcif;jzifh
vHkYv0D&d,½SdvmatmifoGefoifyg/ ¤if;wdkY\pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtod
w&m;rsm;Edk;Mum;vmatmif êud;pm;yg/ i,f½G,fpOfuav;b0
rSpí ¤if;wdkYusifhaqmif&rnfh bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
taMumif;udk oGefoifyg/ pm&dwåazgufjyefrIrsm;ESifh ae&mwum
wGifawGU&rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkaMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udk c&pfawmf
xHodkYvmítyfESHzdkYvdktyfaMumif;? pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udk
wGef;vSefEdkifrnfhcGeftm;rsm;udk udk,fawmf½SifüomawGU½SdEdkif
aMumif;rsm;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYudkoifMum;Muyg/ rdrdwdkYaysmfovdk
aexdkiftouf½Sif&ef ¤if;wdkYudkzefqif;awmfrlxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ
jrifhjrwfaom&nf½G,fcsufwpfckudk taumiftxnfazmfay;rnfh
bk&m;ocif\udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfap&ef bk&m;ocifzefqif;
cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYoabmaygufatmifajymjyMuyg/
twåtvdkudkvdkufum udk,fêudufovdkavmuaysmf½TifrIudkcHpm;&ef
tpHkprf;cH&aomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ociftm; ¤if;wdkY\
jrifuGif;rSaysmufysufoGm;atmif pmwefêud;pm;aomtcsdefwGif
vnf;aumif; ]bk&m;ocif? pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;wGif usqHk;roGm;
atmif u,frawmfrlyg} [k toem;cHvsuf c&pfawmfudk
ajrmfMunfhwwfatmifvnf; om;orD;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;Muyg/
xdkodkYûyvkyfygu ¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;oHudk em;anmif;awmfrlvsuf
aumif;uifwrefrsm;udkjcH&Hapum ab;uif;vHkûcH&modkYydkYaqmif
awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
c&pfawmfonf rdrd\wrefawmfrsm;twGuf qkawmif;
ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ tzufzufrSwdkufvSefvmrnfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
jcif;rsm;\aemufodkYvdkufygroGm;apbJ raumif;rIrsm;rSuif;a0;
apzdkY&efom udk,fawmf½Sifqkawmif;ay;cJhygonf/ þavmurS
ac:aqmifa½SmifxGufoGm;apzdkY qkawmif;ay;awmfrljcif;rûyvkyf
cJhyg/ rdbrsm;ûyvkyfoifhaomqkawmif;csufrSm xdkqkawmif;csuf
rsKd;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;udk,fpm;
bk&m;ocifhxHawmfwGif qkawmif;ay;um om;orD;rsm;êudufovdk
aexdkifpm;aomufzdkY vTwfay;xm;oifhygovm;/ rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif
êudufovdkpm;aomufNyD; om;orD;rsm;udkcsKyfwnf;rI½SdzdkY ¤if;wdkY
arQmfvifhoifhygovm;/ xdkodkYr[kwfyg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh
udk,ftvdkudkxdef;csKyfjcif;tusifhrsm;udk EdkYpdkYoli,fb0rSpí
oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/ þwm0efBuD;rSm rdcifvkyfaqmif&rnfh
t&mjzpfonf/ rdcifESifh¤if;\&ifaoG;i,ftMum;½SdoHa,mZOf
aESmifêud;onf avmuwGif tEl;nHhqHk;aomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/
xdkuav;i,f\toufwmwGif zcif\yHk&dyfxuf rdcif\yHk&dyfu
ydkíxif½Sm;aponf/ taMumif;rSm El;nHhaomxdkoHa,mZOf
aESmifêud;aMumifhjzpfonf/
(CTBH, pp. 79-80) FE, p. 143 (1890)
om;orD;rsm;\pm&dwåudkwnfaqmufum pm;aomuf
jcif;trIudpöESifhpyfvsOf;onfh csKyfwnf;jcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif
376 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 375
wdwdususvdkufemwwfatmif om;orD;rsm;oifMum;ay;&ef
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdcifrsm;tm; tzdk;wefaomtcsdefem&D
rsm;ay;xm;awmfrlonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkrvdkufolrsm;tay: pHk;prf;
aESmifh,Suf&ef tpGrf;r½SdaMumif;udk pmwefodjrifojzifh vlwdkYtm;
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufMuzdkY pmweftNrJwrf;vIHYaqmfvrf;jy
aeygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;aMumifh vlwdkY\
todpdwfonf rMunfrvifjzpfvmonf/ pdwfESvHk;onf
npfnrf;vmonf/ odjrifem;vnfrIrsm;ysuf,Gif;vmonf/ od½Sd
em;vnfrIuif;vmonfhtxd todpdwfudkxdcdkufapcJhaomaMumifh
xdktjypfusL;vGefol\raumif;rIrsm;onf avsmhyg;roGm;awmhacs/
9T, pp. 160-161 (1909)
rdcifzcifwdkY? qkawmif;jcif;trIwGif owd½SdMuyg/
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrItrsKd;rsKd;udkumuG,fMuyg/ usef;rmjcif;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;trSefrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm;
oifMum;ay;Muyg/ usef;rma&;udkxdef;odrf;umuG,fzdkY rnfonfh
t&mrsm;udka½SmifMuOf&rnfudkoGefoifMuyg/ em;axmifrIr½Sdaom
om;orD;rsm;tay:wGif xm0&bk&m;ocif\trsufawmfonf
usa&mufcJhacsNyD/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? tjypfraumif;rIrsm;ESifh raumif;
aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf ae&mwumwGifxif½Sm;vsufaeacsNyD/
uREfkyfwdkYonf ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;aomvlrsm;\&efrS om;orD;
rsm;udkumuG,f&ef *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/
ÀÀÀ
tcef;BuD; (14)
usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfhcsufûywfenf;
nhHzsif;aomcsufûywfjcif;onftjypfraumif;rIjzpfonf
MS, p. 95 (1901)
nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;jcif;onf tjypf
raumif;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm pm;aomufjcif;trIonf
cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;\usef;rmpdkjynfjcif;ESifhywfoufaeygonf/
tusKd;quftaejzifh pdwfESvHk;rMunfromjzpfaponfh tpmtdrf
tcsOfaygufjcif;udkrjzpfaeEdkifrnfhenf;rsKd;jzifh csufûywfpm;aomuf
jcif;udk rdrdvlwdkYûyvkyf&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdkawmf½Sdygonf/
tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;wGif vufawGUusaom
t,l0g'xif½Sm;aMumif; uREfkyfwdkYowd&atmufarhMuygpdkY/
csufûywfwwfjcif;udktxifao;jcif;
csufûywfjcif;tvkyfudk tapcHuReftvkyfwpfcktjzpf
txifrao;MuygESifh/ *kPfr½SdaomtvkyfwpfckjzpfaomaMumifh
rvkyfcsifawmhyg[k csufûywfwwfolrsm;u csufûywfjcif;tvkyfudk
pGefYvTwfcJhygvQif urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;onf rnfonfhtcuftcJ
rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifvmMu&rnfenf;/ tjcm;tvkyfrsm;xuf csufûywf
jcif;tvkyfudkvkyfvdkrIenf;yg;onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; trSeftm;jzifh
qdkvQif odyÜHtwwftaygif;wdkYwGif wefzdk;½SdaomodyÜHtwwf
wpfrsKd;jzpfygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rmjcif;udk
taxmuftulûyrnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufûywfwwfjcif;ynmudk
378uav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 377
þuJhodkYrSwfawmfrl\/ tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk
jyifqifcsufûywfolrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rsm;pGmwefzdk;
xm;awmfrlonf/ tpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;ynmudkwwfum
xdkynmudkaumif;pGmtoHk;ûyaeolrsm;onf tjcm;tvkyftudkif
rsm;wGifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;xuf csD;rGrf;jcif;udkcHxdkufMuonf/
þolrsm;onf (or®musrf;pmwGifazmfjyxm;onfh) tcGuf (10)
&½Sdaomolrsm;ESifhwl\/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY&½SdorQ
aomynmudk rSefuefpGmtoHk;csjcif;jzifh vlom;rsm;\cE¨mudk,f
usef;rma&;udk rsm;pGmtaxmuftulûyapMu\/ toufwmESifh
usef;rma&;tMum;½SdqufET,frIonf cGJjcm;vdkYr&onfht&mjzpf
ae&m tcsuftûywfynmonf qkaus;Zl;tjzmjzmü wefzdk;
t½SdqHk;qkaus;Zl;jzpfaeygonf/
2T, p. 370 (1870)
uREfkyf\pufcsKyform;ESifh pmrlul;a&;ay;olrsm;udk uREfkyf
wefzdk;xm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfqufvuftouf½SifaeEdkif&ef
uREfkyf\t½dk;? OD;aESmufESifh <uufom;rsm;udk usef;rmoefpGrf;
aprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk rnfuJhodkYjyifqif&rnfudk od½Sdem;vnf
aomuREfkyf\xrif;csufonf uREfkyfudkulnDolrsm;xJwGif ta&;
tygqHk;ae&mwGif½Sdaeygonf/
CTBH, p. 74 (1890)
pufcsKyform;? vufESdyfpufpma&;? pmrlzwfol? pm&if;
udkif? ausmif;q&m ponfhtvkyfrsm;twGufjyifqifaeMuoltcsKdU
wdkYonf xrif;csufrsm;ESifhraygif;oif;rqufqHoifhavmufatmif
jrifhjrwfolrsm;jzpfonf[k udk,fhudkudk,fowfrSwfaeMuygonf/
þoabmxm;onf vlYtodkuft0ef;½Sdvlwef;pm;tm;vHk;
eD;yg;xJü pdrfh0ifysHUESHYvsuf½Sdygonf/ xrif;csuftvkyfonf
vlYtodkuft0ef;xJwGif edrfhusaomtvkyfwpfckjzpfonf[lí
vnf;aumif;? xdkaMumifh olonf tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;ESifhwpfwef;
wnf;qufqH&rnfr[kwf[lívnf;aumif; xrif;csufrsm;udk
cHpm;apMuygonf/ awmfaomrdef;uav;rsm;onf tjcm;tvkyf
rsm;udk&atmifêud;pm;aeonfudk oifawGUygu tHhMornfvm;/
ynmwwfxrif;csuftenf;i,fom½Sdaejcif;udk oiftHhMoyg
ovm;/ tHhMop&mtaMumif;r½Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf
þuJhodkYaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGifyg0ifaejcif;onfom tHhMop&m
jzpfaeygonf/
xrif;csufrsm;onf tdrfaxmifwpfckwGif ta&;ygolrsm;
jzpfygonf/ OD;aESmuf? t½dk;ESifh <uufom;rsm;udkzGJUpnf;&ef
tpmtdrfxJodkYxnfhay;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk olrjyifqifcsufûywf
aeonf/ wpftdrfom;vHk;\usef;rma&;onf olr\uRrf;usifrI
ESifhwwfuRrf;rIrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGmtajcûyaeygonf/
3T, pp. 156-158 (1873)
tdrfaxmifusNyD;tdrfaxmif½SifrjzpfvmaomtrsKd;orD;
uav;rsm;pGmwdkYonf tdrfaxmif½SifrESifhrdcifrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfh
wm0efrsm;udkod½Sdolenf;yg;vSonf/ olwdkYonf pmwwfMu
onf/ pE´&m;wD;wwfMuonf/ odkYaomf xrif;[if;udk
rcsufwwfMuacs/ rdom;pk\usef;rma&;twGuf txl;ta&;BuD;
onfhaygifrkefYudkvnf;rzkwfwwfMuacs/ usef;rma&;twGuf
taxmuftulûyrnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufûywfauR;arG;wwfzdkY
380 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 379
todynmESifhtawGUtêuHrsm;vdktyfygonf/ taoG;tom;aumif;
rsm;udkjzpfap&ef uREfkyfwdkY\tpmtdrfxJodkYxnfhoGif;rnfhtpm
rsm;udk csufûywfay;aeaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf ta&;ygqHk;?
tjrifhrm;qHk;&mxl;wpfckudkydkifqdkifxm;ygonf/ pmul;pma&;?
tvSjyifq&mESifhaw;*Dwq&m &mxl;rsm;onf ta&;ygrIwGif
xrif;csuf&mxl;ESifhrwlnDEdkifygacs/
2T, p. 370 (1870)
uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiH½SdtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf rnfuJhodkYxrif;csuf
&rnfudk rMumcProd½dSMuacs/ EdkifiHtwGif;½Sdtaumif;qHk;
xrif;csufwpfOD;xHodkYoGm;um uRrf;usifaomxrif;csufwpfOD;
jzpfvmonftxd &ufowåaygif;rsm;pGmoGm;a&mufenf;emcHMu
yg[k xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;udk uREfkyftMuHay;vdkygonf/ tu,fíom
uREfkyf\toufrSm (40) ESpf½SdcJhvQif þvrf;pOfudk uREfkyf
vdkufavQmufrdrSmaocsmonf/ oifwdkYudk,fwdkifxrif;csufwwf½Hk
omru oifwdkY\orD;rsm;udkvnf; xrif;csufwwfatmif
oifay;&efrSm oifwdkY\wm0efjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; xrif;csuf
wwfatmif oifoifMum;ay;aejcif;onf ¤if;wdkYêuHawGUaumif;
êuHawGUEdkifrnfh raumif;rIrsm;rSumuG,f&ef ¤if;wdkYywfvnfwGif
tumtuG,frsm;udk oifwnfaqmufaejcif;jzpfonf/
(CTBH, p. 49) CH, p. 117 (1890)
xrif;csufwwfap&eftvdkYiSm trsKd;orD;rsm;onf avhvm
oifhMuygonf/ xdkaemuf rdrdwdkYod½SdorQudk pdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh
vufawGUvkyfaqmifMu&efjzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf þt&mudk
'ku©cHNyD;rvkyfaqmifvdkMuojzifh a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/
,m,Dtm;jzifh vIyf½Sm;rIr½SdaompGrf;tifrsm;udkEId;qG&ef tcsdef
a&mufNyD[k xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk uREfkyfajymvdkonf/ tm[m&
ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufwwfûywfwwfatmif
oif,l&ef toHk;cs&onfhtcsdefrsm;udk tcsdefûzef;ypfaeonf[k
rxifvdkufygESifh/ xrif;csufonfhumvrnfrQyifMum½SnfcJhvifh
upm; rdom;pktwGufcsufûywfay;&ef wm0ef½SdolwpfOD;twGuf
xrif;[if;aumif;aumif;csufwwfatmif oif,l&efrSm vkyfaqmif
oifhaomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/
trsKd;om;rsm;yg-xrif;csufwwfatmifêud;pm;MuygpkdY
(CTBH, pp. 56-57) CH, p. 155 (1890)
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvufcHusifhoHk;aeol
rsm;pGmwdkYu þûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYESifhtqifrajy[k
nnf;wGm;Muonf/ odkYaomf þûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ü trSm;
r½SdbJ ¤if;wdkYjyifqifxm;onfhtpmrsm;üom trSm;t,Gif;½Sdae
onfudk ¤if;wdkYESifhtwlxrif;pm;NyD;onfhtcsdefwGif uREfkyfrSwfcsuf
csrdonf/ xrif;[if;csufwwfatmifoifMuyg[k bk&m;ocifu
todOmPfay;xm;onfhtrsKd;om;trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;udk uREfkyf
awmif;yefvdkygonf/ ]trsKd;om;} rsm;[k uREfkyfajymqdkvdkuf
csdefwGif uREfkyftrSm;rusL;vGefyg/ taMumif;rSm trsKd;om;rsm;
onfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;uJhodkY tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkonfhxrif;[if;
rsm;udkcsufwwfzdkYvdktyfygonf/ tvkyftudkifaMumifh tpm;tpm
aumif;rsm;r&Edkifonfhae&modkY ¤if;wdkYa&mufaeaumif;a&mufae
rnf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk rcsufûywfwwf
382 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 381
onfhrdom;pkrsm;ESifhtwl &ufaygif;rsm;pGmae&aumif;ae&Muvdrfh
rnf/ xdktcsdefrsKd;wGif xrif;[if;udkaumif;rGefpGmcsufwwfaom
trsKd;om;rsm;onf xdkynmudktusKd;½Sd½SdtoHk;ûyEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;udkavhvmyg
Letter, p. 135 (1902)
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfatmif rcsufûywfwwfolrsm;onf
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkcHwGif;awGUatmifcsufwwfapzdkY
avhvmoifhygonf/ csufenf;ûywfenf;rsm;udk avhvmvdkufpm;
vdkolrsm;onf usef;rma&;*sme,frsm;udkvnf;zwfoifhygonf/
vdktyfaomowif;rsm;udk xdk*sme,frsm;wGifawGUEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/
þtwwfynmudk pdkufvdkufrwfwwfavhusifhrIr½SdvQif
rnfolrQxrif;csufaumif;wpfOD;rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkY&mwGif xm0&
bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyydkYaqmifrIudkcH,lvsuf½SdMuolrsm;rSmrl trsKd;rsKd;
aom[if;vsmrsm;udk udk,fwdkifcsufwwfMu½Hkomru olwpfyg;
tm;vnf; oifMum;ay;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf xdkolrsm;udkuRrf;usifrIESifhwwfodem;vnfrI
rsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlygonf/
wpfudk,fa&pGrf;&nfudkwdk;wufatmiftm;ay;yg
7T, p. 133 (1902)
jynfwGif;xGufobm0pm;ukefypönf;rsm;udk usef;rma&;
ESifhtnDcsufûywfpm;aomufjcif;jzifh pGrf;&nfrsm;zGHUûzd;wdk;wuf
vmatmif EdkifiHtESHY½SdtrsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;udktm;ay;&efrSm
xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHpnfawmfjzpf\/ ¤if;wdkYonf oefY½Sif;
aom0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrIatmufwGif rdrdwdkYü½SdaomuRrf;usifrI
ESifhtpGrf;rsm;udktoHk;ûyum xm0&bk&m;ocifudkrsufarSmufûy
MurnfqdkvQif obm0pm;aomufypönf;rsm;tm; usef;rma&;
udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJcsufûywfwwf
vmMuvdrfhrnf/ tom;[if;rsm;tpm; tjcm;[if;vsmrsm;udk
jyifqifyHkrsm;udkvnf; qif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYoGefoif
EdkifvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkrdom;pkrsm;uvnf; xdkcsufenf;ûywfenf;
rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm;vufqifhurf;EdkifvmMuvdrfhrnf/ þuJhodkY
vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef vHkYv0D&d,ESifhpGrf;tm;rsm;udktoHk;csrSomjzpf
Edkifygrnf/ tu,fíom xdkuJhodkYvufqifhurf;oifMum;rIrsm;udk
,cifuwnf;uvkyfaqmifNyD;cJhMurnfqdkvQif vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf
trSefw&m;udkod½Sdum tjcm;vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm;vnf; xdktrSefw&m;
udkvufqifhurf;EdkifcJhMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfh
wm0efudkavhusufum taumiftxnfaz:vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifay;wm0efudkvkyfaqmifay;rnfholrsm;
tm; apmifhpm;ae&onfh tultnDrJhrSDcdkaeolrsm;jzpfzdkYr[kwfyg/
csufûywfenf;oifMum;ay;onfhausmif;zGifh&ef
MS, p. 95 (1901)
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;cef;rsm;? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifhtwl tcsuf
tûywfoGefoifonfhausmif;rsm;udkzGifhvSpfoifhonf/ xdkausmif;
rsm;wGif rSefuefaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk oGefoifay;&efjzpf
onf/ xdkausmif;rsm;wGifwufa&mufoif,laeMuonfhtrsKd;om;
384 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 383
ESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;udk csufûywfenf;oifay;Edkifrnfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;½Sdoifh
ygonf/ txl;ojzifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf csufûywfenf;rsm;udk
oif,loifhMuonf/
R & H, June 6, 1912.
vlwdkYtm; usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;
udkoifMum;ay;jcif;jzifh trIawmfjrwfudkaqmif½GufEdkifygonf/
þtvkyfrsKd;onfvnf; tjcm;trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;enf;wl
ta&;ygvSygonf/ tcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;udk ydkíydkí
wnfaxmif½Hkomru csufenf;ûywfenf;aumif;rsm;udk wpftdrf
wufqif;oGm;a&mufoifMum;ay;oifhMuygonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh
aumif;aomcsufûywfenf;
(CTBH, p. 119) CH, pp. 450-451 (1890)
pm;aomufaeusjzpfaomtpm;tpmrsm;ae&mwGif tpm;
xdk;&ef usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaompm;zG,frsm;udkrcsufwwfjcif;
onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vufawGU
usifhoHk;&mwGif pdwf"mwfusaponfhtaMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfyg
onf/ t&omuif;rJhNyD; tm[m&r½Sdaomtpm;tpmudkpm;oHk;
&jcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf pdwfESvHk;rMunfromjzpfvmum
]usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk wdkYprf;MunfhNyD;NyD/
'DyHkeJYawmhtouf½SifzdkYrjzpfEdkifygbl;} [k ¤if;wdkYajymqdkaeonfudk
uREfkyfMum;rdygonf/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk
taumiftxnfaz:onfhtaejzifh tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkyif
tenf;i,favmufompm;oHk;aeMu&m tusKd;quftaejzifh
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufvmap½Hkomru tjcm;olrsm;tm;vnf;
pdwf"mwfusapMuygonf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;aumif;jzpf&ef
xrif;[if;csuform;aumif;jzpfoifhygonf/ csufûywfenf;
aumif;rsm;udkoif,l&ef tcGifhta&;½SdEdkifolrsm;onf rdrdudk,fwdkif
twGufomru tjcm;olrsm;udkoGefoifay;&efvnf; BuD;rm;
aomtusKd;xl;rsm;udkawGU½SdMuygvdrfhrnf/
tom;pm;jcif;rSajymif;vJjcif;
2T, p. 63 (1868)
touf½Sifjcif;ESif hpyfqd kifaomtusif hp½d kufrsm;udk
ajymif;vJzdkY oifhudkuREfkyfwdkYtMuHay;vdkaomfvnf; em;vnfrI
tjynfht0jzifh ajymif;vJMuzdkYowday;vdkygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;
udkjzwfum tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomuftouf½Sif
aexdkifcJhaomrdom;pkwpfpkESifh uREfkyf&if;ESD;cJhzl;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkY
pm;aomtpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfuvufrcHEdkifonftxd nHhzsif;
vSygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrdom;pku ]usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIawGeJY? uRefawmfwdkYeJYrudkufbl;/ cGeftm;awG
wjznf;jznf;avsmhvmNyD} [k uREfkyftm;ajymMuygao;onf/
wcsKdUrSm ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkajymif;vJpm;oHk;&mü atmifjrifrIr½SdMuyg/
taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;onf tvGefnHhzsif;½Hkomru
tajymif;tvJvnf;r½Sdacs/ xrif;eyfwdkif;wGif [if;trnfrsm;rsm;
jyifqifpm;oHk;&efrvdkaomfvnf; [if;wpfrnfESpfrnfudkyif aeYpOf
&ufqufpm;oHk;&efroihfygacs/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;pif;pGm
386 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 385
DF- 25
jyifqif&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; cHwGif;awGUatmifvnf; csufûywf
wwfzdkYvdkygonf/ wd&pämeftqDrsm;udk[if;csuf&mwGifroHk;ygESifh/
tpm;tpmrsm;udknpfnrf;oGm;apygonf/ toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;
[if;½Gufudkrsm;rsm;pm;yg/
Letter 60a, 1896.
aumif;rGefaomcsufûywfjcif;tvkyfonf ta&;ygqHk;aom
vkyfaqmifNyD;pD;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ tom;[if;udkt"duxm;NyD;
rpm;oHk;onfhae&mrsm;wGif txl;ojzifhaumif;rGefpGmcsufûywf
wwfjcif;onf txl;ta&;ygvSygonf/ tom;[if;ae&mwGif
tpm;xdk;onfh[if;vsmudk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif&ygrnf/ odkYrSom
tom;udkrawmifhwawmhrnfjzpfygonf/
Letter 73a, 1896.
csufa&;ûywfa&;wGif wm0ef½Sdolrsm;tm; pmtm;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? EIwftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ynmay;&efrSm orm;awmf
BuD;rsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efjzpfygonf/
Y.I, May 31, 1894.
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom[if;vsmrsm;udk udk,fbmom
avhvmoif,lolrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtvdk½Sdaeygonf/ tom;ESifh
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;csufwwfolrsm;aomfvnf;
½dk;pif;NyD; cHwGif;awGUaponfh[if;vsmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYrcsufwwf
Muacs/
CTBH, pp. 156-158 (1890)
rsm;pGmaomtdrf½SifrwdkYonf csufa&;ûywfa&;qdkif&m
uRrf;usifrIESifhtodynmrsm;r½SdMuojzifh rdom;pk\usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru aoG;t&nftaoG;udkvnf; nHhzsif;apum
aoapEdkifonftxd jyif;xefaoma&m*grsm;udkjzpfaponfh
pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk rdom;pkrsm;tm;aeYpOfauR;arG;aewwf
ygonf/
uREf kyfwd k Yonf vlwdkif;twGufcHwGif;awGUaprnfh
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmaumif;trsKd;rsKd;udk pm;oHk;
Mu&ygrnf/ xdkodkYpm;oHk;Edkif&ef csufûywfenf;rsm;udkodxm;zdkY
vdktyfvSygonf/ nHhzsif;aomcsufûywfenf;rsm;aMumifh a&m*g
b,xlajym½Hkomru pdwfwdkjcif;? pdwffqdk;jcif;rsm;vnf;jzpfay:
vmygonf/ usef;rma&;csKdUwJhrIaMumifh aumif;uifbHkESifhywfouf
aomt&mrsm;udkvnf; rodjrifEdkifMuawmhyg/ xdkaMumifh tjcm;
u@rsm;rSmxuf csufûywfjcif;trIwGif ydkíbmomw&m;½SdzdkY
vdktyfygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HuREfkyfc&D;xGufaomtcsdefrsm;wGif
pm;aomuf&rnfhaygifrkefYtygt0if tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufrnfudkodvsufESifh qufvuftouf½Sif
EdkifzdkYtwGuf tenf;i,fudkawmhuREfkyfpm;cJh&ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY
aomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmuf
wGiftjypfjzpfygonf/
MH, pp. 302-303 (1905)
tm[m&enf;yg;onfhtpmtenf;i,frQudkom pm;oHk;ae
jcif;aMumifh aoG;tm;enf;vmygonf/ usef;rma&;csKdUwJhvmum
a&m*g&vmygonf/ pdwfvnf;wdkwwfvmygonf/ nHhzsif;aom
tcsuftûywfrsm;aMumifh 'ku©a&mufaeolOD;a&rSm uka#toacsF
rursm;jym;vSygonf/ xdkolrsm;\ocsKØif;*lrsm;wGif ]nHhzsif;
388 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 387
aomtcsuftûywfrsm;aMumifhaoqHk;onf} [lívnf;aumif;?
]tpmtdrfudkwvGJtoHk;csrdjcif;aMumifhaoqHk;onf} [lívnf;
aumif; urÜnf;xdk;xm;oifhygonf/
nHhzsif;aomtcsuftûywfrsm;aMumifh
touf0dnmOfrsm;qHk;½IH;&jcif;
csufûywfonfhtvkyfonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom
tpmrsm;udkcsufûywfwwfatmif êud;pm;csufûywfaeolrsm;twGuf
rGefjrwfaomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ nHhzsif;aomtcsuftûywf
rsm;aMumifh 0dnmOfrsm;pGmudkqHk;½IH;aeMu&onf/ aygifrkefYaumif;
wpfvHk;zkwf&ef? pOf;pm;*½kpdkufvkyfaqmif&efvdkonf/ odkY&mwGif
aumif;aomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;xJwGifyg½Sdaeaom c&pf,mef
bmoma&;cH,lcsufonf vltrsm;xifonfxufydkrdkyg½Sdaeyg
onf/ tdrfrIudpörsm;tygt0if? xrif;csuf[if;csuftvkyfonf
tapcHrsm;onf vkyf&rnfhtvkyfjzpfonf[k trsKd;orD;uav;
rsm;u,lqaeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh tdrfaxmifusoGm;onfh
trsKd;orD;rsm;pGmrSm tdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;xrf;½Guf&rnfhwm0efrsm;
udk rod½SdMuawmhacs/
taumif;qHk;odyÜHtwwf
csufûywfjcif;ynmonf tBuD;us,fqHk;odyÜHtwwfwpfck
jzpfonfhjyif vufawGUtoufwmtwGuf tvdktyfqHk;t&mrsm;
wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;wwfuRrf;xm;
oifhonfhynmwpfckjzpfonfomru ydkíedrfhusaomvlwef;pm;
rsm;tm;tusKd;ûy&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf oifMum;ay;oifhaom
t&mwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;NyD; tm[m&½Sdaompm;aomuf
zG,f&mrsm;udk cHwGif;awGUatmifcsufûywf&eftwGuf uRrf;usifrI
vdktyfonfrSmrSefuefaomfvnf; ûyvkyf&efjzpfEdkifaomt&mwpfck
vnf;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh ydkítm[m&
½SdouJhodkY t&omvnf;½Sdatmif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom
pm;p&mrsm;jzpfvmapzdkY ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;pif;aomcsufûywf
enf;rsm;jzifh xrif;csufrsm;csufwwfoifhygonf/
tcsuftûywfrwwfao;onfhtdrf½Sifrrsm;taejzifh olr
tdrfaxmif\aysmf½Tifom,mrItwGuf t"dujzpfaomtcsuftûywf
enf;aumif;rsm;udkavhvm&efqHk;jzwfoifhygonf/ tcsuftûywf
ausmif;aumif;rsm;u ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif csufenf;ûywf
enf;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;aeygonf/ xdkausmif;rsm;ESifha0;vHaom
ae&mwGifaexdkifonfhtrsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; xrif;csuf[if;
csufaumif;aumif;wwfolrsm;xHwGif enf;cHum aumif;rGefpGm
wwfuRrf;onftxd êud;pm;oifhMuygonf/
MS, p. 3 (1897)
]obm0usaomenf;jzifh tukeftusoufomatmif
rnfodkYcsufûywf&rnfenf;} qdkonfhar;cGef;udk [if;vsmrsm;
csufûywfwdkif; oHk;oyfoifhygonf/ xrif;usef[if;usefrsm;udk
avvGifhroGm;atmif vkyfaqmif&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk *½kwpdkuf
avhvmyg/ uRrf;usifrI? ûcd;jcHwwfrIESifh yg;eyfrIrsm;onf pDrH
aomuw&m;wpfckjzpfonf/ aEG&moDwGif xrif;ESifh[if;rsm;udk
avsmhícsufyg/ ajcmufaoGUaomtpmrsm;udk ydkítoHk;ûyyg/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif xrif;[if;udkcsKdUwJhpGmpm;aomuf&onftxd
390 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 389
qif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;onf tb,faMumifh¤if;wdkYqif;&Jae&onf
udk rMumcPodomxif½Sm;apvsuf½Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm pm;aomuf
zG,f&mrsm;onf tavtvGifhrsm;jym;aejcif;jzpfonf/
CTBH, p. 73 (1890)
vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm½Hkxm;onfhtoufwm&nfrSef;csufrSm
acwftrDqHk;yHkpHjzifhaexdkiftouf½Sif&efjzpfonf/ ynma&;?
usef;rma&;ESifh oufaomifhoufom½Sdjcif;rsm;udk zuf½SiftwGuf
paw;aeMuonf/ xrif;pm;yGJrSmyif jyifqifyHk? zuf½SifESifh
yumoersm;onf tBuD;tus,fvTrf;rdk;aeygonf/ usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm;taomufjyifqifjcif;onf 'kwd,wef;pm;
ta&;ygaomt&mb0odkYa&mufoGm;acsNyD/ [if;trnfrsm;pGmjzifh
wnfcif;auR;arG;jcif;onf tcsdefukef? aiGukef? vlyef;jzpf½Hk
rSvGJí tjcm;rnfonfhtusKd;udkrQrjzpfxGef;Edkifacs/ xrif;0dkif;
wpf0dkif;wGif [if;trnf (6) rnfavmufjyifqifpm;aomuf
jcif;onf acwfpm;aeaomfvnf; xdkuJhodkYpm;aomufjcif;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ tm½HkcHpm;wwfaomtrsKd;om;
trsKd;orD;rsm;u EIwftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? yHkoufaotm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; jypfwif½Iwfcsaejcif;onfvnf; zuf½Sifwpfckjzpf
aeygonf/ ]tpmxuftoufjrwfonfr[kwfavm/ t0wfxuf
cEmudk,fjrwfonfr[kwfavm/} oifhxrif;csuf\b0toufwm
udkwefzdk;xm;yg/
þacwfwGif tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf tdrfwGif;rIudpörsm;ESifhom
tcsdefukefaewwfMuonf/ xrif;pm;yGJudk ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;
jzifhomjyifqifxm;MurnfqdkvQif tdrfom;rsm;\usef;rma&;
twGuf rnfrQaumif;vdkufrnfenf;/ rukefqHk;Edkifatmif ½Snfvsm;
axGjym;onfhtdrfwGif;rIwm0efrsm;aMumifh ,ckxufydkítouf
½Snf½Snfae&rnfhvlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkY\toufwmrsm;onf qHk;½IH;
ae&ygonf/ tu,fíom ½dk;pif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;jzifh
touf½SifcJhrnfqdkvQif ,ckxufydkítouf½Snfvsuf ¤if;\
tdrfaxmiftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? toif;awmfESifhþavmu
twGufaomfvnf;aumif; aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;jzpfapEdkifonfh
rdcifrsm;onf aoqHk;aeMuygonf/
tpma½G;cs,fjcif;\ta&;ygyHk
Letter 72, 1896.
csufûywfrItpkpk\trsm;pkonf vHk;0rvdktyfbJ csufûywf
aejcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ t&nftaoG;rSjzpfap? twdkif;tqrSmjzpf
ap nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkrcsufûywfrpm;aomufoifhacs/
2T, p. 367 (1870)
cHwGif;rSefukdcHwGif;awGUatmif *½kwpdkufcsufûywfjcif;onf
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkif
onfh tom;? axmywfESifh [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udkjzwf
MuzdkY rltm;jzifhvufcHxm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh tjcm;t&mrsm;udk
pm;aomufjcif;jzifh rnfonfhqdk;usKd;udkrQr&Edkifyg[k rnfonfh
tcgrQoabmrxm;oifhacs/
MH, p. 300 (1905)
cHwGif;\awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;oufoufonf
rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIjzpfouJhodkY pm;rnfhtpm;tpm\t&nf
392 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 391
taoG;ESifh jyifqifcsufûywfyHkrsm;udk pdwfr0ifpm;? *½krxm;jcif;
onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;ygonf/ pm;vdkufaomtpmonf tm[m&
r½SdvQif cE¨mudk,fonfrzGHUûzd;Edkifacs/ xdkaMumifh pm;rnfhtpm
udkaocsmpGma½G;um owdynm½Sd½Sd? uRrf;uRrf;usifusifjzifh
jyifqifcsufûywfoifhygonf/
Letter 19c, 1892.
tdrfwGiftvkyfvkyfaeaom tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;xuf
xrif;csufudk uREfkyfvcydkay;csifonf/ tu,fíom xrif;
csufonf csufa&;ûywfa&;wGif uRrf;usifvdr®mrIr½SdcJhvQif aygifrkefY?
,dkESifh EGm;EdkYrsm;udkom aeYpOf&ufqufpm;ae&rnfjzpf&m xrif;
pm;csdefonf aysmf½Tifp&maumif;onfhtcsdefjzpf&rnfhtpm;
aMumufvefYp&mtcsdefwpfckomjzpfaevdrfhrnf/ oifudk,fwdkif
rêuHzl;ao;vQif þt&mrsm;udkoifem;vnfvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyf
rxifyg/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfrSm þudpötwGuf trSefwu,fyif
pdwf½IyfcJh&ygonf/ uREfkyftaeESifhawmif;qdkcGifh&rnfqdkvQif ½dk;½dk;
tpmrsm;udk usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; cHwGif;awGUatmifcsuf
wwfonfhtawGUtêuH½Sdxrif;csufwpfOD;udkomay;yg[k awmif;qdk
rdrSmjzpfonf/
1T, pp. 681-685 (1868)
csufûywfjcif;trIudk wm0efwpfcktjzpf vlrsm;pGmwdkYu
r,lqMuojzifh tpm;tpmudkaumif;rGefpGmjyifqifwwfatmif
vnf; ¤if;wdkYrêud;pm;Muawmhacs/ 0ufqD? axmywf (odkYr[kwf)
tom;rsm;rygbJ ½dk;½dk;[if;csufp&mrsm;jzifh usef;rma&;udk
taxmuftulûyvdkaomtpmrsm;udkcsufEdkifygonf/ uRrf;usifrIudk
½dk;pif;rIjzifhaygif;pyfum csufûywfwwfap&eftvdkYiSm trsKd;orD;
rsm;onf pmzwfMuyg/ zwfonfht&mrsm;udk vufawGUtaumif
txnfazmfMuyg/ þt&mudk'ku©cHNyD;rvkyfcsifMuojzifh vlrsm;pGm
wdkYonf a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ oifwdkYzwfxm;
aomt&mESifh roHk;&ao;aompGrf;&nfrsm;udk EId;qG&rnfhtcsdef
odkYa&mufvmNyD[k xdkolrsm;udkuREfkyfajymcsifygonf/ usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0atmif? ½dk;½dk;uav;csufwwf
atmif avhvmoif,lMuyg/
cHwGif;awGU½Hkavmufcsufûywfjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;ygonf/
vltrsm;onf a&m*gb,rsm;pGJuyfaeMu&m tm[m&ESifhjynfh0
aomtpm;tpmrsm;rsm;pm;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/
ynma&;\ta&;ygaomu@wpfck
xrif;pm;vdkYaumif;atmif tpmrsm;udkenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfap&ef jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;onf xrif;csuf
rsm;twGuf c&pf,mefbmomw&m;qdkif&mwm0efjzpfonf/
rdcifrsm;u ¤if;\om;orD;rsm;udk tcsuftûywfoifay;&rnf/
rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf þt&mxufydkíta&;BuD;aomynma&;
u@r½SdawmhNyD/ pm;jcif;onf toufwmESifhqufpyfaeonf/
nHhzsif;NyD; tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;onf taoG;tom;jzpfapaom
t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udktm;enf;apvsuf aoG;udk,kwfavsmhap
onf/ xdkaMumifh tcsuftûywfynmudkta&;tygqHk;aomynma&;
u@wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfMu&ygrnf/ tcsuftûywform;rsm;jym;pGm
½Sdaeaomfvnf; tcsuftûywfynmwwfolrSm enf;yg;vSygonf/
394 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 393
xrif;csuftvkyfonf tapcHtvkyfjzpfonf[k trsKd;orD;i,f
rsm;urSwf,lxm;Muonf/ trSefrSmxdkodkYr[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf
þt&mudkrSefuefaom½IaxmifhrSrMunfhMuyg/ usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufûywfwwfonfhynmonf
taumif;qHk;odyÜHtwwfwpfckjzpfygonf/
rdcifrsm;onf rdrdwdk Y\orD;rsm;udk þu@wGif
ynmay;&ef ysufuGufaeMuonf/ tdrfrIwm0efrsm;udkarmyef;
onftxd olwdkYudk,fwdkifvkyfudkifaeMupOf orD;rsm;udkêudufovdk
vnfywftaysmfvdkufcGifhûyxm;Muonf/ þt&monf rrSefaom
arwåm? rrSefaomMuifemrIrsm;jzpfonf/ orD;rsm;tm; ao½Gmyg
tema&m*gjzpfatmif rdci frsm;vky faqmifaeMuonf/
xdkrdef;uav;rsm;onf b0wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmif&rnfhtcsdef
a&mufvmaomtcg bmudkrQrvkyfwwf? rudkifwwfjzpfaeMu
ygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf rnfonfht&mudkrQ
*½krpdkufawmhonfhjyif rnfonfhwm0efudkrQvnf; raqmif½Guf
Muawmhacs/ qifajctrsKd;rsKd;ay;um olwdkYayghayghwefwefaexdkif
touf½SifaeMupOfwGif rdcifjzpfolrSm xrf;ydk;atmufwGif
0ef½kef;aeaomEGm;rBuD;wpfaumifES,f tdrfrIwm0efrsm;ESifhydae
Muygonf/ xdkorD;rsm;onf rdcifudkrMuifemjcif;r[kwfbJ
*½krxm;? owdrxm;rdjcif;omjzpfygonf/ odkYr[kwfygu olr
onf rdcifBuD;\rsufESmay:wGifay:vGifaeaomarmyef;emusifrI
rsm;udkowdxm;rdum rdcifudktem;ay;NyD; yifyef;aomtvkyf
rsm;udk wm0ef,lulnD&efêud;pm;cJhvdrfhrnf/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf;
rdcifBuD;tm; a&m*gb,tdyfpif (odkYr[kwf) aojcif;tdyfpif
ay:odkYwdkif ydkYaqmifay;aumif;ydkYaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/
tb,faMumifh rdcifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\orD;rsm;udkynmay;
&mwGif ysufuGufrsufuG,fûyaeMuoenf;/ tdrfrsm;odkYoGm;a&muf
vnfywfpOfwGif rdcifrsm;rSm tdrfrIwm0efrsm;ESifhydaeaomtcsdefü
usef;usef;rmrmaysmfaysmf½Tif½TifjzpfaeaomorD;rsm;onf rnfonfh
wm0efudkrQ*½kxm;vkyfaqmifjcif;r½SdonfudkawGU&ojzifh uREfkyf
pdwfraumif;jzpfrdygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;vkyfMu
aomtcgwGifvnf; rdcifrsm;rSm us&mwm0efudkukef;½kef;vkyfaqmif
aepOf orD;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhvufqHkpum;ajymvsuf?
avQmufvnfvsuf½SdonfudkawGUMu&ygonf/ þjrifuGif;rsm;
aMumifh pOf;pm;qifjcifrIr½Sdaom xdkvli,frsm;udk tvkyfvkyfMu
yg[krajymbJraeEdkifawmhyg/ orD;uav;wdkY? armyef;aeaom
oifwdkY\rdcifrsm;udktem;ay;Muyg/ {nfhcef;xJrSmtxdkifcdkif;NyD;
tem;,lapyg/ rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhaysmfaysmf½Tif½Tifaeapyg/
odkY&mwGif þudpöwGif orD;rsm;udkomtjypfwifvQif
rSm;ygvdrfhrnf/ rdcifudk,fwdkifuvnf; rSm;aeygonf/ olronf
orD;rsm;udk xrif;csufoif&efpdwfr½SnfMuacs/ orD;rsm;xrif;
rcsufwwfonfudkod½SdvQifvnf; olrtaejzifh *½kwpdkuf
oHk;oyftm½Hkûyum orD;rsm;udkaumif;aumif;rGefrGefxrif;csuf
wwfatmifoifay;&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkY\b0tajctaernfodkYyif
½Sdonfjzpfap? xrif;csuftwwfynmonf vufawGUtoHk;cs
Edkifonfht&mwpfckjzpfonf/ b0udkwefzdk;xm;aomolrsm;tay:
396 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 395
wGif txl;ojzifhwdkuf½dkuftusKd;ûyEdkifonfh ynma&;\u@
wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/
tcsuftûywfynmenf;yg;aomtdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;?
rSefuefaomtcsuftûywfynmr½Sdaomtdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;onf
aoG;t&nftaoG;udkusqif;apvsuf a&m*gb,rsm;udk&um
aojcif;wdkifatmifydkYaqmifapEdkifonfh nHhzsif;aomtpm;tpm
rsm;udk rdom;pkrsm;tm; aeYwdkif;csufauR;aeMuygonf/
*sKHMurf;rSt&omESifhjynfh0aomaygifrkefYjzpfatmif zkwfwwf
apzdkY ,ckcsufcsif;avhvmoif,l&efrSm c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;
tm;vHk;twGuf bmoma&;wm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ rdcifrsm;onf
rdrdwdkY\orD;rsm;udk rD;zdkxJac:oGm;um csufûywfenf;rsm;udk
oifMum;ay;oifhonf/ tdrfwGif;rIvkyfief;rsm;\eufeJrIrsm;udk
oifray;bJESifh orD;rsm;wwfvmrnf[k rdcifrsm;rarQmfvifhoifh
acs/ olronf todtrSwfûyaomtm;ay;pum;rsm;udkajymvsuf?
ESpfvdkYzG,faomrsufESmxm;udkjyvsuf tom;usvmonftxd
arwåmudkt&if;cHNyD; pdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh orD;rsm;tm;oifMum;oifh
ygonf/ wpfBudrf? ESpfBudrf? oHk;Budrf ratmifjrifaomfvnf;
tjypfrwifygESifh/ ]'Dtvkyf[mtvum;yg/ uRefrrvkyfwwf
ygbl;} [k e*dkuyifpdwf"mwfusumajymcsifaeaomxdkorD;rsm;
tm; tjypfwifrapmygESifh/ qE´jyif;jyrIenf;yg;aeaomaMumifh
]trSm;vkyfrdvnf;udpör½Sdygbl;/ rif;u tckrSoifcgpyJ? aemufqdk
uRrf;usifvmrSmaygh/ pdwf0ifwpm;eJYêud;pm;MunfhygOD;/ *½kwpdkuf
vkyfyg/ aocsmaygufrif;atmifjrifrSmyg} [laom ESpfvdkYzG,f
tm;ay;pum;rsm;udk olwdkYvdktyfaeygonf/
rdcifrsm;pGmwdkYonf þtwwfynmu@\ta&;ygyHkudk
oabmraygufMuyg/ oifMum;aepOf trSm;rsm;udkawGUaomtcsdef
wGif orD;wdkYudkrcdkif;awmhbJ udk,fudkwdkifvkyfvdkuf&onfudk
ydkíoabmusonf/ ]eifwdkYutoHk;rusbl;/ 'gawGudkeifwdkY
rvkyfwwfygvm;/ ighudkulnDwmuenf;enf; 'ku©ay;wmu
rsm;rsm;ygvm;} [kajymum uav;awGudkESifvTwfwwfMuygonf/
þodkYtm;jzifh yxrwpfBudrfêud;pm;rIwGif tqlcH&ojzifh
xdk½IH;edrfhrIaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;rItm;enf;oGm;um xrif;csufrnfh
tpm; pufcsKyf&efcGifhawmif;vmygonf/ Zmxdk;&ef? tdrf½Sif;&ef
cGifhyefvmMuygonf/ þae&mwGif rdcifonf trSm;BuD;wpfck
udkusL;vGefrdcJhNyD/ uav;rsm;onf prf;oyfvkyfudkifjcif;tm;jzifh
aMumufpdwfrsm;aysmufum uRrf;usifrIrsm;&½Sdvmap&ef olr
taejzifh pdwf½Snfvuf½SnfoifMum;ay;oifhygonf/
MS, p. 95 (1901)
wcsKdU xrif;csuf[if;csuftvkyfudk edrfhusaomtvkyf[k
½IjrifMuonf/ csufûywfjcif;ynmonf ao;Ekyfaomynmwpfck
r[kwfacs/ tcsuftûywfudkaumif;rGefpGmwwfjcif;onf aw;*Dw
ESifhtcsKyftvkyftwwfrsm;\txufwGif½Sdaeygonf/ ,ckuJhodkY
ajymvdkufojzifh aw;*DwynmESifhtcsKyftvkyfynmrsm;udk uREfkyf
avsmhwGufaeonfr[kwfyg/ xdkynm&yfrsm;onfvnf; ta&;yg
vSygonf/ odkY&mwGif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; cHwGif;vdkufap
onfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;twwfonf ydkíta&;yg
aeygonf/ ¤if;tjyif xdktwwfynmonf touf½Sifjcif;ESifh
398 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 397
vnf; eD;uyfpGmqufpyfaeaomaMumifh wefzdk;t½SdqHk;twwf
ynmwpfcktjzpfrSwf,loifhygonf/ aoG;om;aumif;apzdkY
aumif;aomtpmtm[m&udk cE¨mudk,fuvdktyfaeonfjzpf&m
csufûywfjcif;twwfynmudk ydkítm½Hkûyoifhygonf/ vlom;
rsm;tm; usef;rma&;aumif;aprnfhtajccHtkwfjrpfrSm aumif;aom
tcsuftûywftwwfwnf;[laom aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mef
omoemvkyfief;yifjzpfonf/
t&omr½Sd? tm[m&uif;rJhaomtpmrsm;udk jyifqif
auR;arG;jcif;jzifh usef;rma&;aumif;atmifvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf
usef;rma&;csKdUwJhatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;toGifodkY rMumcP
ul;ajymif;oGm;wwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
rIBuD;atmifyGJqifEdkif&efrSm usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomcsufenf;
ûywfenf;rsm;udk wwfodem;vnfjcif;onf ukpm;&efaq;0g;
jzpfonf/
aumif;aumif;xrif;[if;csufwwfol enf;yg;vSygonf/
aumif;aompm;aomufzG,frsm;udk rdom;pktm;jyifqifauR;arG;
Edkif&eftwGuf tdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;onf csufenf;ûywfenf;
oifwef;rsm;udkwufoifhonf/
om;orD;rsm;udk pE´&m;twD;oifray;rD csufûywfenf;
rsm;udkoifMum;ay;oifhonf/ xdkoifwef;udkwufaeonfhtwGuf
pE´&m;twD;roif&awmhyg[krqdkvdkyg/ odkY&mwGifpE´&m;twD;
oifjcif;onf cHwGif;vdkufNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaompm;aomuf
zG,f&mrsm;udkcsufwwfzdkYoif,ljcif;xuf ta&;rygygacs/
2T, pp. 538-539 (1870)
oif\orD;rsm;onf aw;*DwudkjrwfEdk;aumif;? jrwfEdk;
Muvdrfhrnf/ aw;*DwudkjrwfEdk;jcif;tm; rSm;onf[krqdkvdkyg/
aw;*Dwonf rdom;pk\aysmf½TifrIudkwdk;yGm;apygonf/ odkY&mwGif
xrif;rcsufwwfbJ pE´&m;udkomwD;wwfjcif;onf jynfhpHkrI
r½Sdyg/ oifhorD;rsm;tdrfaxmifusoGm;aomtcg rdwfaqGrsm;
a½SUwGif t½SufruGJ&atmif tm[m&jynfh0aomxrif;[if;rsm;
jzifh wnfcif;auR;arG;EdkifzdkY pE&m;wD;wwf½HkESifhrjzpfEdkifacs/ rdcifwdkY?
oifwd k Y\wm0efrSmrGef jrwfvS\/ oifwd k Yonf bk&m;
ocif\bkef;wefcdk;wpfckwnf;udkom rsufarSmufûyvsuf oifh
om;orD;rsm;\ypöKyÜeftem*wfESpfjzmaomumv\tusKd;twGuf
Muifem,k,pdwf½Snfonf;cHvsuf êud;pm;vkyfaqmifpOf xm0&
bk&m;ocifrpygapvdkY uREfkyfqkawmif;arwåmydkYoygonf/
2T, pp. 537-538 (1870)
oifhuav;rsm;udk xrif;[if;csufwwfatmif oifjzpf
atmifoifyg/ þodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;trIwGif oifonf ¤if;wdkYü
½Sdoifhaom c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&mynmESifhywfoufonfh
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rQa0aejcif;jzpfonf/ cEmaA'ESifhywfoufaom
oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh ½dk;pif;rI? uRrf;usifrIrsm;jzifh xrif;[if;csuf
wwfatmifoifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh oifonf ynma&;qdkif&m
toHk;t0ifqHk;u@rsm;udk tkwfjrpfcsay;aejcif;jzpfonf/
aygifrkefYaumif;wpfvHk;zkwfwwf&ef uRrf;usifrIvdktyfygonf/
csufûywfjcif;trIwGif c&pf,mefbmomw&m;yg½Sdae&m rcsufûywf
400 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 399
wwfavmufatmif todOmPfuif;rJhNyD; earmferJhEdkifvSaom
xdktwef;om;rsm;\ bmomt,l0g'udk uREfkyfar;cGef;xkwfvdk
ygonf/
nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;onf vlrsm;pGmwdkY\toufwm
pGrf;tifrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;avsmhyg;oGm;apygonf/ tcsOfayguf
aeaomaygifrkefYESifhwuG ¤if;ESifhtwlxm;½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk pm;&
jcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf rsm;pGmtEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;vSygonf/
rdcifwdkY? orD;rsm;udkaw;*Dwynmrsm;ay;zdkY êud;pm;rnfhtpm;
toufwmESifhwuG usef;rma&;rsm;ESifhqufpyfaeaom toHk;0if
onfhynma&;u@rsm;udk oifMum;ay;Muyg/ csufenf;ûywfenf;
trsKd;rsKd;udkoifMum;ay;Muyg/ tcsuftûywftvkyfonf ynma&;
\u@wpfckjzpf½Hkomru c&pf,mefwpfa,mufjzpfvm&efvnf;
r½Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mjzpfaMumif; ajymjyMuyg/ csufûywfxm;
aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&r½Sd? t&omr½SdcJhygvQif ysufpD;
oGm;onfhtom;rQifrsm;udktpm;xdk;&ef vdktyfonfhaumif;aom
aoG;rsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfyg/
ÀÀÀ
tcef;BuD; (15)
usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfhtpmrsm;ESifh
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhpm;aomufqdkifrsm;
7T, p. 114 (1902)
vufxyfyGJtwGuf pyspf0dkifudkpDpOfay;jcif;ESifh vlxkBuD;
tm; (rkefYig;vHk;ESifhig;ESpfaumiftm;jzifh) auR;arG;cJhjcif;rsm;wGif
xm0&bk&m;ocifjyawmfrlcJhaomedrdwfvu©Pmrsm;rS ta&;yg
qHk;aomoifcef;pmwpfckudk uREfkyfwdkYavhusufEdkifMuygonf/
usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmvkyfief;onf vdktyfcsufudk
axmufyHh&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftoHk;ûyawmfrlaomt&mrsm;wGif
wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ tpm;tpmtm;vHk;udkjyifqifay;awmfrl
aomxm0&bk&m;ocif acwftqufquftpDtpOftm;vHk;
twGuf taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í rdrd\
vlwdkYtm;todray;bJaeawmfrlrnfr[kwfacs/
rEérkefYESifhwlnDjcif;
7T, pp. 124-125 (1902)
uREfkyfonf vGefcJhaomnu jrifjcif;(vision)rsm;pGm&½Sd
cJhonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk xkwfvkyf
a&mif;cs&mwGif owdBuD;pGmxm;&rnfhtjyif qkawmif;um qifjcif
oHk;oyf&efvnf;vdkygonf/
ae&ma'otoD;oD;½Sdvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
NyD; usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom tpm;tpmrsm;xkwfvkyfonfh
402usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 401
DF- 26
twwfynmudkrSefrSefuefueftoHk;ûyMuvdrfhrnfqdkvQif xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf xdktwwfynmudk ¤if;wdkYtm;aocsmayguf
ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*gb,rsm;ydkrdk
rsm;jym;vmvsuf½Sd&m ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;r[kwfolrsm;
yifvQif rMumrDtcsdeftwGif; tom;pm;jcif;udk&yfwefYypfMuvdrfh
rnf/ vlom;taygif;tom;pm;&efrvdkawmhap&eftvdkYiSm
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifMu&efjzpf
onf/
toufwmudk½Snfapvsuf a&m*gb,udkrjzpfaponfh
tpmrsm;xJwGif opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtaphrsm;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;udkygxnfhoGif;pm;oHk;Mu&ef EdkifiHtoD;oD;½SdvlwdkY
tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifoGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ ,cktcsdefwGif
aps;wGif½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpmjzpf
atmif pyf[yfcsufûywfenf;udkrodcJholrsm;onf ajrxGuftpm;
tpmrsm;udkprf;oyfcsufûywfum owdynm½Sd½SdvkyfaqmifMuvdrfh
rnf/ xdkajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udktoHk;ûyyHkESifhywfoufonfhtvif;
rsm;udkvnf; &Muvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkYtm;
vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udkjyoawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
urÇmwpfjcrf;½Sdvlom;rsm;tm; uRrf;usifrIESifhem;vnfrI
rsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlaomudk,fawmf½Sifonf tjcm;urÇm
wpfjcrf;½Sdvlom;rsm;tm;vnf; uRrf;usifrIESifhem;vnfrIrsm;udk
ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ wdkif;EdkifiHtoD;oD;½Sd pm;eyf&du©mrsm;
udk EdkifiHtrsm;wGif oifhavsmfovdktoHk;ûyEdkifzdkYjyifqifay;&efrSm
xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHpnfawmfyifjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf
£oa&vrsm;tm; qufvuftouf½SifaexdkifEdkif&ef aumif;uif
rSrEérkefYudkcsay;cJhonfenf;wl þwdkif;jynfrsm;rSxGufonfh
pm;eyf&du©mrsm;udk tom;tpm;jyifqifpm;oHk;wwfatmif
uRrf;usifrIrsm;ESifh todOmPfrsm;udk ,ckcsay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
Letter 25, 1902.
£oa&vrsm;tm; aumif;uifrSrEérkefYcsay;awmfrlcJhaom
xdkbk&m;ocifonf touf½Sifpdk;pHqJjzpfawmfrl\/ udk,fawmf
onf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifwwf
atmif todOmPfESifhuRrf;usifrIrsm;udkcsay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom[if;vsmrsm;udkcsufûywf&mwGif rdrdvlwdkYudk
vrf;jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ wm0ef½Sdaomrdrdtdrfom;rsm;twGuf
omru qif;&Jom;rsm;twGufyg xdktpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif
&mwGif ¤if;wdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifaomt&mrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif
jrifawGUapvdkawmfrlonf/ rdrdwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk
udk,fpm;ûyvsuf½Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYü½SdaeorQt&m
tm;vHk;onf udk,fawmfcsay;onfht&mrsm;jzpfonfudkvnf;
aumif; todtrSwfûyvsuf c&pfawmfenf;wl &ufa&maom
pdwfoabmudk ¤if;wdkYxif½Sm;apMu&efjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifay;todynm
MS, p. 96 (1905)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; tpm;tpmESifh
ywfoufaomtodynmrsm;udk a0iSay;oem;awmfrlygonf/
404 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 403
xdkt&monf uREfkyfwdkY\ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;vsuf½Sd
onfh ynma&;\ta&;tygqHk;u@wpfckjzpfonf/ trSefw&m;
udka[mMum;aomae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul
ûyonfhcsufûywfenf;rsm;udkvnf; oifMum;ay;&rnf/ tom;
rpm;bJ touf½Sifaexdkifwwfatmif om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoif
ay;&rnf/ ½dk;pif;aomtouf½Sifaexdkifenf;rsm;udk oGefoifay;
&rnf/
,ckpm;oHk;aeaomtpm;tpmrsm;xuf aps;oufomNyD;
ydkí½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfonfh opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;
rsm;udkpm;wwfatmif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm;
vrf;jyaeqJjzpfygonf/ aps;BuD;ay;&aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk
vlrsm;pGmwdkYrwwfEdkifMuapumrl nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;jzifhom
touf½SifaexdkifMu&rnfr[kwfyg/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
vlwdkYtm; aumif;uifrSrEérkefYudkcsum awmxJwGifauR;awmfrlcJh
aombk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif
pm;oHk;wwfatmif ,aeYtodynmay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
MS, p. 156 (1901)
þacwfumvESifhpyfqdkifonfh þowif;pum;udkrMum;
zl;ao;olrsm;xHodkY þowif;pum;a&muf½SdoGm;aomtcsdefwGif
tpm;tpmrsm;udkajymif;vJpm;oHk;&awmhrnf[k ¤if;wdkYawGUjrif
Muygonf/ t&ufaopmudk cHwGif;awmif;ap½kHomru a&m*g
b,rsm;udkjzpfay:apaomtom;pm;jcif;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYpGefYvTwf
Mu&awmhrnfudkvnf; awGUjrifMuygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh
cE¨mudk,f? pdwf"mwfESifh pm&dwåcGeftm;rsm;avsmhyg;oGm;ygonf/
vlonf rdrdpm;aomtpmtay:wGiftajcûyum cE¨mudk,fudk
wnfaqmufaeygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;? aq;vdyfaomufjcif;?
t&ufaomufjcif;rsm;aMumifh ½dkif;pdkif;aom&r®ufrsm;ay:ayguf
vmygonf/ ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udk tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;
jyifqifwwfatmif rdrdvlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ociftodOmPf
ay;oem;vdrfhrnf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;tESHrsm;udk
t&om½Sdatmif uRrf;usifpGma&mpyfcsufûywfpm;aomufjcif;jzifh
r,HkMunfolrsm;a½SUwGif aumif;aomyHkoufaoudkjyMuvdrfhrnf/
odkY&mwGif jzpfNrJ"r®wmtwdkif; xdkodkYa&mpyfpm;oHk;&mwGif tcGHrm
toD;rsm;udktoHk;ûyMu&ygonf/
MS, p. 78 (1902)
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;twGuf ar;xm;
onfhar;cGef;ESifhpyfvsOf;í xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrl
onfhñTefMum;csufrsm;udk ,ckwGif uREfkyfwifjyygrnf/ usef;rm
a&;ESif hnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk vlwDxGifaomt&muJhodk Y
vltrsm;urSwf,laeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;rSm vlom;
rsm;twGufaumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfcktjzpf bk&m;ociftpysKd;xm;
onfht&mrsm;omjzpfonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm
vkyfief;onf bk&m;ocif\vkyfief;jzpfonf/ aiGaMu;½Iaxmifh
rSMunfhum tjrwftpGef;&&eftwGuf xdkvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&ef
r[kwfyg/ tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí xm0&bk&m;ocifay;
awmfrlqJ? ay;awmfrlvwåHUaomtvif;w&m;onf £oa&v
406 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 405
rsm;twGuf rEéjzpfcJhonfht&muJhodkY ,ckacwfom;orD;rsm;twGuf
jzpfygonf/ rEérkefYrsm;aumif;uifrSusvmaomtcg csufpm;&ef
pkodrf;MuzdkY bk&m;ocifurdefYrSmcJhygonf/ xdkenf;ESifESif rdrd
wdkYESifhoifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifpm;oHk;Mu&ef urÇmhEdkifiH
toD;oD;½Sd udk,fawmf\om;orD;rsm;tm; tvif;ay;awmfrl
vdrfhrnf/
toif;awmftoD;oD;½Sdtoif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm;
bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;onfh yg;eyfrIESifhuRrf;usifrIrsm;udk
ysKd;axmifMu&rnf/ vlwdkYonf tom;pm;jcif;twGuf qifajc
ray;bJ tom;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;rnfh usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;rSjyifqifwwf
atmif êud;pm;aqmif½Gufaeolrsm;tm;vHk;udk xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf uRrf;usifrIESifh wwfodem;vnfrIrsm;udk ay;oem;awmfrl
vdrfhrnf/
txufrSay;oem;awmfrlonfh xdktodynmrsm;udk&½Sd
xm;olrsm;onf olwpfyg;tm; &ufa&mpGmrQa0Mu&rnf/
qif;&Jom;nDtpfudkrsm;udk olwdkYulnDMu&rnf/ olwdkYonf
pm;oHk;oljzpfouJhodkY xkwfvkyfolvnf;jzpfMu&rnf/
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk ae&mrsm;pGmü
xkwfvkyf&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHtpnfawmfjzpf\/
þtrSefw&m;udk,HkMunfvufcHolrsm;onf ½dk;pif;aomtpm
rsm;udkcsufwwfatmif avhusufMu&rnf/ toufwmtwGuf
vdktyfaomtajccHypönf;rsm;aMumifh qif;&Jom;rsm; a&m*gb,
zdpD;cHae&onfudk xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrrlyg/ vdktyf
aomOmPfynmrsm;udk udk,fawmfxHwGifawmif;cHum ay;oem;
awmfrlonfhOmPfynmrsm;udk enf;vrf;rSefrSeftoHk;csoGm;Mu&ef
EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifaexdkifaomvlrsKd;taygif;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;
ocifqifhqdkawmfrlonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tultnDrJholrsm;yrm
pdwf"mwfusum vufrIdifcsaeMu&efr[kwfyg/ trSefw&m;udk
olwpfyg;od½Sd&ef wwftm;orQ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/
ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD;ydkí½dk;pif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;
7T, pp. 127, 128 (1902)
uREfkyfwdkY\puf½Hkrsm;rSxkwfvkyfaom usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfonfhtpmrsm;udk ydkíaumif;vmatmif tbufbufrS
vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD; ydkí½dk;pif;aom
tpmrsm;udk rnfodkYxkwfvkyf&rnfhtaMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf om;orD;rsm;tm; oGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ nDtpfudk
rsm;ESifhpdwfoabmxm;nDnGwfpGmjzifh udk,fawmf\tMuHawmf
twdkif;vdkufavQmufMurnfholrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
xdkynmudkay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
MS, p. 75 (1906)
tukeftusrsm;pGmoufomaomfvnf; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0
atmif jyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;udk rQa0ay;urf;jcif;onf
&nfrSef;csuftoD;oD;udkjynfh0apvdrfhrnf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh
toD;tESHrsm;udk ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;jzifhxkwfvkyf&ef êud;pm;
408 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 407
Muyg/ uREfkyfwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;&eftvdkYiSm
þt&mtm;vHk;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;tcrJhay;oem;awmfrlxm;ygonf/
aps;BuD;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;pGJwdkif; usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHk
onfr[kwfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Guf
rsm;udk ½dk;pif;pGmcsufûywfpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh uREfkyfwdkYusef;rmaysmf½Tif
aomtoufwmudk &½SdcHpm;EdkifMuygonf/
7T, pp. 125-126 (1902)
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; aps;EIef;oufomaomtpmrsm;
udkcsufûywf&ef uREfkyfwdkYOmPfynm½SdMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYtrsm;pk
onf csrf;omolrsm;r[kwfMu&m vlwdkif;0,fpm;Edkifavmufonfh
aps;EIef;jzifha&mif;Edkifatmif pDpOfxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/ ae&mtoD;oD;
½Sdqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; tzdk;EIef;csKdomNyD; usef;rma&;ESifhnDaom
tpmrsm;udka0iSa&mif;cs&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHawmf
jzpfonf/ ae&mrsm;pGmwGif tpmxkwfvkyfonfhpuf½Hkrsm;udk
wnfaxmifMu&rnf/ a'owpfckwGifvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh aumif;csD;
r*Fvmjzpfaprnfhxdkt&monf aiGt½Sm&cufonfhtjcm;ae&m
wpfcktwGufvnf; aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfckjzpfvdrfhrnf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYudk,fpm;vkyfaqmif
awmfrlvsuf½Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; tpm;&rJhtaomuf&rJhjzpf
rnfudk udk,fawmfvdkvm;awmfrrlyg/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;
rsm;pm;&efay;awmfrlESifhaom rlvtpm;tpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm;
jyefvnfpm;oHk;apvsuf½Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;aomtpmtm[m&
onf udk,fawmfpD&ifawmfrlxm;onfhypönf;rsm;rSûyvkyfxm;
aomt&mrsm;omyg0if&ygrnf/ tpmtjzpftoHk;ûycJhonfh rlv
ypönf;rsm;rSm opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;? opfO
opfzktrsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzpfygonf/
MS, p. 14 (1901)
tpmESifhywfoufonfhar;cGef;udk pHkvifonfhtajctxd
em;rvnfMuao;acs/ avhusufp&mrsm;pGmusef½SdaeayOD;rnf/
rxkwfvkyfzl;ao;aomfvnf; trSefwu,fvdktyfaeonfhtpm
rsm;udk pyf[yfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í rdefYawmfrlorQudk
em;vnfvufcHEdkifonfhtajctaersKd;ü vlom;rsm;\pdwfoabm
xm;½Sdae&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrlonf/
þurÇmBuD;xJwGif iwfrGwfjcif;rsm;? csKdUwJhtm;i,frI
rsm;wdk;yGm;vmonfESifhtrQ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm
xkwfvkyfjcif;rsm;udkvnf; ydkí½dk;pif;ap&vdrfhrnf/ om;orD;
rsm;udkcspfawmfrl½Hkomru om;orD;rsm;\aumif;usKd;twGufom
ûyawmfrlaomxm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmufwGif þvkyfief;wGif
yg0ifvkyfaqmifoltm;vHk; tpOfwpdkufavhusufoifhygonf/
Letter 27, 1902.
þvkyfief;wGif pGefYpm;vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;pGmyg½Sdyg
onf/ ajrrSxGufonfhtm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomt&mrsm;udk tm[m&
vnf;rysuf? aps;vnf;csKdomatmifxkwfvkyfEdkif&ef prf;oyfrI
rsm;vkyf&ygrnf/
tpmxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;onf pdwftm;BuD;pGmqkawmif;
vsuf vkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
410 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 409
aomtpmrsm; jyifqifwwfonfhOmPfynmudk xm0&bk&m;ocif
xHwGifawmif;avQmufMuyg/ rkefYig;vHk;ESifhig;ESpfaumifudk vl
ig;axmiftm; auR;EdkifatmifpDrHawmfrlcJhonfh xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf ,aeYtouf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdaom om;orD;rsm;\vdktyf
csufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ xl;qef;aom þedrdwf
vu©PmudkjyNyD;onfhaemuf c&pfawmfonf ûcd;jcHacRwma&;ESifh
ywfoufaomoifcef;pmwpfckudkay;awmfrlcJhonf/ qmavmif
aeaomvlxkBuD;auseyfatmifpm;NyD;onfhaemuf ]usefao;wJh
ig;eJYrkefYawGudkpkvdkufMu? enf;enf;rQtavtvGifhr½SdapMuESifh}
[k udk,fawmfrdefYrSmvdkuf&m xdkolrsm;onf tuseft<uif;
rsm;udkpkodrf;vdkuf&m 12 wif;rQyif&cJhMuonf/
MS, p. 40 (1902)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm
rsm;taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhtodynmrsm;udk EdkifiHtoD;oD;½Sd
vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm; ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ udk,fawmfonf
awmawmifxJrSmyif vlwdkYpm;p&mzdkYjyifqifay;Edkifawmfrlonf
jzpf&m usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;&ef êud;pm;aeaom
uREfkyfwdkY\toif;awmfrsm;onfvnf; usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf
aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifoifhMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdUurl
þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\vkyfydkifcGifh? pm;ydkifcGifhrsm;udk
uefYowfrIûyvkyfaeonf[kqdkMu\/ tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif
wwfatmif OmPfynmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; rnfolay;oenf;[k
þae&mwGifar;p&mjzpfvmygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonfyif
jzpfygonf/ rdrdvlwdkYonf udk,fhEdkifiHrSxGufonfhpm;p&mrsm;udk
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmjzpfatmif csufûywfwwf
onfhOmPfynmrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rpawmfrlvdrfh
rnf/ rdrdwdkYEdkifiHwGif;rSxGufonfhopfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh
opfjrpfopfOrsm;udk ½dk;pif;NyD;tukeftusoufomaomenf;rsm;
jzifh uREfkyfwdkYprf;oyfxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifhwuG
uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkrsm;\tusKd;tvdkYiSm EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif aps;
oufomaomtpmrsm;udkxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/
EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifaexdkifMuolrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;twGuf tar&duefjynfudkom tm;udk;
rSDcdkrIrûyMu&efvnf; uREfkyftm;xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmcJhygonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfwGif wefzdk;½SdvSaomqif;&J
om;rsm;taejzifh 0,frpm;Edkifavmufatmif ydkYaqmifcESifhtcGeftc
rsm;aMumifh xdktpmrsm;\wefzdk;onf trsm;BuD;jrifhoGm;ygonf/
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\
xGufukefrsm;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;NyD; tm[m&jynfh0um aps;oufom
onfhtpmrsm;udk ajrxGufypönf;rsm;rSxkwfvkyfwwf&eftvdkYiSm
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf c&pf,mefomoeme,frsm;½Sd rdrdvlwdkYtm;
oGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf udk,fawmfxH
wGif toem;cHMurnfqdkvQif þajrxGufypönf;rsm;udk jyifqif
csufûywfwwfatmif oifMum;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ ]xdkolwdkYudk
rwm;jrpfESifh} [kajym&ef xm0&bk&m;ocif uREfkyftm;rdefYrSm
awmfrlonf/
412 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 411
Letter 98, 1901.
oiftvkyfvkyfudkifaeonfha'owGif usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfpGm tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifwwfatmif oif,lzdkYvdkonfh
vlrsm;pGm½Sdaeonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhvHk;0nDnGwf½Hkomru aps;
oufomaomtpmrsm;udkxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/ usef;rma&;qdkif&m
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;a[mMum;&rnf/ trSef
w&m;udkvufcHjcif;aMumifh tvkyfûywfcJh&onfh,HkMunfolrsm;
onf tpmxkwfvkyfonfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;
tm;jzifh b0&yfwnfrIudk&apvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifay;oem;
xm;onfh ajrxGufypönf;rsm;udk vlwdkif;udk,fhbmomudk,f
csufûywfEdkifrnfh aumif;aomtpmtm[m&rsm;toGifodkY pD&if
jyifqifay;&efjzpfonf/ odkYrSom usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYoifhwifhavsmufywfpGmwifjyEdkifMurnfjzpfum
xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkMum;emxm;Muolrsm;onfvnf; xdkpnf;rsOf;
rsm;\aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfrIrsm;udkoabmaygufvmNyD; vufcH
usifhoHk;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
qdkif&m tm[m&t&omrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk
rwifqufEdkifao;rD usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&ma½SUajy;
u@rsm;udkwifjy&efcGifhûyvsuf uREfkyfwdkY&EdkifOD;rnfr[kwfacs/
7T, p. 132 (1902)
trSefw&m;udka[mMum;onfhae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmjyifqifenf;rsm;udk oGefoifay;Mu&
rnf/ tvQHy,f&Edkifonfhypönf;rsm;udk owdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh csufûywf
pm;oHk;wwfatmif vlwdkYudkoifay;&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk
½Sdawmfrlonf/ rdrdwdkYaexdkifonfht&yfa'orSxGufaomt&m
rsm;udktoHk;ûywwfatmif uRrf;usifaomq&mrsm;u vlwdkYtm;
oifay;oifhygonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh vlcsrf;omrsm;omru
qif;&Jom;rsm;vnf; usef;rmaysmf½TifpGmtouf½Sifaexdkif&ef
avhusufEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 188 (1901)
a'otoD;oD;½Sd ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udktoHk;cswwfvm
rnfhvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf urÇmha'otoD;oD;wGif½Sdaeygonf/
xkwfvkyfydkYaqmifcoufompGmjzifh xdktoD;tESHrsm;udka&mpyf
pm;oHk;vdkY&r&udkod½Sd&ef aocsmpGmavhvmprf;oyfMu&ygrnf/
þtvkyfudkNyD;ajrmufatmif bk&m;ocif\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif
vlwdkif;wwftm;orQêud;pm;vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/ vlom;rsm;\
xl;uJaomOmPftm;jzifh aygif;pyfay;Edkifonfh aps;BuD;tpm;
tpmrsm;pGm½Sdaeaomfvnf; ukefusp&dwfrsm;aomtcsuftûywf
rsm;toHk;csjcif;udk trSefwu,fvdktyfaeonfr[kwfyg/
]tcGHrmtoD;rsm;rSxkwfvkyfonfhtpmawGeJY uRefawmf
rwnfhbl;/ uRefawmfhtpmtdrfu 'gawGudkvufrcHbl;} [k
a&;om;xm;aompmwpfapmifudk vGefcJhaom (3) ESpfcefYu uREfkyf&cJh
ygonf/ csufûywfenf;rsm;pGmudk xdkpOfuwnf;u uREfkyf
pdwftm½HkwGif&xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ tcGHrmtoD;tenf;i,fudktoHk;ûy
um ¤if;wdkYESifhpyf[yfrnfhtjcm;[if;pyfenf;rsm;vnf;½Sdygonf/
xdk[if;pyfenf;rsm;wGif tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk [if;\ 10yHk 1yHk
414 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 413
(odkYr[kwf) 6yHk1yHkudkomxnfhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdk[if;pyfenf;
twdkif; pyf[yfcsufûywfMunfh&m atmifjrifrI&cJhygonf/
tcsKdrsm;aombDpuGwfrkefYrsm;
tcsKdrsm;onfhbDpuGwfrkefYrsm;tygt0if oa&pmrkefYrsm;
taMumif;udkvnf; uREfkyftm;rdefYawmfrlcJhygao;onf/ vlêuduf
rsm;aomaMumifh xkdrkefYrsm;udkxkwfvkyfaeMu&m rwnfhaom
olrsm;uvnf; xdkrkefYrsm;udkpm;aeMuygonf/ xdkrkefYrsm;udk ydkí
aumif;vmatmifxkwfvkyf&efvdktyfae&m bk&m;ocifESifhtwl
vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;tm;vHk;\vkyfief;rsm;wGif udk,fawmf½Sifonf
twlvkyfaqmifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
7T, p. 126 (1902)
usef;rma&;*sme,frsm;twGuf pmrlrsm;udkjyifqifaeMu
olrsm;onf owdBuD;pGmxm;í vkyfaqmifoihfygonf/
txl;ojzifh ,aeYjyifqifxm;NyD;jzpfaomtpm;tpmwcsKdUudk ydkí
aumif;vmatmifjyifqifEdkif½Hkomru ¤if;wdkYtm; toHk;csrIESifh
pyfvsOf;onfhpDrHcsufrsm;udk jyifqifzdkYvdkygvdrfhrnf/ wcsKdUwdkYonf
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udkjyifqifxm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk txdef;
tuGyfrJhpm;Muygonf/ ]tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udkjyifqifxm;onfh
tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrpm;Edkifbl;/ tom;tpm; tjcm;b,ft&m
udkpm;&ifaumif;rvJ} [k pma&;vmolrsm;vnf;½SdMuonf/
wpfnwGif vlwpfpka½SUwGif uREfkyf&yfaeonfudk pdwftm½HkwGif
awGU&ygonf/ wcsKdU[if;pyfrsm;twdkif; ûyjyifxm;onfhtcGHrm
416 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 415
toD;rsm;udk tpmtdrfrcHEdkifavmufatmif pm;oHk;aeMuonf
[lívnf;aumif;? ,ckxufûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;vQif ydkíusef;rma&;
aumif;vmrnf[lívnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfpdwftm½HkxJ
wGifajymaeygonf/
7T, p. 41 (1902)
tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;wGif qif;&Joltoif;om;rsm;yg
aps;csKdompGmjzifhpm;Edkifatmif tm[m&ESifhjynfh0onfhtpmrsm;udk
pDpOfay;oifhygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf½Hkomru pm;csifh
pzG,fjzpfatmif pDpOfxm;onfh[if;vsmrsm;udka&mif;onfh
pm;aomufqdkifrsm;vnf;½Sdoifhygonf/ þt&mu uREfkyfwdkYESifh
,HkMunfjcif;rwlnDolrsm;udk ynma&;wpfckoufaojyygvdrfh
rnf/ tpm;taomufjyifqifjcif;trIudk tpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif
yg0ifvIyf½Sm;aeonfh tjcm;tvkyfrsm;ESifh wjcm;pDjzpfonf[k
r½IjrifMuygESifh/ bk&m;ocifhtrIawmfwGifyg0ifonfhvkyfief;
aqmifwmwpfckpDonf wpfckESifhwpfckeD;uyfpGmaygif;pnf;ae&yg
onf/ vkyfief;tm;vHk;onf pHkvifaomo[Zmw½SdrIudk&½Sd&ef
OD;wnfa½GUvsm;aeygonf/
MS, p. 79 (1900)
pdwftm;xufoefvsuf½S daomtrIaqmifrsm;onf
c&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;rsm;udk ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif vdkif;toD;oD;rS
vkyfaqmifMuygvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulay;onfh
pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkwnfaxmifMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdkvkyfief;
udk rnfuJhodkY*½kpdkufvkyfaqmifoifhygoenf;/ pm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif
tvkyfvkyfaeolrsm;onf t&omESifhjynfhpHkonfh usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;udkavhvmEdkif&ef
pdkufvdkufrwfwwfprf;oyfaeMuygonf/ xdkpm;aomufqdkifrsm;onf
¤if;wdkYtwGuf ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfaeygonf/ þvkyfief;rsKd;
udk ûrdUi,fuav;rsm;rSmxuf ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif ydkíjzpfxGef;atmif
vkyfEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif toif;awmf (odkYr[kwf) toif;awmf
pmoifausmif;½Sdaomae&ma'owdkif;wGif usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;ESifhtnD tcsuftûywfwwfvdkolrsm;tm;vHk;udk oifMum;
ay;oifhygonf/ ¤if;jyif uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mefomoeme,fwdkif;
rSvnf; xdkuJhodkYaomoifMum;rIrsm;udkûyvkyfEdkifMuygonf/
Letter, p. 201 (1902)
þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fuif;onfhyHkay:ae
aomfvnf; pm;aomufqdkifvkyfief;rsm;wGif tNrJwrf;xdef;odrf;
xm;oifhaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azgufoGm;apEdkifojzifh vkyfief;
tpwGi f txl;owdxm;vky faqmif&e fvd ktyfygonf/
wpfoufwmvHk;cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufcJholrsm;onf
t&omaumif;NyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk ½kwfw&ufcsufcsif;
jyifqifwwfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfwdkYarQmfvifh&rnfr[kwfyg/
þt&monf aq;cef;wdkif;ESifhpm;aomufqdkifwdkif;u oifMum;
ay;&rnfhodyÜHtwwfwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/
uREfkyf\pm;aomufqdkifrsm;rS OD;pD;em,ursm;\tm;ay;rI
onf vrf;rSefudkvdkuf&ef uREfkyfwdkYjiif;qdkaomaMumifh enf;yg;
vmrnfqdkvQifvnf; enf;ygavap/ aumif;aom&v'f&onf
jzpfap? r&onfjzpfap bk&m;ocifcsay;onfhvrf;pOftwdkif;
uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmufMu&ygrnf/
oifhtm; trSefvrf;udkvdkufavQmufap&eftwGufaomf
vnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkrpaw;bJ uREfkyfwdkY\
aq;cef;rsm;ESifh pm;aomufqdkifrsm;xJodkYra&mufvmEdkifonfh
tpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; oiftrtp
&&ef þpmudk oifhqDodkYuREfkyfa&;om;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/
Letter, p. 271 (1905)
uREfkyfwdkY\ûrdUBuD;rsm;½Sd pm;aomufqdkiftm;vHk;wGif
tEÅ&m,f½Sdaeygonf/ taMumif;rSm pm;aomufzG,f&mtrnf
rsm;pGmudkwnfcif;aeMuygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif pm;aomuf
p&mtrnfrsm;pGmpm;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfü a&m*gjzpfwwfyg
onf/ ½dk;pif;pGmpm;aomufjcif;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
\u@wpfckjzpfonf/ emrnfaumif;xdef;odrf;rIudk xdkvkyfief;
tm;jzifh &yfwefYoGm;rnfhtEÅ&m,fwpfckvnf;½Sdaeygao;onf/
usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvm&eftwGuf uREfkyfwdkY
vkyfaqmifaeMuonfqdkvQif cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;qef&rnf? tpmudk
jznf;jznf;pm;&rnf? xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; trnftenf;i,f
udkompm;oHk;&rnf? þt&mrsm;udk xyfcgwvJzGifhqdk&rnf/
xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; [if;trnfrsm;pGmpm;oHk;jcif;onf
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDyg/ touf0dnmOfrsm;twGuf
tpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;tvkyfonf tjcm;tvkyfrsm;xufydkí
t"duusNyD; c&pf,mefbmoma&;u@wpfckjzpfonfudk
rnfonfhtcgrQ rarhavsmhoifhyg/
usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 417 418 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
DF- 27
7T, p. 55 (1902)
b½Gwfuvif;wGif oufowfvGwfpm;aomufqdkif
wpfqdkifjzpfNyD;ojzifh uREfkyfwdkYpdwfauseyfraeoifhaMumif;? xdkûrdU\
tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf; tjcm;pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkzGifhoifh
aMumif; uREfkyfjrifEdkifpGrf;tm½Hk&cJhonf/ e,l;a,mufûrdUBuD;\
tpdwftydkif;wpfckwGifaexdkifolrsm;onf xdkûrdU\ tjcm;tpdwf
tydkif;wpfckwGif jzpfysufaeaomt&mrsm;udkrod½SdMuacs/ ae&m
toD;oD;wGifzGifhxm;onfhpm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif vma&mufpm;oHk;
olrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;wdk;wufvmonfudk owdûyrd
vmMuvdrf hrnf/ wpfBudrf,HkMunfpdwfcsrI½S doGm;onfESif h
wpfûydifeuf ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;ESifhqdkifaomowif;xl;rsm;udk
vufcH&ef tqifoifhjzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/
ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoem
vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifaomae&mwdkif;ü csufûywfenf;oifwef;rsm;
udkvnf;ay;oifhonf/ pmoifonfhc&pf,mefomoemydkif
ausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfaomae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;ESifhtnD
pm;aomufzG,frsm;udka&mif;csonfh pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkzGifhoifh
ygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifh nDnGwfaompm;aomufzG,frsm;udk
jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;ESifh a½G;cs,fjcif;rsm;udk xdkqdkifrsm;tm;jzifh
vufawGUom"ujyEdkifygonf/
7T, p. 115 (1902)
ûrdUBuD;rsm;twGuf owif;pum;wpfckudk xm0&bk&m;
ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;ygonf/ xdkowif;pum;udk tpnf;
ta0;BuD;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? vlxkw&m;yGJrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;?
pmtkyfpmayrsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYzGifhqdka[majym
Mu&rnf/ xdkYjyif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk
a&mif;onfh pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkvnf; ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGifzGifh&
rnf/ xdkqdkifrsm;tm;jzifh csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHjcif;qdkif&mowif;pum;
udk[pfa<u;&rnf/ xdkqdkifrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh tpnf;a0;yGJ
rsm;udkvnf;usif;y&ef pDpOf&rnf/ em,uBuD;rsm;udkzdwfMum;
um c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&modyÜHtwwf
rsm;taMumif;udkydkYcsEdkif½Hkomru tm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpm
jyifqifenf;ESifh tjcm;ta&;BuD;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY
jyefvnf&½SdoGm;apEdkifrnfhae&mrsm;wGif tcef;rsm;udkjzpfEdkifrnfh
tcsdefwdkif;wGif jyifqifxm;Muyg/ xdktpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif
qkawmif;jcif;? "r®oDcsif;oDqdkjcif;rsm;ESifhwuG usef;rma&;
qdkif&mcsKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;udk oifhavsmfrnfhor®musrf;csuf
rsm;jzifh yl;wGJwifquf&efjzpfonf/ cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;
xdef;odrf;yHkrsm;udkoifMum;ay;pOfwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfrsKd;aph
csEdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; awGU½Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/
MS, p. 10 (1906)
c&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk vlom;rsm;tm½Hkûyvm
atmif þenf;tm;jzifh usif;yûyvkyfaomtcsdefwGif usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmvkyfief;onfvnf; tusKd;½Sd½Sdvkyfaqmif
NyD;pD;vmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif cE¨mudk,fvdktyfcsufuav;udk
jznfhqnf;½HkoufouftwGuf tpmxkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;xuf
usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 419 420 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
ydkírwGifus,faomêud;pm;rIrsm;udk uREfkyfjyif;xefpGmowday;vdk
ygonf/ vlxkBuD;twGuf toufrkefYauR;&efrêud;pm;bJ tpm;
tpmxkwfvkyf½Hkoufoufaqmif½Gufaejcif;onf tcsdefukef?
vlyef;aponfh rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckomjzpfonf/
xm0&touf&Edkifrnfhvrf;udkazmfjyonfh &nf½G,fcsufrygaom
vkyfief;wpfckwGif BuD;rSm;aomtEÅ&m,f½Sdaeygonf/
ÀÀÀ
usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 421 422
tcef;BuD; (16)
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;
qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifhnDaom*½kpdkufjcif;ESifhaumif;aomtpmrsm;
MS, p. 50 (1905)
zsm;emolrsm;udkûypkapmifha½Smuf&ef aq;½Hkrsm;wnfaxmif
zGifhvSpf&rnf/ bk&m;ocifudkaMumufcspf½dkaoaom aq;zuf
qd kif&mc&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;onf a&m*gonfrsm;ud k
xdkae&mrsm;wGif aq;0g;udktoHk;rûybJ ukoapmifha½SmufEdkifMu
ygonf/ rrSefuefaompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;aMumifh a&m*g&um
xdkae&modkYa&mufvmrnfha&m*gonfrsm;twGuf t&omESifh
tm[m&jynfhpHkonfh ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;Mu
&rnf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk cHwGif;vdkufaprnfh
tpmrsm;ESifha&mí auR;arG;&efjzpfonf/
MS, p. 44 (1896)
iSufzsm;a&m*gudk obm0aq;rsm;jzifhukoEdkifonfhae&m
rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? zsm;emvQif udk,fbmomudk,fukowwfzdkY
oifMum;ay;Edkifrnfhae&mrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? tm[m&½Sdaom
tpmrsm;udk ûcd;jcHpGmjzifhpm;oHk;&ef ¤if;wdkYavhusufEdkifrnfhae&mrsm;
wGifvnf;aumif;? rl;,pfxHkxdkif;aponfh vufzuf&nf? aumfzD
rStp t&ufaopmtrsKd;rsKd;ESifhwuG wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;rS
tom;rsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;rsm;tm; jiif;y,f&ef ynmay;Edkifrnfh
ae&mrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; aq;½Hkwpf½HkzGifh&ef uREfkyfqE½Sdygonf/
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 423 424 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Letter, p. 112 (1909)
vl\cE¨mudk,fwGif tcuftcJwpfpHkwpf&mrjzpfay:ap
atmif zefwD;xm;onfhenf;rsKd;jzifh jyifqifxm;aomtm[m&jynfh
tpmrsm;udk pDpOfay;&efrSm orm;awmfBuD;rsm;\wm0efjzpfonf/
MS, p. 93 (1901)
BuD;av;aomwm0efwpfckudk xrf;aqmifae&onf[k
rSwf,lvsuf orm;awmfBuD;rsm;onf qkawmif;yw¬emûyjcif;trI
udk aqmif½GufMu&rnf/ vlemrsm;twGuf toifhavsmfqHk;aom
tpmrsm;udk ñTefMum;ay;&rnf/ taoG;tom;aumif;jzpfxGef;&ef
tpm;tpmaumif;&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh rdrdonf ta&;ygaom
tvkyfwpfckud kvkyfaqmifaeaMumif; oabmaygufaom
vlwpfa,mufu jyifqifay;onfhtpmrsm;jzpf&efvnf;vdktyfonf/
MH, p. 221 (1905)
olemûyq&mrvkyfaqmif&rnfh ta&;tBuD;qHk;wm0ef
wpfckrSm vlemudkauR;rnfhtpmtm; *½kpdkuf&efyifjzpfonf/
tm[m&uif;rJhaomtpmrsm;aMumifh vlemtm; a&m*grcHpm;ap
oifhovdk rvdkvm;tyfaomtm;tifqkwf,kwfrIrsm;udkvnf;
rjzpfoifhygacs/ xdkenf;twl tm;enf;aeaomtpmajcrnfh
cGeftm;rsm;udk tvkyfydkrvkyfcdkif;oifhyg/ tm[m&jynfh0onfh
tpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;&mwGif *½kpdkuf&rnfjzpfovdk vlem\
vdktyfcsuftay:wGifcsifhcsdefum tpmt&nftaoG;ESifhtwdkif;tq
udk rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfoifhygonf/
Letter, p. 213 (1902)
tom;udkpm;csifpdwfr½Sdawmhap&eftvdkYiSm t&om?
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; cHwGif;vdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk tvQHy,f
jyifqifum vlemrsm;tm; auR;arG;oifhygonf/ pm;aomuf
onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&m
ynmay;enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfapoifhygonf/ vlemrsm;udkauR;onfh
tpma&mpyfrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí txl;*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ tpm
rsm;udkrSefuefatmifa&mpyfauR;wwfjcif;onf tvGefwefzdk;½Sd
onfhtjyif xdkt&monf OmPfynmuJhodkY bk&m;ocifhxHawmfrS
&aomt&mjzpfonf/
aq;½Hk½Sdwm0efcHrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;twGuf
tvkyfvkyfaeaMumif; vlemrsm;od½SdMuap&eftvdkYiSm xrif;pm;csdef
rsm;udk wdwdususowfrSwfum auR;oifhygonf/ odkYrSom
¤if;wdkYaq;½HkrSqif;oGm;aomtcg pdwfMunfMunfomomjzifh
xGufcGmoGm;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xrif;pm;csdefrsm;udk
rajymif;vJEdkifonfhOya'jzifhowfrSwfxm;onf[k vlemrsm;tm;
txif½SdoGm;atmifawmh rvkyfaqmifoifhygacs/
wcsKdUvlemrsm;onf wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfpm;vQif
ydkNyD;aevdkYaumif;Muaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSmrl naeydkif;wGif wpfckck
pm;csifaeao;onf/ wcsKdUrSmrl xrif;wpfcgpm;vQif enf;enf;
ompm;wwfMuonf/ þtcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYowdxm;Mu&rnf/
<uufom;rsm;oefrmvmap&ef tpmudkvHkavmufpGmauR;Mu&
rnf/ pm;vdkufaomtpmrS pdwfucGeftm;&onfqdkonfhtcsuf
udkvnf; rarhoifhMuacs/ aq;½HkwGiftvkyfvkyfaeMuaom aq;zuf
qdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhu@wpfckrSm
tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;\wefzdk;udk azmfjyMu&efjzpfonf/
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 425 426 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
aq;½HkwGif vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udk
rauR;&qdkonfrSmrSefonf/ þtcsufonf vlrsm;pGmwdkYtwGuf
BuD;rm;aomajymif;vJrIwpfckjzpf½Hkomru rcHr&yfEdkifatmif
jyif;xefaomwm;qD;rIwpfckjzpfaewwfonf/ xrif;pm;onfh
tBudrfrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfjcif;rSmrl wcsKdUvlrsm;twGuf
taumif;xuftqdk;udkydkíjzpfay:apEdkifygonf/
rjzpfraeajymif;vJypf&rnfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;udkom
ajymif;vJapyg
Letter, p. 213 (1902)
vlemrsm;½Sdaeonfhae&modkY aq;½Hkwm0ef½Sdolrsm;u
oGm;a&mufawGUqHkMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;aMumif; aq;½Hk
0efxrf;rsm;owd&Muyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf trSefw&m;ESifhywfouf
aomtcuftcJrsm;udkwifjy&mwGif bk&m;ocif\ulnDaom
vufrsm;jzpfMuzdkYvdktyfonf/ aq;½Hküa&muf½SdaeMuaom vlem
ESifh{nfhonfrsm;\tusifh"avhrsm;udkrvdktyfbJ [efYwm;
ajymif;vJzdkYrêud;pm;oifhMuyg/ xdkoltrsm;pkonf þae&modkY
acwåcPtem;,l&ef vma&mufMujcif;jzpfonf/ tcsdefwdkuav;
twGif;rSm ¤if;wdkY\xrif;pm;csdefESifh xrif;pm;onfhtBudrf
ta&twGufudk twif;t"r®ajymif;vJypfjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYtm;
pdwfroufromjzpfaponf/ tu,fí oifonf þt&mudk
vkyfaqmifrdvQifvnf; oif\vkyfaqmifrIrSm;,Gif;aMumif;
aemufydkif;wGif oifawGU&vdrfhrnf/ vlemrsm;\tusifh"avh
rsm;udk oifavhvmyg/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\tusifh"avhudk
ajymif;vJypf&ef rawmif;qdkygESifh/
aq;½Hktodkuft0ef;onf tdrfESifhwlaomESpfodrfhrIrsm;ESifh
jynfh0ygap/ aq;vmukolrsm;tm; tdrfrSmae&ovdkrsKd;cHpm;&
atmifxm;yg/ tpm;tpmrsm;ESifhajymif;vJrIudkZGwftwif;ûyvkyf
vdkufrnfqdkvQif pdwfrNidrfroufrIudk ¤if;wdkYcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/
pdwfrtDromcHpm;&rIonf ¤if;wdkY\tusifh"avhrsm;udk [efYwm;
ajymif;vJypfjcif;\&v'fyifjzpfvdrfhrnf/ pdwftaESmifht,Suf
jzpfjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf yHkrSeftajctaewGifr½SdawmhbJ cHpm;
oifhaomaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk vufvGwfqHk;½HI;Mu&wwfyg
onf/ tusifh"avhrsm;udk rajymif;rjzpfajymif;vJ&rnfqdkvQif
vnf; xdkajymif;vJypfjcif;udk aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfcktjzpf ¤if;wdkY
jrifvmatmif nifnifomomjzifh *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmifMuyg/
þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;pGmodjrifatmif ynm
ay;jcif;rcH&ao;olrsm;taejzifh oabmaygufvufcHEdkif&ef
oifwdkY\pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;onf a½SUaemufnDnGwfygavap/
aq;½Hkodk Ya&muf½S dvmaomvlemrsm;\usef;rma&;jyefvnf
aumif;rGefvmap&ef &nf½G,fvsuf trSefw&m;ESifhpyfqdkifaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ajymif;vJypfzdkY oifêud;pm;aepOfwGif tmPmjy
cdkif;apjcif;rsKd;r[kwfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYawGUjrifatmifvkyfaqmifyg/
¤if;wdkYra½G;cs,faomtoufwmvrf;pOfwpfckudk ZGwftwif;
vdkuftavQmufcdkif;aeonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYcHpm;csufr½Sdatmif
vkyfaqmifMuyg/
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 427 428 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tpm;tpmyHkpHudkjznf;jznf;csif;ajymif;vJyg
Letter, p. 331 (1904)
nOfhtcsdefBuD;wGif uREfkyfonf oifwdkYESifhpum;vufqHk
usvsuf½Sdonf/ tpm;tpmudpöESifhywfoufí oifwdkYudkajymp&m
wcsKdU½Sdaeygonf/ oif\aq;½HkodkY urÇmtESHYrSvma&muftuko
cHaeaomvlemrsm;udkauR;aeonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk tajymif;tvJ
vkyfzdkYvdkaMumif; oifhudkuREfkyfajymaecJhygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomtpmESifh tieftpyftpmrsm;udk rqifrjcif
pm;um cHwGif;tvdkvdkufcJhMuaomaMumifh a&m*g&aeolrsm;jzpf
Muonf/ xdkaMumifh pm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;wGif olwdkYtajymif;
tvJvkyfzdkYvdktyfaeacsNyD/ odkYaomf þûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk
½kwfw&ufvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfr[kwfbJ jznf;jznf;csif;vkyfaqmif
Mu&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkYtm;auR;aeonfh usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom
tpmrsm;onf cHwGif;vdkufaomtpmrsm;jzpf&rnf/ þolrsm;
onf wpfoufvHk; wpfaeYxrif; (3) cgpm;½Hkomru pm;aom
tpmrsm;onfvnf; tyl? tpyf? tcsKd? tqdrfhvGefuJaomtpm
rsm;jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
qdkif&mowif;pum;udk olwdkYxHo,faqmifoGm;zdkYta&;BuD;yg
onf/ ¤if;wdkYtwGufxl;jcm;aernfh½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;ESifhtom;us
oGm;ap&eftvdkYiSm tm[m&jynfh0NyD; cHwGif;vdkufaprnfhtpm;
tpmrsm;udk olwdkYtwGuftvQHy,fjyifqifay;oifhygonf/
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvufcHrnfhtpm; ausmcdkif;
roGm;ap&ef ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk cyfMurf;Murf;raqmif½Gufoifhacs/
¤if;wdkYtm;auR;rnfhtpmrsm;onf oifwdkY? uREfkyfwdkYpm;aeaom
tpmxuf ydkíaumif;atmifjyifqifcsufûywfxm;onfhtpmrsKd;
jzpf&rnf/
arSmifrdkufaomtoufwmwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf
½Sdaom xdkolrsm;½Sdonfhae&modkY oifoGm;a&mufawGUqHk&mwGif
xm0&bk&m;ocifu oifhtm; yg;eyfrIrsm;½Sdapcsifonfudk
uREfkyfodaeojzifh þpmudka&;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ uREfkyf\
yk*¾vduESpfoufrIrSm ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;yifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
udk,ftvdkudkvdkufum touf½SifaexdkifcJhaomxdkvlemrsm;udk
xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udkauR;vdkufjcif;jzifh usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIvkyfief;rsm;rS ausmcdkif;oGm;aprnfqdkvQif þvkyfaqmif
rIonf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;jzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wdkY\
pm;usif haomufusif hrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfzd k Yvd kaMumif;udk
þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;jzifh oabmaygufapvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
ta&;ygonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk olwdkYtm;ajymjyyg/ ½dk;pif;
aomtpmrsm;udkoH k;aqmifzd k Yvd ktyfaMumif; ynmay;um
jznf;jznf;csif;ajymif;vJay;yg/ ñTefMum;ukorIrsm;udkwHkYjyefEdkif&ef
¤if;wdkYtm;tcsdefay;yg/ wwfEdkiforQ El;nHhodrfarGUpGm olwdkY
twGufvkyfaqmifay;yg? qkawmif;ay;yg? vrf;jyay;yg/
&if;ESD;rI&½SdzdkY vlemrsm;ESifhtwl xrif;xdkifpm;&ef aq;½Hk
wpfckwGif uREfkyfudk aq;½HkwpfckuzdwfMum;chJaomtjzpftysuf
uav;wpfckudk uREfkyfowd&rdygao;onf/ xdkpOfu vlem
rsm;udkauR;arG;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf vHk;vHk;BuD;rSm;aeonfudk
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 429 430 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
uREfkyfjrifawGUcJhygonf/ auR;aomtpmrsm;onf t&omr½Sd
onfhjyif r0w0vnf;jzpfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh tjcm;tpm;
tpmwpfrsKd;udkjyifqif&ef êud;pm;cJh&m tusKd;½SdaMumif;awGUcJh&
ygonf/
ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;yg½Sdonfhynma&;
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif vlemrsm;twGufvkyfaqmif
ay;aeaomt&mrsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkYusKd;aMumif;qifjcifum
oHk;oyfMu&rnf/ wpfoufvHk;usifhoHk;vmonfh"avhp½dkufrsm;udk
wpfcPjcif;twGif;wGif rajymif;vJypfEdkifaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY
owd&oifhonf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk owdynm½Sdaom
xrif;csufpm;zdkrª;rsm;ESifh tm[m&ESifhjynfh0onfh tvQHy,f
aygrsm;aomtpm;tpmrsm;tm;jzifh aumif;rGefpGmtaumiftxnf
azmfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf tcsdefawmh,l&ygrnf/ trSefwu,f
awmif;qdkrIr½SdcJhvQif rnfonfhajymif;vJrIudkrQ ZGwftwif;rûyvkyf
oifhacs/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;twGuf cHwGif;
awGUaomtpmrsm;onf qDoGwfbl;rsm;udkpm;avh½Sdolrsm;twGuf
cHwGif;vdkufcsifrSvdkufayrnf/ qDoGwfbl;rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkifaMumif;azmfjyvsuf tpmajymif;&efvdktyf
aMumif;½Sif;jyonfhoifwef;rsm;udkay;oifhonf/ rnfonfh
taMumif;aMumifh uREfkyfwdkY\tpm;taomuftusifha[mif;rsm;udk
pGefYypfcJhonfudkvnf; ajymjyMuyg/ aq;vdyfESifht&ufwdkYudk
uREfkyfwdkYroHk;aqmifjcif;taMumif;&if;rsm;udkvnf; ½Sif;jyMuyg/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;zGifhjyum tm[m&
½SdNyD; t&omESifhjynhf0aomtpmrsm;jzifhûypkMuyg/ þajymif;vJrI
onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuftaumif;qHk;jzpfaMumif;awGUjrifoGm;&ef
twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk ta&;wBuD;
vkyfaqmifzdkYvdktyfaMumif;udk oifvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGufaomf
vnf;aumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhudkrpulnDawmfrl
vdrfhrnf/ xdkolrsm;onf pm;aeusjzpfaomqDoGwfbl;rsm;udk
wrf;waumif;wrf;wMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; t&omaumif;NyD;
tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkauR;um êud;pm;rnfqdkvQif xdktpm
a[mif;rsm;udkwrf;wMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ ajymif;vJ&efvdktyf
aeonfhpm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;udk cifwG,faernfqdkvQif
¤if;wdkYudkukoaeaomt&mrsm;onf tusKd;½SdEdkifrnfr[kwfaMumif;
udkvnf; ajymjyMuyg/
Letter, p. 45 (1903)
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hktm;vHk;½Sd vlempm;aomufaqmifp&dwf
udkenf;yg;ap&ef pDpOfoifhygonf/ wcsKdUaq;½Hkrsm;wGifauR;ae
aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&a&mt&omyguif;rJ haeonfh
xl;jcm;csufrSvGJí tjcm;xl;jcm;csufwpfpHkwpfckudkrQ uREfkyf
rawGUrdyg/ rdrdwdkYay;&onfhtzdk;tcrSm BuD;rm;aomfvnf;
jyefvnf&½Sdaomt&mrSm r½Sdoavmufjzpfaeonf[k,lqum
aq;½Hkwufvmaomvlemrsm;onf aq;½HkwGifcPwmomwufNyD;
xGufcGmoGm;avh½Sdygonf/ aq;½Hktay:tjypfwifpum;rsm;onf
rMumrDrSmyifysHUESHYoGm;ygonf/
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 431 432 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tpGef;a&mufrIESpfck
tpGef;a&mufrIESpfck½Sd&m xdkESpfckpvHk;udk uREfkyfwdkYa½Smif½Sm;
oifhygonf/ nHhzsif;í twdkif;tqenf;yg;aomtpmrsm;udkom
oHk;aqmif&ef axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;ûyolrsm;wGif aq;0efxrf;rsm;
ryg0ifMuapzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifrpygap/ uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkodkY
a&mufvmMuonfh trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;rsm;onf rpm;oifh
aomtpmrsm;udk êudufESifhNyD;jzpfaewwfygonf/ xdkoltm;vHk;
twGuf tajctjrpfrSpí ½kwfw&ufajymif;vJrIrsm;vkyf&efrSm
rjzpfEdkifyg/ wcsKdUrdom;pkrsm;u vufcHpm;oHk;Edkifaom usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpmrsm;udk wcsKdUrSm ½kwfw&ufrpm;EdkifMuacs/
aq;½Hk½Sdvlemrsm;\cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf trsKd;rsKd;½Sdwwfonf/
wcsKdUrSm ¤if;wdkY\txl;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;&ef aumif;rGef
pGmcsufûywfxm;onfh[if;oD;? [if;½Guf? [if;vsmrsm;udk
awmif;qdkMuaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSm oufoufvGwf[if;vsmaMumifh
tusKd;qufrsm;udkcHpm;aeonfh tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifh
a&m*gonfrsm;udk tm;ay;pum;rsm;ajym&ef vdktyfvSygonf/
c&pf,mefrdom;pkrsm;\bmoma&;qdkif&mMoZmoufa&mufrI
rsm;udk aq;½HkwpfckvHk;wGifvTrf;rdk;apyg/ vlemrsm;\usef;rma&;udk
taxmuftulûyygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif þt&mtm;vHk;udk
qkawmif;vsuf *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ xm0&bk&m;
ocifonf n§dEdIdif;aqmif½Guf&rnfhtcuftcJrsm;jrifawmfrl&m
oifhudkulnDrpawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
jcm;em;aomukefusp&dwfawmif;cHvTmrsm;
uREfkyf ,refaeYua&;ay;cJhonfhpmudk oifaumif;pGm
em;vnfvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfarQmfvihfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hk
rsm;wGif tpm;tpmukefusp&dwfrsm;udkoufomatmifvkyfaqmif
jcif;\ta&;ygyHkudk tawmfrsm;rsm;uREfkyfa&;cJhrdonf/ &ufa&m
oifhoavmuf tpm;tpmyHhydk;rIudkr&ufa&monfhaq;½Hkrsm;udk
uREfkyfa&mufzl;cJhonf/ oifwdkYaumif;rGefpGmod½Sdem;vnfxm;onfh
twdkif; vlemrsm;twGufjyifqifrIvkyf&mwGif yHkpHwpfrsKd;wnf;
jzifhvkyfaqmif&rnfr[kwfbJ ukefusp&dwfawmif;cHrIwGifvnf;
aumif;? tpm;tpmjyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif; enf;trsKd;rsKd;
jzifhpDpOfaqmif½Guf&ygrnf/ tpm;tpmjyifqif&mwGif aumif;rGef
aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkcsEdkif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifwdkYudk
rpygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 37 (1904)
aq;ukorIcH,l&ef aq;½HkodkYa&mufvmaomvlemrsm;tm;
aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfxm;onfhtpmrsm;jzifh &ufa&mpGmûypkoifh
ygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\tdrfrSmpm;aom[if;trnfxuf aq;½HkwGif
auR;aom[if;trnfonfrsm;&rnf/ vma&mufvnfywfaom
{nfhonfrsm;jrifaomtcg b0ifusaprnfhtpm;tpmrsKd;rsm;jzpf
ygavap/ þtcsufonf tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ cHwGif;
vdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk &ufa&mpGmauR;rnfqdkvQif aq;½Hktay:
tm;ay;rIrsm;onf ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmvdrfhrnf/
uREfkyfonf toif;awmfaq;½HküauR;onfhpm;yGJrsm;rS
tqmtrGwfrajybJ xcJh&aomtBudrfrSm renf;vSacs/ tpm;
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 433 434 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tpmrsm;udk ydkí&ufa&mpGmauR;zdkYvdkovdk ydkícHwGif;awGUatmif
csufzdkYvnf;vdkao;aMumif; aq;½Hkwm0efcHrsm;udk uREfkyfajymcJh
zl;ygonf/ taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;ûyum tpm
tajymif;tvJvkyf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm; cHwGif;awGUaomtpmrsm;udk tqD
ttdrfhudktNrJwrf;pm;cJhaom xdkolrsm;têudufawGUEdkifrnfr[kwf
aMumif;udk owd&Mu&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; ¤if;wm0efcH
rsm;udk uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhudkufnDaomtpm
rsm;udk atmifjrifpGma&mif;csaeaom pm;aomufqdkifrsm;rStpm
rsm;udkvnf; rsm;pGmavhvmEdkifMuygonf/
tpGef;a&mufjcif;rsm;udka½Smif½Sm;jcif;
tu,fí oifonf þtcsufudktav;xm;rpOf;pm;yg
vQif tm;ay;rIrsm;onf wdk;wufvm&rnfhtpm; usqif;oGm;
vdrfhrnf/
q&m0efwpfOD;ESifhpum;vufqHkusaeonfh azmfjycsuf
wpfckudk ,refaeYnu uREfkyf&cJhygonf/ uREfkyfu olYudk
þodkYajymcJhygonf/ ]tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí tpGef;ra&mufapzdkY
oifwdkY*½kpdkuf&rnf/ oifpm;wJhtpmrsm;twGufomru aq;½HkrS
vlemrsm;udkauR;onfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqif&mwGifvnf; oiftpGef;
ra&mufoifhyg/ vlemrsm;[m tzdk;tcBuD;BuD;ay;NyD;awmh aq;½Hk
wufvmMu&wmqdkawmh oifwdkYuvnf; &uf&ufa&ma&m
auR;arG;ûypkoifhwmaygh/ wcsKdUvlawG[m ½dk;½dk;tpmudkpm;NyD;
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udkavhusifhzdkY 'Daq;½Hkudka&mufvmMuw,f
qdkayr,fh olwdkYaeaumif;vm&ifawmh tm[m&½SdwJhtpmawGudk
&uf&ufa&ma&mauR;oifhwmaygh/}
þuJhodkYa&;vdkufjcif;udk oiftHhtm;oifhaumif;tHhtm;
oifhvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tpmauR;arG;rItajymif;tvJaMumifh
tm;ay;rIrSm tBuD;tus,fajymif;vJoGm;EdkifaMumif; ,refaeYnu
uREfkfyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ &uf&ufa&ma&mtpmrsm;udk
auR;arG;&ef vdktyfaeygonf/
Letter, p. 127 (1904)
tpm;tpmudpöwGif tpGef;ra&mufatmif toif;awmf
aq;½Hkrsm;wGif owdûyumuG,fMu&rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
rsm; ESpfESifhcsDíavhusufcJhaomt&mrsm;udk tjyifvlrsm;ucsufcsif;
vufcH&ef uREfkyfwdkYrarQmfvifhEdkifacs/ tvif;w&m;rsm;&½Sdxm;
onfhw&m;a[mq&mrsm;pGmwdkYonfyif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
rIudk ,aeYwdkifrusifhoHk;Muao;yg/ xdkaMumifh wcsKdUtpmrsm;udk
a½SmifMuOfzdkYvdkaMumif; rodao;olrsm; þudpöwGifvufawGU
tawGUtêuHr½SdcJholrsm;tm; udk,ftvdktwdkif; êudufovdk
pm;aomufaomtajctaerS usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI
t& tpm;taomufcsKyfwnf;ûcd;jcH&rnhftajctaeodkY csufcsif;
ajymif;vJoGm;&ef uREfkyfwdkYrarQmfvifhEdkifygacs/
toif;awmfaq;½Hkodk Ywufa&mufukoaeolrsm;tm;
rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD jyifqifxm;onfh t&om?
tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;ESifh auR;arG;ûypk&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY
DF- 28
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 435 436 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
aexdkiftouf½Sifovdk olwdkYaexdkiftouf½Sif&ef rarQmfvifh
Edkifyg/ tajymif;tvJvkyf&rnfht&monf BuD;rm;vSygonf/
ynmowdESifhjynfhpHkpGmaexdkiftouf½SifEdkif&ef tpm;tpmrsm;udk
a½SmifMuOf&efvdkonf[k q&m0efwpfOD;u vufcHusifhoHk;cJhaomf
vnf; toif;awmf½Sdvltenf;i,fuav;uom xdktusifhudk
vufcHusifhoHk;Muygonf/ xdkaMumifh tqifoifhrjzpfao;aom
vlemrsm;twGuf ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;
raqmif½Gufoifhacs/
vlemrsm;tm;auR;onfhtpmrsm;onf pm;csifhpzG,faumif;
onfhtpm;tpmrsKd;jzpfoifhonf/ MuufOrsm;udkvnf; yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;
jzifhjyifqifcsufûywfEdkifygonf/ vDrGefydkif[kac:onfh rkefYudkvnf;
rpm;zdkYrwm;jrpfoifhyg/
tpm;tpmrsm;udk tm[m&ESifht&omjynfhpHkatmif oHk;oyf
vkyfaqmifrIenf;yg;aeygao;onf/ aq;½Hkrsm;onf vlemrsm;
twGuf zGwfausmjympkaomae&mrsm;uJhodkYrjzpfapvdkyg/ vlem
rsm;udk owdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh uREfkyfwdkYrukovQif ¤if;wdkYtm; trSm;
vrf;xJrSajymif;vJatmifvkyfaqmifvdkY&rnfr[kwfacs/
taumif;qHk;pm;zdkrª;rsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ½Smyg/ usef;rma&;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;tcsKdUwdkYêudufaomt&omtwdkif; tpm
rsm;udkjyifqifNyD; vlemrsm;udkrauR;ygESifh/ xdktpmrsKd;udkom
vlemrsm;udkauR;cJhrnfqdkvQif cHwGif;rawGUaomxdktpmrsm;aMumifh
pdwfysufvufysufjzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif
þodkYaomenf;tm;jzifh touf0dnmOfrsm;udk trSefw&m;vrf;
aMumif;qDodkYydkYaqmif&efr[kwfyg/ tpm;tpmESifhywfoufonfh
tpGef;a&mufrIrsm;twGuf nDtpfudkrsm;xH xm0&bk&m;ocif
ay;awmfrlonfhowday;csufrsm;udkvdkufemMuygpdkY/ rdwfaqG
q&m0efwpfOD;taejzifh ¤if;oHk;aqmifaeonfhtpmtm[m&rsm;udk
tajymif;tvJvkyfypf&rnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;awmfrl
cJhonf/ olonf ydkítm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;zdkYvdkaeyg
onf/ tcsKdtqdrfh? tpyftiefvGefuJaom[if;vsmrsm;udk
a½SmifMuOf&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; cHwGif;vdkufaomtpm;tpm
rsm;jzpfzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ aq;½HkwGif;odkY,laqmifvmaom
tpGef;a&mufrItoD;oD;wdkYonf aq;½Hk\*kPfowif;udkxdcdkuf
apvdrfhrnf/
t&om½Sd½Hkomru tm[m&ESifhygjynfhpHkaponfhtpm
a&mpyfcsufûywfenf;wpfck½Sdygonf/ þenf;udk aq;½Hk½Sdtpm;
tpmwm0efcHrsm;em;vnfod½Sdoifhygonf/ þudpöudk or®m
usrf;pm½IaxmifhrSMunfhí ajz½Sif;oifhonf/ cE¨mudk,f½Sdtm[m&
rsm;udk ukefcef;oGm;aponfhcsufûywfenf;rsKd;vnf;½Sdwwfonf/
tpm;tpmudk taumif;qHk;yHkpHjzifh wwfEdkiforQjyifqifcsufûywf
jcif;onf odyÜHtwwfwpfckuJhodkYjzpfvmygonf/
Letter, p. 61 (1886)
vlemrsm;onf taumif;qHk;t&nftaoG;ESifhjynfhpHkaom
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifMu&rnf/
aq;½HkodkYa&muf½Sdvmonfh ,ciftcsdefu êudufovdkpm;usifh
aomufusifh½SdcJholrsm;udk yxrOD;qHk;xrif;pm;csdefü nHhzsif;í
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 437 438 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
ravmufrijzpfaomtpmrsm;jzifh auR;arG;ûypkrdvQif ]ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;om;rsm;onf aoqHk;Edkifonfhtajctxd udk,fhudkudk,f
tiwfxm;Muonfqdkonfhowif;rSm rSefwmyJ} [k csufcsif;
rSwfcsufcsMuayvdrfhrnf/ xrif;wpfeyfudk ravmufriauR;rd
jcif;onf tjcm;rnfonfht&mESifhrQacszsufír&avmufatmif
aq;½HkBuD;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ vlom;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY½Sdonfh
tajctaerS rSefuefaompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;&atmif
vkyfaqmifay;zdkYarQmfvifhvQif rl&if;tpm;tpmrsm;jzifh tprûyoifh
acs/ aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfxm;onfht&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm
rsm;udk tvQHy,fjyifqifauR;arG;&rnf/ odkYr[kwfygvQif rdrdwdkY
pm;&rnfht&mrsm;tay: arQmfvifhcsufBuD;BuD;xm;olrsm;onf
]iwfvdkYaorSmyJ} [k txif½SdoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/ [if;vsmaumif;
rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifí vlemrsm;udkauR;arG;apvdkonfrSm
uREfkyfwdkY\qE´yifjzpfygonf/
aq;½HkwGiftom;rauR;&
Letter, p. 37 (1904)
aq;½HkwGif tom;auR;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhñTefMum;csuf
rsm;vnf; uREfkyf&½SdcJhygonf/ tom;[if;rsm;udk tpm;tpm
pm&if;rSxkwfy,fí ¤if;\ae&mwGif tm[m&? t&omESifhjynfhpHk
aom[if;vsmrsm;ESifhtpm;xdk;oifhygonf/
Letter, p. 45 (1903)
aq;½Hkxrif;pm;pm;yGJrsm;wGif tom;[if;vsmrsm;udk
z,f½Sm;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í yxrOD;qHk;tBudrftcuftcJrsm;½Sdvm
uwnf;u uREfkyftm; pdwftm½HkwGifazmfjycJhaomtcsuftvuf
wcsKdUudk oifwdkYqifjcifoHk;oyfEdkif&ef uREfkyfwifjyvdkygonf
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY-
aq;½Hkxrif;pm;cef;xJwGif vlemrsm;tm; tom;[if;vsm
rsm;rauR;oifh[k xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm; ½Sif;vif;pGm
ñTefMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/ oD;oefYtcef;xJwGifûyvkyfonfh ydkYcs
csufrsm;udkMum;emNyD;onfhtcsdefaemufydkif;wGif vlemrsm;u
tom;[if;udkawmif;pm;aeao;vQif olwdkYudkpm;cGifhûyzdkY uREfkyfudk
tvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/ odkY&mwGif tom;[if;vsmudk ¤if;wdkY\
oD;oefYtcef;xJwGifompm;ygavap/ aq;½Hktvkyform;tm;vHk;
rSmrl tom;pm;jcif;udkjzwfMu&rnf/ odkY&mwGif txufwGif
azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; tom;[if;udk aq;½Hkxrif;pm;cef;wGif
rauR;rSef;odvsufESifh vlemtenf;i,fu r&ruawmif;pm;
aeMuao;vQif olwdkYtcef;xJrSm tom;[if;udkpm;cGifhûyvdkufyg/
aq;½HkwGifauR;rnfhtpmpm&if;udkvnf; vlod½SifMum;
azmfjy&ef tMuHray;oifhaMumif; oifawGUvmvdrf hrnf/
taMumif;rSm tom;[if;udk pm;aomufavh½Sdolrsm;onf aq;½Hk
wGifvnf; tom;[if;udkarQmfvifhaeMurnfqdkonfudk tHhtm;
oifhp&mrvdkyg/ tom;[if;rygaom tpm;tpmpm&if;aMumifh
aq;½HkwufzdkYt[efYtwm;jzpfoGm;Edkifygonf/
oifauR;rnfhtpmrsm;udk t&om? tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
atmifcsufûywfyg/ trnfrsm;rsm;jyifqifyg/ tom;[if;udk
jzwfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm tjcm;[if;trnfrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 439 440 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
jyifqifauR;arG;yg/ EGm;EdkYESifhrvdkifrsm;udk wcsKdUvlemrsm;oHk;aqmif
EdkifMuygonf/
MS, p. 64 (1901)
rdrdudk,fwdkif tom;[if;udkpm;½Hkomru vlemrsm;udk
vnf; tom;[if;pm;&ef ñTefMum;aomq&m0efrsm;udk
toif;awmfaq;½Hkrsm;wGiftvkyfrcefYoifhyg/ taMumif;rSm
emrusef;rIudkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOf&ef vlemrsm;udk
ynmay;&mwGif xdkolrsm;onf vHk;0ysufuGufaeMuygonf/
tom;[if;vsmudkpm;aomq&m0efrsm;onf usKd;aMumif;qifjcif
EdkifrIr½SdMubJ ¤if;wdkY\tûytrlrsm;tm;jzifh vlemrsm;udk tpm;rSm;
taomufrSm;vrf;xJodkYydkYaqmifaeMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGiftvkyfcefYxm;aom orm;awmf
rsm;onf þtaMumif;t&mü ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;
jzpfoifhonf/ tpm;tpmrSm;,Gif;rIaMumifh vlemrsm;pGmwdkYonf
a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;ae&ygonf/ ydkíaumif;aomvrf;udk olwdkY
tm;jyzdkYvdkygonf/ odkY&mwGif tom;pm;aeaomq&m0efonf
þt&mudk rnfodkYaqmif½GufEdkifygrnfenf;/ olonf rdrd\
rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;aMumifh rdrd\tvkyfudkt[efYtwm;
ûyum tpGrf;owådrsm;udk tm;enf;êuHvSDoGm;apvsuf½Sdonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkodkYvma&muftukocHaom vlemrsm;pGm
wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tpGrf;xufjrufrIudk xdef;odrf;
vdkaomqE´jzifh tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí apm'urwuf
Muawmh½Hkomru ¤if;wdkY\tpm;tpmpm&if;rStom;[if;vsm
rsm;udk z,fxkwfcJhMuygonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; ESdyfpuf
aeaomtzsm;a&m*grSoufomcGifh&cJhMuygonf/ ,HkMunfjcif;rwl
onfh nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;pGmwdkYonfvnf; þûyjyifajymif;vJrI
udkvkyfaqmifjcif;\usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfrIrsm;udk rdrdudk,fusKd;
½IaxmifhrSMunfhjrif½IawGUum usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;
rsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYrSm tpm;taomufESifh
0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;wGif ûyjyifajymif;vJrIbufwGif owd½Sd½Sdjzifh
&yfwnfcJhMuonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufaprnfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;wGif qufvuftouf½Sifaexdkif
Murnfvm;/ ]pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;aumif;?
cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\
*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudkaxmufí vkyfaqmifMuyg} qdkonfh
ynwfcsufudk olwdkYrvdkufemMuawmhbl;vm;/
Letter, p. 54 (1896)
a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh a&m*g&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufonfh bk&m;ocifay;tvif;w&m;udk vlwdkif;&½SdzdkY
vdktyfygonf/ taMumif;rSm vltrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;pGmcHwGif;
awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufaeMuonf/ cE¨mudk,fudk avsmufywf
pGm*½kpdkufxdef;odrf;rIrsm;tay:üvnf; tm½HkrûyMuawmhyg/
oefYoefY½Sif;½Sif;aexdkifwwfjcif;? tpmpm;aomuf&mwGif
oefY½Sif;rIudkOD;pm;ay;jcif; ponfht&mrsm;udk apmifha½Smufoifh
ygonf/
tom;udk rnfonfhtcgrQrpm;&[k oifñTefMum;&ef
r[kwfbJ oif\tvif;udkxGef;vif;um ynmay;&rnfomjzpf
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 441 442 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
onf/ raumif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomufjcif;rS udk,fhudkudk,f
xdef;odrf;jcif;? udk,fhudkudk,foefYpifapjcif;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í vlwdkif;
oabmaygufygavap/
tom;pm;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh þar;cGef;udk tum
tuG,fay;zdkYvdkonf/ tom;pm;aomolrsm;onf tom;udk
jzwfí [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkajymif;vJoHk;aqmifaomtcsdefwGif
tm;enf;oGm;ovdkvdk? cGeftm;avsmhoGm;ovdkvdk tpyxrwGif
cHpm;Mu&ojzifh tom;udkpm;zdkYvdkonf[k wcsKdUujiif;csuf
xkwfMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif þ&v'fonf tom;jzwfjcif;
twGuf toHk;ûyoifhaom wu,fhjiif;qdkrIwpfckjzpfonf/
txl;ojzifh acsmif;qdk;aoG;yga&m*gonfrsm;tm;
½kwfw&uftom;udkjzwfNyD; oufowfvGwfauR;&efudkrl tm;ray;
yg/ rodpdwfudk ynmay;yg/ qE´tvdkrsm;udktm;aumif;apyg/
od k Yr Som ajymif;vJrIvkyf&ef yd kítqif hoif h½ S dvmrnf/
qE´vnf;ygvmygrnf/
usef;rma&;tajctaeqdk;aeonfh acsmif;qdk;aoG;yg
a&m*g½Sifrsm;onf þu@wGif txl;taxGajymif;vJrIrsm;
rvkyfoifhygacs/ usef;rmaomwd&pämefrsm;rS&aomtom;rsm;udk
&½Sd&efom *½kxm;&efvdkygonf/
tusdwfrsm;? zka&mifemrsm;½Sdaoma&m*gonfrsm;udkvnf;
tom;pm;oifh? rpm;oifhqdkonfhar;cGef;jzifh 0efrydkapoifhyg/
þudpöESifhywfoufí wif;usyfaomjyifqifajymif;vJrIrsm;
rvkyfrd&ef *½kpdkufyg/ vkyfaqmifrdygu rnfonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;
rSr&rnfhtjyif tom;rpm;jcif;qdkif&m tajccHoabmxm;udkyif
xdcdkufapygvdrfhrnf/ oD;oefYcef;rsm;wGif ydkYcsrIrsm;ûyvkyfyg/
oabmaygufem;vnf&ef ynmay;yg/ twif;tusyfvkyfaqmif
apjcif;onf wefzdk;r½SdEdkifyg/
wd&pämefavmuwGif a&m*gb,rsm;usa&mufaeNyDqdkonfh
tcsufudk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udkomru orm;awmfBuD;
rsm;udkwifjyzdkYvdkaeygonf/ a&m*guif;aomtom;[lí r½Sd
oavmufjzpfaeonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;udk
pm;jcif;jzifh a&m*gb,rsm;onf vlom;rsm;\cE¨mudk,fxJodkY
a&mufvmygonf/ oufowfvGwfpm;cgpwGif cHpm;&onfh
tm;tif,kwfavsmhrIonf rMumrDrSmyif ajyaysmufoGm;ygvdrfh
rnf/ usef;rmjcif;ESifhcGeftm;twGuf tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vmonhftm;<urIudk vdktyfaomt&mwpfcktjzpf q&m0ef
rsm;taejzifh roGefoifoifhygacs/ tpmajymif;pm;jcif;tom;us
oGm;aomtcsdefwGif tom;pm;jcif;udkjzwfcJholrsm;onf oefrm
vmMuvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 231 (1905)
tjcm;rnfonfhtpmudkrQ pm;r0ifawmhonfhvlemwpfOD;
twGuf MuufpGyfûywfaomuf&ef cGifhûy&ygrnfvm;[k q&m0ef
wpfOD;u uREfkyfudkar;ygonf/ ]tpmpm;r0ifawmhonfhxdkvlemu
MuufpGyfûywfudkawmif;pm;cJhvQif auR;oifhygw,f} [k uREfkyf
wHkYjyefcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif þudpörsKd;wGif *½kwpdkufaqmif½Guf
zdkYvdkygonf/ xdkyHkoufaoonf aq;½Hkudkrxdcdkufapoifhonfhjyif
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 443 444 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tjcm;vlemrsm;twGufvnf; qifajcwufp&mjzpfatmif rvkyf
oifhacs/ olwdkYvnf; MuufpGyfûywfaomufzdkYvdkygonf[k txif
½Sdvmwwfygonf/ þuJhodkYaomtcuftcJrsm; oif\aq;½HkwGif
½Sdaeygovm;[k xdkq&m0efudkuREfkyfar;Munfh&m ]r½Sdygbl;?
'gayr,fh uREfkyf\nDrwpfa,mufu aq;½Hktcef;(9) rSmwuf
aeygw,f/ olr[m tm;enf;aeygw,f/ tm;jywfawmhra,mif
jzpfaeayr,fh Muufom;[if;awmhcsufpm;EdkifwJhtajctaerSm½Sd
aeygw,f} [k xdkq&m0efuajzygonf/ ]olrudk aq;½Hku
tqif;cdkif;vdkufwmtaumif;qHk;jzpfvdrfhr,f/ oifajymwJh
trsKd;orD;[m tm[m&½SdwJhtpmawGtwGufom olr&JhcHwGif;udk
avhusifhay;cJhr,fqdk&if tJ'DcHpm;csufawG[m aysmufoGm;vdrfh
r,fvdkY uREfkyf&cJhwJhtvif;w&m;t&od&ygw,f} [k uREfkyfu
xdkq&m0efudk½Sif;jyvdkufygonf/
olronf rdrdpdwfxJwGif½Sdaomt&mudk ûypkysKd;axmifcJh
ygonf/ pmwefonf olYcE¨mudk,f\tm;enf;csufudk tcGifh
aumif;,ltoHk;csvdkuf&m olr\pdwfonf aeYpOftoufwmwGif
&ifqdkif&onfhtcuftcJrsm;udkyif rcHEdkifawmhacs/ aumif;yg
onf/ olrvdktyfaeonfht&mrSm oefY½Sif;aompdwfxm;? wdk;wuf
yGm;rsm;aeaom,HkMunfjcif;ESifh c&pfawmftwGufxufjrufpGm
trIaqmifjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ tdrfjyifwGif vufawGUtvkyfrsm;udk
vkyfudkifjcif;jzifh <uufom;rsm;udkvnf; avhusifhcef;vkyfzdkYvdk
ygonf/ cE¨mudk,favhusif hcef;onf olrtoufwm\
taumif;qHk;aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
olronf vlrrmBuD;vdkae&rSmr[kwfbJ rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfh
u@udk xufjrufjrifhjrwfpGmvkyfaqmif&ef jyifqifxm;aom
pdwfusef;rm? udk,fusef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtrsKd;orD;wpfOD;
oabmxm;touf½Sif&efvdkygonf/
olronf rdrd\u@udk wm0efausyGefatmifraqmif½Guf
cJhvQif ¤if;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeaomukorIrsm;onf tusKd;
r½SdEdkifacs/ udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;tm;jzifh <uufom;rsm;udk
oefvmatmif olrvkyfaqmifzdkYvdkonf/ vlrrmBuD;vdkraeap
ygESifh/ olronf tvkyfaumif;aumif;vkyfEdkifonfhtajctae
wGif½Sdygao;onf/
Letter, p. 84 (1898)
q&m0efrsm;udkuREfkyfawGUqHkum ESpfem&DcefYrQpum;ajymcJh
ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tpHkprf;taESmifh,SufcHae&um pHkprf;jcif;
aemufodkYvdkufygaeMuNyD[k uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ aq;½Hkudk
vltrsm;êudufvmatmif tom;[if;rsm;auR;rnf[k olwdkYu
ajymygonf/ tom;[if;NyD;&if vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh rl;,pf
aq;rsm;udkpDpOfay;&ef qufvuftpHkprf;cHMu&vdrfhrnf/ tom;
pm;csifaomolrsm;tm;jzifh pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;jzpfay:vmvdrfh
rnf/ xdkolrsm;onf aq;½HkESifhtquftoG,f½SdaecJhvQif ¤if;wdkY
onf oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udkpaw;ypf&ef xdkpHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwifqufMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh tom;
auR;jcif;udktprvkyfoifhacs/ odkYûyvQif tom;[if;rsm; ZGwf
twif;z,f½Sm;ypfp&mvdkawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ tom;\raumif;
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 445 446 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
aomt&mrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aumif;aumif;em;rvnfao;onfh
tcsdefwGif tom;pm;cGifh½SdzdkYaumif;onf[kvnf; wcsKdUvlem
rsm;u jiif;csufxkwfcJhzl;ygonf/ vlemopfrsm;onf tNrJrjywf
aq;½HkwGifwufa&mufaeMu&m xdkqifajcrsKd;rsm;aMumifh tom;
pm;jcif;onf ajcukyf&wnfNrJoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh tom;
[if;rsm;udk vHk;0rauR;MuygESifh/ odkYrSom tom;pm;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufonfh oif\ydkYcsrIonf oifzGifhqdk&rnfhowif;pum;ESifh
xyfwlxyfrQjzpfygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 213 (1902)
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif wcsKdUtxl;udpörsm;rSvGJí
aumfzD? vufzuf&nfrwdkuf&/ tom;udkrauR;&/ tu,fí
vlemrsm;udk,fwdkifu awmif;pm;MuvQif xdktpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\
vlemcef;rsm;xJwGifomauR;Mu&rnf/
E. from U.T, pp. 4,5 (1896)
vlemudkzsm;emaponfh tom;[if;rsm;udkpm;&ef ñTefMum;
aomq&m0efrsm;udkriSm;&? tvkyfrcefY&/ bk&m;ocifudk½Smyg/
udk,fawmf½SifudkawGUvQif oifonf El;nHhodrfarGUum pdwfESvHk;
ESdrfhcsvmygvdrfhrnf/ oifonf wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;
udk udk,fwdkifrpm;onfhtjyif om;orD;rsm;udkvnf; rauR;yg
ESifh/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udkpm;aomufMu&ef
vlemrsm;udk oifrñTefMum;bJ oD;oefYcef;rsm;wGif vlemrsm;
udkac:um ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;zdkYvdktyfaMumif;udk ½Sif;jyyg/
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk aiGawmif;cHvTmxJrS
z,f½Sm;ypfvdkufyg/
bk&m;ocifhxHrS tvif;w&m;rsm;&½SdNyD;onfhwdkif rdrd
vufatmuf½Sdvlemrsm;udk tom;pm;&ef EIwftm;jzifhaomfvnf;
aumif;? toufwmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ynmay;aeaom
orm;awmfrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tBuD;tuJvkyf&ef
t&nftcsif;rrDolrsm;jzpfonf/ wm0ef½Sdaomae&mrsm;wGif
wm0efxrf;aqmifaeolrsm;u xdkuJ hod k Y*½krxm;&atmif
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfqdkifaomtvif;udk xm0&
bk&m;ocifay;xm;onfr[kwfyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
&,fp&mjyufvHk;xkwfaejcif;r[kwf&m rdefYawmfrlonfhEIwfxGuf
pum;rsm;tm;jzif h udk,fawmf½Sifud k *kPfûyMu&ygrnf/
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk rD;armif;xdk;jy&ygrnf/ tm[m&ESifh
ywfoufonfht&mrsm;udk teD;uyfavhvmoHk;oyfum usef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD ñTefMum;csufrsm;xkwfjyefMu&rnf/
7T, p. 95 (1902)
uREfkyfwdkYonf wnf;cdkcef;tjzpftoHk;ûy&eftwGuf aq;½Hk
rsm;udkwnfaxmifxm;jcif;r[kwfyg/ rSefuefaomtoufwm
pnf;rsOf;twdkif; vdkufavQmufvdkonfhqE´½Sdolrsm;udkom aq;½Hk
wGifvufcHyg/ uREfkyfwdkYowdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh auR;rnfhtpmrsm;udk
vufcHEdkifrnfholrsm;udkom aq;½HkwGifvufcHyg/ vlemrsm;udk
¤if;wdkY\oD;oefYtcef;rsm;xJwGif t&ufaomufcGifhûycJhrnfqdkvQif
vnf;aumif;? tom;pm;cGifhay;vdkufrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;
aq;½Hkwufjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkY&oifhonfht&mrsm;udk olwdkYtm;
uREfkyfwdkYulnDEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf pnf;rsOf;t&
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 447 448 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
xdktpmrsm;udk aq;½Hküvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkY\pm;aomufqdkif
wGifvnf;aumif; rauR;aMumif;? ra&mif;aMumif;udk ¤if;wdkYtm;
today;vdkufMuyg/ uREfkyfwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm; a&m*gb,uif;a0;
um usef;rmaysmf½TifoefrmMuHhcdkifaeonfudk uREfkyfwdkYrjrifcsif
Mubl;vm;/ jrifcsifMuonfqdkvQif oHvdkuftdrfajr§mifonf
tNrJwrf;ajrmuft&yfudkjyaeouJhodkY uREfkyfwdkYonf pnf;rsOf;
rsm;twdkif;touf½SifaexdkifMu&ygrnf/
Letter, p. 54 (1907)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk csufcsif;
vdkufavQmufzdkY avmuom;rsm;pdwfudkûyjyif&efrSm rjzpfEdkifygacs/
xdkaMumifh vlemrsm;udkauR;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESifhywfoufí
wif;usyfvGef;aompnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk rowfrSwf&yg/ xdkolrsm;
onf aq;½HkodkYa&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif tpm;tpmrsm;udk
pm;aeustwkdif; pm;&awmhrnfr[kwfacs/ rodromuav;
ajymif;vJypfEdkif&ef usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk t&om
ESifhjynfhpHkatmif taumif;qHk;pm;zdkrª;rsm;ESifhaqmif½Gufoifhygonf/
aexdkifcESif hukocay;xm;onfh xdkvlemrsm;onf
taumif;rGeft&omt½SdqHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oifhonfqdkonfh
taMumif;jycsufrSm xif½Sm;vSygonf/ vlemtm; tom;rauR;
awmhojzifh tajymif;tvJwpfckudk olcHpm;&rnfrSmaocsmonf/
tm;enf;ovdkvdkcHpm;rIrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh olwdkYonf tpm
rsm;rsm;awmif;pm;vmvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh [if;vsmrsm;udk cHwGif;
vdkuf½Hkomru pm;csifhpzG,fyom'½Sdatmifvnf; csufûywf&ygrnf/
Letter, p. 171 (1903)
vlemrsm;udk tpmvHkavmufatmifauR;&rnfjzpfaomf
vnf; rwlaomtpmrsm;udk a&míauR;&mwGif *½kpdkufoifhyg
onf/ aq;½HkwGif vlemrsm;twGuf jyifqifauR;arG;aomtpm
rsm;onf pm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGifjyifqifxm;onfhtpmrsm;ESifh
xyfwlxyfrQrwlnDEdkifyg/ tpmaMucsuftm;aumif;onfh usef;rm
aomolrsm;twGufjyifqifaomtpmESifh rusef;rmolrsm;twGuf
jyifqif&onfhtpmonf rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;ayrnf/
êudufovdktvQHy,fpm;aomufvmolrsm;twGuf tpm;
tpmrsm;udk tuefYtowfjzifhpDpOfjcif;onf tEÅ&m,fBuD;vSyg
onf/ xdkaMumifh tpmrsm;udk&uf&ufa&ma&mauR;oifhygonf/
auR;aomtpmrsm;onfvnf; ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;omjzpfoifhygonf/
tpm;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifEdkif½Hkomru tqDttdrfhrsm;
udkpm;usifh½SdcJholrsm;yifvQif t&omawGUEdkifatmifvnf; csufûywf
ay;Edkifonfudk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/
opfoD;0vHrsm;udkvnf; tvQHy,fauR;arG;yg/ oifwdkY\
udk,fydkifopfoD;jcHrSxGufaom opfoD;vwfvwfqwfqwfrsm;udk
auR;EdkifMuonfhtwGuf uREfkyf0rf;omrdygonf/ þtcsufonf
r[mtcGifhta&;BuD;wpfckjzpfonf/
Letter, p. 71 (1896)
oifESifhtwl pm;yGJwGifxdkifípm;aeolrsm;tm; touf½Sif
aexdkifEdkif&ef rnfodkYcsufûywfpm;aomuf&rnfqdkonfhtvif;w&m;
rsm;udk qufvufxGef;vif;Muyg/ qufvufoGefoifMuyg/
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 449 450 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vufqifhurf;
o,faqmifEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;odkY vma&muf
vnfywfolrsm;udkvnf; ynmay;Mu&rnf/
Letter, p. 73 (1905)
aq;½Hk½Sdvlemrsm;udkauR;onfhtpmrsm;udk teD;uyf*½kpdkuf
jyifqifzdkYvdktyfygonf/ wcsKdUvlemrsm;rSm tqDttdrfhrsm;udk
t"dupm;oHk;aeonfhtdrfaxmifrsm;rSjzpfMu&m tm[m&tjyif
t&omygaumif;rGefonfhtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtwGuf êud;pm;
jyifqifum auR;oifhygonf/
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudkaxmufcHjcif;
urÇmay:½Sd tm;&auseyfp&mtaumif;qHk;ae&mrsm;ü
wpfcktygt0ifjzpfaom ae&mwpfckESifhoifqufpyfrI½SdEdkifaprnfh
tzGJUtpnf;wpfck bk&m;ocifü½Sdawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ oif\
usef;rma&;udk tEÅ&m,frjzpfap½Hkomru usef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtpm;
tpmudk vlemrsm;twGufjyifqif&mwGif oifhtaejzifh txl;
*½kpdkufapvdkygonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifaomaMumifh vlemrsm;\
axmufcHrIudk&½Sdygvdrfhrnf/ xdkvkyfaqmifrIonf ¤if;wdkYusifhoHk;
cJhaomtoufwmvrf;pOfxuf usef;rma&;ESihfnDnGwfaom
toufwmvrf;pOfu tcGifhta&;omaMumif; xif½Sm;apvsuf
¤if;wdkYtm; ynmay;aeygonf/ olwdkYaq;½HkrSqif;oGm;aom
tcgwGifvnf; a&mufav&mae&mü MoZmoufa&mufaprnfh
owif;wpfckudk ¤if;wdkYESifhtwl o,faqmifoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 54 (1896)
oifonf rdrd\tvkyform;rsm;twGuf pnf;pepfuseí
vHkavmufaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifjcif;wGif ayghayghwefwef
oabmxm;aeonf/ olwdkYonfvnf; vwfqwfí tm[m&
ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk pm;aomufzdkYvdktyfaeMuonf/ olwdkY
onf tNrJwrf;tvkyfyifyef;aeMuonf/ olwdkYtm;tifukefcef;
roGm;ap&efvnf; xdef;ay;zdkYvdkonf/ aexdkiftouf½Sif&rnfh
toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf; oifMum;ay;zdkYvdkonf/ aq;½Hk½Sd
tvkyform;rsm;teuf aq;½Hktulrsm;tm; tm[m&½Sdí cGeftm;
jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;oifhonf/ tom;[if;
r[kwfbJ t&om½Sdatmifjyifqifcsufûywfxm;onfh oufowf
vGwf[if;rsm;jzpfoifhonf/ þtcsufudk oifvspfvsL½Iojzifh
oifü0ifaiGwdk;yGm;vmaomfvnf; oifhtvkyform;rsm;rSm tm;tif
rsm;,kwfavsmhaeygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf þt&mudk ESpfûrdU
awmfrrlyg/ oifauR;onfhxdktpmrsm;onf oifhtvkyform;
rsm;ESifhtwlxdkifpm;aeolrsm;tm; oifoGefoifaeaomusef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk axmufcHrIrûyyg/
pm;zdkrª;aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemûy
Letter, p. 100 (1903)
csufa&;ûywfa&;wGif tultnDtay;Ed kifqH k;aom
vufaxmufrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ&,lyg/ tpmtdrfudktvkyfydk
aprnfhtpmrsm;udkcsufûywfrdvQif pHkprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk aocsmpGm
DF- 29
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 451 452 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
vkyfaqmifyg/ tm[m&ESifht&omjynfhpHkap&ef tpmrsm;udk
jyifqifcsufûywfEdkif&ygrnf/
MS, p. 93 (1901)
aq;½HkwGiftvkyfvkyfaeonfhpm;zdkrª;rsm;onf wu,fh
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfMu&rnf/ vlwpfOD;
wpfa,muf\tpm;taomufonf ¤if;\,HkMunfjcif;ESifh
rudkufnDao;vQif xdkolonf ppfrSefaom,HkMunfolwpfOD;
r[kwfao;acs/
aq;½HkwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaompm;zdkrª;rsm;onf
aumif;rGefpGmoifwef;atmifxm;onfh aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mef
omoemûyrsm;jzpfMuonf/ pGrf;&nfESifhjynfhpHkol? rdrdudk,fwdkif
twGuf prf;oyfEdkifolwpfOD;jzpf&rnf/ csufûywfenf;½Sdaom
[if;vsmrsm;udkom csufwwfolrsm;rjzpfoifhacs/ xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYudkcspfawmfrlonfomru raumif;aom
[if;vsmrsm;aMumifh uREfkyfwdkYusef;rma&;ysufpD;rnfudkvnf;
tvdk½Sdawmfrrlacs/
aq;½Hkwdkif;wGif tpm;tpmrsm;tay:tjypfwifolrsm;
½SdEdkifygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh [if;vsmrsm;\
raumif;usKd;rsm;taMumif;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; ynmay;zdkYvdktyfyg
onf/ tpmtdrfwGif a0'emcHpm;ae&olonf rnfuJhodkYOD;aESmuf
MunfvifEdkifygrnfenf;/
Letter, p. 37 (1901)
trSefwu,fcsufûywfwwfNyD; qHk;jzwfcsufaumif;um
prf;oyfwDxGifwwfNyD; a½SmifMuOfoifhaomtpmrsm;udk tpysKd;
ray;wwfonfhpm;zdkrª;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkwGiftvdk½Sdae
ygonf/
Letter, p. 331 (1904)
rdrdwdkYpm;aeustpm;tpmrsm;xuf vlemrsm;tjrif½Sdvm
aprnfh[if;vsmrsKd;udk jyifqifwwfaompm;zdkrª;rsKd; oifwdkYü
½Sdygovm;/ aq;½HkrSpm;zdkrª;rsm;onf tm[m&ESifht&om½Sdaom
tpm;tpmrsm;udk aygif;pyfzefwD;EdkifMu&rnf/ xdktpmrsm;onf
uREfkyfwdkYpm;aeustpmrsm;xufom&ygrnf/
MS, p. 88 (1901)
pm;zdkrª;tvkyfonf BuD;av;aomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/
¤if;onf ûcd;jcHacRwmwwfNyD; tpm;tpmrsm;udktavtvGifh
r½Sdapatmif vkyfaqmifwwfoljzpfoifhonf/ ]tavtvGifh
r½Sdap&ef usefwJhtpmawGudkpkodrf;Mu} [k c&pfawmfu wynfh
awmfrsm;tm; rdefYrSmcJhonfhpum;udk xdkXmewGifvkyfaqmifaeol
rsm;vdkufemMuyg/ ûcd;jcHacRwma&;taMumif;udk ynmwwfrsm;
vnf; avhvmoif,lum xdkpm;zdkrª;rsm;tm; tajymESifhomru
tvkyfESifhyg oGefoifay;&efvdktyfygonf/
ÀÀÀ
454 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf453
tcef;BuD; (17)
tpmtm[m& -
usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwfaomukxHk;
MS, p. 86 (1897)
vlemrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tpm;tpmrsm;\aumif;usKd;
rsm;ESifhtuRrf;w0ifjzpf&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
vkyfaqmifay;&rnfht&mrsm;udk vlwdkif;em;vnfoabmayguf
oifhygonf/
5T, p. 443 (1885)
ukxHk;trsKd;rsKd;½Sdjim;aomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;
awmfrlonfhukxHk;rSm wpfckwnf;om½Sd\/ xdkukxHk;wGif obm0rS
½dk;½dk;t&m0w¬Krsm;omjzpfNyD; tpGrf;xufoavmuf tEÅ&m,f
½Sdaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ avaumif;avoefY? a&oefY? oefY½Sif;
pifMu,fjcif;? avsmufywfaomtpm? jzLpifaomtoufwmESifh
xm0&bk&m;ocifudk cdkifrmpGmudk;pm;jcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ þt&m
rsm;csKdUwJhaeojzifh vlaygif;rsm;pGmaoaMuysufpD;ae&jcif;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif þt&mrsm;onf acwfwdrfvsuf½SdacsNyD/ taMumif;rSm
¤if;wdkYudkuRrf;usifpGmtoHk;cs&ef vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifzdkYvdktyfae
ygonf/ þtcsufudk vlom;rsm;rêudufyg/ avaumif;
avoefY? oefYpifaoma&? avhusifhcef;vkyfjcif;? om,maom
ae&mxdkifcif; ponfwdkYudk aps;BuD;BuD;ay;p&mrvdkbJ uREfkyfwdkY
vufvSrf;rDEdkifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;rSmrl
aps;BuD;ay;&½Hkomru aiGtukeftusrsm;NyD; aemufqufwGJ
a&m*gb,rsm;udkvnf; &½SdcHpm;apEdkifygonf/
MH, p. 127 (1905)
avaumif;avoefY? aea&mifjcnf? ûcd;jcHpGmpm;aomuf
jcif;? em;aejcif;? avhusifhcef;? tm[m&½Sdaomtpm? a&toHk;ûy
jcif;? xm0&bk&m;ocifudkudk;pm;jcif; ponfwdkYonf obm0
ukxHk;jzpfonf/ þobm0ukxHk;rsm;udk vlwdkif;em;vnf
oabmaygufum toHk;cswwf&efvdkygonf/ vlemrsm;udkuko
&mwGif yg0ifywfoufaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk em;vnfzdkYvdkovdk
xdktodOmPfrsm;udk vufawGUtoHk;cswwfaprnfh vufawGU
oifwef;rsm;onfvnf; ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
xdkobm0ukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûy&mwGif tav;xm;êud;pm;
zdkYvdkygonf/ þt&mudk vlom;rsm;rvkyfvdkMuyg/ obm0
ukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûyí a&m*guko&mwGif usef;rma&;udk
wjznf;jznf;csif;wnfaqmufygonf/ pdwfr½Snfolrsm;twGuf
a&m*gtaysmufaES;oa,mifjzpfaewwfygonf/ usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufaponfh avmu\aysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIrsm;udkpGefYvTwf&ef
twGuf xdcdkufepfemrIrsm;½Sdwwfygonf/ odkY&mwGif t[efY
twm;uif;rJhaomobm0onf rdrdtvkyfudk aumif;rGefpGm
vkyfaqmifoGm;onfudk tqHk;wGifawGUMu&ygvdrfhrnf/ obm0
pnf;rsOf;udk OD;vnfrokefvdkufavQmufaeolrsm;onf udk,fpdwf
ESpfyg;usef;rmcsrf;omjcif;wGif qkvmbfrsm;udk&dwfodrf;&vdrfhrnf/
456 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmtm[m&-usKd;aMumif;qifjcif--- 455
CTBH, p. 160 (1890)
jyefvnfusef;rmvm&ef EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk Y
oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef vlemrsm;udk q&m0efrsm;utMuHay;
wwfovdk a&ylprf;rsm;? yifv,frsm;odkYoGm;a&muftyef;ajz
&efvnf; tMuHay;wwfMuonf/ tu,fíom olwdkYonf
oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;aomufum udk,fvufavhusifhcef;
rsm;udk aysmfaysmf½Tif½TifESifhvkyfcJhMurnfqdkvQif xdkvlemrsKd; (10)
OD;wGif (9) OD;onf tcsdefrukef? aiGrukefbJ jyefvnfusef;rm
vmMuvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifu tcrJhaumif;csD;ay;xm;onfh
udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;jcif;? avaumif;avoefYESifh aea&mifjcnfrsm;
onf ydefvSDaeonfha&m*gonftawmfrsm;pGmwdkYtm; cGeftm;ESifh
toufudkay;ygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 35 (1890)
uREfkyfwdkYbmbmvkyfudkifEd kifaomt&mESifhpyfvsOf;í
*½kwpdkufpOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ef tcsufwpfck½Sdygonf/
uREfkyfonf udk,fhtajctaeudk udk,fwdkifaumif;rGefpGm
od½Sdem;vnf&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;tNrJwrf;aumif;rGefaeap&ef
bk&m;ocifay;cEmudk,ftm; rnfodkYxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&rnfudk
tNrJwrf;avhusufae&ygrnf/ cE¨mudk,ftwGuf taumif;qHk;
tusKd;ûyEdkifrnfhtpmrsm;udkompm;&rnf/ aoG;vnfywfrIaumif;
aprnfht0wfrsm;udk0wfzdkY&ef owdxm;&rnf/ udk,fvuf
vIyf½Sm;rIvkyfjcif;ESifh avaumif;avoefY½ªjcif;udkvnf; rysufuGuf
oifhygacs/ aea&mifjcnfudkvnf; &EdkiforQcHum rdrd\cEmudk,f
udk opöm½SdumuG,fapmifha½SmufolwpfOD;jzpf&ef OmPfynmESifh
jynfhpHkMu&rnf/
acR;xGufaepOf tat;cef;xJodkY0ifa&mufaexdkifjcif;onf
rdkufrJaomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckjzpfonf/ tnpftaMu;a&rsm;xJ
wGifxdkifaejcif;aMumifh tat;rdapaomvkyf&yfonfvnf; rdkufrJ
aomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ aoG;vnfywfrIudk ajczsm;vufzsm;
rSonf OD;aESmufESifhtwGif;ydkif;uvDpmrsm;txd jyefvnfa&muf
oGm;avmufatmif ajcat;vufat;jzifhxdkifaejcif;onf rdkufrJ
aomtûytrlwpfckjzpfonf/ pdkxdkif;aom&moDwGif ajcaxmufudk
aEG;aEG;xm;oifhygonf/ aoG;om;udkjzpfaponfh tm[m&½Sdonfh
tpmrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSefpm;oifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,furcHEdkif
avmufonftxd tvkyfudktvGeftuRHrvkyfoifhygacs/ tu,fí
uREfkyfonf bk&m;ocifay;usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azguf
rdvQif trSm;rsm;udkrdrdvkyfaeaMumif; todtrSwfûyum avaumif;
avoefY? a&aumif;a&oefYESifh tema&m*gudkaysmufuif;aponfh
tzdk;wefaea&mifjcnf ponfhbk&m;ocifpDrHxm;aom orm;
awmfrsm;vufatmufwGif rdrdudk,fudk ESpfESpfûcdufûcduftyfESH
cH,l&efjzpfonf/
a&m*ga0'emoufomatmif a&udkenf;rsKd;pHkjzifhtoHk;ûy
Edkifygonf/ a&aEG;ykvif;wpf0ufeD;yg;cefYudk xrif;rpm;rDaomuf
ay;yg/ usef;rma&;aumif;rGefvmvdrfhrnf/
458 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmtm[m&-usKd;aMumif;qifjcif--- 457
,HkMunfjcif;ESifhrSefuefaomtpm;taomuf
Letter, p. 5 (1904)
emrusef;olrsm;onf jyefvnfusef;rmvmap&eftvdkYiSm
rSefuefaomtpm;? taomuf? t0wfrsm;udk pm;aomuf0wfqif
um udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk wwftm;orQvkyfaqmifMuyg/
aq;½HkodkYa&muf½Sdvmonfhvlemrsm;tm; usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;&½Sd&ef
xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhyl;wGJvkyfaqmifMuzdkY oGefoifay;yg/
]]oifwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\pdkufuGuf? bk&m;ocif\taqmuf
ttHkjzpfMu\/}} bk&m;ocifonf toHk;csapzdkY <uufom;rsm;
tom;pdkifrsm;udk zefqif;ay;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkt&mrsm;udk
vIyf½Sm;rIrûyjcif;aMumifh a&m*gb,rsm;udkcHpm;&vsuf½SdMuonf/
1T, p. 561 (1867)
vlemrsm;udkukoay;aeolrsm;onf udk,fawmfjyifqif
xm;awmfrlonfh tultnDtrtprsm;wGif½Sdaom aumif;csD;
r*Fvmrsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk rSDcdktm;xm;aompdwf
jzifh xdkaq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;udk qufvuf
vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ udk,fawmfonf xdktultnDtrtp
jzpfaomavaumif;avoefY? oefY½Sif;pifMu,fjcif;? usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpm? oifhwifhavsmufywfaomvkyfcsdefESifh
em;csdef? a&udktoHk;csjcif;rsm;udk *½kxm;Mu&efvnf; u½kPmawmf
tm;jzifh qifhqdkaeygonf/
Letter, p. 79 (1905)
aq;½Hkrsm;udkwnfaxmifum ukorIrsm;wGif aq;0g;rsm;
udktoHk;rûybJ usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrI½SdaomukxHk;rsm;udk toHk;ûy
oifhaMumif; uREfkyftm; jrifjcif; (vision) ay;awmfrlygonf/
aq;½Hkwufvmaomvlemrsm;tm; aumif;aomtoufwmyHkpHjzifh
tzsm;temrsm;udkumuG,f&ef 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkESifh av½ªyHkrsm;udk
oifMum;ay;&rnf/
MS, p. 49 (1908)
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif obm0ukxHk;rsm;udk toHk;ûy&ef
axmufcHygonf/ aoG;udk tqdyfoifhapwwfaom aq;0g;rsm;
udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ray;yg/ usef;rma&;udkxdef;odrf;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm
rnfodkYpm;aomuf0wfqif&rnfudk þaq;½Hkrsm;wGif xda&mufpGm
oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/
Letter, p. 73a(1896)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhywfouf
onfhar;cGef;udk jzpf&rnfjzpfoifhonftwkdif; vIHYaqmfay;jcif;
r½Sdygacs/ cE¨mudk,frSukefcef;oGm;aomcGeftm;rsm;udk jyefvnf
tm;jynfhap&ef obm0twdkif;vGwfvyfcGifhay;vsuf aq;0g;rsm;
udkroHk;bJ ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkomauR;rnfqdkvQif vlemrsm;udk
uko&mwGif rsm;pGmxda&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 133-135 (1864)
tpm;tpmudk cPcPpm;jcif;? rsm;rsm;pm;jcif;rsm;onf
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru tm;enf;zsm;emonfhtajctae
udkjzpfapygonf/ aoG;onfvnf; npfnrf;vmum a&m*g
trsKd;rsKd;jzpfay:vmwwfygonf/ q&m0efoGm;yifhaomtcgwGif
vnf; a&m*gudkacwåcPomoufomapEdkifonfhaq;0g;rsm;udk
460 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmtm[m&-usKd;aMumif;qifjcif--- 459
omaomufzdkY ñTefMum;wwfygonf/ xdkukxHk;rsm;onf a&m*g
yHkpHomajymif;oGm;NyD; trSefwu,fraumif;onfht&mrsm;onf
(10) qwdk;yGm;vmygonf/ cEmudk,fwGif pkpnf;aeaomnpfnrf;
rIrsm;udk½Sif;xkwfypf&ef obm0u taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmifae&m
bk&m;ocifaumif;cs D;ay;xm;onfh avaumif;avoefY?
a&aumif;a&oefY ponfht&mrsm;jzifh yHhydk;vdkufrnfqdkvQif vHkûcH
pdwfcs&NyD; jrefqefaoma&m*gaysmufuif;rIrsm;onf t&mxif
vmygvdrfhrnf/
þa&m*grsK d ;ud kc Hpm;ae&aoma0'em½Si frsm;onf
olwpfyg;u olwdkYudk,fpm;vkyfray;Edkifaomt&mrsm;udk olwdkY
bmomolwdkYvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/ obm0tay:wGif olwdkY
wifxm;aom0efrsm;udk ayghyg;oGm;atmif olwdkYtpûyvkyfaqmif
oifhygonf/ a&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udk olwdkYz,f½Sm;
oifhygonf/ tcsdefwdktpma½Smifjcif;tusifhudk usifhoHk;um
tpmtdrfudktem;ay;yg/ a&udk *½kwpdkuftoHk;csjcif;jzifh cEmudk,f
\zsm;emrIudkavsmhyg;apyg/ þvkyf&yfrsm;onf npfnrf;rIrsm;
udkz,f½Sm;&ef ½kef;uefaeaomobm0udk tultnDay;ygvdrfh
rnf/ odkY&mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh a0'emcHpm;ae&olrsm;onf
pdwfr½SnfMuyg/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudkusifhaqmif&ef
qE´r½SdMuovdk enf;enf;uav;rQtqmrcHvdkMuyg/
tpm;qifjcifzdkY vlemuqE´rjyif;xefvQif a&toHk;ûy
jcif;aMumifh rsm;pGmtusKd;r½SdEdkifygacs/
rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
csKd;azgufaeMu½Hkomru tpm;? taomuf? tvkyfwdkYESifhqdkif
aomtusifhrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyaeonf
qdkonfhtcsufudk ¤if;wdkYrod½SdMuacs/ obm0udkwvGJtoHk;cs
jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfay:vmonfh emusifrIa0'emrsm;udk rcHpm;&
rcsif; ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\tajctaerSefudkrod½SdMuacs/ od½Sd
onfhtcsdefyif xdka&m*gonfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYvspfvsL½ªcJhMuonfh
obm0ukxHk;rsm;jzpfaom a&ESifhavsmufywfaomtpm;tpm
rsm;udk pwiftoHk;ûyrdcJhvQif obm0twdkif;vdktyfaeonfht&m
rsm;udk tultnD&oGm;ygonf/ þvrf;pOfudkqufvuf
vdkufavQmufcJhvQif rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlemrsm;onf usef;rma&;
jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmygvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 235 (1905)
tpm;udkcsKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;onf zsm;em&jcif;\taMumif;
&if;jzpfum obm0\awmif;qdkcsufrSm roifhavsmfaom0efrsm;
udkwifjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifhûy&efyifjzpfonf/ tydktvkyfrsm;udk
vkyfae&onfh tpmtdrfudktem;ay;Edkif&ef xrif;wpfeyfESpfeyf
tpma½Smifjcif;onf zsm;emrItawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;
ukxHk;jzpfygonf/ OD;aESmufoHk;ítvkyfvkyf&olrsm;twGuf
opfoD;0vHrsm;udk &uftenf;i,foHk;aqmifjcif;jzifh BuD;rm;
aomoufomcGifhudk&Edkifygonf/ acwåcPtpma½SmifNyD;aemuf
½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;jcif;onf emvefx
jrefapygonf/ wpfvwefonf? ESpfvwefonf tpmûcd;jcH
pm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhonf
usef;rma&;vrf;pOfjzpfaMumif; a&m*g½Sifrsm;oabmaygufvmyg
vdrfhrnf/
462tpmtm[m&-usKd;aMumif;qifjcif--- 461
MH, p. 114 (1905)
tpm;rSm;? taomufrSm;? tusifhp½dkuftrSm;rsm;aMumifh
a&m*gcHpm;ae&aMumif;odygvsuf a&m*g½Siftm; tjzpfrSefudk
ajymrjyonfhorm;awmfwpfOD;onf rdrd\vlemudk'ku©a&mufatmif
vkyfaejcif;jzpfonf/ t&uform;rsm;? pdwåZa&m*gonfrsm;ESifh
wuG taysmftyg;vdkufpm;cJholtm;vHk;udkvnf; tjypf\tusKd;tc
tjzpf a&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&aMumif; ½Sif;vif;wduspGm q&m0ef
rsm;uzGifhqdkMu&rnf/ toufwm\pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk od½Sdem;vnf
olrsm;rSm a&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm;udk êud;pm;í[efYwm;
oifhygonf/ a&m*goufomoGm;atmif qufwdkufêud;pm;
vkyfaqmifaepOfrSmyif a&m*gonfonf emusifrIa0'emESifh
tNrJwrf;wdkufvSefae&onfudkjrifawGUaeaom xdkorm;awmfonf
tb,fodkYenf;jzifh pdwfcsrf;omEdkifygrnfenf;/ a&m*gaysmufuif;
ap&ef csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhzdkY zdzdpD;pD;roGefoifcJhvQif
olonf apwem? u½kPmESifhjynfhpHkolwpfOD;jzpfygrnfvm;/
MS, p. 93 (1901)
orm;awmfrsm;onf BuD;rm;aomwm0efBuD;wpfckudk
rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmifaeonf[laomtodjzifh qkawmif;jcif;trIudk
ûyoif h Muonf/ olwd k Yonf rdrdwd k Y\vlemrsm;twGuf
taumif;qHk;? toifhavsmfqHk;tpmrsm;udkpm;&ef ñTefMum;oifh
onf/ taoG;tom;aumif;&ef tpm;aumif;zdkYvdkonfjzpf&m
rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&aomtvkyf\ta&;BuD;yHkudk oabmayguf
em;vnfonfhpm;zdkrª;rsm;om tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifoifhygonf/
ÀÀÀ
tcef;BuD; (18)
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;
Letter, p. 157 (1900)
{'ifO,smOfxJrS tm'Hudkarmif;xkwfvdkufonfhtcsdefwGif
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf opfoD;0vHtyifrsm;udk zsufqD;awmfrrl
cJhonfhtwGuf udk,fawmfudk uREfkyftxl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/
7T, p. 126 (1902)
wpfESpfywfvHk;eD;yg; vwfqwfaomopfoD;0vHrsm;
xGuf½Sdonfhwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif aexdkifolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYonf
xdkopfoD;0vHrsm;tm;jzifh aumif;csD;cHpm;aeMu&onfudk tod
0ifvm&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/ opfyifrSqGwfcl;
NyD; vwfvwfqwfqwfpm;&aomopfoD;0vHrsm;tay: ydkí
tm;xm;avav? aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkydkí&avavjzpfygonf/
7T, p. 134 (1902)
csufûywfpm;jcif;udkavsmhum opfoD;0vHrsm;udk obm0
twdkif;ydkípm;jcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf ydkíaumif;ygonf/
xdkopfoD;rsm;udk aqmif;wGif;pmtwGuf oHjzLbl;rsm;wGif
rodkavSmifbJ zefcsKdifhrsm;? zefbl;rsm;jzifh wwfEkdiforQodkxm;yg/
2T, p. 373 (1870)
tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifha&m*gonfrsm;twGuf
opfoD;0vHrsKd;pHkudk pDpOfauR;arG;&rnfjzpfaomf wpfcgwnf;ESifh
trsKd;rsm;pGmudkrpm;cdkif;oifhyg/
464 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
MS, p. 43 (1908)
opfoD;0vHrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftuljzpf
aponfhtpmjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYtxl;ojzifhaxmufcHaomfvnf;
xrif;w0pm;NyD;onfhtcsdefwGifrl opfoD;rsm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;oifh
acs/
Letter, p. 12 (1887)
a&m*gtemtqmuif;aom &moDoD;ESHESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;
onf vlom;rsm;udktusKd;ûyygonf/ odkY&mwGif a&m*gtem
tqm½SdaomopfoD;0vHESifh toD;tESHrsm;udkpm;rdojzifh tpmtdrf
wGiftcsOfaygufjcif;? aoG;wGiftqdyfjzpfjcif;rsm;aMumifh aoaMu
ysufpD;aomvlta&twGufonf uREfkyfwdkYxifxm;onfxuf
ydkírsm;ygonf/
Letter, p. 103 (1896)
½dk;pif;NyD; tvQHy,f&EdkifonfhopfoD;0vHrsm;onf
taumif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzpf½Hkomru bk&m;ocif\trIawmf
twGuf jyifqifaeolrsm;udkauR;oifhaomtpmrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/
toD;tESHrsm;? ajryJ? ukvm;yJ ponfhtcGHrmtoD;rsm;?
opfoD;0vHtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf zefqif;½Sif
udk,fwdkif uREfkyfwdkYtwGufa½G;cs,fxm;onfh tpmtm[m&jzpf
onf/ xdktpmrsm;udk obm0twdkif;jyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;onf
usef;rma&;udkaumif;aponf? tm[m&jzpfaponf? cGeftm;udk
jzpfaponf? cHEdkif&nf½Sdaponf? OmPfynmudkxufjrufaponf/
xdktpmrsm;udk tjcm;aoG;<uaponfhtpmrsm;ESifha&mpyfcsufûywfí
rpm;oifhygacs/
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 463
MS, p. 27 (1906)
toD;tESH? opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGif
uREfkyfwdkYvdktyfaomtm[m&tm;vHk;yg½Sdygonf/ xm0&bk&m;
ocifxH uREfkyfwdkYtoem;cHqkawmif;MurnfqdkvQif tom;\
npfnrf;rIrsm;ESifhuif;pifonfh tm[m&½Sdonfhxdktpmrsm;udk
rnfodkYjyifqifpm;oHk;&rnfudk uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmfoGefoif
ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 235 (1905)
tpm;udkcsKyfwnf;rIr½S d jcif;onf zsm;em&jcif;\
taMumif;&if;jzpfum obm0\awmif;qdkcsufrSm roifhavsmf
aom0efrsm;udkwifjcif;rSuif;vGwfcGifhûy&efyifjzpfonf/ tydk
tvkyfrsm;udkvkyfae&onfhtpmtdrfudktem;ay;Edkif&ef xrif;
wpfeyfESpfeyftpma½Smifjcif;onf zsm;emrItawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf
taumif;qHk;ukxHk;jzpfygonf/ OD;aESmufoHk;ítvkyfvkyf&olrsm;
twGuf opfoD;0vHrsm;udk &uftenf;i,foHk;aqmifjcif;jzifh
BuD;rm;aomoufomcGifhudk&Edkifygonf/ acwåcPtpma½SmifNyD;
aemuf ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;jcif;onf
emvefxjrefapygonf/ wpfvwefonf? ESpfvwefonf tpm
ûcd;jcHpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhonf
usef;rma&;vrf;pOfjzpfaMumif; a&m*g½Sifrsm;oabmaygufvm
ygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 145 (1904)
csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;azmfjyoifhonf/
466 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufopfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 465
t&ufaopmrsm;\qdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ûcd;jcHpGmpm;aomufjcif;\
aumif;usK d;rsm;ud kvnf; vlemrsm;tm;ajymjyoif honf/
usef;rma&;udkxdckdufaprnfht&mrsm;udka½Smifum ¤if;tpmrsm;\
ae&mwGif opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;oHk;Mu&ef ¤if;wdkYudk
awmif;qdkoifhonf/ vdar®mfoD;? a½SmufoD;? qD;oD;ajcmuf?
rufrGefoD; ponfhtoD;rsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/
êud;pm;umvkyfaqmifMurnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif\þurÇmajrBuD;
onf toD;tESHrsKd;pHkudkoD;yGifhay;ygvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 305 (1905)
qm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;ESifh/ rqmvm? i½kyfaumif; ponfh
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udka½SmifMuOfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;udk
rsm;rsm;pm;yg/ odkYûyvQif xrif;pm;pOf jzpfay:wwfonfha&iwf
jcif;udk aysmufuif;apvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 299 (1905)
opfoD;0vHrsm;aygaygrsm;rsm;&Edkifonfha'orsm;wGif
tajcmufvSef;jcif;? pnfoGwfbl;wGifxnfhjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh
aqmif;&moDtwGuf odkavSmifxm;oifhonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh
toHk;enf;? tpdkufenf;aom qD;jzLoD;? pawmfb,f&D? ql;oD;
rnf;ESifh &ufpfA,f&DoD;rsm;udk ae&mrsm;pGmwGifpdkufysKd;&usKd;eyf
vmvdrfhrnf/
jzpfEdkifvQif opfoD;0vHrsm;udk oHjzLbl;rsm;ESifh pnfoGwf
rvkyfMubJ zeftdk;? zefcGufrsm;jzifh pnfoGwfMuyg/ toD;oefYoefY
rsm;udkompnfoGwfoifhNyD; pnfroGwfrDûywfypfvdkufyg/ oMum;
tenf;i,fudkomtoHk;ûyoifhygonf/ þuJhodkYjyifqifcJhvQif
xdkt&mrsm;udk vwfqwfaomopfoD;rsm;tpm; toHk;ûyEdkifMu
ygrnf/
pyspfoD;ajcmuf? qD;oD;ajcmuf? yef;oD;? opfawmfoD;?
rufrGefoD;ESifh qD;csKdoD;rsm;udk oifhwifhaomaps;jzifh0,f,l&½Sd
EdkifvQif t"dutpmrsm;tjzpfpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/ vlwef;pm;
toD;oD;twGuf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyygonf/
yef;oD;pdrf&nfonf zeftdk;rsm;ESifhpdrfvQif t&om
aumif;í tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkonf/ opfawmfoD;ESifh cs,f&DoD;
rsm;udkvnf; rsm;rsm;&EdkifvQif aqmif;&moDtwGuf pdrf&nfrsm;
vkyfxm;Edkifygonf/
Letter, p. 5 (1870)
opfoD;0vHrsm;wGif yef;oD;udk&EdkifvQif taumif;qHk;
jzpfonf/ yef;oD;r&Edkifonfhae&ma'orsm;wGif tjcm;opfoD;
0vHrsm;udk (trsKd;pHkpHkr&Edkifapumrl &orQopfoD;rsm;udk) aoao
csmcsma½G;um toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif yef;oD;rSm tjcm;
toD;rsm;xufydkíaumif;ygonf/
MS, p. 114 (1902)
aq;½HkESifhqufET,fí opfoD;0vHpdkufcif;rsm;udkwnfaxmif
EdkifvQif tusKd;½Sdygonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh temtqmuif;rJhNyD;
vwfqwfaomtoD;rsm;udktoHk;ûyEdkifygrnf/
MS, p. 13 (1911)
rdom;pkrsm;ESifh ausmif;rsm;? aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf
aeolrsm;onf pdkufysKd;ûypkysKd;axmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkrdk
DF- 30
468 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 467
vkyfaqmif&ef avhusufoifhygonf/ &moDtvdkufajrrSxGufonfh
toD;tESHrsm;\wefzdk;udk vlom;rsm;odMuvQif xGef,uf
pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkíêud;pm;vkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/
O,smOfESifhopfoD;jcHrsm;rSxGufonfh opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;\wefzdk;½SdyHkudk tm;vHk;aumif;rGefpGmodxm;oifhonf/
vlemESifhausmif;om;rsm;\ta&twGufrsm;vmonfESifhtrQ ydkí
us,faomajruGufrsm;vdktyfvmygvdrfhrnf/ pyspfjcHrsm;udk
wnfaxmifyg/ odkYrSom aq;½Hktaejzifh pyspfoD;rsm;udkxkwfvkyf
Edkifygrnf/ vdar®mfoD;jcHrsm;½Sdxm;jcif;onfvnf; tcGifhta&;
aumif;wpfckjzpfygonf/
toD;tESHrsm;
MH, p. 296 (1905)
toD;tESHrsm;? ajryJ? ukvm;yJ ponfhtcGHrmtoD;rsm;?
opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf zefqif;½Sifudk,fwdkif
uREfkyfwdkYtwGufa½G;cs,fxm;onfh tpmtm[m&jzpfonf/
xdktpmrsm;udk obm0twdkif;jyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;onf usef;rma&;
udkaumif;rGefaponf? tm[m&udkjzpfaponf? cGeftm;udkjzpf
aponf? cHEdkif&nf½Sdaponf? OmPfynmudkxufjrufaponf/
xdktpmrsm;udk tjcm;aoG;<uaponfhtpmrsm;ESihfa&mpyfcsufûywfí
rpm;oifhacs/
MH, p. 313 (1905)
tom;pm;olrsm;onf [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifh tcGHrm
toD;rsm;udk wpfqifhcHpm;aomufaeMuygonf/ taMumif;rSm
wd&pämefrsm;onf zGHUûzd;rIudktm;ay;onfhtm[m&rsm;udk xdktoD;
tESHrsm;rS&,lMuNyD;jzpfonf/ xdktm[m&rsm;udk wd&pämefom;
rsm;udkpm;jcif;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY&,lMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu
uREfkyfwdkYtwGufjyifqifay;xm;onfhtpmrsm;rS xdktm[m&rsm;udk
wdkuf½dkuf&,lMuvQif rnfrQaumif;vdkufvdrfhrnfenf;/
MH, p. 316 (1905)
cE¨mudk,f½Sd<uufom;rsm;tm;aumif;&ef tom;pm;zdkY
vdkonfqdkonfhxifjrifcsufonfrSm;ygonf/ tom;rpm;bJ
cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ydkíjznfhqnf;Edkifonfhjyif ydkí
usef;rmapEdkifygonf/ aoG;om;aumif;zdkY yHhydk;Edkifonfhtm[m&
"mwftm;vHk;onf toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;wGifyg½Sdaeygonf/
MS, p. 27 (1906)
uREfkyfwdkYvdktyfonfhtm[m&"mwftm;vHk;udk toD;tESH?
opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGifawGU&onf/ tu,fíom
uREfkyfwdkYonf ½dk;om;aompdwfoabmjzifh qkawmif;Murnf
qdkvQif tom;rygbJ tm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpmjzpfatmif
csufûywfwwfap&ef oGefoifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 297 (1905)
toD;tESH? opfoD;0vHrsm;udk obm0tm;jzifh tvQHy,f
yHhydk;ay;vsuf½Sdonf/ ajrtoD;tESHrsm;onf wpfESpfNyD;wpfESpf
vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf ydkíxda&mufaomydkYaqmifa&;pepfrsm;
tm;jzifh jzefYjzL;ay;vsuf½Sdygonf/ xdkaMumifh vGefcJhaomtcsdef
470 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 469
rsm;u aps;BuD;ay;í0,fpm;cJh&aomtoD;tESHrsm;onf ,ck
tcsdefwGif aeYpOfpm;oHk;&ef vlwdkif;vufvSrf;rDonfhtajctae
wGif½SdaeygNyD/
MH, p. 299 (1905)
uREfkyfwdkYonf owdynm½Sd½SdjzifhpDpOfMurnfqdkvQif
usef;rma&;udktaxmuftultay;EdkifqHk;toD;tESHrsm;udk EdkifiH
toD;oD;wGif&Edkifygonf/ qef? *sKH? ajymif;? jrif;pm;*sKH?
yJawmifh½SnfrSpí yJoD;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk jyifqifcsufûywfonfh
enf;rsKd;pHkudk EdkifiH&yfjcm;½Sdae&ma'otoD;oD;odkY jzefYcsday;aeyg
onf/ EdkifiHwGif;rSxGufonfhtoD;tESHrsm;omru EdkifiHjcm;rS
oGif;,lonfhtoD;tESHrsm;udk oifhavsmfovdka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;jcif;
tm;jzifh tom;udkpm;&efrvdktyfawmhacs/
(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115. (1890)
opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk
[if;cwftarT;têudifryg tqDrsm;udkroHk;bJ EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;
ESifhjyifqifcsufûywfvQifvnf; usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûy
Edkifonfh[if;vsmrsm;udk&½SdEdkifygonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf cEmudk,f
cGeftm;rsm;udkomru aoG;<uaponfhtjcm;tpmrsm;u ray;pGrf;
Edkifonfh cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh OmPfynmxufjrufrIrsm;udk
vnf; ay;pGrf;Edkifygonf/
2T, p. 352 (1869)
tqDrygbJ ½dk;pif;pGmobm0rysufjyifqifcsufûywfxm;
onfhtoD;tESHESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY
0ifpm;&ef jyifqifaeonf[k zGifhqdkaeMuolrsm;pm;oifhaom
tpmrsm;jzpfonf/
MH, p. 301 (1905)
qef (odkYr[kwf) *sKHudk qefûywfjzpf&ef em&Drsm;pGmûywf
oifhygonf/ odkY&mwGif El;nHh (odkYr[kwf) t&nfjzpfaom
tpmrsm;onf 0g;ípm;&aomtpmajcmufrsm;avmuf tm[m&
rjzpfacs/
Y.I, May 31, 1894.
wcsKdUrSm qefûywfonf t"dutpm;tpmjzpfonf[k
½dk;om;pGmoHk;oyfaeMuonf/ qefûywfrsm;rsm;aomufjcif;onf
usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefaponf[k tmrcHrxm;yg/ taMumif;rSm
xdkt&monf t&nfrsm;omjzpfonf/ opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;
[if;½GufESifh aygifrkefYudkpm;zdkYwdkufwGef;Muyg/
2T, p. 603 (1871)
*sKH,m*kudk uREfkyfwdkYvkyfwwfygonf/ *sKHonf Murf;vGef;
aevQif qefumcsypfyg/ xdk,m*konf ylaepOf EGm;EdkYESifha&mvdkuf
ygu t&omESifhjynfhpHkNyD; usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyaom
tpmwpfckudk&Edkifygonf/
MH, pp. 316,317 (1905)
tom;rsm;udkrpm;awmhbJ ¤if;\ae&mwGif tm[m&ESifh
jynfhpHkNyD; cHwGif;vdkufvG,faomtoD;tESH? [if;oD;[if;½Guf?
opfoD;0vHrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;oHk;aqmifyg/ tom;[if;tpm;
aps;csKdNyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifoifhygonf/
472 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufopfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 471
tydkif; 3 - aygifrkefY
MS, p. 34 (1899)
t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefonfhaygifrkefYrsm;udkzkwf&ef
c&pf,mefbmomt,l0g'u rdcifrsm;udkvrf;jyvdrfhrnf/ aygifrkefY
udk twGif;a&m? tjyifygusufatmifzkwf&rnf/ tiefayghí
ajcmufaomaygifrkefYrsm;onf tpmtdrftwGufaumif;onf/
aygifrkefYonf touf½Sif&ef ta&;ygaomtpmwpfckjzpfonf/
xdkaMumifh pm;zdkrª;wdkif;aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;zkwfwwfoifhygonf/
(CTBH, p. 49) CH, p. 117. (1890)
tpm;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmjyifqifcsufûywf
jcif;onf c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&mwm0efwpfckjzpfonf[k
wcsKdUuoabmrxm;aomaMumifh aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywf
wwfatmif rêud;pm;Muawmhyg/ olwdkYonf e,fxm;aom*sKHudk
csOfatmifxm;NyD;rS aygifrkefYzkwfMu&m xdkrkefYrsm;onf usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufapEdkifonf/ aygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif owdxm;&rnf/
aphpyf&rnf/ aygifrkefYaumif;wpfvHk;wGif yg½Sdaeaomc&pf,mef
bmomt,l0g'onf ¤if;wdkYxifxm;onfxuf ydkrdkav;euf
aeygonf/
1T, p. 684 (1868)
aumif;aom*sKHrIefYrS aumif;aomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;&atmif
vkyfaqmifwwfapzdkY csufcsif;avhusuf&efrSm trsKd;orD;BuD;i,f
wdkYtwGuf c&pf,mefbmoma&;wm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ rdcifrsm;
onf orD;rsm;ukd i,fpOftcsdefrSpí xrif;csuf? [if;csuf
oifay;oifhygonf/
MH, pp. 300-302 (1905)
aygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif qdk'goHk;jcif;onf usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufaponf/ qdk'gonf tpmtdrfudk a&mif&rf;emusifapNyD;
cEmudk,fwpfckvHk;wGif tqdyfjzpfaponf/ qdk'grxnfhbJ aygifrkefY
zkwfvdkYr&[k wcsKdUtrsKd;orD;rsm;u rSm;,Gif;pGm,lqaeMuonf/
olwdkYonf 'ku©cHí tjcm;aygifrkefYzkwfenf;rsm;udk ½SmMuHavhusuf
rnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYzkwfaomaygifrkefYonf ydkítm[m&½Sdvdrfhrnf/
obm0t&omrysuf ydkípm;aumif;vdrfhrnf/
wap;ygonfhaygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif EGm;EdkYudktoHk;ûyjcif;
wap;ygonfhaygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif a&tpm; EGm;EdkYudk
roHk;oifhyg/ aiGukefaMu;usydkírsm;aponfhtjyif t&omvnf;
ayghoGm;apygonf/ EGm;EdkYjzifha&me,fum zkwfxm;aomaygifrkefY
onf MumMumrcHbJ tcsOfaygufjrefqefygonf/
wap;aygifrkefYtyl
aygifrkefYonf qm;ayghNyD; csKdae&rnf/ tcsOf"mwfuav;
enf;enf;rQrygoifhyg/ wap;"mwfrsm;udkacszsufEdkifap&efESifh
usufatmifzkwfEdkifap&ef aygifrkefYtvHk;onf i,foifhygonf/
ylaeaomaygifrkefYonfvnf; tpmaMuzdkYcufygonf/ xdkwap;
aygifrkefYtylrsKd;udkvHk;0rpm;oifhyg/ þae&mwGif wap;rJh
aygifrkefYrsm;udkrqdkvdkyg/ wap;rJhaygifrkefYylylaEG;aEG;vwfvwf
qwfqwfonf t&om½Sd½Hkomru tm[m&vnf;tjynfht0
½Sdygonf/
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 473 474 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Zwieback aygifrkefY
ESpfcgjyefzkwfxm;onfhþaygifrkefYrsKd;onf tpmvnf;
aMuvG,fonf/ t&omvnf;aumif;rGefonf/ ½dk;½dk;aygifrkefY
rsm;udk tcsyfvdkufvSD;um tdkAifxJwGif ajcmufoGm;onftxd
xm;jcif;jzifh þaygifrkefYrsKd;udk&Edkifonf/ ñdkwdkwdkta&mif½Sdae
vdrfhrnfjzpfNyD; ajcmufaoGUaomae&mwGifodrf;xm;ygu omref
aygifrkefYrsm;xuf txm;cHonf/ pm;cgeD;wGif aET;vdkufygu
vwfvwfqwfqwfjyefjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 142 (1900)
2 &uf (odkYr[kwf) 3 &ufMumodkxm;aomaygifrkefY
rsm;onf zkwfNyD;cgpaygifrkefYrsm;xuf usef;rma&;udkydkí
taxmuftulûyonf/ tdkAifxJwGif tajcmufcHxm;onfh
aygifrkefYajcmufonf tm[m&tjynfhqHk;tpm;tpmwpfckjzpfonf/
1T, pp. 681-684 (1868)
*a&[efaygifrkefYrsm;onf csOfNyD; rusufwusufjzpf
aeonfudk uREfkyfrMumcPawGUzl;onf/ þtcsufonf
avhusufrIwGifvnf;aumif;? ta&;ygaompm;zdkrª;\wm0efudk
xrf;aqmifrIwGifvnf;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;rI? *½kxm;rI tm;enf;
jcif;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUudwfrkefYrsm;? bDpuGwfrkefYrsm;onf ajcmuf
aeaomfvnf; rusufonfudkawGU&ygonf/ a½S;½dk;csufûywfenf;
rsm;udk rdrdwdkYuRrf;usifygonf[k pm;zdkrª;rsm;u oifhudkajym
aumif;ajymvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif trSeftwdkif;ajym&vQif ¤if;wdkY\
rdom;pkrsm;rSm *a&[rfaygifrkefYcsOfrsm;udk vHk;0rESpfoufMuacs/
xdkudpötwGuf uREfkyfawG;awmpOf;pm;p&mrvdk[k oHk;oyf
rdygonf/ xdkt&monf t&omrJhaomtpmrsm;udk csufûywf
enf;yifjzpfaeonf/ xdktpmrsKd;udkpm;rdvQif tpmraMuonfh
a&m*gyif&½SdEdkifygonf/ xdkpm;zdkrª;rsm;u ¤if;wdkYcsufûywfaom
tpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;um usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIvrf;pOf
onf rdrdwdkYESifhrqDavsmf[kajymMuvdrfhrnf/
tpmtdrfonf tqifhedrfhaomaygifrkefYcsOfrsm;udk taoG;
tom;aumif;jzpfatmif ajymif;vJray;Edkifaomfvnf; xdkaygifrkefY
rsm;onf aumif;aeaomtpmtdrfudk a&m*g&atmifawmh
vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ xdkaygifrkefYrsKd;udkpm;rdaomolrsm;onf
rdrdwdkYtiftm;qkwf,kwfaeonfudk cHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY
jzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;r½Sdawmhbl;vm;/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;rS wcsKdU
onf rdrdudk,fudk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;[k
uifyGef;wyfaeMuaomfvnf; trSefrSm r[kwfMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYonf
aumif;aumif;rcsufûywfwwfyg/ olwdkYonf udwfrkefY?
aygifrkefYESifh *a&[rfaygifrkefYrsm;udkzkwfavhzkwfx½Sdaomfvnf;
wdk;wufajymif;vJrIr½Sdojzifh xdktpmrsm;onf cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;
udkrjzpfapyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk jyifqif
wwfatmif avhusifhvkyfaqmifzdkY tcsdefay;jcif;onf tcsdefûzef;
aewmjzpfonf[kvnf; olwdkYxifwwfMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\rdom;pkwGif tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifh
a&m*gonfrsm;½Sdaeonfudk uREfkyfawGU&ygonf/ xdka&m*gjzpf
&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rSm tm[m&r½SdaomaygifrkefYrsm;aMumifh
jzpfonf/ tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf xdkaygifrkefYrsm;udk vTifhrypf&ufbJ
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 475 476 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pm;wwfMuonf/ taoG;tom;rjzpfEd kifonfht&mrsm;udk
oifpm;rnfvm;/ tpmtdrfu aygifrkefYcsOfawGudk csKdatmif
vkyfay;Edkifrnfvm;/ iefaeaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk ayghoGm;atmif
vkyfay;Edkifrnfvm;/ rIdwufaeonfhaygifrkefYudk vwfqwfatmif
vkyfay;Edkifrnfvm;/
csufa&;ûywfa&;ESifhywfoufí rSefuefaomynmr&cJh
onfhjyif uRrf;usifrIvnf; tm;enf;aomtdrf½Sifrrsm;onf
usef;rma&;udk jznf;jznf;csif;aocsmaygufxdcdkufapEdkifNyD; aoG;udk
npfnrf;apum emwm½Snfa&m*gaMumifh aojcif;wdkifatmif
ydkYaqmifEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udkjyifqifcsufûywfvsuf rdom;pktm;
aeYpOfauR;aeMuygonf/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf aygifrkefYcsOfrsm;udk
pm;ojzifh a&m*g&aoqHk;aeMuygonf/ tjzpftysufuav;
wpfckudk owd&rdygonf/ tvkyform;rdef;uav;wpfOD;onf
tvGefcsOfaomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;udkzkwfcJhrd&m xdkaygifrkefYrsm;onf
tpmpm;aeaom 0uf 2 aumifa½SUod k YypfcscJ hygonf/
aemufwpfaeYreufwGif xdk0uf 2 aumifaoaeaMumif;awGU½Sd
ojzifh cGJpdwfppfaq;Munfh&m tpmtdrfxJwGif aygifrkefYcsOftydkif;
tpudkawGU&ygonf/ 0ufydkif½Sifu pHkprf;rIrsm;ûyvkyf&m
xdkrdef;uav;uvnf; olrvkyfcJhonfht&mudk0efcHygonf/ rdrd
vTifhypfaomaygifrkefYaMumifh xdkuJhodkY0ufrsm;aornfudk olr
rawG;cJhrdyg/ a>rrsm;rStp tjcm;npfnrf;aomtpmrsm;udkyif
0g;rsKdpm;aomufwwfonfh0ufrsm;udkyif aoapEdkifonfhaygifrkefY
csOfrsm;onf tvGefEl;nHhaomvlom;tpmtdrfrsm;udk rnfodkY
xdcdkufEdkifvdrfhrnfenf;/
MS, p. 3 (1897)
oufowfvGwfpm;cgpwGif tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;
udk csufûywfpm;aomuf&ef tvGef*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ qefûywfudk
t"duxm;pm;aejcif;onf rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ 0g;í
pm;&onfhtpmajcmufrsm;onf ydkíoifhavsmfygonf/ usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk jyifwwfjcif;onf þae&mwGif
aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfckjzpfonf/ *sKHMurf;aygifrkefY (odkYr[kwf)
aygifrkefYñdkrsm;onf usef;rma&;twGufaumif;ygonf/ aygifrkefY
udk enf;enf;uav;rQrcsOfygapESifh/ aumif;aumif;usufatmif
zkwfyg/ odkYrSom zG,fwnfwnfuyfap;ap;jzpfjcif;rsm;udk
a½Smif½Sm;Edkifygrnf/
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfatmif csufûywfzkwfvkyfxm;onfh
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifhaygifrkefYrsm;onf qefûywfxufydkí
aumif;ygonf/ 2 &uf (odkYr[kwf) 3 &ufMumodkxm;onfh
aygifrkefYudk opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifhpm;jcif;onf zkwfNyD;cgpaygifrkefY
rsm;xuf ydkíaumif;onf/ xdkt&mrsm;udk jznf;nif;pGm
nufatmif0g;pm;jcif;onf cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jynfhpHk
apygvdrfhrnf/
bDpuGwftylrsm;
E. From UT, p. 2 (1884)
ylaeao;onfhbDpuGwfrsm;ESifh tom;[if;vsmpm;jcif;
onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDyg/
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 477 478 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Letter, p. 72 (1896)
bDpuGwfudk axmywfokwfum taumif;qHk;tpmwpfck
tjzpfoHk;aqmifwwfMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif tpmaMucsufrI
tm;enf;olrsm;onf xdktpmrsm;ESifhrwnfhyg/
Letter, p. 3 (1884)
uREfkyfwdkYonf cgemefjynfudk c&D;ESifMu&rnfhtpm;
tJ*kwåKjynf (tD*spf) udkjyefaeMuygonf/ tpm;taomufrsm;udk
jyifqifMuygpdkY/ tm[m&jzpfaprnfh ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk rpm;Mu
awmhbl;vm;/ tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifha&m*g&aponfh
bDpuGwftnHhpm;rsm;udk rpGefYvTwfMuawmhbl;vm;/
R & H, May 8, 1883.
qdk'gxnfhí zkwfxm;onfhbDpuGwfrsm;udk vHk;0rpm;
oifhyg/ tpmtdrftwGufraumif;yg/ xdkenf;wl qdk'gjzifh
zkwfxm;onfhaygifrkefYrsm;onfvnf; tpmaMucJygonf/ tm[m&
t&omESifhjynfhpHkonfh *a&[rf*srf;pfrkefYudkrl *sKHMurf;trIefY
oefYoefYtm; a&at;? EGm;EdkYrsm;jzifha&mum ûyvkyfEdkifonf/
odkY&mwGif ½dk;½dk;rkefYrsm;udkvkyfzdkY uREfkyfwdkY\toif;om;rsm;udk
oif&mwGif cufcJrIrsm;½Sdygonf/ *a&[rf*srf;pfudkpm;zdkY uREfkyf
wdkYtm;ay;onfhtcgwGif ]atmf [kwfuJh? uRefrwdkYtJ'DrkefYudk
vkyfwwfygw,f} [k rdwfaqGrsm;u wHkYjyefwwfMuygonf/
EdkYcsOfrsm;? qdk'grsm;udkoHk;NyD; zkwfxm;onfhaygifrkefYrsm;udkawGU
aomtcg uREfkyfwdkYpdwfysufrdygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;\om"ursm;r[kwfMuyg/ *sKHMurf;trIefYudk a&oefY?
EdkYoefYrsm;jzifha&mí zkwfvkyfxm;onfhrkefYrsm;onf t&om½SdvS
ygonf/ toHk;ûyaoma&onf a≈jzpfcJhvQif EGm;EdkYudkydkxnfh
yg/ (odkYr[kwf) MuufOwpfvHk;avmufxyfxnfhvdkufyg/ *srf;pf
rkefYrsm;udk rD;at;at;jzifh jznf;jznf;csif;usufatmifzkwfoifh
ygonf/
rkefYvdyfrsm;udkvkyf&mwGif a&oGufESifh EGm;EdkY (odkYr[kwf)
rvdkiftenf;i,fudktoHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ bDpuGwfrkefYvkyf&ef
twGufrl *sKHudkpnf;ydkifaeonftxde,fum ESyfxm;&ygonf/
xdkaemuf tdkAifoHabmifay:wGifwifízkwfyg/ þrkefYrsm;onf
csKdí t&omaumif;ygonf/ tpmtdrftwGufomru oGm;rsm;
twGufyg tusKd;½Sdap&ef aMunufatmif0g;zdkYvdkygonf/
aoG;tm;udkomru cGeftm;udkvnf;jzpfapygonf/ xdkrkefYudk
opfoD;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;jzifha&mípm;vQif
tvGeft&om½Sdygonf/
2T, p. 68 (1868)
jzLatmifzGyfxm;onfh*sKHEkonf *sKHMurf;avmuf cEmudk,f
twGuf tm[m&udkrjzpfapyg/ odkY&mwGif aps;wGif trsm;oHk;pGJ
Edkifatmif a&mif;aeonfh*sKHMurf;aygifrkefYrsm;rSmrl usef;rma&;
tajctaeudk qufvufxdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;r½Sdygacs/
MH, p. 300 (1905)
jzLatmifzGyfxm;onfh*sKHrIefYEkrsm;onf aygifrkefYzkwf&ef
twGuf taumif;qHk;r[kwfyg/ aiGukefaMu;usvnf;roufom
yg/ *sKHMurf;trIefYwGifyg½Sdonfh tm[m&"mwfrsm;vnf; *sKHrIefY
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 479 480 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tEkwGifryg½Sdyg/ xdkrQomru 0rf;udkcsKyfaponfhjyif usef;rma&;
udkyifxdcdkufapEdkifygao;onf/
Letter, p. 91 (1898)
*sKHrIefYwdkif; taumif;qHk;aomtm[m&udkay;Edkifonf
r[kwfyg/ *sKHrIefYudk jrif;pm;*sKHrIefY? ½dkif;*sKHrIefYrsm;ESifha&mNyD;
zkwfvkyfaomaygifrkefYonf *sKHrIefYEkESifhvkyfaomaygifrkefYxuf
ydkítm[m&½Sdygonf/
Letter, p. 363 (1907)
aygifrkefYtcsKdrsm;ESifh tcsKdrkefYrsm;udk wpfcgwpf&Hom
pm;oifhygonf/ tcsKdayghaomtpmonf usef;rma&;twGuf
ydkíaumif;onf/ tcsKdtpm;rsm;vQif tpmtdrfü xdcdkufrIrsm;
½SdwwfNyD; pdwfwdkwwfjcif;? pdwfjrefwwfjcif;rsm;jzpfapwwf
ygonf/
Letter, p. 37 (1901)
rkefYvkyfonfhtcg oMum;rxnfhygESifh/ wcsKdUrSm tcsKd
rsm;aomrkefYudkêudufMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrkefYrsm;onf
usef;rma&;udktxl;xdcdkufapygonf/
tydkif; (4) - [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;
MS, p. 13 (1911)
opfoD;jcHESifhO,smOfrsm;rS vwfvwfqwfqwf&onfh
opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;\ xl;jcm;aomwefzdk;½SdyHk
rsm;udk vlwdkif;odxm;oifhonf/
(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115. (1890)
[if;cwftarT;têudifESifh tqDrsm;rygbJ EGm;EdkYrvdkif
rsm;jzifhomjyifqifxm;onfh opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHESifh
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhtnDnGwfqHk;tpmrsm;
jzpfygonf/ xdktpmrsm;u cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;ESifh MuHhcdkifrIrsm;
tjyif tjcm;tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;u ray;EdkifaomOmPfynm
xufjrufrIrsm;udkvnf;jzpfapygonf/
MS, p. 3 (1897)
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfatmifjyifqifxm;aom [if;oD;
[if;½Guf[if;vsmonf qefûywfxuf ydkíaumif;ygonf/
9T, p. 162 (1909)
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk t&om½Sdatmif EGm;EdkYtenf;i,f
(odkYr[kwf) rvdkiftenf;i,fESifha&míjyifqifoifhygonf/
Letter, p. 70 (1896)
opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGif
vlom;rsm;\taoG;tom;udkjzpfaponfh tm[m&"mwftm;vHk;
yg0ifonf/ þtcsufudk tom;[if;vsmu rjznfhqnf;Edkifyg/
Letter, p. 3 (1884)
uREf kyfwdk Y\cE¨mudk,fudk uREf kyfwdk Ypm;aomtpmjzif h
wnfaqmufygonf/ wd&pämeftpmpm;jcif;tm;jzifh wd&pämef
pdwfaygufatmifvkyfMurvm;/ þtpmMurf;rsm;udk cHwGif;awGU
atmif ynmay;aeaomae&mrsm;wGif toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdktouf½SifMu&ef ynmay;aeaom
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 481 482 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcsdefonf taumif;qHk;? toifhavsmfqHk;tcsdefjzpfonf/ tom;
[if;vsmrsm;rygbJ oufowfvGwf[if;vsmrsm;udk tm[m&
ESifhvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;ESifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHknDnGwf
atmif jyifqifEdkifygonf/ pdwftm;xufoefolrsm;onf
oufowfvGwf[if;vsmESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;Mu
vdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 72 (1896)
opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;[if;½GufESifh toD;tESHrsm;tay:
wGif jyefírSDcdktouf½SifzdkY rdrdvlwdkYtm; jyefvnfydkYaqmif&ef
xm0&bk&m;ociftMuH½Sdawmfrlonf/
Letter, p. 45 (1903)
aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tmomajyatmifpm;aomufEdkifonfh tpm;
tpmtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdygonf/ wcsKdUu ¤if;wdkY\vdkvm;csufudk
jznfhqnf;&ef oufowfvGwftpm;tpmrsm;udk awmif;qdkMu
onf/ wcsK d Ur Smr l oufowfvGwftpmrsm;ud kpm;um
aemufqufwGJa0'emrsm;udkcHpm;Mu&onf/
Letter, p. 322 (1905)
tmvl;aMumfonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm[k
uREfkyfrxifyg/ ¤if;ü qDonf tenf;ESifhtrsm;ygaeygonf/
tmvl;udk zkwf? ûywfNyD; qm;tenf;i,f? rvdkiftenf;i,fESifh
pm;vQif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonf/ uefpGef;Oudk qm;
ESifhrvdkiftenf;i,fa&mum zkwfpm;vQif taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/
2T, p. 603 (1871)
yJtrsKd;rsKd;udk ûywfíaomfvnf;aumif;? zkwfíaomf
vnf;aumif; csufvQifvnf; tm[m&½Sdaom[if;aumif;wpfcGuf
udk&Edkifonf/ a&ESifhpdrfum EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;ESifha&mvdkufvQif
yJûywf&nfudk&Edkifonf/
Letter, p. 5 (1904)
toifhjyifqifpm;oHk;Edkif&eftwGuf opfoD;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;pdkufysKd;Edkifrnfhajrrsm;½SdzdkY ta&;BuD;aMumif;udk
vlrsm;pGmwdkYrod½SdMuacs/ rdrd\udk,fcEmudk rqDavsmfpGmxdef;odrf;
rdjcif;aMumifh rdrdtwGuf bk&m;ocifpDrHxm;aomt&mrsm;
ysuf,Gif;oGm;rnfpdk;&drfaompdwfjzifh rdrd\u,fwifjcif;twGuf
xdwfvefYaMumuf½GHUpGm êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;udk xm0&
bk&m;ocifaumif;csD;ay;vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; rdom;pkwdkif;ESifh
toif;awmfwdkif;tm;ajymMum;&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocif
rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/
Letter, p. 195 (1905)
pm;ajymif;ajcmufrsm;pkodrf;odkavSmifEdkifzdkY pDpOfMu&rnf/
a½Tz½HkoD;udkvnf; tajcmufvkyfum aqmif;&du©mtwGuf toHk;ûy
Edkifygonf/
Letter, p. 31 (1901)
oifonf uREfkyfpm;aomtpmrsm;ESifhywfoufí ajymqdk
aeonf/ uREfkyfonf tjcm;tpmrsm;udk rpm;Edkifawmhavmuf
onftxd tpmwpfrsKd;udk vHk;0pGJvrf;aeonfr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif
tpdrf;vdkufpm;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;ESifhywfoufí uREfkyftwGuf
oifrpdk;&drfygESifh/ oifaexdkifvsuf½Sdaoma'owGif tpdrf;vdkuf
pm;vdkY&aom[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;pGm½SdaMumif; uREfkyfodxm;yg
DF- 31
opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 483 484 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
onf/ &Jvdk;a'ght½Gufrsm;? rkefnif;½Gufrsm;? 'ef'vd½Gufrsm;
udkvnf; uREfkyf&Edkifygonf/ t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefonfh
trsKd;pHkaom[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk MopaMw;vsrSmxuf uREfkyf
wdkYqDrSmydkí&Edkifygonf/ tjcm;bmrQr½Sdawmhbl;qdkvQifawmifrS
toD;tESHrsm;pGmudk&½SdEdkifygao;onf/
Letter, p. 10 (1902)
urÇmhta½SUjcrf;udkroGm;rDu uREfkyfcHwGif;ysufaeygonf/
odkY&mwGif ,ckrSmrl cHwGif;jyefaumif;vmum xrif;pm;csdef
a&mufvQif tawmfqmaeacsNyD/ aumif;rGefpGmcsufxm;onfh
ql;avyift½Guf[if;ESifh rvdkifrsm;? a½Smuf&nfrsm;jzifhpdrfxm;
onfh ql;av½Gufrsm;onf tvGefcHwGif;vdkufvSygonf/ uREfkyf
onf MumZH? c&rf;csOfoD;pGyfûywfESifh [if;½Gufpdrf;[if;rsm;udk
wpfvSnfhpDpm;ygonf/ tmvl;[if;rsm;udkvnf;pm;ygonf/
[if;tm;vHk;onf t&om½SdMuygonf/ uREfkyfonf tpmr0
w0jzpfaeonfh a&m*gonfwpfOD;ES,fjzpfaeojzifh ydkNyD;pm;rd
rSmudkyif pdk;&drfae&ygonf/
Letter, p. 70 (1900)
oifay;vdkufonfhc&rf;csOfoD;rsm;rSm tvGeft&om½SdvS
ygonf/ xdkc&rf;csOfoD;rsm;onf uREfkyftwGuf taumif;qHk;
pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;jzpfaeygonf/
Letter, p. 363 (1907)
ajymif;ESifhyJoD;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtwGufomru tdrfeD;csif;
rsm;twGufyg vHkavmufatmifpdkufxm;ygonf/ uefpGef;Orsm;udk
aqmif;wGif;twGuf tajcmufcHxm;ygonf/ vdktyfonfhtcsdef
wGif trIefYBudwfNyD; vdkovdktoHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ uefpGef;Oonf
pGyfûywftwGufomru [if;vsmtrsKd;rsKd;csufpm;&mwGif t&om
aumif;vSygonf/
pyspfoD;? qD;oD;? yef;oD;? cs,f&DoD;? rufrGefoD;?
opfawmfoD;ESifh oHvGifoD;rsm;udkvnf; &moDtvdkuf tvQHy,f
&½SdEdkifygonf/ c&rf;csOfoD;udkvnf; trsm;BuD;pdkufxm;ygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYjyifqifp&mtpmrsm;twGuf rnfonfhtcgrQ uREfkyfwdkY
qifajcray;Muyg/ qifajcay;onfudkvnf; bk&m;ocifêuduf
rnf[k uREfkyfrxifyg/ {nfhonfrsm;vnf; uREfkyfwdkYpm;ovdk
pm;&um aps;EIef;oufomrItwGuf ¤if;wdkYauseyfyHk&ygonf/
ÀÀÀ
485 486 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcef;BuD; (19)
tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ
MS, p. 93 (1901)
oMum;onf tpmtdrfudk'ku©ay;Edkifonfhtpmjzpfonf/
xdkt&monf tpmtdrfudk tcsOfaygufapvsuf OD;aESmufudk
xdkif;rIdif;apum pdwfudkwdkaponf/
MH, p. 302 (1905)
tpmrsm;wGif oMum;udk tvGeftrif;toHk;ûyaeMuonf/
udwfrkefY? ylwif;? *s,fvDESifh ,dkrsm;onf tpmraMua&m*g\
taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfonf/ EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifhoMum;udk yifwdkif
xm;um zkwfvkyfxm;onfh ylwif;rkefYESifh umpwwfrkefYrsm;
onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;rsm;udk
txdef;tuGyfoHk;pm;aejcif;rsm;udk a½SmifMuOfoifhygonf/
2T, pp. 369-370 (1870)
oMum;onf aoG;aMumrsm;udkydwfqdkYaponf/ touf½Sif
rIqdkif&m cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;udk taESmifht,Sufay;onf/
rufcsDuefjynfe,frS jzpfysufcJhonfhtjzpftysufwpfckudk
uREfkyfajymjycsifygonf/ ½kyf&nfom;em;NyD; t&yf 6ay jrifhaom
vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfa,mufonf aeraumif;jzpfaeí uREfkyf
oGm;vnfcJhygonf/ ]cifAsm;&JhrsufvHk;awGu Munfh&wmwpfrsKd;
yJaemf} [k ,cifwpfcgawGUwkef;u olYudkuREfkyfajymcJhzl;ygonf/
olu oMum;udktvGefpm;olwpfOD;jzpfonf/ bmaMumifh
'Davmufawmif oMum;awGudkpm;ae&wmvJ[kar;aomtcg
]tom;jzwfcJhayr,fh tom;ae&mrSm bmpm;&r,fqdkwm
uRefawmfrodovdk oMum;tpm; bmudkpm;&r,fqdkwmudkvnf;
uRefawmfrodvdkY 'Dvdkpm;aerdwmyg} [k oluajzcJhygonf/
ol\ZeD;rSm tcsuftûywfrwwfojzifh tpmpm;&mrSmvnf;
a&mifh&JrIolr&cJhyg/
oifwdkYtxJrS wcsKdUonf orD;ysKdrsm;udk ta&;tBuD;qHk;
t&m[kowfrSwfoifhonfh xrif;csuf[if;csufudk roifay;rD
odyÜ HynmawGud koif,l&ef ausmif;xm;wwfMuygonf/
þtrsKd;orD;rSm usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk rnfodkY
csufûywf&rnfudk roif,lcJhrdojzifh ,ckwGif rcsufwwf?
rûywfwwfjzpfaeonf/ tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf þtwwfynmwGif
csKdU,Gif;rI½SdaeMuaomaMumifh rcsufwwfcsufwwfjzifh csufxm;
onfhtpmrsm;onf cE©mudk,f\vdktyfcsufudk rjznfhqnf;Edkif
onfjzpf&m usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh oMum;udk rqifrjcif
pm;aomufaeMuygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfonf tcsuftûywfrwwf
jcif;aMumifh rvdkvm;tyfbJ tepfemcHae&ygonf/
uREfkyfonf xdkvlemudkoGm;MunfhNyD; wwftm;orQulnD
cJhovdk ajymoifhajymxdkufaompum;rsm;udkvnf; ajymjzpfcJh&m
rMumrDrSmyif oltajctaeaumif;vmygonf/ odkYaomf olonf
owdynmuif;rJhpGmjzifh nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomufum
cGeftm;rsm;udktoHk;ûyvkyfaqmifcJhrd&m wpfzefjyefívJjyefygonf/
,ckwpfcgwGifrl olYudk rnfolurQrulnDEdkifawmhbJ aoqHk;
488 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 487
oGm;cJhygonf/ olonf aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfjcif;tpm; oMum;
udk ae&may;pm;oHk;cJhrdojzifh ydkíqdk;½Gm;aomtajctaeESifh
&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/
uREfkyfonf nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ESifhtwl xdkifípm;MupOf
EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk ¤if;wdkYrsm;rsm;pm;MuaMumif;awGUae&yg onf/
þt&mrsm;onf aoG;vnfywfrIud kxdcd kufap½H komru
tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk'ku©ay;um OD;aESmufudkvnf;
ysufpD;apygonf/ cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;\vkyfaqmifrIudk
[efYwm;aeaomt&mrSeforQonf OD;aESmufudkvnf; wdkuf½dkuf
xdcdkufapygonf/ oMum;rsm;rsm;pm;oHk;jcif;onf tom;pm;
jcif;xuf usef;rma&;udkydkíxdcdkufapaMumif; uREfkyftm;tvif;
ay;xm;ygonf/ þajymif;vJrIrsm;udk owdBuD;pGmjzifh vkyfaqmif
oifhonfhjyif þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udkwifquf&mwGifvnf;
uREfkyfwdkYrpoGefoifvdkolrsm;taejzifh tmCmwpdwfrsm;? trkef;
w&m;rsm;jzpfay:rvmatmif vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/
R & H, Jan. 7, 1902.
tpmwpfckudk uREfkyfwdkYrnfrQyifêudufESpfoufonfjzpfap?
xdktpmonf usef;rma&;udk trSefwu,fxdcdkufvdrfhrnfqdkvQif
uREfkyfwdkYvHk;0rpm;oifhMuyg/ tb,faMumifhenf;/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
oif&,lydkifqdkif&rnfh OD;&pfo&zlwpfck½Sdonf/ oifta&mufoGm;
&rnfhaumif;uifEdkifiHawmf½SdouJhodkY oifa½Smif½Sm;&rnfh i&J
qdkonfhae&mvnf;½Sdonf/ oifü xifxif½Sm;½Sm;&½Sdvsuf½Sdaom
tvif;w&m;½SdaeNyDjzpf&m ]'D[mudk igpm;csifwm? [dk[mudk
igpm;csifwm} qdkNyD; tvif;udk ausmcdkif;awmhrSmvm;[k
c&pfawmf\emrawmfudkaxmufí uREfkyfar;yg&ap/ bk&m;ocif
ESifhtwl vkyfaqmifolrsm;jzpfapzdkY udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk
oefY½Sif;BuD;jrwfjr§ifhwifEdkif&eftvdkYiSm oifwdkYtoD;oD;onf
udk,fawmf½Sif\r[marwåmawmfESifh apmifha½SmufrIatmufwGif
pwifípkpnf;vkyfaqmifMuyg[k xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmawmfrl
ygonf/
csKdaomtpmrsm;udk rpm;jcif;onf ydkíaumif;ygonf/
tcsKdyGJrsm;udkrwdkYMuygESifh/ xdkt&mrsm;udk oifpm;zdkYrvdkyg/
xm0&bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmfudk oHk;oyfEdkif&ef Munfvifaom
pdwfudk oifvdktyfaeygonf/
Letter, p. 25a (1889)
awmpcef;awGusif;yonfhae&mrSm 'defcJESifhwuG tjcm;
usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udk a&mif;csaeaom
refae*smrsm;udk vGefcJhaomESpftenf;i,fu uREfkyfqHk;rpum;
ajymcJh&ao;onf/ a&muf½Sdvmonfh vlBuD;vli,frsm;onf
rkef Yrsm;udk0,fpm;rnfhaiGaMu;rsm;udk c&pf,mefomoem
tvªcHaowåmxJxnfhzdkY uREfkyfu oGefoifaeonfhtcsdefwGif
olwdkYu txufazmfjyyg pm;p&mrsm;tjyif oMum;vHk;rsm;
aps;csíyifa&mif;aeMuygonf/
MS, p. 87 (1908)
awmpcef;rsm;wGifauR;onfhtpmrsm;ESif hywfoufí
uREkfyftm; tvif;ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 489 490 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
qkdif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrqDavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm;ukd wpfcgwpf&H
wGif awmpcef;okdY,laqmifvmwwfMuygonf/
uREk fyfwd k Yonf &&S dxm;onfhtvif;w&m;twkdif;
touf&SifaexdkifMurnfqdkvQif yg;pyft&omwpfcktwGufom
pm;aeonfhxdktpmrsm;udk pGefYvTwfMu&ef vlBuD;vli,ftaygif;
wdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkYynmay;Mu&rnf/ oMum;vHk;rsm;? a&cJrkefY
rsm;uJhodkYaom oa&pmrsm;rpm;bJ xdkudk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;
aMumifh pkrdvmaomaiGrsm;udk ]udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;pkbl;}
xJwGifxnfhNyD; pkaqmif;oifhaMumif; om;orD;rsm;udk oifMum;
oifhygonf/ tdrfwdkif;ü xdkpkbl;rsKd;wpfbl;½Sdoifhygonf/
þenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\trIawmftwGuf aiGaMu;rsm;
pkaqmif;&½Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/
toif;om;trsm;pkonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oif,lzdkYvdkaeao;onf/ oa&pm
puf½Hkrsm;u oa&pmtrsKd;rsKd;udkxkwfvkyfum ¤if;wdkYxkwfvkyf
onfhtpmrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fuif;aMumif; axmufcHcsufay;
aeMuaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhoufaocHcsuf
rsm;udkajymjy&ef ñTefMum;csufudk uREfkyf&½SdcJhygonf/ xdktpm
rsm;onf trSefwu,ftEÅ&m,fuif;onfr[kwfojzifh ¤if;wdkYudk
pm;&ef tm;ray;oifhyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkom ydkít"duxm;um pm;oHk;MuzdkYvdk
ygonf/
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;rsm;
ESifhqefYusifaom oa&pmrsm;udk awmpcef;odkY,lrvmMuapyg
ESifh/ xdktpmrsm;twGuf ukefusrnfhaiGrsm;udk aumif;aom
tvkyfwpfcktwGuf toHk;ûyoifhaMumif;zGifhqdkum cHwGif;tvdk
vdkufjcif;qdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkazmfxkwfMuygpdkY/ avmu
aysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIESifhpyfqdkifonfh pHk;prf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;
tm;vHk;udk cdkifNrJpGmwdkufvSefoifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf
aumif;oa,mifjzpfaomfvnf; trSefwu,f'ku©ay;rnfht&m
rsm;udkvkyfrdatmif udk,fhudkudk,fraoG;aqmifrdygapESif h/
udk,fhtvdkudkjiif;um trIawmfwGif xufxufjrufjruf
usef;usef;rmrmjzifh yg0ifaqmif½Gufaejcif;\teufzGifhqdk
csufudkem;vnfatmif vlwdkif;avhusufMuygpdkY/
Letter, p. 5 (1870)
t&mcyfodrf;wd k Yonf jzpfuwwfqef;yH kpHrsK d;jzif h
rcsufûywfvQif ½dk;½Sif;NyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhapEdkifygonf/ uREfkyf
wdkY\xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:wGif oMum;udkrwifoifhyg/ uREfkyfwdkY
tm;xm;pm;aeonfh yef;oD;aqmhpfudkvnf; oMum;toifh
twifhomxnfhípm;oifhonf/
Letter, p. 1 (1873)
uREfkyfwdkYonf EGm;EdkYtenf;i,fudk oMum;rsm;rsm;ESifha&mí
oHk;aqmifavh½Sdonf/ þtcsufudk pma&;om;&mwGifvnf;
aumif;? w&m;a[m&mwGifvnf;aumif; twdtvif;xkwfí
tjypfwifjcif;rûycJhzl;yg/ wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*grsm;usa&mufae
ojzifh tom;pm;jcif;udkjzwf&awmhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; EGm;EdkYESifh
oMum;rsm;udk vHk;0pGefYvTwf&rnfhtcsdefra&mufao;ygacs/
tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 491 492 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
2T, pp. 368-369 (1870)
EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifhpyfvsOf;í usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI
qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;aMumifh pdwfacsmufcsm;vmolrsm;ESifh uREfkyf
oduRrf;ygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;u xdktpmrsm;tm;
êudufovdkoHk;pGJaejcif;udk qefYusifajymqdkaeaomaMumifh rdrdwdkY
taejzifh jzwf&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYuzGifhqdkcJhMuonf/
tajymif;tvJvkyf&mwGif owdBuD;pGmxm;í ynm½Sd½Sdjzifh
vkyfaqmif&rnf/ þEdkifiH½SdynmwwftrsKd;orD;trsKd;om;rsm;
udk,fwdkif usifhoHk;tusKd;½Sdaeaomþvrf;pOfudk uREfkyfwdkYvnf;
vdkufvdkygonf/ oMum;ESifhEGm;EdkYudk rsm;rsm;a&mípm;vQif
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ cEmudk,fudknpfnrf;apygonf/
EGm;EdkYn§pf,laeonfh wd&pämefrsm;rSm tNrJwrf;usef;rmaeMuonf
r[kwfyg/ olwdkYvnf; a&m*gjzpfwwfygonf/ eHeufrSm
usef;rmaeoa,mif½SdaomEGm;rwpfaumifonf aer0ifrD aoqHk;
oGm;wwfygonf/ xdkEGm;ronf reufuwnf;u a&m*g&ae&m
&½SdaomEGm;EdkYrsm;üvnf; a&m*gydk;rsm;yg½Sdaeygonf/ þt&mudk
uREfkyfwdkYrodMuyg/ wd&pämefavmuwGif a&m*grsm;usa&muf
aeojzifh tom;rsm;onfvnf; roefYMuawmhyg/ tu,fíom
wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*guif;pifaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYod½SdEdkifvQif oMum;
ESifhEGm;EdkYrsm;udkpm;onfxuf tom;udkpm;zdkY uREfkyfaxmufcHrd
vdrf hrnf/ tom;onf EGm;Edk YESif hoMum;a&monfavmuf
usef;rma&;udkrxdcdkufEdkifyg/ oMum;onf aoG;vnfywfrIwGif
taESmifht,Sufay;um udk,fcEmpuf,EÅ&m;BuD;udk xdcdkufaponf/
2T, p. 370 (1870)
uREfkyfonf nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ESifhtwl xdkifípm;Mu
pOf EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk ¤if;wdkYrsm;rsm;pm;MuaMumif;awGU&yg
onf/ þtpmrsm;onf aoG;vnfywfrIudk xdcdkufap½Hkomru
tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk 'ku©ay;um OD;aESmufudk
vnf;ysufpD;aponf/
(CTBH, p. 57) CH, p. 154. (1890)
wcsKdUrSm rdrdwdkYonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmfaeonftxifESifh EGm;EdkYudk oMum;rsm;rsm;
a&mum pm;oHk;aeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;rsm;
a&mNyD;pm;oHk;jcif;onf tpmtdrfudktcsOfaygufapNyD; usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufapygonf/
MH, p. 302 (1905)
EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh oMum;rsm;udkyifwdkifxm;um zkwfvkyf
xm;onfh ylwif;uJhodkYaomtpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktxl;
xdcdkufapygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk êudufovdka&mpyfí
oHk;aqmifjcif;udka½SmifMuOfMuyg/
FE, p. 227.
tpmydwfoHk;aqmifonfhtcsKdyGJrsm;onf jyifqif&wm
tcsdefukefonfhjyif rsm;aomtm;jzifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/
Letter, p. 73a (1896)
tpmtdrf\ vdktyfoavmuftwdkif;twmudkjznfhqnf;
NyD;onfhtcsdefwGif ylwif;rsm;? ykdifrkefYrsm;udk rsm;pGmaomvlwdkY
pm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tvHktavmufpm;NyD;onfh
tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 493 494 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcsdefrSmyif pm;csifhpzG,ftcsKdyGJrsm;udk rdrdwdkYtwGufaumif;onf[k
,lqum tvGeftuRHpm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/ xdktcsKdyGJrsm;udk
rvdktyfbJpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;tm; a½SmifMuOfEdkifvQif aumif;csD;
r*Fvmwpfckyifjzpfonf/
Sp. Gifts IV, p. 130 (1864)
tema&m*gudkjzpfyGm;apwwfonfh tcsKdrsm;aomudwf
rkefYrsm;? ykdifrkefYESifh ylwif;rsm;udk zuf½Sifwpfcktjzpf pm;aomuf
aeMuygonf/ tqmrajy? usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyonfh
tpmrsm;jzifh wnfcif;auR;arG;aeMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf csKd;uyf
aeaomvsmBuD;udkxkwfum toufudk reufwdkif;r0w0½ªwwf
Muonf/ xdkolrsm;onf usef;rma&;t&omudkrcHpm;Mu&bJ
tb,faMumifh emusifudkufcJae&ovJ? acgif;udkufae&ovJ?
zsm;ae&wmvJ[k awG;aewwfMuonf/
H to L, ch. 1, p. 53 (1865)
teHYt&om½Sdaompm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk pm;aomufjcif;
onf zuf½Sifwpfckjzpfvmonftxd tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpm;
tpmrsm;tay:xm;½Sdonfh vlom;rdom;pkrsm;\pGJvrf;rIonf
wdk;yGm;aeygonf/ txl;ojzifh ygwDyGJrsm;wGif êudufovdk
pm;aomufaeMuygonf/ npmESifh tdyf&m0ifcgeD;pm;onfhnpm
rsm;wGif tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmESifh tom;rsm;udktxdef;tuGyfrJh
pm;oHk;aeMuygonf/
H to L, ch. 1, p. 54 (1865)
xdkt&monf zuf½SifwpfckjzpfaeaomaMumifh wpfaeY
vkyfrSwpfaeYpm;&onfh qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;onfvnf;
aiGukefaMu;uscHum {nfhonfrsm;twGuf xdkvlêudufrsm;aom
tqDttdrfhtpmrsm;udkjyifqifae&ygonf/ pm;aomolwdkYtwGuf
usef;rma&;xdcdkufaprnfh xdktpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif ukefus
oGm;ojzifh rdom;pktwGuf t0wftxnfrsm;0,f&ef aiGvdkvm
ygonf/ tpmtdrfudktxdcdkufcHum yg;pyftvdkvdkufzdkY tpm;
tpmrsm;udkcsufûywfae&onfhtcsdefrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;\
pm&dwåESifhc&pf,mefbmoma&;udpörsm;taMumif;oGefoif&ef
toHk;ûyoifhygonf/
Y.I, May 31, 1894.
rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYonf udwfrkefYtrsKd;rsKd;udkzkwf
vkyfwwfMuaomfvnf; udwfrkefYonf uREfkyfwdk YtwGuf
taumif;qHk;tpmr[kwfygacs/ csKdaomudwfrkefY? csKdaomylwif;
ESifh uwfpwwfrkefYrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkufapwwf&m
twlpm;aomufaeaomtdrfoltdrfom;rsm;tm; xdktpmrsm;ESifh
tb,faMumifh uREfkyfwdkYpHkprf;oifhygoenf;/
2T, p. 400 (1870)
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifhpD&ifxm;onfh tom;[if;
rsm;? tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;ESifh ykdifrkefYrsm;onf
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom tpmtm[m&rsm;r[kwfMuyg/
Letter, p. 91 (1898)
uwfpwwfrkefYtoGifjzifh pm;oHk;aeaomtcsKdyGJrsm;onf
usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefaponfxuf qdk;½Gm;rIudkydkíjzpfapyg
onf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;onf taumif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/
tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 495 496 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
MH, p. 302 (1905)
tpm;tpmrsm;wGif oMum;udktoHk;rsm;aeMuygonf/
udwfrkefYrsm;? ylwif;rsm;? *s,f&DESifh,dkrsm;onf tpmraMu
a&m*g\taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfonf/ EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh MuufO
rsm;udk t"dua&mpyfum zkwfvkyfxm;onfh uwfpwwfrkefYESifh
ylwif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udk txl;xdcdkufapEdkifaomtpmrsm;
jzpfonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udktwla&mí rpm;oHk;ygESifh/
Letter, p. 135 (1902)
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf tajymESifh
tvkyfnDnGwfMuygap/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfht&mrSeforQudk
¤if;wdkYa½SmifMuOfMuygavap/ ½dk;½dk;tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk
pm;yg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;onf taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/
csufûywf&efvnf;rvdkMuacs/ tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtcsKdyGJrsm;udk
rpm;MuygESifh/ xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; trnftenf;i,fudk
aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;NyD; pm;oHk;Muyg/
Letter, p. 17 (1895)
tcsKdtqdrfhenf;aomykdifrkefYrsm;udk xrif;pm;ydwf? tcsKdyGJ
tjzpfpm;oHk;EdkifonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; tmomajyonftxd 2
csyf? 3 csyfpm;aomolonf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfüyg0if&ef
rxdkufwefacs/ wcsKdUrSm xrif;t0pm;NyD;onfhaemuf rvdktyf
awmhonfhtpmrsm;udk t&omcHNyD;pm;wwfMuonf/ aemufxyf
1 csyf? 2 csyfxyfpm;zdkY olwpfyg;uajymvmvQif xdkpHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;onf rwGef;vSefEdkifavmufatmifBuD;rm;ae&m
tpmtdrfrcHEdkifawmhonfhtajctxd olwdkYxyfNyD;pm;wwfMuyg
onf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsKd;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;
tusifhudkusifhaqmif&ef rdrdukd,fudk rnfonfhtcgrQ ynmray;
cJhMuacs/ xdkcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;\om;aumifonf rdrdudk,fudk
rdrd'ku©ay;aeonfudk rjrifEdkifawmhonfhtajctxd udk,fvrf;pOf
udk udk,fcifwG,faeygawmhonf/
2T, pp. 383-384 (1870)
t0wftxnftydkrsm;ESifh tm[m&½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk
vdktyfvmaomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif;? taoG;tom;jzpfaprnfh
tpmrsm;udk cE¨mudk,fu awmif;qdkvmaomtcsdefrsm;wGifvnf;
aumif; vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjyifqif&ef olrwwfEdkifawmhacs/
oifhavsmfonfhtwdkif;tq½Sdaom EGm;EdkY? oMum;onfvnf;
aumif;? waq;tenf;i,fjzifh yGatmifzkwfxm;aomaygifrkefY?
*a&[rfrkefYtrsKd;rsKd;? pyspfoD;ajcmufjzifhzkwfxm;onfhudwfrkefY?
pyspfoD;ajcmufESifhjyifqifxm;aom qefylwif;? qD;oD;ajcmuf?
ozef;oD; ponfhtpmrsm;onf cHwGif;\awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;
ay;Muygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 127 (1904)
vlemudkauR;aomtpmrsm;onf pm;csifpzG,fjzpfatmif
jyifqifxm;oifhonf/ MuufOudk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhjyifqifcsufûywf
Edkifygonf/ vDrGefydkifpm;jcif;udk rwm;jrpfoifhygacs/
Letter, p. 53 (1898)
tcsKdyGJrsm;udk tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;ESifhtwla&míjyifqif
auR;arG;oifhonf/ taMumif;rSm Adkufjynfhonftxd pm;NyD;rS
tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 497 498 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcsKdyGJa&mufvmwwf&m tcsKdyGJaMumifh tpmtdrfonf rcHEdkif
atmif jynfhusyfoGm;ygonf/
Letter, p. 10 (1891)
uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;udk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;
rsm;jzpfapcsifonfrSm uREfkyf\qE´jzpfygonf/ xdka&m,Suf
tpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfyg/ tcsKdrsm;aom udwfrkefY?
ykdifrkefY ponfhtpmrsm;udk tpmrsm;aomolrsm;ESifh tpmwpfcg
pm;wdkif; trnfrsm;pGmpm;aomolrsm;wdkYonf tpmraMuonfh
a0'emESifh OD;aESmufrMunfvifonfha0'emrsm;udk cHpm;&vdrfh
rnf/ xdkuJhodkYpm;oHk;aernfqdkvQif cE¨mudk,fonf vIyf½Sm;rI
rsm;aES;auG;vmum tiftm;qkwf,kwfvmygonf/ a&m*gydk;
rsm;udk[efYwm;&ef cGeftm;rsm;vnf;r½Sdawmhyg/ tcsKdrsm;aom
udwfrkefYESifh tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifhpmvQif tom;pm;jcif;u
usef;rma&;udk ydkítxdcdkufoufomEdkifygao;onf/
Letter, p. 142 (1900)
usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESif hrqDavsmfonfh
pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk aMumfjimay;jcif;tm;jzifh xdcdkufepfem
aprnfhtvkyfrsm;udk rdrdwdkYvkyfudkifEdkifaMumif;udk usef;rma&;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;owd&Muyg/ bwfpwwfESifh tpm
oGwfrkefYrsm;udkzkwf&mwGif xnfh&rnfhypönf;rsm;udkazmfjy&mwGif
txl;*½kpdkufMu&ygrnf/ tcsKdrsm;aomudwfrkefYudk EdkY (odkYr[kwf)
rvdkifESifha&mum xrif;pm;ydwfpm;rdvQif tpmtdrfxJwGif tcsOf
aygufvmum cE¨mudk,fwGif;½Sd tm;enf;aomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;
wGif tcuftcJay:vmvdrfhrnf/ tpmtdrfwGifjzpfay:aomtcuf
tcJaMumifh OD;aESmufwGifvnf; xdcdkufrIrsm;½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ tusKd;
taMumif;qufpyfrIudkavhvmum tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufaponfh
tpmrsm;ESifh OD;aESmufudkrIdif;a0aponfhtpmrsm;udk rpm;oHk;bJ
aevdkufvQif xdka0'emonf vG,fulpGmukoEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYonf rqifrjcif
pm;oHk;rIrsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fuif;aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;um
vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfhtrIawmftwGuf roifhavsmfolrsm;jzpfaeMu
onf/
2T, p. 602 (1871)
tu,fíom awmpcef;odkYa&muf½Sdvmolrsm;onf
csufûywfjcif;ESifhqdkifaom usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk
vdkufemMurnfqdkvQif awmpcef;wGif rnfolrQudk,fhudkudk,f
emrusef;atmif vkyfaqmifrdMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfaMumif; uREfkyf
oabmaygufygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udwfrkefYrsm;? ykdifrkefYrsm;
tpm; ½dk;½dk;aygifrkefYrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;udkom awmpcef;twGuf
jyifqifcJhMurnfqdkvQif awmpcef;umvtwGif; tzsm;tem
uif;½Sif;Muygvdrfhrnf/
R & H, Jan. 7, 1902.
csKdaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;jcif;onf ydkíaumif;ygonf/
tcsKdyGJrsm;udkrwdkYMuygESifh/ xdkt&mrsm;udk oifpm;zdkYrvdkyg/ xm0&
bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmfudkoHk;oyfEdkif&ef oifüMunfvifaom
pdwf½SdaezdkYvdktyfaeygonf/
ÀÀÀ
DF- 32
500 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf499
tcef;BuD; (20)
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;
Letter, p. 142 (1900)
þurÇmay:½Sdvltrsm; rMumcPtoHk;ûyaeMuonfh
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudk xdcdkufysufpD;
apygonf/
MH, p. 325 (1905)
tpmtdrfudk rNidrfroufjzpfapaomtpmrsm;? aoG;udk
tqdyfoifhapaomtpmrsm;ESifh tm½HkaMumrsm;udkvIyf½Sm;apaom
tpmrsm;tm;vHk;udk rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;tjzpf rSwf,lvdkY&ygonf/
xdkt&mrsm;toHk;ûyjcif;onf raumif;rIudkjzpfapygonf/ vlwdkY
onf vwfwavmcHpm;&aomcHpm;rIudkêudufaomaMumifh tm;<u
aq;rsm;udk ½SmazGoHk;aqmifaeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;ü
wefjyeftusKd;oufa&mufrI½Sdwwfygonf/ obm0twdkif;r[kwf
aom tm;<uaq;rsm;onf vGefusL;rIrsm;udk tNrJwrf;jzpfapNyD;
cE¨mudk,fqdkif&m,kwfavsmhrIrsm;udk tvsiftjrefjzpfapygonf/
jrefqefpGmjzpfay:ajymif;vJwwfonfh þacwfwGif tpm;
tpmrsm;ü EId;qGrItm;enf;yg;avav? ydkíaumif;avavyif
jzpfonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\obm0
t&yif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpGrf;½SdaeMuonf/ rkefnif;?
i½kwfaumif;? rqvm ponfh[if;vsmtarT;têudifrsm;onf
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru aoG;udkvnf;npfnrf;apygonf/
t&uform;wpfOD;\ eDjref;aeaomtpmtdrfonf t&uf\
qdk;usKd;rsm;udkyHkazmfay;aeonfhom"uwpfckyifjzpfonf/ [if;cwf
tarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmtdrfudk xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;
udkjzpfapEdkifygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;udkoHk;aqmifavh½Sdolrsm;onf
yHkrSeftpm;tpmrsm;udk cHwGif;rawGUawmhbJ ydkípl;½Sx<uaponfh
tpmrsm;udk qmrGwfawmifhwaewwfygonf/
E from UT, p. 6 (1896)
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh t&ufaopmrsm;onf tvkyf
orm;rsm;tm; tvkyfwGifus,fatmif taxmuftulûyonf[k
txifa&mufaponfhenf;wl [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onfvnf;
tpmajcjcif;udk tm;ay;oa,mifxif&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif
wpfcPtmedoifukefoGm;aomtcsdefwGif yHkrSeftqifhxuf
twdkif;twmwpfcktxdjrifhatmif tm;<uapcJhouJhodkY xdktwdkif;
twmESifhnDaom tm;enf;avsmhyg;rIudkcHpm;&apygonf/
cEmudk,fonf EGrf;vsoGm;um aoG;onf npfnrf;oGm;ygonf/
tpmtdrfwGif a&mif&rf;eDjref;jcif;onf aocsmaomtusKd;quf
jzpfygonf/
R & H, Nov. 6, 1883.
uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJwGif jyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;ü tyl
tpyfrsm;uif;oifhygonf/ tyltpyfESifh[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;
jzifhcsufxm;aomtpmrsm;onf t&ufaomufcsifpdwfudkjzpfay:
apwwfonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf cE¨mudk,f\tajctaeudk
emrusef;jzpfapvsuf tpmtdrfylavmif,m;,HrIudkoufomap&ef
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm; 501 502 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
t&ufudkawmifhwaeaponf/ tar&duwdkufwpfckvHk;wGif uREfkyf
c&D;oGm;cJhpOf pm;aomufqdkifrsm;ESifh[dkw,frsm;wGif uREfkyf
pm;avhpm;xr½Sdyg/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYjyifqifxm;onfhtpm;
tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfrpm;EdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ [if;vsmrsm;
onf qm;ESifhi½kwfaumif;rsm;jzifh jyifqifcsufûywfxm;onf
jzpf&m a&iwfrIudkvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrfü ylavmif,m;,H
eDjref;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; jzpfapygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk tvS
tyrsm;jzifh pm;yGJwGifjyifqifavh½Sdum uav;rsm;udkvnf;
auR;aeMuygonf/ xdktpmrsm;aMumifh vefYjcif;ESifha&iwfjcif;udk
jzpfay:apygonf/ tpmrsm;udk [if;cwftarT;têudifryg?
qm;rsm;rsm;rygbJ ½dk;EdkiforQ½dk;½dk;uav;jyifqifcsufûywfoifh
ygonf/
Letter, p. 53 (1898)
wcsKdUrSm t&omcHjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;vGef;Mu&m ¤if;wdkY
pm;vdkaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;&vQif pm;vdkYraysmfMuawmhacs/
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh csufxm;onfh[if;vsmrsm;udk
awGU½SdMuvQifrl ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\tpmtdrfudk xdkt&mrsm;ESifh
ylavmifapMuawmhonf/ taMumif;rSm tm;<ujcif;udk tm;ray;
onfhtpmrsm;udk todtrSwfrûyawmhatmif avhusifhxm;Mu
aomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
CTBH, p. 17 (1890)
[if;cwftarT;têudifygaom[if;vsmrsm;? tcsKdtqdrfh
rsm;aomrkefYrsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;udk om;orD;
rsm;\a½SUwGif csauR;aeMuygonf/ þtpmrsm;onf tpmtdrf
udka&mif&rf;eDjref;ap½Hkomru ydkíyljyif;pl;½Saomtpmrsm;udk
pm;csifpdwfay:aponf/ rpm;oifhaomfvnf; pm;zdkYpHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
aeaomtpmrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm; txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;cGifhûy
ae½Hkomru xrif;csdefrsm;twGif;rSmvnf; pm;cGifhûyaeMu&m
xdkuav;rsm;onf touf 12 ESpf (odkYr[kwf) 14 ESpfodkY
a&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif tpmraMuavxdk;avatmifha&m*g
onfrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/
t&ufpGJaeaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\tpmtdrfudk oifjrifzl;
aumif;jrifzl;vdrfhrnf/ tyltpyfrsm;udkpm;aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;\
tpmtdrfonfvnf; xdktajctaersKd;½Sdaeygonf/ xdktpmtdrf
rsKd;½Sdaeonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ydkíjyif;xefpl;½Saomt&om½Sdonfh
tpmrsm;udk awmifhwaewwfygonf/
Sp. Gifts IV, p. 129 (1864)
aq;vdyf? aumfzD? vufzuf&nfrsm;udkraomufoHk;bJ
trSefw&m;udk,HkMunfvufcHaomvlwpfpk½Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
txufygt&mrsm;udk rpm;oHk;Muaomfvnf; enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;trIudkûyaeMuygonf/ olwdkYonf t&om
½Sdatmifcsufxm;onfh tom;[if;vsmrsm;ESifh tcsKdtqdrfhtpm
rsm;udk awmihfwpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkYcHwGif;
onf ½dk;½dk;csufxm;onfhtom;[if;vsmudkyif t&omrawGU
awmhonftxd azgufjyefysufpD;aeygonf/ tpmtdrfonf
rusef;rmawmhbJ tpmajcrIvnf; tm;enf;aeaomfvnf;
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm; 503 504 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pm;orQtpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef tpmtdrfonf jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyf
ae&ygonf/ xdkodkYtpmtdrfonf rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudk
vkyfaqmifNyD;aomtcg armyef;oGm;ygonf/ þtcsufonf
arm[dkufEGrf;vsjcif;udkjzpfay:apygonf/ wcsKdUrSm þt&mudk
tpmqmíjzpfay:onf[k txifrSm;um tpmtdrfudktem;ray;
awmhbJ tpmrsm;udkxyfpm;Mu&m arm[dkufEGrf;vsjcif;udk
wpfcPwmz,f½Sm;EdkifMuaomfvnf; rsm;rsm;pm;onfESifhtrQ
rsm;rsm;qmavmifrIudkcHpm;apygawmhonf/
(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 114. (1890)
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkzHk;tkyfxm;
aom El;nHhonfhtay:,HtvTmuav;udk a½S;OD;pGmylavmifapum
tqHk;wGif xdkt*Fgtpdwftydkif;\obm0cHpm;rIrsm;udk zsufqD;
ypfvdkufygonf/ aoG;rsm;wGif a&m*gydk;rsm;0ifvmNyD; ½dkif;pdkif;
,kwfnHhaompdwfoabmxm;rsm;ay:aygufvmum pm&dwåydkif;
qdkif&m? OmPfynmydkif;qdkif&m tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;tm;enf;vmyg
onf/ tqHk;wGif edrfhusonfh&r®uf\aus;uRefrsm;jzpfvmMuyg
awmhonf/ rdcifrsm;onf rdrd\rdom;pkrsm;tm; ½dk;pif;í tm[m&
½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;wwf&eftwGuf avhvm
oif,loifhMuygonf/
Sp. Gifts IV, p. 130 (1864)
tom;rsm;? tvGeft&omaumif;onfh tom;ûywf&nf
rsm;? tqDttdrfhrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;cJh
zl;olrsm;onf tm[m&½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ½kwfw&uf t&om
rawGUEdkifMuacs/ toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? ½dk;½dk;aygifrkefY
rsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk t&omrawGUEdkifawmhonfh
tajctxd ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;onf azgufjyefaeygonf/ pm;zl;
cJhaomtpmxuf t&omxl;cHpm;&rnf[kvnf; ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;
tay:wGif ¤if;wdkYarQmfvifhrxm;Muacs/
MS, p. 33 (1909)
usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;wGif tqufrjywfxGef;vif;vsuf
½Sdaom tzdk;weftvif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf earmf
erJhaexdkiftouf½Sif&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;? [if;cwf
tarT;têudifrsm;ESifhwuG aoG;<uaponfhtpmrsm;udk êudufovdk
pm;aomufum ypfpvufcwfaexdkiftouf½Sif&efrjzpfEdkifacs/
uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdaeaom touf0dnmOfrsm;udk u,fwifrvm;?
(odkYr[kwf) tqHk;½IH;cHrnfvm; qdkonfhtcsufudkvnf;aumif;?
csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;ESifh uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkiftMum;½Sd
qufpyfrI\ta&;ygaomtusKd;qufrsm;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;
aocsmpGmoHk;oyfMuygpdkY/ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhu@udk
wpfOD;csif;aumif;rGefpGmvkyfaqmifjcif;onfvnf;aumif;?
usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefapzdkY uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYpm;aomufaexdkif
&rnfudkod½Sdaeonfqdkonfhtcsufonfvnf;aumif; tvGef
ta&;ygvSygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
rIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;um udk,ftvdkudk
jiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudk usifhaqmifjcif;½Sdr½Sdudk xdkt&mtm;vHk;u
oufaocHvsuf½Sdygonf/
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm; 505 506 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
qdk'gESifhrkefYzkwfaygif'g
MH, pp. 300-301 (1905)
aygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif qdk'gESifhrkefYzkwfaygif'grsm;udktoHk;ûy
jcif;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkif½Hkomru rvdktyfbJ
xnfhaeaomt&mrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ qdk'gonf tpmtdrfudk
a&mif&rf;apvsuf cEmudk,fudktqdyfoifhaponf/ qdk'grxnfhbJ
aygifrkefYaumif;wpfvHk;udkzkwfzdkYrvG,f[k tdrf½Sifrrsm;utxif
½SdaeMuonf/ þxifjrifcsufonfrSm;ygonf/ tu,fíom
tyifyef;cHum aygifrkefYzkwfenf;aumif;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYoif,l
avhusufMuvdrfhrnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYzkwfaomaygifrkefYrsm;onf
ydkítm[m&½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ obm0t&omESifh ydkíjynfhpHkvmMu
ygvdrfhrnf/
R & H, May 8, 1883.
qdk'gxnfhNyD;zkwfxm;onfh ta&mif;&oGufaombDpuGwf
rsm;udk vHk;0rpm;oifhyg/ tpmtdrftwGufraumif;yg/ xdkenf;wl
qdk'gjzifhzkwfxm;onhfaygifrkefYrsm;onfvnf; tpmaMucJygonf/
tm[m&t&omjzihfjynfhpHkonfh *a&[rf*srf;pfrkefYudkrl
*sKHMurf;trIefYoefYoefYtm; a&at;? EGm;EdkYrsm;jzifha&mum ûyvkyf
Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ½dk;½dk;rkefYrsm;udkvkyfwwfatmif uREfkyfwdkY\
toif;om;rsm;udkoif&mwGif cufcJrIrsm;½Sdygonf/ *a&[rf*srf;pf
udkpm;MuzdkY uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;onfhtcgwGif ]atmf-[kwfuJh?
uRefrwdkYtJ'DrkefYudkvkyfwwfygw,f} [k rdwfaqGrsm;u wHkYjyef
wwfMuygonf/ EdkYcsOfrsm;? qdk'grsm;udkoHk;NyD; zkwfxm;onfh
aygifrkefYrsm;udkawGUaomtcg uREfkyfwdkYpdwfysufrdygonf/
*sKHMurf;rIefYudk a&oefY? EdkYoefYrsm;jzifha&mí zkwfvkyfxm;onfh
rkefYrsm;onf t&om½SdvSygonf/ toHk;ûyaoma&onf a≈
jzpfcJhvQif EGm;EdkYudkydkxnfhyg/ (odkYr[kwf) MuufOwpfvHk;avmuf
xyfxnfhvdkufyg/ *srf;pfrkefYrsm;udk rD;at;at;jzifh jznf;jznf;csif;
usufatmifzkwfoifhygonf/
Health Reform, August, 1873.
tcsuftûywfnHhzsif;jcif;\tusKd;quftjzpf rdom;pk
wpfpkvHk;zsm;emaeMuonfudk uREfkyfc&D;oGm;pOf awGUjrif&wwf
ygonf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh aygifrkefYaumif;
rsm;udk olwdkY\xrif;pm;yGJay:wGifjrif&cJygonf/ 0gwmwm
bDpuGwfrsm;ESifh ap;xef;xef;aygifrkefYrsm;onf vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm;
tpmraMuonfha0'emudkjzpfay:apygonf/
(CTBH, p. 49) CH, p. 117. (1890)
tpm;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmjyifqifcsufûywf
jcif;onf c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&mwm0efwpfckjzpfonf[k
wcsKdUu oabmrxm;aomaMumifh aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif csufûywf
wwfatmif rêud;pm;Muawmhacs/ olwdkYonf e,fxm;onfh*sKHudk
csOfatmifxm;NyD;rS aygifrkefYzkwfMu&m xdkrkefYrsm;onf usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufapEdkifonf/
2T, p. 537 (1870)
uREfkyfwdkYonf rnfonfhae&mudkoGm;oGm; jzLzyfjzLa&mf
tom;a&mifrsm;ESifh nnf;wGm;aeaomavxdk;avemtpmraMu
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm; 507 508 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
a&m*gonfrsm;udkawGUae&wwfygonf/ uREfkyfonf ¤if;wdkYESifh
twl xrif;xdkifpm;pOf ESpfESifhvESifhcsDNyD; yHkpHwpfrsKd;wnf;jzifh
csufxm;onfhtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;aeonfudkawGU&aomtcg
xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm; ,cktcsdeftxdtouf½Snfaeonfudkyif tHhtm;
oifhrdygonf/ aygifrkefYESifhbDpuGwfrsm;onf qmvm&dwfwyfpf
yg0ifonfh t0ga&mifrkefYrsm;jzpfonf/ owd0D&d,rxm;rdvQif
e,fxm;onfh*sKHrsm;onf rkefYrzkwfrDrSmyif rMumcPcsOfoGm;
wwf&m xkdtcuftcJudkajyvnf&ef qmvm&dwfwyfpfrsm;rsm;
xnfhí e,fwwfMuygonf/ xdkodk Yvkyfaqmifjcif;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ qmvm&dwfwyfpfudk rnfonfh
yHkpHjzifhjzpfap? tpmtdrfxJodkYa&mufatmif rvkyfoifhacs/
taMumif;rSm ¤if;aMumifhjzpfay:rnfhqdk;usKd;rsm;onf aMumufp&m
aumif;vSygonf/ xdkt&monf tpmtdrf\tay:,HvTmudk
ysufpD;apum tpmtdrfudka&mif&rf;apygonf/ cEmudk,fwpfckvHk;
udkvnf; tqdyfoifhapygonf/ ]qdk'gwdkY? qmvm&dwfwyfpfwdkY
ryg&if aygifrkefYrvkyfwwfbl;} [k wcsKdUuajymwwfMuygonf/
oifonf trSefwu,favhusufoif,lvdkufrnfqdkvQif xdkt&m
rsm;rygbJ aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;zkwfvkyfEdkifygonf/ oifh
wpftdrfom;vHk;usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkap&ef csufûywfyHkESifh
pm;aomufyHkrsm;udk avhusufvdkcsifpdwf oifürjzpfay:bl;vm;/
MH, p. 305 (1905)
qm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;ygESifh/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udk
roHk;bJ csufûywfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;yg/ xrif;
pm;wkef; a&qmwwfonfhtusifhaysmufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
9T, p. 162 (1909)
tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif tm[m&½SdzdkYvdktyfovdk
cHwGif;vdkufzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
jznfhqnf;ay;&ef jyifqifpm;oHk;oifhonf/ uREfkyfonf qm;
tenf;i,fudk tNrJwrf;pm;oHk;onf/ taMumif;rSm qm;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm; trSefwu,fvdktyfaomtpm
jzpfonf/
Letter, p. 37 (1901)
wpfaeYwGif q&m0efwpfOD;onf uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkxH
a&mufvmum usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh
tnD qm;rxnfhbJ csufûywfpm;aomuf&ef olYtjriftwdkif;
oGefoif&ef êud;pm;cJhygonf/ uREfkyfvnf; xdkq&m0efajymonfh
twdkif; êud;pm;vkyfaqmif&ef qHk;jzwfcJhaomfvnf; tm;tifrsm;
qkwf,kwfvmojzifh tajymif;tvJwpfckvkyfcJh&ygonf/ atmifjrif
rIvnf;&cJhygonf/ oifonf tEÅ&m,f½SdEdkifaMumif; uREfkyf
odxm;ojzifh þodkYajymaejcif;jzpfonf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk
tm[m&½Sdatmif jyifqifoifhovdk cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
vnf; Ekwf,lrxm;oifhygacs/
uREfkyfonf qm;tenf;i,fudk tNrJwrf;pm;ygonf/
uREfkyf&½Sdxm;aomtvif;w&m;t& qm;onf usef;rma&;udk
rxdcdkufaponfhtjyif aoG;twGuf trSefwu,fvdktyfaom
tpmjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifh xdkodkYjzpfonfqdkonfhtcsufudk
uREfkyfrodaomfvnf; uREfkyf&½Sdonfhtvif;w&m;udk oifhtm;
jyefvnfa0iSaejcif;jzpfonf/
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm; 509 510 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
MH, p. 325 (1905)
jrefqefpGmjzpfay:ajymif;vJwwfonfh þacwfwGif
tpm;tpmrsm;ü EId;qGrItm;enf;yg;avav? ydkíaumif;avav
yifjzpfonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\obm0
t&yif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpGrf;½SdaeMuonf/ rkefnif;?
i½kwfaumif;? rqvm ponfh[if;vsmtarT;têudifrsm;onf
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru aoG;udkvnf; npfnrf;apygonf/
(CTBH, pp. 61-62) FE, pp. 150-151. (1890)
wpfcgu uREfkyfonf touf (12) ESpfatmuf½Sd
uav;wpfpkESifh pm;yGJwpfvHk;wGifxdkifaeygonf/ tom;[if;
rsm;jzifh tvQHy,fauR;ae½Hkomru EkEke,fe,fuav;ruav;
wpfa,mufu qm;&nfpdrfrsm;udkawmif;pm;aeonfudkawGU&
ygonf/ rkefnif;tygt0if [if;arT;rqvmrsm;jzifhpD&ifxm;
aom qm;pdrfwpfykvif;udkay;vdkuf&m olronf êudufovdk
pm;aeygawmhonf/ trSefrSm xdkoli,fronf aMumufwwfol?
pdwfwkdwwfoljzpfaMumif; vlwdkif;odxm;Mu&m xdkqm;pdrfESifh
[if;arT;rqvmrsm;u þuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;jzpfatmif
olrudkzefwD;aejcif;jzpfygonf/
2T, p. 368 (1870)
tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh qm;&nfpdrfrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ
rpm;oifhygacs/ xdktpmrsm;onf aoG;\t&nftaoG;udk
nhHzsif;apygonf/
2T, p. 383 (1870)
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;? qm;pdrf
rsm;ESifh a&m*g½Sdaomtom;rsm;udk taoG;tom;aumif;jzpfatmif
csufvkyfay;&ef cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;u rpGrf;Edkifygacs/
MH, p. 305 (1905)
qm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;ygESifh? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udk
roHk;bJ csufûywfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;udkrsm;rsm;pm;yg/ xrif;
pm;wkef; a&qmwwfonfhtusifhaysmufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 9 (1887)
[if;½Gufokyfrsm;wGif qDESifh½Svum&nfrsm;udkxnfhwwf
Muonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtokyfrsm;onf tpmtdrfwGif tcsOfayguf
apvsuf tpmraMubJ ykyfodk;aewwfonf/ tusKd;quf
taejzifh aoG;tm;aumif;rvmbJ ½SdESifhNyD;om;aoG;rsm; npfnrf;
oGm;um tonf;ESifhausmufuyfrsm;wGif a&m*gjzpfvmygonf/
ÀÀÀ
511 512 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcef;BuD; (21)
tqD - axmywf
7T, p. 135 (1902)
tm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/
EGm;EdkYESifhaxmywfudkroHk;bJ tpm;tpmjyifwwfatmif vlwdkYudk
oifay;Muyg/ MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh axmywfrsm;udk
pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fruif;onfhtcsdefa&mufvmawmhrnf/
taMumif;rSm vlom;rsm;\qdk;,kwfrIrsm;wdk;wufaeonfESifhtrQ
wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gusa&mufrIrSmvnf; wdk;yGm;aeygonf/
tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmu
wpfckvHk; ajrBuD;\usdefpmjzpfaom a&m*gb,rsm;atmufwGif
nnf;wGm;ae&awmhrnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/
xdkt&mrsm;rygbJ tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk vlom;
rsm;jyifqifwwfatmif vdktyfaompGrf;&nfESifh OmPfynmrsm;
udk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&uif;rJh
aomtpmrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfMuygpdkY/
MH, p. 302 (1905)
axmywfudk aygifrkefYwGifokwfípm;jcif;xuf [if;csuf
&mwGiftoHk;ûyjcif;u ydkíusef;rma&;udkxdcd kufaponf/
taumif;qHk;rSm axmywfudkvHk;0rpm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
7T, p. 134 (1902)
oHvGifoD;udk aocsmjyifqifum xrif;pm;wdkif;pm;oifh
ygonf/ oHvGifoD;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh?
axmywftoHk;ûyjcif;tm;jzifh &½SdrnfhtusKd;rsm;udk&½SdEdkifygonf/
oHvGifoD;wGifyg½SdonfhtqDonf 0rf;csKyfjcif;udkoufomapyg
onf/ tpmudk wZGwfZGwfpm;wwfolrsm;ESifh tpmtdrfa&m*g
½Sdolrsm;twGuf aq;aomufjcif;xuf oHvGifoD;pm;jcif;u
ydkíaumif;ygonf/ oHvGifqDonf wd&pämefrsm;rS&½SdonfhtqD
rsm;xuf ydkíaumif;aompm;oHk;qDwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/
MH, p. 298 (1905)
oHvGifoD;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfxm;vQif
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;uJhodkYyif axmywfESifhtom;rsm;\ae&mwGif
tpm;xdk;auR;arG;Edkifygonf/ oHvGifoD;udkpm;&mwGif yg0ifoGm;
onfh oHvGiftqDonf tjcm;wd&pämeftqDrsm;xuf rsm;pGm
omvGefaumif;rGefygonf/ þtoD;onf 0rf;udkaysmhapNyD;
wZGwfZGwfpm;olrsm;twGuf ydkítusKd;xl;apygonf/ tpmtdrf
a&mif&rf;emusifrIudkvnf; aysmufuif;apygonf/
Union Conference Record (Australasian), Jan. 1, 1900.
usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;cs
jcif;vkyfief;BuD; atmifjrifoifhoavmufatmifjrifap&eftwGuf
enf;ynmrsm;vdktyfaeovdk yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrIrsm;vnf;
vkdtyfaeygonf/ þvkyfief;BuD;\&nf½G,fcsufrSm axmywf?
EGm;EdkYESifh tom;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzifh jzefYjzL;
ay;&efjzpfygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif usa&mufaeNyDjzpfaom
a&m*grsm;taMumif;rSm ydkíydkíuefYuGufp&mjzpfvmygonf/
tqD - axmywf 513 514 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
3T, p. 136 (1873)
om;orD;rsm;udk tom;rsm;? [if;arT;rqvmrsm;?
axmywf'defcJrsm;? 0ufom;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;pm;&ef cGifhûyae
Muygonf/ pm;csifonfhtcsdefwGif pm;csifaomtpmudk
êudufovdkpm;oHk;&ef cGifhûyaeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrf
a&m*grsm;udk cHpm;aeMu&onf/ obm0ESifhqefYusifaom
ûyusifhrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ todw&m;rsm;tm;enf;
aeMuygonf/ a&m*gb,rSwpfqifh aojcif;wdkifatmif ydkYaqmif
ay;rnfhrsKd;aphrsm;udk rdrdwdkYpdkufaeaMumif; rdbrsm;rodMuyg/
Letter, p. 37 (1901)
axmywfudk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;wwfMuojzifh pm;yGJ
ay:wGif axmywfrsm;udkwifrxm;oifhacs/ tpmaMucsufjcif;udk
t[efYtwm;ûyvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif axmywfaMumifh ydkícHwGif;
awGUrnfqdkvQif aygifrkefYudk axmywftenf;i,fokwfum wpfcg
wpf&Hpm;oifhygonf/ þodkYpm;oHk;jcif;onf tm[m&rJhaom
tpmrsm;udkpm;jcif;avmuf usef;rma&;udkrxdcdkufapEdkifacs/
Letter, p. 45 (1903)
uREfkyfonf wpfaeYvQif xrif; 2 Budrfompm;ygonf/
vGefcJhaom 35 ESpfu &½SdcJhaomtvif;w&m;udk ,cktcsdef
wdkifatmif usifhaqmifaeqJjzpfonf/ uREfkyfonf tom;rpm;
yg/ uREfkyftwGuf axmywftcuftcJudk ajz½Sif;NyD;jzpfonf/
uREfkyfaxmywfrpm;yg/ axmywfoefYoefYr&Edkifonfhae&mwdkif;
wGif þtcuftcJudk vG,fulpGmajz½Sif;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü
*smpDESifh[dkpwdef;EGm;rBuD; 2 aumif½Sdygonf/ rvdkifudk uREfkyfwdkY
pm;oHk;ygonf/ tppt&m&mü wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jvsuf½Sdygonf/
7T, p. 135 (1902)
EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk tom;ESifhwpfwef;
wpm;wnf;rowfrSwfoifhyg/ wcsKdUudpörsm;wGuf MuufOonf
tusKd;ûyaeygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOpm;oHk;jcif;udk vHk;vHk;jzwfypf
&rnfhtcsdefra&muf½Sdao;yg/ wcsKdUqif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;rSm
EGm;EdkYESifhaygifrkefYudkomtm;ûyNyD;pm;ae&ygonf/ opfoD;0vH
tenf;i,fudkompm;EdkifMuNyD; toD;tESHrsm;0,fpm;Edkifonfh
aiGtiftm;r½SdMuyg/ usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;
pum;rsm;udka[majym&mwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk a[mMum;
onfhenf;wl vlwdkY\tajctaeay:rlwnfí o[Zmwjzpf
atmifvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ tzdk;EIef;oufomNyD; tm[m&
t&omrsm;ESif hjynfhpH konfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkcsufwwfatmif
oifray;EdkifrD usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mtpmtm[m&
rsm;taMumif;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;BuD;rwifjyoifhao;acs/
MM, p. 269.
urÇmay:½Sdvlom;rsm;ü pdwf"mwftrsKd;rsKd;½SdaeaMumif;udk
owd&atmufarhum tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaom½Iaxmifhrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkYjrifovdk vlwdkif;jrifvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhoifhacs/
pdwfonf vdkif;wpfckwnf;wGif wpforwfwnf;jzpfay:aeonf
r[kwfyg/ uREfkyfudk,fwdkifu axmywfrpm;aomfvnf; rdom;pk
xJwGif axmywfpm;olrsm;½Sdaeao;onf/ uREfkyfpm;aeaom
pm;yGJay:wGif axmywfudkrwifaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&Hom
DF- 33
tqD - axmywf 515 516 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
axmywfpm;wwfonfh uREfkyf\tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;udk uREfkyf
t[efYtwm;rûyvkyfyg/ a0zefydkif;jcm;wwfaom nDtpfudk
armifESrrsm;\pm;yGJay:üyif axmywfrsm;udkawGUae&m ¤if;wdkYudk
ZGwftwif;ydwfyif&efrvdk[k uREfkyfxifonf/ nDtpfudkarmifESr
tcsif;csif;tMum;wGif þt&mrsm;aMumifh tcuftcJtjzpfrcHoifh
acs/ opfoD;0vHþrQaygrsm;aeaoma'owGif axmywfpm;zdkY
vdktyfonf[k uREfkyfrjrifyg/
xm0&bk&m;ocifudkcspfí trIawmfaqmifvdkolrsm;tm;
¤if;wdkY\todw&m;twdkif; touf½SifvkyfaqmifcGifhûyoifhygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYpm;ovdkpm;rSrSefonf[k uREfkyfwdkYrxifEdkifaomfvnf;
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIudkysufjym;aprnfht&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrvkyf
aqmifoifhMuacs/
Letter, p. 104 (1901)
oifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;
udk twwfEdkifqHk;êud;pm;vdkufavQmufaeonfudk uREfkyfjrifawGU
ae&ygonf/ t&m&mwGif ûcd;jcHacRwm&rnfqdkonfrSmrSefaomf
vnf; vdktyfonfhtm[m&rsm;udkjynfhrDatmifpm;Muyg/ tcGHrm
toD;rsm;udk vlwdkif;0,frpm;EdkifMuyg/ tu,fí oifhcifyGef;u
axmywfpm;csifonfqdkvQif xdkt&monf usef;rma&;twGuf
taumif;qHk;r[kwfaMumif; oabmaygufonftxd pm;cGifhûy
vdkufyg/
Letter, p. 98 (1901)
wcsKdUrSm tpmajymif;vJpm;oHk;aomaMumifh usef;rma&;
ydkíaumif;rvmbJ ydkíqdk;oGm;wwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh
usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkwifquf&mwGif
tEÅ&m,f½SdvSygonf/ wpfcsufwnf;ESifh vHk;vHk;BuD;tpm;tpm
rsm;udkajymif;pm;zdkY rwdkufwGef;oifhacs/ ,ckvuf½Sdtajctae
t&qdkvQif EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;BuD;
jzwfrypfoifhacs/ topftqef;rxGifrd&ef uREfkyfwdkY*½kpdkuf&yg
rnf/ wpfzufpGef;a&mufonfh oGefoifrIrsm;aMumifh a0zef
pOf;pm;wwfaomvlrsm;wdkYonf tpGef;odkYa&mufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
¤if;wdkY\cE¨mudk,foGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk xdcdkufapvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm
vltenf;i,favmufuom ¤if;wdkYjzwfvdkufaomtpmrsm;ae&m
wGif rSefuefpGmtpm;xdk;pm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/
9T, p. 162 (1909)
axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g&EdkifaMumif;udkvnf;
aumif;? MuufOudk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;jcif;\raumif;rIrsm;
udkvnf;aumif; owday;pum;rsm;ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; aocsm
pGmauR;arG;ûypkxm;onfh MuufrrS&aomMuufOudkpm;oHk;jcif;tm;
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;azgufzsufonf[k r,lqoifhacs/ MuufO
wGif tqdyfajyapEdkifonfh tm[m&"mwfrsm;yg½Sdaeonf/
wcsKdUrSmrl EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udka½SmifMuOf
aomfvnf; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef
ysufuGufMuaomaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cGeftm;rsm;
qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifawmhacs/
þuJhodkYaomjzpf&yfrsm;aMumifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI
rsm;onf emrnfqdk;&vsuf½Sdygonf/ cdkifrmpGmwnfaqmuf&ef
tqD - axmywf 517 518 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
êud;pm;aeaomtrIawmfudk bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkrxm;aom
xl;qef;onfht&mrsm;ESifha&maxG;vdkufMu&m toif;awmf\
cGeftm;rsm;onf csnfheJYvmygonf/ odkY&mwGif xm0&bk&m;
ocifonf txl;jyif;xefaomþoabmxm;rsm;\&v'frsm;udk
umuG,fay;&ef Mum;0ifzsefajzawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;
awmfonf raumif;rItjypfom;jzpfaomvlom;rsm;tm;
o[Zmwjzpfatmifvkyfaqmifay;aeonf/ xdkw&m;awmfonf
vlqif;&J? vlcsrf;omtaygif;wdkYtm; c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;wGif
twlwuG pHk½Hk;apygonf/
Letter, p. 37 (1901)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;
udkMum;em&aom qif;&Jom;rsm;u ]uREfkyfwdkYbmudkpm;&rvJ?
tcGHrmtoD;tESHawGudk uREfkyfwdkY0,frpm;Edkifbl;} [kqdkMu\/
qif;&Jom;rsm;xH uREfkyfoGm;a&mufw&m;a[maomtcsdefwGif
tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;Muyg[k uREfkyfoGefoifcJhygonf/
MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;udkrpm;MuESifh? csufûywf&mwGif axmywf
udkroHk;ESifh[k ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfrajymcJhyg/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf
udk qif;&Jom;rsm;xHoGm;a&mufa[mMum;&rnf/ odkY&mwGif
wif;usyfaomtpm;tpmpm&if;udkwifjy&ef tcsdefra&mufao;yg/
xm0&bk&m;ocifvrf;jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf
EGm;EdkY? rvdkif? axmywfESifh MuufOrsm;pm;oHk;jcif;ü
vHkûcHrIr½SdawmhonfhtcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf xdkudpötwGuf az:jycsufay;vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfajymMum;
vdkygonf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif tpGef;
ra&mufMu&ef awmif;yefvdkygonf/ EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywf
rsm;ESifhywfoufonfhtcuftcJrsm;onf ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
,ckavmavmq,fwGif þudpötay:wGif rsm;pGm0efrwifMu
ygESifh/ oif\tpGef;ra&mufonfhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk vlwdkYtm;
azmfjyMuyg/
0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;
0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;
1T, p. 681 (1868)
tpm;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfatmifjyifqifEdkif
&ef êud;pm;jcif;udk wm0efwpf&yftaejzifh rnfolrQrvkyfaqmif
Muyg/ 0ufqD? axmywfESifh tom;rsm;rygbJ usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfNyD; ½dk;pif;onfh[if;vsmwpfyGJudkjyifqifvdkY&ygonf/
uRrf;usifrIudk ½dk;pif;rIESifhaygif;pyf&ygrnf/ þt&mudkvkyfaqmif
Edkif&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pmzwfzdkYvdkygonf/ ¤if;jyif awGU½Sd
onfht&mrsm;udk vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfzdkYvnf;vdkygonf/
(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115 (1890)
[if;cwftarT;têudifESifh wd&pämeftqDrsm;udkrxnfh? EGm;EdkY?
rvdkifjzifh ½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifxm;onfh opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhtnDnGwfqHk;tpm;
tpmrsm;jzpfonf/
2T, p. 63 (1868)
tpm;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;jyifqif&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf;
cHwGif;awGUatmifvnf; aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif&ygrnf/ wd&pämef
tqD - axmywf 519 520 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tqDrsm;udkroHk;ygESifh/ xdktqDrsm;onf oifjyifqifrnfht&m
rsm;udk npfnrf;apEdkifygonf/
(CTBH, pp. 46-47) CH, p. 114. (1890)
rsm;pGmaomrdcifrsm;onf rdr d\rdom;pktwGuf
axmifacsmufwpfckjzpfaponfh xrif;pm;yGJwpfckudk jyifqif
wwfMuonf/ tom;[if;? axmywf? 'defcJ? csKdqdrfhaom
tpmoGwfrkefY? [if;cwftarT;têudif ponfwdkYudk vlBuD;vli,f
tm;vHk; txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf
tpmtdrfudk ua,mufu,ufjzpfapNyD; tm½HkaMumrsm;udkvIyf½Sm;
apum todOmPfrsm;udktm;enf;aponf/ xdktpmrsm;udk
aumif;aomaoG;rsm;jzpfatmif oufqdkif&mt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;u
rpGrf;Edkifacs/ tpmxJwGifxnfhcsufonfhtqDrsm;onf tpmaMu
csufjcif;udkcufcJapygonf/
Letter, p. 322 (1905)
tmvl;aMumfonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpm
jzpfonf[k uREfkyfrxifyg/ taMumif;rSm tmvl;aMumfwGif
qD (odkYr[kwf) axmywfrsm;yg0ifaeygonf/ tmvl;zkwfESifh
tmvl;ûywfrsm;udk rvdkifESifhqm;tenf;i,fa&mumpm;vQif
usef;rma&;twGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ uefZGef;Oudkzkwfum
rvdkifenf;enf;? qm;tenf;i,fjzifhpm;vQif tm[m&ESifhvnf;
aumif;? t&omESifhvnf;aumif; jynfh0vSygonf/
Letter, p. 297 (1904)
pm;oHk;onfhtpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfyg
ovm;? tm[m&ESifhjynfh0ygovm; qdkonfhtcsufudk vlwdkif;
oHk;oyfMuyg/ tpm;taomufESifhpyfvsOf;í txl;*½kpdkufMuyg/
odkYrSom cEmudk,femrusef;rIrsm;&yfwefYoGm;ayrnf/ tcsdefrSefrSef
pm;yg/ tqDrygaomtpmrsm;udkompm;Muyg/
2T, p. 45 (1868)
[if;arT;rqvm? tom;ESifh tqDrsm;uif;½Sif;onfh
½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;onf oifwdkYtwGuf aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfck
jzpfum oif\ZeD;udkvnf; pdwfcsrf;om? udk,fusef;rmjcif;ESifh
jynfhpHkapygonf/
2T, p. 352 (1869)
obm0twdkif; tqDrsm;ESifhuif;½Sif;aom toD;tESHESifh
opfoD;0vHrsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkY0ifpm;&ef jyifqif
aeMuolrsm; pm;oifhaomtpmrsm;jzpfonf/
EGm;EdkYESifhrvdkif
(CTBH, p. 47) CH, pp. 114-115. (1890)
azgufjyefrIr½Sdao;onfh cHwGif;\awmifhwrIudk jznfhqnf;
ay;&ef enf;vrf;rsm;pGmudk vlom;rsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;
ocifpDpOfxm;awmfrlonf/ t&omESifhvnf;aumif;? cEmudk,frS
tvdk½Sdaeaom tm[m&ESifhvnf;aumif; jynfh0onfhajrxGuf
oD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;udk vlom;rsm;a½SUaemufywfvnfwGif MuJjzefYxm;
awmfrlNyD/ xdkt&mrsm;udk pdwfwdkif;uspm;EdkifaMumif; arwåm
apwemt½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl\/ [if;cwftarT;
têudifESifh tqDrsm;rygbJ EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;jzifhom jyifqif
tqD - axmywf 521 522 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
xm;onfhopfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf
usef;rma&;ESifh tnDnGwfqHk;tpmrsm;jzpfygonf/ xdktpmrsm;u
cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;ESifh MuHhcdkifrIrsm;tjyif tjcm;tm;<uaponfh
tpmrsm;u ray;EdkifaomOmPfynmxufjrufrIrsm;udkvnf;
jzpfapygonf/
9T, p. 162 (1909)
tpm;tpmrsm;udk tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkatmif jyifqifzdkY
vdkovdk cHwGif;wnfhatmifjyifqifoifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk >cif;csefrxm;oifhyg/ qm;tenf;i,fudk
uREfkyfpm;oHk;onf/ qm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfht&m
r[kwfbJ aoG;twGufta&;ygaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;udk EdkYtenf;i,f (odkYr[kwf) rvdkiftenf;i,fjzifh
t&om½Sdatmifjyifqifpm;oHk;oifhonf/
wcsKdUrSmrl EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk a½SmifMuOf
aomfvnf; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef
ysufuGufMuaomaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cGeftm;rsm;
qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifawmhacs/
þuJhodkYaomjzpf&yfrsm;aMumifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI
rsm;onf emrnfqdk;&vsuf½Sdygonf/
EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufOrsm;uJhodkY ,ckpm;oHk;aeonfh
t&mwcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYjzwf&rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/
odkY&mwGif tcsdefrwdkifrD tpGef;a&mufûcd;jcHrIrsm;udkusifhoHk;jcif;jzifh
udk,fhudkudk,fpdwf½IyfaxG;atmifvkyfzdkY rvdktyfacs/ tajctaeu
awmif;qdkrIûyonfhwdkifatmif apmifhpm;Muyg/ xdktcsdefa&mufvQif
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdkt&mrsm;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;udk
jyifqifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
roefYpifaomEGm;EdkY\tEÅ&m,f
7T, p. 135 (1902)
EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk tom;ESifhwwef;wpm;
wnf;rowfrSwfoifhyg/ wcsKdUudpörsm;twGuf MuufOonf
tusKd;ûyaeygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOpm;oHk;jcif;udk vHk;vHk;jzwfypf
&rnfhtcsdefra&muf½Sdao;yg/ wcsKdUqif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;rSm EGm;EdkY
ESifhaygifrkefYudkom tm;ûyNyD;pm;ae&ygonf/ opfoD;0vH
tenf;i,fudkompm;EdkifMuNyD; toD;tESHrsm;0,fpm;Edkifonfh
aiGtiftm;r½SdMuyg/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;
pum;rsm;udka[majym&mwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudka[majym
onfhenf;wl vlwdkY\tajctaeay:rlwnfí o[Zmwjzpf
atmifvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ tzdk;EIef;oufomNyD; tm[m&
t&omrsm;ESif hjynfhpH konfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkcsufwwfatmif
oifray;EdkifrD usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mtpmtm[m&
rsm;taMumif;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;BuD;rwifjyoifhao;acs/
tm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/
EGm;EdkYESifhaxmywfudkroHk;bJ tpm;tpmjyifwwfatmif vlwdkYudk
oifay;Muyg/ MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh axmywfrsm;udkpm;oHk;
jcif;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fruif;onfhtcsdefa&mufvmawmhrnf/
tqD - axmywf 523 524 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
taMumif;rSm vlom;rsm;\qdk;,kwfrIrsm;wdk;wufaeonfESifhtrQ
wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gusa&mufrIrSmvnf; wdk;yGm;aeygonf/
tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmuwpfck
vHk;onf ajrBuD;\usdefpmjzpfaom a&m*gb,rsm;atmufwGif
nnf;wGm;ae&awmhrnfhtcsdefonfra0;awmhNyD/
Letter, p. 1 (1873)
uREfkyfwdkYonf EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;tenf;i,fpDudk pm;oHk;
avh½Sdygonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; pma&;&mwGifvnf;aumif;?
a[mMum;&mwGifvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwpfcgrQrjiif;qdkzl;yg/
EGm;awGrSm a&m*grsm;usa&mufaeojzifh trJom;udkjzwfMu&
rnfjzpfaomfvnf; EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk vHk;vHk;BuD;jzwf&rnfh
tcsdefrusa&mufao;yg/
2T, p. 369 (1870)
EGm;EdkYay;aeonfhEGm;rsm;onf tNrJwrf;usef;rmaeMuonf
r[kwfyg/ a&m*g½Sdaumif;½SdEdkifonf/ eHeufydkif;wGif usef;rm
oa,mif½SdaomEGm;rwpfaumifonf ntcsdefra&mufrD aoqHk;
oGm;wwfonf/ trSefrSm xdkEGm;ronf reufuwnf;u
aeraumif;jzpfae&m ¤if;rS&aomEGm;EdkYonf a&m*gydk;rsm;ygae
aomfvnf; xdktcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYrodMuacs/ wd&pämefavmu
wpfckvHk;wGif a&m*gusa&mufaeygonf/
Union Conference Record (Australisian), July 28, 1899.
rMumrDumvwGif wd&pämefrsm;rS&onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkYpGefYvTwfMu&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyftm; xm0&
bk&m;ociftvif;w&m;ay;awmfrlygonf/ EGm;EdkYudkyif uREfkyfwdkY
jzwfMu&ygrnf/ a&m*gydk;rsm;onf vsifjrefpGmysHUESHYvsuf½Sdonf/
vlom;rsm;u ajrBuD;udkusdefcJhaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif\
usdefjcif;tr*Fvmrsm;onf ajrBuD;ay:wGifusa&mufvsuf½Sdonf/
MH, p. 302 (1905)
EGm;EdkYudkpm;oHk;vQif ydk;aoap&ef usufatmifusKdoifhyg
onf/ þodkYûyvkyfvQif a&m*gt&oufomygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 39 (1901)
EGm;EdkYudkpm;oHk;jcif;ü tEÅ&m,fruif;aomtcsdefa&muf
vmEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf EGm;rrsm;onf usef;rmaeNyD; &½Sdonfh
EdkYudk aumif;rGefpGmusKdcsuftoHk;ûyvQif cufcJqif;&Jjcif;umvudk
tcsdefrwdkifrDjzpfyGm;atmif zefwD;zdkYrvdkyg/
Letter, p. 45 (1903)
uREfkyfonf wpfaeYvQif xrif; 2 Budrfompm;ygonf/
vGefcJhaom 35 ESpfu&½SdcJhaomtvif;w&m;udk ,cktcsdefwdkif
atmif usifhaqmifaeqJjzpfonf/ uREfkyfonf tom;rpm;yg/
uREfkyftwGuf axmywftcuftcJudkvnf; ajz½Sif;NyD;jzpfonf/
uREfkyfaxmywfrpm;yg/ axmywfoefYoefYr&Edkifonfhae&mwdkif;
wGif þtcuftcJudk vG,fulpGmajz½Sif;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü
*smpDESifh[dkpwdef; EGm;rBuD; 2 aumif½Sdygonf/ rvdkifudk uREfkyfwdkY
pm;oHk;NyD; tppt&m&mü wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jvsuf½Sdygonf/
MM, p. 269.
opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh ydk;owfNyD;rvdkifrsm;tvQHy,f&½SdEdkif
aoma'owGif axmywfonf vdktyfaomtm[m&jzpfonf[k
uREfkyfrjrifyg/
tqD - axmywf 525 526 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Letter, p. 5 (1870)
uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJay:wGif axmywfudkrwifyg/ EGm;EdkY
(odkYr[kwf) rvdkifrsm;jzifh aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfxm;
onfh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf tvGeft&om½Sdygonf/ usef;rm
aomEGm;rS&onfh EGm;EdkYudk toifhtwifhpm;oHk;jcif;udk uefYuGuf
p&m½Sdrnfrxifyg/
Letter, p. 37 (1901)
uREfkyfwdkYonf vlxkBuD;ESifhxdawGUaeMu&rnf/ usef;rm
jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk tpGef;a&mufoGefoif
MurnfqdkvQif xdcdkufrIrsm;omjzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf/ tom;rpm;
MuzdkY? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDraomufMuzdkY? ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkY
oGefoifMuonfrSm aumif;ygonf/ odkYaomf EGm;EdkYudkyifjzwf&ef
wcsKdUuoGefoifaeMuygonf/ þt&monf *½kwpdkufudkifwG,f
&rnfhudpöwpfckjzpfonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhaygifrkefYudkomtm;xm;NyD;
pm;ae&onfhqif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;½SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
opfoD;0vHtenf;i,fudkom 0,fpm;EdkifMuonf/ tom;udk
jzwf&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkvnf; EGm;EdkY?
rvdkifrsm;ESifha&mum t&om½Sdatmifcsufpm;wwfzdkYvdkygonf/
]wdkYbmudkpm;&awmhrvJ/ wdkY[m tcGHrmtoD;awGudk 0,frpm;
Edkifbl;} [k usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY
oGm;a&mufwifjypOf qif;&Jom;rsm;uwHk YjyefMuygonf/
¤if;wdkYxHodkYoGm;NyD;w&m;a[mpOf tm[m&½Sdonfhtpmrsm;udk
pm;Muyg[komajym&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;
awmfrlonf/ ]MuufOrpm;eJY? EGm;EdkYraomufeJY? rvdkifrpm;eJY?
[if;csuf&mrSm axmywfudkvHk;0roHk;eJY} [k olwdkYtm; uREfkyf
rajymEdkifygacs/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk qif;&Jom;rsm;xHodkY
oGm;ía[mMum;&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; wif;usyfaomtpm
pm&if;udkazmfjy&efrSm tcsdefrusa&mufao;acs/
EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufOrsm;uJhodkY ,aeYpm;oHk;aeaom
tpmwcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYpGefYvTwf&rnfhtcsdefonf a&mufvmawmh
rnf/ tEÅ&m,f½Sdaomtom;udk uREfkyfrpm;awmhaomfvnf;
ajymp&mqdkp&mydkíenf;aom MuufOudkrl uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;Edkifyg
onf/ EGm;EdkYudk pm;yGJay:rSz,f½Sm;rypfygESifh/ tpmrsm;wGif
xnfhícsufûywfjcif;udkvnf; rwm;jrpfMuygESifh/ pm;oHk;rnfh
EdkYonf usef;rmaomEGm;rS&aomEGm;EdkYjzpfzdkYESifh ydk;owfzdkYom
vdktyfygonf/
,ckuJhodkYEGm;EdkYudk txdef;tuGyfrJhoHk;zdkY roifhavsmfaom
tcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf ,ckwGifrl EGm;EdkYudkjzwf&ef
rvdktyfao;yg/
odkYaomf EGm;EdkYudktoHk;csjcif;onf pdwfrcs&awmhaom
tcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þt&mudk
azmfjyawmfrlvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfajymvdkygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;rsm;wGif tpGef;ra&mufMuygESifh/ EGm;EdkY? axmywfESifh
MuufOpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfhtcuftcJrsm;onfvnf;
ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ ,ckavmavmq,fwGif þudpöESifh
ywfoufí uREfkyfpdwfrylrdyg/ oif\rQwpGmaexdkifpm;aomufrI
udk tjcm;olrsm;tm;od½Sdygavap/
tqD - axmywf 527 528 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Letter, p. 151 (1901)
EGm;rsm;üa&m*gusa&mufum urÇmBuD;onf npfnrf;
aeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGU&m EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;udk
pm;oHk;jcif;onf taumif;qHk;r[kwfonfhtcsdefudka&mufawmh
rnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdefonf
ra&muf½Sdao;yg/ xdktcsdefa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;
ocifonf pDpOfay;awmfrlrnfudkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYodxm;ygonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf awmwGif pm;p&mrsm;jyifqifay;awmfrl
rnfvm; [laomar;cGef;onf oufqdkifoltm;vHk;twGuf
rsm;pGmt"dyÜg,f½Sdygvdrfhrnf/ ][kwfygonf? xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf rdrdvlwdkYtwGuf pm;p&mrsm;udkjyifqifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf}
[lí ajzqdkvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/
EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOae&mwGif tpmxdk;auR;arG;&ef urÇm
t&yf&yfwGif tpDtpOfrsm;ûyvkyfygvdrfhrnf/ þtpmrsm;udk
rnfonfhtcsdefwGifjzwf&rnfudkvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
uREfkyfwdkYtm; today;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü
ñTefMum;ay;awmfrlrnf/ u½kPmawmft½Sifbk&m;ocifwpfyg;
½Sdawmfrlonfudk vlwdkif;tm; odapvdkawmfrlygonf/ ajrtoD;
tESHrsm;udk rnfuJhodkYjyifqifpm;oHk;&rnfudkoifMum;vsuf urÇm
t&yf&yf½SdrdrdvlwdkYtm; tm[m&qdkif&muRrf;usifwwfajrmufrIudk
xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 298 (1905)
oHvGifoD;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfvdkufvQif
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;uJhodkYyif axmywfESifhtom;rsm;ae&mwGif
tpm;xdk;toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ oHvGifoD;xJwGifyg0ifonfhtqD
onf wd&pämeftqDrsm;xuf rsm;pGmomvGefygonf/ 0rf;udk
aysmhapygonf/ wZGwfZGwfpm;wwfolrsm;twGuf tusKd;ûyEdkif
onfudkawGU&NyD; tpmtdrfudkvnf;usef;rmapygonf/
7T, p. 134 (1902)
xrif;pm;wdkif; tusKd;xl;rsm;&Edkif&ef oHvGifoD;udk
csufûywfpm;oHk;Edkifygonf/ oHvGifoD;rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm
csufûywfpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh? axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh &Edkifaom
aumif;usKd;rsm;udk&½SdcHpm;Edkifygonf/ pm;vdkufaomoHvGifoD;
xJwGif ygoGm;onfhtqD"mwfonf 0rf;csKyfjcif;udkoufom
apNyD; wZGwfZGwfpm;wwfolrsm;\tpmtdrftwGuf aq;0g;rsm;
xuf ydkíusef;rmapygonf/ oHvGifqDonf wd&pämefrsm;rS
&onfh 'kwd,wef;pm;tqDrsm;xuf ydkNyD;aumif;ygonf/
Letter, p. 14 (1901)
oHvGifoD;wGifyg0ifonfhtqDonf 0rf;csKyfa&m*gtwGuf
aq;wpfckjzpf½Hkomru ausmufuyfa&m*gudkvnf; oufom
apygonf/
ÀÀÀ
529 530 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcef;BuD; (22)
y½dkwif;
tydkif; (1) tcGHrmtoD;
MH, p. 296 (1905)
toD;tESH? opfoD;0vH? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;onf zefqif;½Sifu uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf a½G;cs,fay;
xm;onfhtpmjzpfygonf/ þtpmrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;ESifhobm0usus
jyifqifcsufûywfvQif usef;rma&;ESifhtxl;nDnGwf½Hkomru
tm[m&ESifhvnf;jynfh0ygonf/ cGeftm;ESifhjynfh0apvsuf
cHEdkif&nfESifhvnf;jynfhpHkapygonf/ tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;u
ray;pGrf;Edkifonfh OmPfynmxufjrufrIudkvnf;jzpfapygonf/
MS, p. 27 (1906)
toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;[if;½GufESifhtcGHrm
toD;rsm;xJwGif uREfkyfwdkYtwGufvdktyfaomtm[m&tm;vHk;udk
awGU½Sd&ygonf/ tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif
xHawmfodkY oabm½dk;ESifhcsOf;uyfMurnfqdkvQif tm[m&ESifh
jynfh0aomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udk jyifqifwwfatmif
oGefoifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
MH, pp. 297, 298 (1905)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm
trsKd;rsKd;udk tvHktavmuf uREfkyfwdkYudkay;xm;NyDjzpf&m uREfkyfwdkY\
vdktyfcsufESifhtudkufnDqHk;t&mrsm;udk&½Sd&ef vltoD;oD;wdkYonf
rSefuefaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udktoHk;ûyum a½G;cs,foifhygonf/
opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh toD;tESHrsm;onf
tvHktavmufxGuf½Sdae½Hkomru wdk;wufaeonfhydkYaqmifa&;
pepfrsm;tm;jzifh xdkxGufukefrsm;udk ae&ma'otoD;oD;odkY
jzefYa0ay;aeygonf/
tcGHrmtoD;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;udkpDrHxkwfvkyfxm;onfh
tpm;tpmrsm;udk tom;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;vmMuygNyD/
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? tjcm;opfjrpf
opfOrsm;ESifh a&m,Sufpm;oHk;vQif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfum
tm[m&vnf;jzpfygonf/ tcGHrmtoD;udk rsm;rsm;rpm;rdatmif
awmh owdûyzdkYvdktyfygonf/ tcGHrmtoD;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh
zsm;emonf[k txif½Sdolrsm;onf þêudwifowday;csufudk
owdûyjcif;tm;jzifh tcuftcJudkz,f½Sm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 177 (1901)
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk csufûywfwwfatmifavhusuf&ef
tcsdef,lMu&rnf/ tcGHrmtoD;rsm;tpm; tjcm;tpmrsm;udk
pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh ukefusp&dwfudkoufomatmifrvkyfrdzdkYvnf;
owdxm;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtxJrSvltrsm;pkonf tcGHrm
toD;rsm;udk0,fpm;EdkifvQifawmifrS csufûywfrpm;wwfMuacs/
vlenf;pkom aumif;rGefpGmcsufpm;wwfMuygonf/
Letter, p. 14 (1901)
pm;aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf &moDOwkESifhudkufnDoifhyg
onf/ uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiHwGif oifhavsmfonfhtpmtcsKdUonf tjcm;
DF- 34
y½dkwif; 531 532 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
EdkifiHrsm;wGifpm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfyg/ qif;&Jom;rsm;vnf; 0,f,l
pm;oHk;Edkif&eftwGuf tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udkxkwfvkyfa&mif;cs&mwGif
aps;EIef;oufomEdkiforQoufomatmif vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/
Letter, p. 135 (1902)
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk rSefuefatmifpm;oHk;wwfatmif
*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ wcsKdUtcGHrmtoD;rsKd;onf tm[m&r½Sdyg/
tcGHrmtoD;jzifhûyvkyfxm;aomtpmrsm;udk ta&twGufavsmhcsum
ukefusp&dwfoufomatmif avsmhrpm;ygESifh/ odkY&mwGif txdef;
tuGyfrJhpm;jcif;onfvnf; roifhavsmfyg/ þtpmudkûcd;jcHpGm
pm;oHk;jcif;onf ydkítmomajyapygonf/ txufazmfjycJhonfh
tpm;tpmrsm;ESifha&mípm;aomtcg tcGHrmtoD;u tcsKd;tq
rsm;aevQif cE¨mukd,fupkyf,lEdkifonfxuf tqDttdrfhrsm;ae
wwfygonf/
7T, p. 134 (1902)
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk owdynmuif;rJhpGmjzifhpm;oHk;aeMu
onf[lívnf;aumif;? tcsKd;tqrsm;rsm;xnfhum pm;oHk;ae
Muonf[lívnf;aumif;? tcsKdUtcGHrmtoD;rsm;onf tjcm;
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;avmuf tm[m&r½Sdonfudkvnf;aumif;
uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ Am'HaphESifhajryJwdkYonf
ydkíaumif;aomfvnf; tm[m&jynfh0NyD; tpmaMuvG,faom
tpm;tpmûyvkyf&ef ajryJtenf;i,fudk toD;tESHrsm;jzifha&mí
pm;oHk;Edkifygonf/
Letter, p. 188 (1901)
]uREfkyf[m tcGHrmtoD;awGudkrpm;Edkifbl;? tpmtdrfu
vufrcHbl;} [k a&;om;azmfjyxm;onfh pmwpfapmifudk
vGefcJhaom 3 ESpfu&cJhzl;ygonf/ xdktcsdefu csufûywfenf;
rsm;pGmudk uREfkyftm;jyoawmfrlcJhygonf/ xdktxJrS csufûywf
enf;wpfckrSm tcGHrmtoD;ESifhtpyfwnfhonfh tjcm;[if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;ESifha&mícsufonfhenf;jzpfonf/ tcGHrmtoD;udk
rsm;rsm;xnfh&efrvdkyg/ tjcm;[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;\ 10yHk
1yHk (odkYr[kwf) 6yHk 1yHkaom tcGHrmtoD;xnfhvQif vHkavmuf
ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYprf;oyfcsufûywfMunfh&m atmifjrifrI&½Sdygonf/
tydkif; (2) MuufO
MH, pp. 320-321 (1905)
opfoD;0vHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;½Sm;yg;onfha'orsm;wGif
aexdkifMuolrsm;tm; EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOudkrpm;awmh&ef tm;ray;
oifhacs/ pdwfMurf;udk,fMurf;jzpfaeolrsm;onf aoG;tm;<u
aponfhtpmrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfzdkYvdkonfqdk&mwGifrSefygonf/
txl;ojzifh avmuaysmfarGUjcif;ü cHpm;usifh½Sdaeaomrdom;pkrsm;
rSaygufzGm;vmonfhuav;rsm;udk MuufOrauR;oifhacs/ odkY&mwGif
tjcm;vdktyfonfhtpmrsm;udkrpm;Edkifolrsm;rSmrl MuufOESifhEGm;EdkY
udk vHk;vHk;BuD;jzwfroifhygacs/ usef;rmNyD; aumif;rGefpGmarG;jrL
xm;onfhEGm;rESifhMuufrrsm;rS&aom EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;jzpfzdkY&ef
y½dkwif; 533 534 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
txl;*½kxm;&ygrnf/ MuufOrsm;udk tvG,fwultpmaMucsuf
Edkifrnfhtaetxm;rsKd;½Sd&ef csufûywfpm;aomuf&rnf/
tpmtm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;BuD;onf wdk;wuf
zGHUûzd;aeoifhygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gb,rsm;usa&muf
aeonfESifhtrQ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf ydkítEÅ&m,f
rsm;vmygonf/ xdktpmrsm;\ae&mwGif usef;rma&;ESifhnDñGwfNyD;
aps;EIef;oufomonfh tjcm;tpmrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;zdkYêud;pm;
vkyfaqmifoifhonf/ tm[m&&SdNyD; t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm
rsm;ukd jzpfEdkifvQif EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrygbJ csufwwfatmifa'o
toD;oD;rS vlwdkYtm; oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/
7T, p. 135 (1902)
EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifhaxmywfrsm;ukd tom;ESifhwwef;wpm;
wnf;rowfrSwfoifhyg/ wcsKdUudpörsm;twGuf MuufOonf
tusKd;ûyaeygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOpm;oHk;jcif;ukd vHk;vHk;jzwf
ypf&rnfhtcsdefra&muf&Sdao;yg/
tm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/
EGm;EdkYESifhaxmywfudkroHk;bJ tpm;tpmjyifwwfatmif vlwdkYudk
oifay;Muyg/ MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifhaxmywfrsm;udk
pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fruif;onfhtcsdefa&mufvmawmhrnf/
taMumif;rSm vlom;rsm;\qdk;,kwfrIrsm;wdk;wufaeonfESifhtrQ
wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gusa&mufrIrSmvnf; wdk;yGm;aeygonf/
tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmu
wpfckvH k;onf ajrBuD;\usdefpmjzpfaoma&m*gb,rsm;
atmufwGif nnf;wGm;ae&awmhrnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf EGm;EdkY? MuufOrsm;rygbJ tpm;
tpmjyifwwfonfh pGrf;&nfESifhyg;eyfrIrsm;udk rdrdvlwdkYtm;
ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&r½Sdaomtpm;tpmtm;vHk;udk
uREfkyfwdkYjzwfMuygpdkY/
2T, p. 362 (1870)
oifonf rdrd\om;orD;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;oifhonf/
þacwfwGifjzpfysufaeonfh raumif;rIrsm;ESifh pm&dwåysufjym;
rIrsm;udk rnfuJhodkYa½Smif½Sm;&rnfudk ¤if;wdkYtm; oifñTefMum;
oifhonf/ þodkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; vlrsm;pGmwdkYrSm rnfodkY
tpmaumif;rsm;udkpm;zdkYudkom avhvmaeMuonf/ axmywf?
MuufOESifh tom;[if;rsm;jzifh xrif;pm;yGJjyifxm;Muojzifh
oifhuav;rsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;udkpm;aeMuonf/ oifonf
uav;rsm;tm; wd&pämefpdwfaygufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk auR;ae
pOfrSmyif rdrd\uav;rsm;udk aumif;csD;ay;&ef tpnf;ta0;
rsm;wGifwufa&mufum bk&m;ocifhxHwGifqkawmif;aeygonf
wum;/ oif\qkawmif;oHonf rnfonfhtjrifhtxdom
wufoGm;Edkifygrnfenf;/ yxrOD;qHk;oifvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyf
wpfck½Sdaeonf/ oifhuav;rsm;twGuf oifvkyfaqmifp&m
rsm;udk vkyfaqmifNyD;aomtcsdefwGif uwdawmfESifhtnD xm0&
bk&m;ocifxHwGif txl;tultnDrsm;udk oifawmif;cHEdkifygNyD/
MuufOwGifygonfht&mrsm;onf aq;zuf0ifMuonf/
tpGef;ra&mufap&efowdûyvkyfaqmifyg
Letter, p. 37 (1901)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom
t&mrsm;wGif tpGef;ra&mufMuygESifh/ þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí
y½dkwif; 535 536 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
wcsKdUrSm *½krxm;Muyg/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdUrSm aemufwGif
trsm;BuD;usef&pfcJhMuaomaMumifh oifonf xdkolrsm;twGuf
yHkoufaowpfckjzpfEdkifap&ef tpGef;a&muform;wpfOD;rjzpfygap
ESifh/ aoG;om;udkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsKd;udk rpm;bJraeygESifh/ ppfrSef
aompnf;rsOf;rsm;tay:opöm½SdrIonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udkraxmufcHonfh tawGUtêuHwpfckudkjzpfaprnfh
tpm;tpmwpfckütnHhcH&ef oifhtm;vrf;jyaeygonf/ þt&m
onf oifhtwGuftEÅ&m,fjzpfygonf/ cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;
,kwfavsmhvmonfudk oifcHpm;&NyDqdkvQif tpmudkcsufcsif;
ajymif;vJNyD;pm;zdkYvdkygonf/ oifrpm;bJcsefxm;cJhaomt&m
wcsKdUudk jyefNyD;pm;yg/ usef;rmaomMuufrBuD;uOonfh MuufO
rsm;udkpm;yg/ þMuufOrsm;udk tusufjzpfap? tpdrf;jzpfap?
oifpm;Edkifygonf/ uapmfraygufao;onfh0dkift&ufrsm;wGif
tpdrf;vdkufazgufxnhfNyD; pm;oHk;ygu oifhcEmudk,f\vdktyfcsuf
rsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;vdrfhrnf/ þt&monf rSefuefrI½Sdrnf
r[kwf[k ûAef;ueJBuD;txifr½SdvdkufygESifh/
EGm;EdkYrsm;udk ,cktoHk;ûyaeovdk toHk;rûyoifhawmhrnfh
tcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefü EGm;EdkYudkrjzwf
oifhao;ygacs/ MuufOxJwGif tqdyfajyaponfhtmedoif½Sdaom
aq;zuf0if"mwfypönf;rsm;yg½Sdonf/
aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpmrsm;wGif
uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtom;rsm;
udkjzwfMuaomfvnf; tjiif;yGm;p&mydkítm;enf;aomtpmrsm;udk
tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;oifhygonf/ xdktpmrsm;wGif MuufOyg0ifyg
onf/ EGm;EdkYudk oifhpm;yGJay:rSz,f½Sm;rypfygESifh/ [if;csuf&m
wGif EGm;EdkYtoHk;ûyaejcif;udkvnf; rwm;jrpfygESifh/ toHk;ûyaom
EdkYrsm;onf usef;rmaomEGm;rBuD;rsm;rS&NyD; ydk;owfxm;onfh
EdkYrsm;jzpfoifhygonf/
odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkY? rvdkif? axmywfESifhMuufOrsm;pm;oHk;&ef
rvHkûcHawmhonfhtcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf today;azmfjyawmfrlvdrfhrnfudk uREfkyfajymjyvdkygonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif
tpGef;ra&mufygapESif h/ EGm;Ed k YESif h MuufOpm;oHk;jcif;ESif h
ywfoufonfhtcuftcJonfvnf; ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
,ckavmavmq,fwGif þudpöESifhywfoufí uREfkyfwdkYü
rnfonfhwm0efrSr½Sdao;yg/ oif\oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm
pm;oHk;aexdkifjcif;udk vltrsm;odjrifygavap/
Letter, p. 37 (1904)
q&m0efwpfOD;aoqHk;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;
onfhpmwpfapmifudk uREfkyf&½SdaomtcsdefwGif xdkyk*¾dKvfonf
tpmajymif;rSjzpfrnf[k (xdknrSmyif) uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;
awmfrlcJhygonf/ MuufOtpdrf;udk wpfBudrfvQifwpfvHk; wpfaeY
2 Budrf (odkYr[kwf) 3 Budrfpm;oHk;vQif oltBuD;tus,f
vdktyfaeaomtm[m&rsm;udk&½Sdygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 127 (1904)
þaq;½HkodkYwufa&muftukocHaeaomvlemrsm;tm;
rSefuefaomusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD pDpOfcsufûywfxm;
onfh tm[m&t&omESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;jzifh auR;arG;&rnf/
y½dkwif; 537 538 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
uREfkyfwdkYaexdkiftouf½Sifovdk olwdkYaexdkiftouf½SifzdkY uREfkyfwdkY
rarQmfvifhEdkifacs/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf wnfcif;xm;aomtpmrsm;
onf pm;csifpzG,fjzpfoifhonf/ MuufOudk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
csufûywfauR;arG;Edkifygonf/
tpmrsm;udktpm;xdk;&efysufuGufjcif;
9T, p. 162 (1909)
axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g&EdkifaMumif; uav;i,f
rsm;tm; twdkif;tqr½Sd MuufOauR;jcif;onf rdkufrJ&mus
aMumif; owday;pum;rsm;ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; aocsmpGm
arG;jrLxm;onfhMuufrrsm;rS&aomOrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;onf
vnf; pnf;urf;csKd;azgufjcif;jzpfonf[k roHk;oyfoifhygacs/
MuufOwGif tqdyfajyaponfh"mwfobm0rsm;yg0ifaeygonf/
wcsKdUrSm EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udka½SmifMuOfpOf
tm[m&½Sdaomtjcm;tpmrsm;udk tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef ysufuGuf
aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cE¨mudk,ftiftm;
rsm;qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfudkaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifMuawmh
acs/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; emrnf
ysufMu&ygonf/ cdkifcdkifrmrmwnfaqmufzdkY uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;
vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudk bk&m;ocifcdkif;apxm;onfht&mrsm;ESifh
a&maxG;ypfojzifh toif;awmf\tiftm;rsm;onf csnfheJYvm
ygawmhonf/ odkYaomf txl;jyif;xefaom þoabmw&m;\
tusKd;qufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonfumuG,f&ef 0ifa&muf
[efYwm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf tjypfom;
vltrsKd;tEG,frsm;udk nDnmjzjzjzpfatmif vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/
vlcsrf;omrsm;ESifh vlqif;&Jrsm;udk c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;odkY
twlwuGac:aqmifvm&efjzpfygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY,aeYpm;oHk;aeaom EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufO
rsm;udkjzwf&rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tpGef;a&muf
csKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udk tcsdefra&mufrDusifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrd
udk,fudkpdwf'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfjcif;onf rvdkvm;tyfaom
t&mjzpfonf/ tajctaeuawmif;qdkvmonfhtcsdefxdatmif
apmifhyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtwGufjyifqifay;awmfrl
vdrfhrnf/
tydkif; (3) 'defcJrsm;
2T, p. 68 (1868)
csd(pf)[kac:onfh'defcJrsm;udk tpmtdrfxJodkYvHk;0rxnfh
oifhyg/
MH, p. 302 (1905)
axmywfudk aygifrkefYwGifokwfípm;jcif;onf [if;csuf
&mwGiftoHk;ûyjcif;xuf usef;rma&;txdcdkufoufomygonf/
odkY&mwGif vHk;vHk;rpm;jcif;onf ydkíaumif;ygonf/ 'defcJpm;
jcif;udk uefYuGufrIrsm;ydkírsm;jym;vmNyD; pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmf
onfht&mjzpfonf/
(CTBH, pp. 46-47) CH, p. 114. (1890)
rdciftrsm;pkonf rdom;pktwGuf axmifacsmufjzpfap
rnfhxrif;pm;yGJrsKd;udk jyifqifwwfMu\/ tom;? axmywf
ESifh'defcJrsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh [if;cwftarT;têudifxnfhxm;
aom[if;rsm;udk vlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;pdwfêudufpm;aeMuonf/
y½dkwif; 539 540 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
xdktpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfudk uarmufurjzpfaponf/
tm½HkaMumrsm;udk rwnfrNidrfjzpfaponf/ todOmPfpGrf;tm;udk
tm;enf;aponf/ tqDrsm;aomxdktpmrsm;onf taoG;tom;
rjzpfapEdkif½Hkomru tpmaMu&efvnf;cufvSygonf/ xdk'defcJ
rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh touftEÅ&m,fudkyifxdcdkufapEdkifygonf/
3T, p. 136 (1873)
rsm;aomtm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;udk tom;rsm;? [if;arT;
rqvmrsm;? axmywf'defcJrsm;? 0ufom;rsm;? tqDttdrfhrsm;
aomtpmrsm;udk pm;cGifhûyxm;Muygonf/ pm;cGifhûyxm;onfh
tpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfonfhMum;wGif tcsdefrrSef
êudufonfhtcsdefwGifpm;zdkYvnf; cGifhûyxm;ao;onf/ xdkaMumifh
tpmtdrfa&m*grsm;jzpfjcif;? tm½HkaMumrsm;yHkrSefrvkyfaqmifjcif;
ESifhtodOmPfrsm;tm;enf;jcif;rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifMu&ygonf/ a&m*g
ESifhaojcif;rsKd;aphrsm;udk rdrdwdkYBuJaeonfudk rdbrsm;rod½SdMuacs/
R & H, July 19, 1870.
tDvDEdk;ppfjynfe,f? Edk;&ma'owGif tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;
pwifusif;yaomtcsdefwGif tpm;taomufESifhywfoufí owd
ay;zdkYwm0ef½Sdonf[k uREfkyfcHpm;rdygonf/ rm&D½Gefa'orS
uHraumif;taMumif;rvSaom wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;taMumif;udk
ajymjyum tpnf;ta0;umvtwGif;ü rvdktyfaomtpDtpOf
rsm;ESifh rvdkvm;tyfaompm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk rvkyfaqmif
Mu&ef uREfkyfwm0efay;wm;jrpfcJhygonf/ wcsKdUrSm 'defcJrsm;udk
,lvmum pm;Muygonf/ xdk'defcJrsm;onf vwfqwfaomf
vnf; tpmtdrftwGufraumif;ojzifh vHk;0rpm;oifhMuyg/
Letter, p. 40 (1893)
'defcJrsm;udk tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;usif;yonfhae&mwGif
ra&mif;oifhaMumif;? tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;jyifyrS0,fvmvdku 0,fvm
EdkifaMumif;? tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;wpfckwGifqHk;jzwfcJh&m 'defcJajrmufjrm;
pGmudkjyefvnfa&mif;cs&ef0,fxm;aMumif; tHhtm;oifhzG,f
a'gufwmuJavmh'fawGU½SdcJhygonf/ a'gufwmuJavmh'fESifh
rdwfaqGwcsKdUu xdkudpöudkuefYuGufMuaomfvnf; wm0ef½Sdol
wpfOD;\oabmwlnDcsufjzifh xdk'defcJrsm;udk0,foGm;jcif;jzpf
aMumif;? rdrdwdkY\t&if;tESD;rsm;udk tqHk;½IH;rcHEdkifaMumif;
qdkifwm0efcHu jyefvnf½Sif;jyygonf/ þwGif a'gufwm
uJavmh'fonf xdk'defcJrsm;\wefzdk;aiGudkar;um 'defcJtm;vHk;udk
0,fypfvdkufygonf/ olonf 'defcJESifhywfoufí usKd;aMumif;
qufpyfrIudkajc&mcHavhvmNyD;jzpf&m tcsKdUtpmrsm;onf tay:,H
tm;jzifh tm[m&½Sdra,mifxif&aomfvnf; usef;rma&;udk
tvGefxdcdkufEdkifaMumif;udk olodxm;ygonf/
Letter, p. 1 (1875)
'defcJESifhywfoufíajym&rnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf 'defcJ
udkr0,fjzpfcJhonfhESpfaygif;? rpm;cJhonfhESpfaygif;MumNyDjzpfaMumif;
taotcsmajymqdk&Jygonf/ 0,fzdkYaeaeomom tpmpm&if;
xJudkyif 'defcJudkwpfcgrQrxnfhcJhzl;ygacs/
ÀÀÀ
541 542 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcef;BuD; (23)
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;)
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 120, 121 (1864)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;pm;oifhaMumif;
&nfpl;xm;onfhtpmudk uREfkyfwdkY\rdOD;zOD;wdkYtm; auR;cJhyg
onf/ tjcm;a0ae,sowå0grsm;\toufudkowfjcif;onf
xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHawmfESifhqefYusifygonf/ {'ifO,smOf
xJwGif aoqHk;jcif;r½Sd&efrSm udk,fawmf\tvdkawmfjzpfygonf/
O,smOftwGif;½Sdopfyifrsm;rS&onfhtoD;rsm;onf vlom;rsm;\
vdktyfcsufudkjynfhpHkaprnfhtpmrsm;jzpfonf/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;
NyD;qHk;aomtcsdefü vlom;rsm;pm;oHk;touf½Sifaprnfh t&m
cyfodrf;wdkYonf ysufpD;ukefojzifh aem{tm; ¤if;,laqmifcJhonfh
oefY½Sif;aomwd&pämefrsm;udkpm;cGifhûyawmfrlcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif
wd&pämeftom;onf vltwGuf taumif;qHk;tpmr[kwfyg/
a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;umvrwdkifrD touf½SifaexdkifcJhaom
vlom;rsm;onf wd&pämeftom;udkpm;um raumif;rIcGufzvm;
jynfhonftxd avmuaysmfarGUjcif;udkvdkufpm;cJhMuygonf/ odkYjzifh
bk&m;ocifonf pm&dwånpfnrf;rIjzifhzHk;vTrf;aeaomurÇmBuD;udk
a&jzifhaq;aMumcJhygonf/ þodkYjzifh urÇmBuD;ay:odkY aMumufp&m
aumif;onfhwwd,ajrmufusdefjcif;tr*FvmBuD;usa&mufcJhyg
onf/ tm'HwdkY\em;raxmifrIaMumifh om;pOfajr;qufrsm;ESifh
urÇmajrBuD;tay:odkY yxrajrmufusdefjcif;tr*Fvmusa&muf
cJhygonf/ xdkaemuf nDi,ftmaAvudk um£eowfaom
tcsdefwGif ajrBuD;udk 'kwd,tBudrfusdefjcif;tr*Fvmay;cJhyg
onf/ wwd,ESifh aMumufp&mtaumif;qHk;usdefjcif;tr*FvmrSm
aem{vufxufwGif &ifqdkifcJh&aoma&vTrf;rdk;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/
a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;umvaemufydkif;wGif vlwdkYonf wd&pämef
tom;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,fpm;vmMuygonf/ vlwdkYonf
azgufjyefysufpD;um rdrdudk,fudk zefqif;½SiftxufwGif 0g<um;
pGmjzifhajr§mufpm;vsuf pdwfESvHk;\tvdkudkvdkufMuvdrfhrnfjzpf
aMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifjrifawmfrl\/ xdkaMumifh raumif;rI
ESifhjynfh0aeaom vlwdkY\oufwrf;udkwdkoGm;ap&ef wd&pämef
tom;rsm;udk pm;cGifhûyawmfrlcJhygonf/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;umv
ausmfvGefNyD; rMumrDrSmyif vlom;wdkY\cE¨mudk,ft½G,ftpm;
onf i,foGm;½Hkomru oufwrf;vnf; tvsiftjrefwdkoGm;
ygawmhonf/
H to L, ch. 1, p. 52 (1865)
a½S;acwfurÇmolurÇmom;rsm;onf tpm;MuL;?
taomufMuL;olrsm;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\cGifhûycsufr&bJ
wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk olwdkYpm;cJhMuonf/ olwdkYonf vGefuJ
pGmpm;cJhaomufcJhMu&m ¤if;wdkY\tusifhysufaeaomcHwGif;
awmifhwrIonf txdef;tuGyfrJhaeygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf
pufqkyf½GH½SmzG,faom½kyfwkrsm;ü rdrdudk,fudktyfESHcJhMu&m bk&m;
ocifu Mum½Snfonf;rcHEdkifawmhonfhtajctaetxd Murf;wrf;?
&ufpuf? pm&dwåysufjym;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\raumif;rIcGufzvm;
544 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 543
onf jynfhvQHvsuf½Sd&m tjypfraumif;rIESifh npfnrf;vsuf
½SdaomurÇmBuD;udk a&jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocifaq;aMumypfcJhyg
onf/ a&vTrf;rdk;NyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif urÇmay:ü vlwdkYonf
rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtrQ bk&m;ocifudkarhavsmhum udk,fawmf½Sif
a½SUarSmufü raumif;rIvrf;udkavQmufcJhMuonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;
uif;rJhrIonf yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh tBuD;tus,fwdk;yGm;cJhygonf/
MH, pp. 311-312 (1905)
tptOD;wGif vlom;rsm;pm;&efowfrSwfcJhonfhtpm
rsm;wGif wd&pämeftom;rsm;ryg0ifcJhacs/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;umvü
urÇmajray:½Sd opfyifrSeforQysufpD;oGm;cJhonfhtcsdefwGif vlom;
rsm;tom;pm;cGifh&cJhygonf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;twGuf rnfonfh
tpmonf taumif;qHk;jzpfaMumif;udk {'ifO,smOfwGif vltwGuf
tpmowfrSwfay;&mü azmfjyxm;awmfrlygonf/ udk,fawmf½Sif
onf £oa&vrsm;twGuf tpma½G;ay;&mwGifvnf;
xdkoifcef;pmudkyif oifMum;ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ £oa&vrsm;tm;
rdrdydkifvlwpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm tJ*kwåKjynfrSxkwfaqmif
vmum avhusifhynmay;awmfrlcJhonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
xdkvlrsKd;rsm;rSwpfqifh urÇmBuD;tm; oGefoifaumif;csD;ay;vdk
awmfrlygonf/ tMuHtpnfawmfESifhudkufnDap&ef ¤if;wdkYpm;&ef
taumif;qHk;tpmtjzpf tom;udkray;bJ rEérkefYwnf;[laom
]aumif;uifrkefY} udkcsay;awmfrlcJhonf/ tJ*kwåKjynfwGifpm;cJh&
aomtom;[if;rsm;udk wrf;wum rEérkefYpm;&onfudk a&mifh&JrI
r½SdbJ nnf;wGm;aomaMumifhom wd&pämeftom;udk wpfcPwm
auR;awmfrlcJh&m xdktom;aMumifh axmifESifhcsDaomvlwdkYonf
a&m*gb,rsm;&½Sdum aoaMucJhMuygonf/ odkYwdkifatmif
xdkolrsm;onf tom;rpm;zdkY uefYowfrIudk pdwfa&mudk,fyg
vufrcHcJhbJ xdktcsufonf pdwfrauseyfjcif;? nnf;wGm;jcif;
rsm;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaeygawmhonf/
cgemefjynfwGif £oa&vrsm;tajccsaexdkifaomtcg
tom;pm;cGifh&cJhMuaomfvnf; raumif;rItusKd;qufrsm;avsmhyg;
ap&ef&nf½G,fvsuf xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uefYowfrIrsm;udk
*½kwpdkufûyvkyfawmfrlcJhygonf/ 0ufom;ESifhwuG roefY½Sif;[k
owfrSwfjcif;cH&onfh wd&pämefrsm;\tom;udkrpm;&ef wm;jrpf
awmfrlcJhonf/ tom;udkpm;cGifhûy&mwGifvnf; xdkwd&pämef\
tqDESifhtaoG;rsm;udkrpm;Mu&ef wif;usyfpGmwm;jrpfawmfrlyg
onf/
wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk pm;cGifhûycJhonfrSmrSefaomfvnf;
tajctaeaumif;aomwd&pämefrsm;udkom pm;cGifh½SdMuygonf/
temtqm½Sdaomwd&pämefrsm;? tvdkvdkaoaeaomwd&pämefrsm;?
taoG;roGef;xm;onfhwd&pämefrsm;\tom;udk rpm;Mu&yg/
tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí xm0&bk&m;ocifowfrSwf
ay;xm;aomtpDtpOfrsm;twdkif; rvdkufemcJhonfh£oa&v
rsm;onf tBuD;tus,fqHk;½IH;cJhMu&ygonf/ olwdkYonf tom;
udkyifpm;vdkaeMu&m tom;pm;jcif;\tusKd;qufrsm;udk olwdkY
cHpm;cJ h&ygonf/ xdk£oa&vrsm;onf ¤if;wdk YtwGuf
546 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 545
bk&m;ocifowfrSwfxm;onfhpHudkrrDMubJ tMuHtpnfawmf
udkvnf; rjznfhqnf;EdkifcJhMuacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
]olwdkYawmif;aomqkudkay;awmfrl\/ odkYaomfvnf; olwdkYü
ydefêuHjcif;udkoGif;awmfrl\/} xdkolwdkYonf avmut&mrsm;udk
0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;xuf wefzd k;xm;Mu&m olwdk YtwGuf
udk,fawmfvsmxm;awmfrlonfh rGefjrwfvSaomaumif;jrwfjcif;udk
olwdkYr0ifpm;EdkifMuawmhacs/
MS, p. 38 (1898)
ynwfawmfrsm;udkapmifhxdef;cJhvQif aumif;csD;r*Fvm
toD;oD;udk &½SdcHpm;&vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; £oa&vrsm;tm;
½Sif;vif;pGmxm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif
usef;rmjcif;onf em;axmifvdkufavQmufrI½Sdjcif;\ tusKd;&v'f
jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; arma½SrSwpfqifh awmxJwGifrdefYawmfrlxm;
NyD;jzpfonf/ pdwf\taetxm;onf udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;ESifh
vnf;aumif;? txl;ojzifh tpmajcay;onfhudk,ft*Fgtpdwf
tydkif;rsm;\usef;rma&;ESifhvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmqufET,faeyg
onf/ tom;pm;jcif;onf a&m*gb,rsm;udkjzpfay:ap½Hkomru
tmcHwwfaomoabmxm;rsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apEdkifonfudk
odxm;awmfrlonfESifhtnD xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm;
awmxJwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh tom;udkrauR;cJhyg/ yifudk,f
taetxm;rsm;udkajymif;vJypfum pdwfwefcdk;rsm;ydkrdkxufjruf
vmap&eftvdkYiSm udk,fawmfonf wd&pämeftaoaumifrS
tom;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYxHrSz,f½Sm;cJhawmfrlonf/ xdkaemuf
aumif;uifwrefrsm;pm;onfh rEérkefYudk aumif;uifrScsay;awmfrl
cJhonf/
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 15-18 (1864)
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xd ka[NAJvltkyf BuD;tm;
aumif;uifrSusaponfhrEérkefYjzifhauR;arG;cJhygaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY
onf auseyfrIr½SdcJhMuyg/ tEIdif;rJhOmPfawmftm;jzifh wwfEdkif
orQrauR;bJxm;onfhtom;[if;rsm;udkom olwdkYawmifhw
aeMuygonf/ a&m*gb,ESifh tedXm½Hkrsm;udkzefwD;ay;aeonfh
pmwefonf atmifyGJqif&ef tcGifhtvrf;omaom bk&m;ocif\
vlwdkYxHodkY csOf;uyfvmygonf/ aumif;raumif;oduRrf;&m
tyifrS toD;udkpm;zdkY {0tm;vrf;jyum avhvmprf;oyfrI
atmifjrifpGmvkyfaqmifNyD;onfhtcsdefrSpí vlom;rsm;\cHwGif;
awmifhwrItay: olxdef;csKyfcJhygonf/ olonf ,HkMunfol
tJ*kwåKvlrsm;yg0ifonfh vltkyfxHodkY csOf;uyfpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufum
nnf;wGm;jrnfwrf;atmif EId;qGay;vdkufygonf/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
bk&m;ocifjyifqifay;xm;onfh pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;ESifh
ra&mifh&JMubJ tom;[if;rsm;udkpm;zdkY tmomqE´jyif;jyaeMu
ygonf/
xdknnf;wGm;jrnfwrf;onfhvkyf&yfrsm;onf rMumrDrSmyif
vlxkBuD;wpfckvHk;udkul;pufoGm;ygonf/ a½S;OD;yxrwGif xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf xdkolwdk Y\npfnrf;aomcHwGif;tvdkudk
jznfhawmfrrlbJ trsufawmfxGufum tqdk;½Gm;qHk;yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm;
rdk;êud;rsm;jzifhqHk;rawmfrlonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkodkYaomvkyf&yfaMumifh
DF- 35
548 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 547
¤if;wdkYonf tavsmhray;Muonfhtjyif ydkíyifjrnfwrf;tjypf
wifvmMuygonf/ wJrsm;xJxGufay:vmonfhidkoHrsm;ESifh pcef;
wpfckvHk;wGifMum;ae&aomjrnfwrf;oHrsm;aMumifh arma½Sonf
pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfum rdrd&ifqdkifae&onfhcufcJrIrsm;ESifh
£oa&vrsm;\tnHhrcHvdkaom pdwf"mwfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
£oa&vrsm;twGufvkyfaqmifay;&ef rdrdtm; xm0&bk&m;
ocifay;tyfxm;onfh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; rdrd
&if0,fom;rsm;udkûypkapmifha½Smufaeonfh zcifBuD;wpfOD;ES,f
xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGif arma½Swifjyygonf/
xdktcg xm0&bk&m;ocifu toufBuD;olrsm;[k
arma½Sodxm;onfh vl (70) a,mufudk a½SUawmfwGifpka0;zdkY
ac:&ef arma½Stm; ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
touft½G,f&aomolrsm;jzpfonfomru odu©m½Sdolrsm;?
qHk;jzwfcsufaumif;olrsm;? w&m;olBuD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif½Guf
Edkifonfht&nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ]]xm0&
bk&m;ocifuvnf; oifuRrf;usifaom£oa&vtrsKd;om;
toufBuD;olckepfusdyfwdkYudk igha½SUrSmpka0;apNyD;vQif y&dowf
pnf;a0;&mwJawmfodkYac:cJhí oifESifhtwl&yfaeMuapavmh/
igonfvnf; xdkt&yfodkYqif;oufí oifESifhEIwfqufrnf/
oifhtay:rSmudef;0yfaom0dnmOftcsKdUudkig,lí olwdkYtay:rSm
wifrnf/ þvlwdkYudk oifwpfa,mufwnf;omaqmif½Guf&rnf
r[kwf/ xdktoufBuD;olwdkYonf 0dkif;0ef;í aqmif½Guf&Murnf/
oifonfvnf; vlrsm;wdkYtm;qifhqdk&rnfrSm eufjzefaeY
tzdkY udk,fudkudk,foefY½Sif;apMuavmh/ trJom;udkpm;&Murnf/
oifwdkYu tb,folonf igwdkYtm; trJom;udkay;vdrfhrnf
enf;/ tJ*kwåKjynfüaepOf igwdkYonf csrf;ompGmaeMu\[k
idka<u;vsuf ajymqdkoHudk xm0&bk&m;ocifMum;aomaMumifh
trJom;udkay;awmfrlojzifh oifwdkYonfpm;&Murnf/ wpf&uf?
ESpf&uf? ig;&uf? q,f&uf? t&ufESpfq,fompm;&Murnf
r[kwf/ oifwdkYESmacgif;xJu trJom;xGufí ½GHp&mjzpfonf
wdkifatmif wpfvywfvHk;pm;&Murnf/ taMumif;rlum;
oifwdkYwGif½Sdawmfrlaomxm0&bk&m;ocifudk oifwdkYonf
rxDrJhjrifûyvsuf igwdkYonf tJ*kwåKjynfrS tb,faMumifh
xGufvm&oenf;[k a½SUawmfüidka<u;vsuf ajymqdkMuNyDwum;[k
arma½Stm;rdefYawmfrl\/}}
arma½Suvnf; tuREfkyfESifhqdkifaom vla,musfm;aygif;
ajcmufodef;½SdMuonfjzpfí udk,fawmfu wpfvpm;p&mzdkY
olwdkYtm; trJom;udkigay;rnf[k rdefYawmfrlygonfwum;/
olwdkYudk 0pGmauR;jcif;iSm odk;? qdwf? EGm;pkwdkYudkowf&ygrnf
avm? (odkYr[kwf) 0pGmauR;jcif;iSm yifv,fig;½SdorQwdkYudk
pka0;&ygrnfavm[kavQmufvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifu xm0&
bk&m;ocifvufwdkoavm? ighpum;wnfrnfrwnfrnfudk
oifodvdrfhrnf[k arma½Stm; rdefYawmfrl\/}}
]]xdktcg xm0&bk&m;ocifonf avudkapvTwfí
iHk;rsm;udk yifv,frSaqmifcJhojzifh wyfywfvnfwpf&ufc&D;pD
wdkifwdkif uGmaomt&yfwdkYü ajray:rSm xkESpfawmifcefYrSqif;ap
awmfrl\/ vlrsm;wdkYonf wpfaeYvHk;? wpfnvHk;? eufjzefvnf;
550 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 549
wpfaeYvHk;xí iHk;rsm;udkpkodrf;Mu\/ enf;enf;odrf;aom
olonf q,fa[mrJudkodrf;&\/ wyfywfvnft&yf&yfü
jzefYxm;Mu\/}}
]]odkY&mwGif iHk;om;udkudkufí r0g;rD xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf olwdkYudktrsufawmfxGufí tvGefjyif;aomab;ESifh
'Pfcwfawmfrl\/}}
þtjzpftysufwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkY
tm; ¤if;wdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk;r[kwfaomtpmudk ay;awmfrl
cJhygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkolrsm;onf xdkt&mudkpm;vdkcJhMu
onf/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtwGuf aumif;aomtpmrsm;udkvufcH&ef
0efrcHcJhMuacs/ rdrdwdkYtm; 'ku©ay;rnfhtpmudk rpm;&ojzifh
xm0&bk&m;ocifudkvnf;aumif;? arma½Sudkvnf;aumif;
tjypfwifjrnfwrf;cJhMuonf/ azgufjyefaeonfh cHwGif;awmifhw
rI\xdef;csKyfrIatmufa&mufaeMuojzifh ¤if;wdkYpm;vdkaomtom;
udk xm0&bk&m;ocifauR;awmfrlum xdkraumif;aomtpm
rsm;\tusKd;qufudk ¤if;wdkYtm; cHpm;apawmfrlcJ honf/
tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocifauR;vdkonfhtpmudkpm;zdkY
oabmwlvufcHum xdktpmrsm;udk tEÅ&m,fuif;pGm tvQHy,f
pm;&jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wif? auseyfcJhMurnfqdkvQif bk&m;
ocif\rsufESmomay;jcif;udk qHk;½IH;vdrfhrnfr[kwfonfhjyif
jypfwifjrnfwrf;rIrsm;aMumifh uGyfrsufjcif;tm;jzifh jypf'PfpD&if
jcif;udkvnf; cHMu&vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
CTBH, pp. 118, 119 (1890)
cgemefjynfwGif oefY½Sif;aysmf½Tifusef;rmaomvlrsKd;tjzpf
twnfwusaexdkifEdkifatmif pDpOfay;&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh
£oa&vrsm;tm; tJ*kwåKjynfrS xm0&bk&m;ocifxkwfaqmif
awmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þt&mudk rnfuJhodkYNyD;ajrmufapawmfrl
cJhonfudk uREfkyfwdkYMunfhMuygpdkY/ udk,fawmfonf £oa&v
rsm;tm; pnf;urf;wusaexdkiftouf½SifapawmfrlcJhonf/
xdkpnf;urf;udk olwdkYESpfûcdufpGmvdkufavQmufcJhMuvQif olwdkY
udk,fwdkifomru olwdkY\om;ajr;rsm;ygaumif;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/
tom;[if;vsmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYxHrStBuD;tus,fz,f½Sm;awmfrlcJh
ygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\awmif;qdkcsuft& odemawmifra&mufrD
uav;wGif tom;udkauR;cJhzl;aomfvnf; xdkumvonfvnf;
wpf&ufomjzpfygonf/ rEérkefYudkauR;ovdk tom;[if;rsm;
udkvnf; auR;vdkygu auR;Edkifawmfrlaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
aumif;zdkY tom;pm;jcif;udkwm;jrpfawmfrlcJhygonf/ tJ*kwåKjynf
wGifaepOfu pm;aeusjzpfaom xdktom;[if;rsm;xuf ydkí
aumif;aomtpmjzifh auR;arG;ûypkvdkonfrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif
\tvdkawmfyifjzpfonf/ xdkolwdkYonf {'ifO,smOftwGif;
aexdkifonfh tm'HESifh{0tm; bk&m;ocifay;cJhaom ajrtoD;
tESHrsm;jzpfonfh rlvtpm;tpmudkESpfûcdufvm&ef ¤if;wdkY\
azgufjyefaeonfhcHwGif;udk jyefwnfhay;zdkYvdkaeygonf/
xdk£oa&vrsm;onf udk,fawmf\wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk
vdkufemum cHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udkrvdkufavsm&ef qE´½SdcJhMu
552 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 551
rnfqdkvQif tema&m*grsm;uif;a0;cJhMuygvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkY\
om;ajr;rsm;vnf; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rmcsrf;omolrsm;jzpfMu
ayvdrfhrnf/ trSefw&m;udkvnf;aumif;? aqmif½Guf&rnfh
0wå&m;rsm;udkvnf; wdus½Sif;vif;pGmodjrif½Hkomru trSm;
trSefudk xufxufjrufjrufcGJjcm;em;vnfum rSefuefaom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkcsEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkYonf
xm0&bk&m;ocif\rdefYrSmcsufrsm;udkvdkufem&ef qE´r½Sdacs/
ay;awmfrlonfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;Edkif&ef ¤if;wdkYtwGuf
owfrSwfxm;aomtoufwmpHrsm;udk rDatmifaexdkiftouf½Sif&ef
ysufuGufcJhMuonf/ olwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\wm;jrpfcsufrsm;
tay: jypfwifjrnfwrf;um tJ*kwåKjynfrSmpm;cJh&aom[if;rsm;
udk owd&wrf;waeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf ¤if;wdkYtm;trJom;rsm;udkpm;apawmfrlcJhaomfvnf; xdktom;
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuf tr*Fvmjzpfonfudkrl xif½Sm;ap
awmfrlcJhonf/
aum&defokMo0g'pmyxrapmif 10;6?11
]xdkolwdkYonf raumif;aomt&mwdkYudkwyfrufouJhodkY
igwdkYonfrwyfrufapjcif;iSm xdktaMumif;t&mwdkYudk igwdkYtzdkY
yH koufaojzpfMu\/---xdktaMumif;t&m½S dorQwdk Yonf
yHkoufaojzpftHhaomiSm xdkolwdkYüa&mufMu\/ uyfumv
tqHk;wGifjzpfaomigwdkYudk qHk;rp&mzdkY usrf;pmüa&;xm;vsuf
½Sdownf;/}
3T, pp. 171,172 (1873)
a,bk,stm;jzifh bufw,f(vf)c&dü½Sdaomtoif;awmf
onf ¤if;wdkY\tzGJUtpnf;udk rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkoufao
tm;jzifh xdef;odrf;rIr½SdMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf usef;rma&;qdkif&m
tvif;w&m;rsm;udk rdom;pkwGif;usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh *kPfrûy
cJhMuacs/ tu,fíom bk&m;ocifay;tvif;w&m;rsm;twdkif;
aexdkiftouf½SifcJhMuvQif b,fw,f(vf)c&d½Sd rdom;pktrsm;ü
usa&mufaeaoma&m*gb,rsm;udk awGUjrifMu&vdrfhrnfr[kwf
acs/ xdkolrsm;onf tvif;w&m;rsm;udk *½krxm;cJhMu½Hkomru
cHwGif;ESifhywfoufonfhwm;jrpfcsufrsm;\ta&;ygyHkrsm;udkvnf;
rawGUjrifEdkifcJhMuacs/ ]tom;rpm;&&if ao&awmhrSmyJ?} ,ckacwf
vlom;rsm;ajymouJhodkYajymum tom;[if;rsm;udk £oa&v
rsm;awmif;ípm;cJhMu&m xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkY\qEudk
jznfhqnf;cJhaomfvnf; xdktpmESifhtwl tr*Fvmrsm;yg½SdaecJh
ygonf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom£oa&vrsm;onf xdktrJom;
rsm;udkpm;aepOfrSmyif aoaMuysufpD;ukefMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü
a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;\yHkoufaorsm;½SdaeNyD; ¤if;wdkYvkyfovdk
rvkyfMuzdkY xdkyHkoufaorsm;u uREfkyfwdkYudkowday;aeygonf/
bk&m;ocif\cdkif;apcsufrsm;udk tjypfwifjrnfwrf;aom ¤if;wdkY\
yHkoufaoudkrvdkufavQmufrdap&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;wdkY\r,HkMunfrI
ESifh ykefuefrIrsm;taMumif;udk txl;owday;csufwpfcktjzpf
&mZ0ifwGifrSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf
udk,fydkifvrf;pOfrsm;udk a½G;cs,fvsuf udk,ftêudufudkvdkufum
554 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 553
xm0&bk&m;ocifESifh ydkíykdía0;aomtajctaeodkY OD;wnf
xGufcGmvsuf xdka[NAJrsm;vkyfaqmifouJhodkY tb,fodkYvkyfaqmif
Edkifygrnfenf;/ rmausmaompdwfESvHk;ESifh r,HkMunfaom
raumif;rIpdwfrsm;aMumifh rdrdvlwdkYtwGuf BuD;us,faomt&m
rsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifvkyfay;Edkifawmfrrlygacs/
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlrsufESmaxmufwwfonf
r[kwf/ odkY&mwGif udk,fawmftm; aMumuf½GHU½d kaoum
ajzmifhrwfpGmusifhMuHolrsm;udk vufcHawmfrl\/ jypfwifjrnfwrf;
vsuf? r,HkMunfvsuf? x<uykefuefvsuf½S dolrsm;rSmrl
udk,fawmf\rsufESmomay;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? trSefw&m;udk
cspfjrwfEdk;um vdkufvHusifhMuHolrsm;twGufxm;aomuwdawmf
udkvnf;aumif; &½SdcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ tvif;awmfudk
&½Sdxm;aomfvnf; xdktvif;awmftwdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif
jcif;r½Sdonfhjyif xm0&bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk yrmP
rûyolrsm;rSm cHpm;ae&aomaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;onf usdefjcif;
tr*Fvmrsm;tjzpfodkYvnf;aumif;? u½kPmawmfonf jypf'Pf
pD&ifjcif;tjzpfodkYvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJoGm;rnfudkawGUMu&
vdrfhrnf/ udk,fhaowGif;udkudk,f½SmcJhMuaom a½G;cs,fjcif;cH&
onfh xl;jcm;aomvlrsKd; a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;\&mZ0ifudk
uREfkyfwdkYzwfaepOfwGif ESdrfhcsjcif;ESifhem;axmifjcif;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY
avhusufMuzdkY xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/
6T, p. 372 (1900)
uREfkyfwdkYonf avmuaemufvdkufaeolrsm;jzpfaeovm;/
(odkYr[kwf) trSefw&m;udktoHk;ûyum avmurSz,fxkwfxm;
jcif;cH&onfhvlpkwGif yg0ifaeolrsm;jzpfaeovm;qdkonfhtcsufudk
uREfkyfwdkY\pm;usifh? aomufusifhrsm;u xif½Sm;apygonf/
þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf aumif;aomtusifhrsm;udk pdwftm;wBuD;
aqmif½Gufwwfaom xl;jcm;onfhvlrsKd;jzpfygonf/ þtaMumif;
udk or®musrf;pmxJwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifzGifhqdkxm;awmfrl
onf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;taMumif;udk 'Ha,v
ESifhtaz:oHk;OD;wdkY\tjzpftysufudk tajcûya[mMum;Edkifygonf/
£oa&vrsm;\aumif;pm;a&;udka½S;½Ivsuf tom;rsm;udk
rauR;cJhaMumif;udk &mZ0ifwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifzGifhqdkxm;yg
onf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; aumif;uifwrefrsm;pm;onfh rEérkefYjzifh
auR;arG;awmfrlcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkolrsm;onf ajrBuD;ESifh
qdkifaomcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkomtom;ay;um tJ*kwåKjynfwGif
pm;cJh&aom[if;rsm;udk ydkíA[dkûyvmonfESifhtrQ udk,fpdwf
ESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udk qufvufusef;rm½Tifvef;Edkifap&ef xm0&
bk&m;ocifauR;awmfrlonfhtpmrsm;udk ydkírkef;vmMuygonf/
olwdkYonf tom;[if;rsm;udkomawmifhwaeMu&m ¤if;wdkY\
oabmxm;rsm;onf ,ckacwfvlrsm;pGmwdkY\oabmxm;ESifh
wlaeygonf/
(CTBH, p. 119) CH, p. 450. (1890)
obm0ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udkpm;oHk;í touf½Sifaexdkif
jcif;wnf;[laom udk,fawmf\rlvtMuHtpnfawmftwdkif;
pm;oHk;Mu&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm; wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh xm0&bk&m;ocif
êud;pm;ydkYaqmifaeonfudk uREfkyftm;rMumcPpdwftm½HkwGifazmfjy
aeygonf/
556 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 555
MS, p. 115 (1903)
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;
onf uREfkyfwdkY\tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfoifhygonf/ tom;wpfwHk;
udkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrpm;oifhyg/ tom;pm;jcif;onf obm0ESifh
qefYusifaeygonf/ vlom;rsm;udkzefqif;pOfu xm;awmfrl
onfhrlvtMuHtpnfESifhtnD uREfkyfwdkYjyefvnftouf½Sifaexdkif
Mu&ygrnf/
MH, p. 317 (1905)
tom;rsm;udkrpm;oifhawmhonfhtcsdefodkYa&muf½SdaeNyD
r[kwfygvm;/ aumif;uifom;rsm;ESifh taqGcifyGef;jzpfEdkifap&ef
twGuf rdrdudk,fudkoefY½Sif;jzLpifzdkY êud;pm;aeolrsm;onf
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;udk xdcdkufysufpD;apEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udk
qufvufpm;oHk;aeMuOD;rnfvm;/ rdrdwdkYtaysmfpm;oHk;zdkY tom;
udk&½Sd&ef bk&m;ocifzefqif;xm;onfh owå0grsm;\toufudk
owfaeMuOD;rnfvm;/ xdkodkYrvkyfaqmifMuawmhbJ tptOD;u
bk&m;ocifauR;cJhonfh tm[m&½SdNyD; t&omESifhjynfhpHkaom
tpmrsm;udk jyefvnfpm;oHk;um rdrdûyorQEk&rnfh oem;p&mh
owå0guav;rsm;tay: u½kPmxm;MuygpdkY/ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;
rsm;tm;vnf; u½kPmxm;wwfatmif oifMum;ay;MuygpdkY/
CTBH, p. 119 (1890)
c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk ajrmfvifhaeolrsm;
txJwGif tom;pm;jcif;tusifh"avhrsm;onf tqHk;wGif
uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnf/ tom;[if;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\tpm
pm&if;xJwGif yg0ifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ þtcsufudk uREfkyfwdkY
tNrJwrf;axmuf½Ium tqHk;wdkifjznf;jznf;csif;êud;pm;vkyfaqmif
oGm;Mu&ygrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;tusifhonf uREfkyfwdkYtm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfhtvif;w&m;ESifhqDavsmfrI½Sdonf[k
uREfkyfrxifyg/ txl;ojzifh aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;ESifhqufpyf
aeolrsm;onf opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;udkompm;oHk;touf½Sifwwfatmif udk,fhudkudk,f
ynmay;oifhMuygonf/ tu,fíom þt&mrsm;wGif ay;xm;
awmfrlonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; vdkufavQmufrnfqdkvQifaomf
vnf;aumif;? c&pf,mefûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;yDyD rdrdwdkY\
cHwGif;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif uREfkyfwdkYavhusifhay;MurnfqdkvQif
aomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifESpfoufawmfrlonfh þudpöESifh
ywfoufí olwpfyg;tay:wGif uREfkyfwdkYMoZm½SdvmMuygvdrfh
rnf/
(CTBH, p. 48) CH, p. 116. (1890)
rdrdwdkY\cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufavsmay;jcif;onf vlom;
rsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtqHk;pGeftvkyfjzpfonfr[kwfyg/ cE¨mudk,f
\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; vludk
¤if;\cHwGif;awmifhwrIu xdef;csKyfrxm;oifhygacs/ aumif;uif
om;todkuft0ef;ESifh rdwfo[m,zGJUEdkif&ef rdrdudk,fudk oefY½Sif;
jzLpifatmif êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif
zefqif;xm;onfhowå0grsm;\toufudk owfaeMuOD;rSmvm;/
¤if;wdkY\tom;udk taysmfoabmrsKd;jzifh pm;aeMuOD;rSmvm;/
þvkyf&yfrsm;udk ajymif;vJum bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;
558 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 557
taejzifh t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk usifhoHk;MuzdkY
pdwftm½HkwGif uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifazmfjyawmfrlygonf/
9T, pp. 153-154 (1909)
tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufaomqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh vufzuf
&nf? aumfzDESifh tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmrsm;\tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh
ywfoufonfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;onfvnf;
aumif;? tepfemcHjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifhy#dnmOfûy&ef
qHk;jzwfxm;olrsm;onfvnf;aumif; usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf
aponf[k od½Sdxm;aomtpmrsm;udk pm;Muawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
roefY½Sif;aomtpmrsm;udkrpm;bJ raumif;aomtpmrsm;udk
pm;vdkaomfvnf; rpm;bJaeMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdk
aeygonf/ þt&monf pHkvifaomolrsm;tjzpf xm0&bk&m;
ocif\a½SUawmfwGifr&yfrD NyD;pD;atmifvkyfaqmifxm;&rnfht&m
wpfckjzpfonf/
MS, p. 71 (1908)
tom;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifhwuG usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufaponfhtpm;taomufrsm;udkrpm;bJ a½SmifMuOfMu&ef
usef<uif;aomtoif;awmftm; ¤if;wdkY\tusKd;tvdkYiSm xm0&
bk&m;ociftMuHay;awmfrlvsuf½Sdonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfh0½Hk
omru t&omvnf;aumif;rGefonfh uREfkyfwdkYpm;p&mtpm;
tpmrsm; þurÇmBuD;wGif tvQHy,fayg<u,f0vsuf½Sdonf/
(R & H, May 27, 1902) CH, pp. 575-576.
c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk ajrmfvifhaeolrsm;
xJwGif tBuD;tus,fajymif;vJrIrsm;½Sdoifhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf uREfkyfwdkYtxJwGif ,ckwdkif
NyD;ajrmufatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;r½Sdao;onfh tvkyfwpfckjzpf
aomfvnf; NyD;ajrmufatmifvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mwpfckjzpfonf/
tom;pm;jcif;\tEÅ&m,frsm;taMumif;udk today;oifholrsm;?
udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udk tEÅ&m,fûyEdkifonfhtom;rsm;udk
,ckwdkifpm;aeMuolrsm; uREfkyfwdkYtxJwGif½Sdaeygao;onf/
tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí wpf0ufwpfysufomajymif;vJjcif;
½Sdolrsm;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\vlwdkYESifhtwl qufvuftouf
r½SifMuawmhbJ a½Smifz,foGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
cE¨mudk,fESif h0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;? [efcsufnDnD
vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf uREfkyfwdkYonf vkyfaqmifrItpkpkwGif
xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlaomynwfrsm;udk em;axmif
vdkufavQmufMu&rnf/ vlwdkYonf bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmf
onfhyHkpHrsKd;½Sdaumif;½Sdrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk a[maumif;
a[mMuvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; oefY½Sif;pifMu,frIESifh uif;rJh
aumif;uif;rJhaeMuygrnf/ ,HkMunfjcif;tm;enf;olrsm;vrf;rSm;
a&mufoGm;rnfpdk;&ojzifh w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf tpm;
taomufwGif wif;usyfpGmûcd;jcHcsKyfwnf;Mu&ygrnf/ ta&;yg
aombk&m;ocifay;w&m;awmfrsm;udk[pfa<u;aepOf rSm;,Gif;
aompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;tm;jzifh trSefw&m;udk xdkolrsm;
wdkufvSefaeMuvQif ¤if;wdkYo,faqmifvmonfhowif;pum;
rsm;xJrS tiftm;rsm;tm;vHk;udk xdktusihfqdk;rsm;u &,loGm;
Muvdrfhrnf/
560 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 559
tom;pm;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufaeolrsm;onf
a0'emESifhaojcif;aumufvIdif;rsm;udk&dwfodrf;&ef rsKd;aphBuJae
Mujcif;jzpfonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;rd
jcif;onf touf0dnmOfudkppfcif;rnfh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjzpf
apvsuf ydkíedrfhusodrfzsif;aompdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udkjzpfyGm;
vmaponf/ wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;onf edrfhusaom
wd&pämefpdwfoabmrsm;udk zGHUûzd;apum 0dnmOfa&;udktm;enf;
oGm;apojzifh trSefw&m;udkem;vnfEdkifonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk
avsmhyg;apygonf/
uRE f ky fw d k Yonf avmuaysm far G U jci f ;c Hpm;r Iud k
ra½SmifMuOfMuvQif udk,fcE¨mobm0onf 0dnmOfobm0ESifh
xdyfwdkufqefYusifbufjzpfvdrhfrnf[k bk&m;ocif\EIwfawmf
xGufpum;u yGifhvif;pGm uREfkyfwdkYtm;owday;xm;ygonf/
tmomirf;irf;pm;jcif;onf usef;rmjcif;ESifhNidrfoufjcif;rsm;udk
xdcdkufapygonf/ þodkYjzifh vlom;rsm;\jrifhjrwfaom
Mueftifvu©Pmrsm;ESifh ,kwfnHhaomoabmxm;rsm;tMum;
wdkufvSefyGJwpfckjzpfvmygonf/ ,kwfnHhaomoabmxm;rsm;u
tm;aumif;vmvQif touf0dnmOftm; zdpD;ESdyfpufygonf/
xd ka Mumif h jri f h jrwfonf h Mueftifvu©Pmrsm;onf
bk&m;ocif\oef Ypifr Iud krcH&aom cHwGi f;awmif hwrI
rsm;udktvdkvdkufjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh tEÅ&m,frsm;udk &ifqdkif
ae&ygonf/
Letter, p. 48 (1902)
trSefw&m;udk vufcH,HkMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\
tajymtqdk? tusifhtMuHrsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifhwuG
ud k,fawmf\trIawmfud k toa&,kwfavsmhoGm;atmif
rvkyfaqmifrdap&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\wefcdk;
cGeftm;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha½SmufMu&rnf/ tusifhp½dkufESifh
tusifh"avhrsm;udk tvdkawmfESifhtnDjzpfatmif aqmif½GufMu
&rnf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk *½kwpdkufpm;aomufMu&rnf/ bk&m;
ocif\om;orD;rsm;taejzifh tom;pm;jcif;udk cdkifrmpGm
qefYusifMu&ef uREfkyftm; pdwftm½HkwGif ½Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyawmfrl
onf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rmcsrf;omcsifvQif tom;rpm;Mu
ESifh[laomowif;pum;udk vlom;rsm;vdkufavQmuf&ef bk&m;
ociftvdkawmfr½SdcJhygvQif ESpfaygif; (30) vHk;vHk; þowif;
pum;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;awmfrlygrnfvm;/ tom;pm;
jcif;tm;jzifh ,kwfnHhaompdwfrsm;tm;aumif;vmum 0dnmOfa&;
obm0rsm;tm;enf;oGm;apygonf/
MH, p. 315 (1905)
tom;[if;vsmrsm;aMumifh &½Sdrnfhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufrI
rsm;onf cE¨mudk,femrusef;jzpfjcif;xuf ravsmhenf;ygacs/
tom;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufap&m xdkxdcdkufrItwdkif;twm
twdkif; pdwf0dnmOfrsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufapygonf/ tom;pm;
jcif;ESifhyg0ifywfoufaeonfh wd&pämefrsm;tay:ûyusifhonfh
&ufpufrIrsm;udkvnf; oHk;oyfMunfhyg/ vufawGUusL;vGefolESifh
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 561 562 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
MunfhjrifaeolESpfOD;pvHk;tay:wGif oufa&mufonfhxdcdkufrIudk
vnf;oHk;oyfyg/ xdkvkyf&yfonf a0ae,sowå0grsm;tay:
uREfkyfwdkYxm;oifhonfh odrfarGUrIudkzsufqD;ypfvdkufygwum;/
MS, p. 22 (1887)
trsm;pkpm;oHk;aeaom wd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;
onf cE¨mudk,ftajctaeudk ysuf,Gif;apouJhodkY pdwfydkif;
qdkif&mxdcdkufysufpD;rIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ zsm;emrIrsm;\
taMumif;&if;udk trSefwu,f½SmazGcJhvQif tom;pm;jcif;\
&v'fjzpfaMumif;awGU&vdrfhrnf/
Pacific Union Recorder, Oct. 9, 1902.
tom;pm;aomolrsm;onf tom;ESifhywfoufí bk&m;
ocifay;awmfrlaomowday;csufrsm;udk *½krxm;Muacs/ vHkûcH
aomtoufwmvrf;udkavQmufaeygonf[k ¤if;wdkYüoufao
om"ujyp&mr½SdouJhodkY tom;pm;jcif;twGuf tenf;i,f
aomqifajcuav;udkrQay;p&mvnf;r½SdMuyg/ bk&m;ocif\
usdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf wd&pämefavmuwGif usa&mufvsuf½Sd&m
tom;pm;aomtcsdefrsm;wGif xdktom;rsm;onf tpmtdrfxJwGif
ykyfodk;oGm;um a&m*gjzpfapygonf/ uifqma&m*g? jrif;zkem?
tqkyfa&m*grsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vm&ygonf/
MS, p. 3 (1897)
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk uREfkyftm;azmfjyonfhtwdkif;
vlwdkif;od½SdcJhMurnfqdkvQif pm&dwåwnfaqmufjcif;ESifhywfoufí
*½krxm;Muolrsm;ESifh tom;pm;zdkYawmif;qdkaeMuolrsm;onf
wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;rSm rSefuefaom
vkyf&yfyg[k rnfonfhtcgrQajymMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ xdktpm;
tpmrsKd;onf cE¨mudk,fwGif;rSaoG;udknpfnrf;apvsuf ,kwfnHh
aom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:aponf/ udk,fhudkukd,fodjcif;? xm0&
bk&m;ocifESifhwuG trSefw&m;udkem;vnfaponfh xufjruf
aomtodw&m;ESifha0zefoHk;oyfrIrsm;udk tm;enf;arS;rSdefapygonf/
MH, p. 313 (1905)
tom;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ taumif;qHk;tpmr[kwf
cJhacs/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*grsm;vsifjrefpGmusa&mufaeaom
aMumifh tom;pm;jcif;udk ,cktcsdefwGif ESpfquefYuGufp&m
jzpfvmygonf/
7T, p. 124 (1902)
wd&pämefrsm;ü ydkía&m*gusa&mufaeNyDjzpfojzifh ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;om;rsm;omru tjcm;olrsm;yg tom;pm;jcif;udk
jzwf&rnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/ tom;jzwfEdkif&eftwGuf
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfí taoG;tom;udkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk
jyifqifpm;oHk;Mu&rnf/
MS, p. 133 (1902)
trSefw&m;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;onf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif
xm0&umvtwGuf trSefw&m;bufwGif&yfwnfMuvdrfhrnf
enf;/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
rnfonfhtcsdefwGif olwdkYvdkufavQmufMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ tom;
DF- 36
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 563 564 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pm;jcif;onf tEÅ&m,f½Sdonfudk rnfonfhtcgusrS olwdkY
odvmMurnfenf;/ tom;pm;jcif;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ
tEÅ&m,fruif;aMumif;zGifhqdk&ef uREfkyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/
Union Conference Record (Australasian), July 28, 1899.
wd&pämeftom;pm;jcif;udk uREfkyfwdkYjzwfypf&awmhrnfh
umvonf ra0;awmhaMumif; uREfkyftm;tvif;ay;awmfrlyg
onf/ EGm;EdkYudkyif rpm;oifhonfhtcsdefa&mufvmygawmhrnf/
a&m*grsm;onf tvsiftjrefusa&mufaeygonf/ vlom;rsm;u
ajrBuD;udkusdefcJhaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvm
rsm;onf ajrBuD;tay:odkYusa&mufaeygonf/ wd&pämeftom;
rsm;tpm; tjcm;pm;p&mrsm;udk vlom;rdom;pkrsm;twGuf
tpm;xdk;&onfhtajca&mufonftxd vlwdkY\tusifhp½dkufrsm;u
ajrBuD;udk xdktajctaeodkYa&mufapcJhygonf/ tom;udk uREfkyfwdkY
pm;&efrvdkyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf tjcm;
tpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifay;awmfrlEdkifygonf/
2T, pp. 404-405 (1870)
oifpm;aeaomtom;rsm;\obm0udk oifodrnfqdkvQif
aomfvnf;aumif;? oifpm;aeaomtom;udkay;onfh xdkwd&pämef
rsm;touf½SifaepOfutajctaeudk oifawGUjrifrnfqdkvQifaomf
vnf;aumif; oifonf tom;pm;jcif;udk jzwfypfygvdrfhrnf/
oifpm;aeaomtom;udkay;onfh xdkwd&pämefonf rMumcP
a&m*gjzpfae&m ypfxm;cJhrnfqdkvQif tvdkvdkaooGm;vdrfhrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; touf½ªaewkef; owfNyD; tom;udk,lum
aps;wGifa&mif;cJhMuygonf/ oifonf tqdk;½Gm;qHk;t&mwpfckrS
tqdyfESifh½GHp&mrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufpm;oHk;aeygwum;/ þtcsuf
udk oifrod½dk;trSefjzpfvdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 314 (1905)
a&m*g&aeojzifh tajctaeraumif;aomaMumifh owfNyD;
aps;üa&mif;aomtom;rsm;vnf;½Sdwwfygonf/ a&mif;wef;
0ifatmif wd&pämefrsm;udk0ûzd;ap&ef tqifhqifhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;
aMumifhvnf; xdkwd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*g&aewwfygonf/ tvif;
a&mifESifhavaumif;avoefYr&Edkifonfh npfywfaomtcef;rsm;
xJwGif touf½ªaexdkifum ykyfodk;aeaomtpmrsm;aMumifh
xdkwd&pämefrsm;\cE¨mudk,frsm;onf npfnrf;aeaomfvnf;
0ûzd;rI½Sdaewwfygonf/
aps;uGufodkYa&mufonftxd &yfa0;a'orsm;rSo,fvm
aomwd&pämefrsm;rSm c&D;yef;um a&m*ga0'emrsm;&½SdoGm;wwf
ygonf/ pdrf;vef;aompm;usufrsm;rS aps;uGufodkYa&mufonf
txd zkefxlNyD; yljyif;aomc&D;a0;BuD;udk >ywfodyfatmifwifxm;
onfh,mOfrsm;ay:wGif em&Daygif;rsm;pGm tpmrpm;&/ a&raomuf
&ojzifh aovkajrmyg;jzpfaeaom oem;p&mxdkwd&pämefrsm;\
taoaumifrStom;rsm;ud kcsufûywfum vlom;rsm;u
pm;aomufaeMuygwum;/
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 147-148 (1864)
tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&um vlrsm;pGmaoaMu
ysufpD;aeMuygonf/ odkYapumrl urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;rSm
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 565 566 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
rdkufwGif;eufqJjzpfygonf/ owfNyD;a&mif;&eftwGuf &yfa0;rS
o,fvmaomwd&pämefrsm;udk rMumcPowfaeMuonf/
¤if;wdkY\aoG;rsm;onf qlaeygonf/ xdkwd&pämefrsm;onf tom;
jynfhNyD; vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;rvkyfMu&ojzifh c&D;a0;BuD;udk jzwfoef;
vm&aomtcg armyef;EGrf;e,faeMuygonf/ xdktajctaersKd;
wGif ¤if;wdkYudkowfí aps;uGufwGifa&mif;Muygonf/ xdkwd&pämef
rsm;\taoG;onfqlae&m ¤if;wdkY\tom;udkpm;rdolrsm;onf
tqdyfudkpm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUrSm xdktom;rsm;aMumifh
csufcsif;zsm;emwwfMuaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSmrl emusifudkufcJ
onfha0'emrsm;cHpm;&wwfNyD; zsm;emjcif;? 0rf;avsma&m*grsm;
aMumifh aoqHk;wwfMuygonf/
wd&pämeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk a&m*gjzpfaeojzifh aps;wGif
a&mif;Muonfudk aps;onfrsm;uodMuaomfvnf; 0,f,lpm;oHk;
olrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh rodMuacs/ txl;ojzifh ûrdUBuD;
rsm;wGif þuJhodkYjzpfae&m rdrdwdkYonf emaomtom;rsm;udk
pm;aeaMumif; tom;pm;olrsm;rodMuacs/
wcsKdUwd&pämefrsm;rSm rdrdwdkYtm; rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&ef
om;owf½HkodkY,laqmifvmonfudkod½Sdum pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzpfum
½l;ESrf;oGm;ygonf/ þodkYaomtajctaersKd;wGif ¤if;wdkYtm;
owfum ¤if;wdkY\tom;udk aps;wGifcsa&mif;ygonf/ xdktom;
rsKd;ü tqdyfjzpfaeNyD; pm;oHk;rdolrsm;tm; <uufwufjcif;?
wufjcif;? avoifwkef;jzwfjcif;ESifh ½kwfw&uftoufqHk;½IH;jcif;
rsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ odkYapumrl þa&m*grsm;\taMumif;&if;
udk xdktom;rsKd;aMumifh[k pGyfpGJcJvSygonf/
wcsKdUwd&pämefrsm;rSm om;owf½HkodkYo,faqmifoGm;pOf
wGif vlom;rsm;\&ufpufrIrsm;udkcHMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
em&Daygif;rsm;pGm n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;udkcHNyD;rS om;owform;
rsm;\owfjcif;udkcHMu&onf/ a&m*g½Sdaeaom0ufrsm;udkowfNyD;
aps;wGifa&mif;wwfMu&m xdk0ufom;rsm;aMumifh a&m*grsm;
ul;pufoGm;um aoaMuysufpD;rIrsm;jzifh &ifqdkifMu&ygonf/
2T, p. 64 (1868)
tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&½SdrIonf (10) qwdk;yGm;
vmygonf/
Letter, p. 83 (1901)
vlom;rsm;ü a&m*gb,cHpm;rIrsm; vsifjrefpGmwdk;yGm;
jcif;twGuf orm;awmfBuD;rsm;taejzifh ½Sif;vif;csufrxkwfjyef
EdkifMuaomfvnf; wd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;
onf a&m*ga0'emrsm;\taMumif;&if;jzpfzdkYrsm;aMumif;udk
uREfkyfwdkYodygonf/
E from UT, p. 8 (1896)
wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*grsm;usa&mufae&m ¤if;wdkY\tom;
udkpm;jcif;tm;jzifh taoG;tom;rsm;xJwGif a&m*grsKd;aphrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkYBuJaeMuygonf/ þuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf iSufzsm;
a&m*gxlaoma'orsm;odkYa&muf½SdoGm;vQif iSufzsm;a&m*gpGJzdkY
vG,fulygonf/ ul;pufa&m*grsm;vnf; vG,fulpGmul;puf
Edkifygonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkY\cE¨mudk,frSm a&m*gudk
wGef;vSefzdkY rpGrf;Edkifawmhacs/
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 567 568 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
2T, p. 61 (1868)
oifonf tom;udkpm;aomfvnf; xdktpmonf oifh
twGufraumif;yg/ tom;aMumifh oifhtajctaeonf ydkí
ydkíqdk;½Gm;aeygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;udk avsmhcsEdkifonfESifhtrQ
a&m*gt&vnf; oufomoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;onf
oifhtaoG;tom;\t&nftaoG;udk nHhzsif;apygonf/ oifh
cE¨mudk,ftm; a&m*gpGJuyf&ef vG,fulapygonf/ a&m*gydk;
rsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef tiftm;enf;yg;aeaomaMumifh a&m*grsm;\
xdk;ESdyfrIudkcH&um ½kwfw&ufaoqHk;rIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/
oif*kPf,l0ifh<um;aeonfh oifhusef;rma&;ESifhcGeftm;rsm;onf
tm;enf;aeaMumif; xif½Sm;rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/
E from UT, p. 4 (1896)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;rsm;udk
*½krxm;MuaomaMumifh a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;ae&MuaMumif;
vltrsm;a½SUwGif zGifh[wifjy&ef bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfu
uREfkyftm;wdkufwGef;aeoa,mif cHpm;ae&ygonf/ t"dutpm
tjzpf vlrsm;xifaomfvnf; trSefwu,ftm;jzifh rpm;oifh
aomtpmrSm tom;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? pm;aomtpm
jzifh cE¨mudk,fudkwnfaqmufjcif;jzpf&m wd&pämeftaoaumif
rsm;\tom;udk pm;aeojzifh ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;rSm csKdUwJh
aeaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? xdktpmaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\aoG;rsm;
onf npfnrf;aeNyDjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? pm;vdkufonfh
tom;onf a&m*g½Sdaeojzifh cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;ü npfnrf;
ysuf,Gif;ae&aMumif;udkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfwifjy
cJhzl;ygonf/
2T, p. 368 (1870)
tom;[if;rsm;onf aoG;udk t&nftaoG;usapygonf/
[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifha&mícsufxm;onfh[if;vsmudkpm;NyD;
tpmydwftjzpf csKdqdrfhaomudwfrkefYrsm;udkoifpm;vQif oif\
aoG;onf t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;oGm;vdrfhrnf/ xdkuJhodkYaom
tpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef oufqdkif&mt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf
yifyef;BuD;pGmvkyfaqmifMu&ygonf/ tom;n§yfrkefYrsm;ESifh
csOfzwfrsm;onfvnf; aoG;t&nftaoG;udknHhzsif;aponfhtpm?
uREfkyfwdkYrpm;oifhaomtpmjzpfygonf/ tom;[if;vsm? tcsKd
tqdrfhrsm;aomrkefYrsm;ESifhwuG tm[m&uif;rJhaomtpmrsm;onf
wlnDaom&v'frsm;udkjzpfay:apygvdrfhrnf/
E from UT, p. 7 (1896)
uifqma&m*g? jrif;zka&mifem? a&mif&rf;emusifaom
a0'emrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:cHpm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh
uifqmESifh jrif;zka&mifrsm;jzpfEdkifonf[k uREfkyftm; bk&m;
ociftvif;ay;awmfrlxm;ygonf/
MS, p. 3 (1897)
tom;udkpm;oifh? rpm;oifhqdkonfhar;cGef;udkajz&efrSm
ta&;BuD;vSonf/ vlom;rsm;onf wd&pämeftaoaumifrS
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 569 570 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tom;rsm;udkpm;rSom touf½SifEdkifrSmvm;/ vHk;0r[kwfyg[k
bk&m;ocifay;aom tvif;w&m;udktajcûyíajzyg&ap/
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;onf
þar;cGef;ESifhywfoufí ynmay;oifhMuygonf/ cE¨maA'udk
em;vnfoduRrf;onf[k zGifhqdkaeMuonfhorm;awmfrsm;onf
vlemrsm;udk tom;pm;NyD;touf½Sifaexdkif&ef tm;ray;oifh
ygacs/ wd&pämefavmuwGif tjzpfrsm;vmaoma&m*gb,rsm;udk
¤if;wdkYjyñTefoifhygonf/ wd&pämeftenf;pkavmufom a&m*g
uif;Mu&m tom;pm;jcif;onf uifqma&m*g? jrif;zka&mifem?
usyfem? tqkyfa&m*grSpí tjcm;ul;pufa&m*grsm;udk ul;puf
&½SdapaMumif; okawoDrsm;\oufaocHcsufwGifawGU&ygonf/
MH, p. 313 (1905)
tom;[if;rsm;udkpm;oHk;aeMuolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYpm;ae
onfht&mudkrodMuyg/ xdkwd&pämefrsm;touf½SifaepOfu ¤if;wdkY
awGUcJhMurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYpm;aeonfhtom;\
t&nftaoG;udk ¤if;wdkYodcJhMurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif; ½GHrkef;
pGmjzifh tom;pm;jcif;udk&yfwefYypfMuvdrfhrnf/ vlwdkYonf uifqm
a&m*gESifh tqkyfa&m*gydk;rsm;jzifhjynfh0aeaomtom;rsm;udk
tqufrjywfpm;aeMuygonf/ tqkyfa&m*grsm;ESifh uifqm
a&m*grsm;onf þenf;tm;jzifh vlwdkYüul;pufvmjcif;jzpfonf/
3T, p. 563 (1875)
c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;rsm;pGmwdkY\ xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:wGif
tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;\usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh [if;vsmrsm;jzifh aeYpOfjyifqifaeygonf/
aoG;xJwGif uifqma&m*gydk;ESifh tqkyfa&m*gydk;rsm;jzifh npfnrf;
onftxd rdom;pkwcsKdUonf tom;[if;udk yifwdkifxm;í
pm;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\udk,fcE¨monf ¤if;wdkYpm;aom
tpmrsm;jzihfzGJUpnf;xm;onfjzpfaomfvnf; a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk
cHpm;vm&aomtcsdefwGif bk&m;ocif\jypf'PfpD&ifrIjzpfonf[k
rSwf,lwwfMuygonf/
(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115. (1890)
tom;udk pdwfwdkif;uspm;oHk;aeolrsm;onf tNrJwrf;
vdkvdk OD;aESmufrMunfrvifjzpfum todOmPfxufjrufrI
tm;enf;aewwfygonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYpm;vdkufonfh
tom;rsm;onf cE¨mudk,fESifhtodpdwfrsm;udk xHkxdkif;tm;enf;
oGm;apaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
General Conference Bulletin, Apr. 12, 1901.
xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdwdkYtm; xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkif
onfhpGrf;tm;udk Munfvifapvdk½Hkomru Murf;wrf;onfh
tvkyfrsm;udkvnf; vkyfEdkifonfhpGrf;&nfrsm;½Sdapvdkawmfrlonf/
odkY&mwGif oifonf tom;udkpm;oHk;aeygvQif oif\pdwfonf
vef;qef;Munfvif&ef arQmfvifhEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ qifjcif
oHk;oyfrIrSefuefaomtcsdefusrSom bk&m;ocifaumif;csD;r*Fvm
rsm;onf rdrdvlwdkYtay:wGif usa&mufvmvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf/
2T, pp. 62-63 (1868)
tom;udkêudufovdkpm;oHk;aeolrsm;twGuf OD;aESmuf
Munfvif&ef rjzpfEdkifouJhodkY OmPfynmvnf;rxufjrufEdkif
ygacs/
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 571 572 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
E from UT, p. 4 (1896)
rodpdwf\taysmfMuL;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh taMumif;
t&mtay:azmfjyaeonfh wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;zG,fpdwfr0ifpm;rIrsm;
udkawGUjrifae&ygonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;udk
pm;jcif;onf "avhwpfckyrmjzpfaeacsNyD/ xdktpmrsm;onf vl\
cE¨mudk,fwGif ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/
E from UT, p. 7.
tom;pm;jcif;onf vlwdkY\pdwfaeoabmxm;udk
ajymif;vJapum wd&pämefpdwfrsm;udkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf pm;onfhtpmrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;olrsm;jzpfMu&m
tom;rsm;rsm;pm;jcif;aMumifh OmPfynmxufjrufrIudk tm;enf;
apygonf/ tom;rpm;aomausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoif,l
&mwGif ydkíxufjrufrI½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh
vl\cE¨mudk,fxJwGif wd&pämefu@rsm;udk tm;ay;aeonfESifh
trQ OmPfynmpGrf;&nfrsm;onf tcsKd;usedrfhusavsmhenf;oGm;
ygonf/ tom;udkrpm;vQif c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&m
toufwmonf ydkíatmifjrifrI½SdEdkifygonf/ taMumif;rSm
xdktpmonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudkvdkvm;onfhpdwfrsm;udk
yd krd ktm;aumif;apvsuf0dnmOfa&;ESif h pm&dwåyd kif;qdkif&m
obm0rsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;apwwfygonf/ ]ZmwdyuwdESifh
0dnmOfyuwdonf wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;qefYusifbufjzpfMu\/}
2T, p. 352 (1869)
t½dk;pif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;rnfqdkvQif þtcsdef
umvonf tpm;oifhqHk;tcsdefjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm;
rnfonfhtcgrQ tom;[if;rauR;oifhacs/ tom;onf ,kwfnHh
aom&r®ufpdwfudk EId;qGtm;aumif;apvsuf udk,fusifhw&m;
qdkif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk xHkxdkif;aoaMuapEdkifonfhoabm½Sdygonf/
MS, p. 50 (1904)
tom;pm;jcif;onf wd&pämefoabm? obm0udkjzpfay:
ap½Hkomru vlwdkif;tay:wGifxm;½SdoifhaomarwåmpdwfESifh
udk,fcsif;pmpdwfrsm;udk aysmufuG,foGm;apEdkifonf[k uREfkyftm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,f
onf pm;aomtpmrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfjzpf&m
wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk yifwdkifxm;í pm;oHk;aeolrsm;onf
rdrdwdkY\BuD;jrwfaomtpGrf;rsm;udk ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;u
tkyfpdk;onfhtajctaersKd;udka&muf½SdapMuygonf/
tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;í vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusaom
abmifwpfckudk uREfkyfcwfrxm;yg/ aumif;aomtpm;tpm
trsKd;aygif;rsm;pGm½Sdaeaomfvnf; tom;onf bk&m;ocif\
om;orD;rsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;tpmwpfckr[kwfaMumif;
ajymvdkygonf/ xdktpmonf vlom;rsm;tm; wd&pämefobm0
jzpfxGef;apygonf/ toD;tESHESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;aygrsm;aeonfh
þwdkif;jynfrsKd;wGif tom;pm;rSjzpfrnf[k oabmxm;oifhyg
ovm;/
Letter, p. 200 (1903)
toif;awmfwGif yg0ifzGJUpnf;aeonfhtdrfaxmifrsm;wGif
t&m&monf jzpfoifhovdkjzpfaeMurnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 573 574 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
twGuf trIawmfBuD;onf ,ckxufESpfqvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhMu
vdrfhrnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh
wdusaomowif;pum;rsm;udka[mMum;&rnf[k uREfkyftm;
tvif;ay;awmfrlaeygonf/ tom;pm;aeolrsm;onf ydkí
,kwfnHhaompdwfaeoabmxm;udkwdk;yGm;apvsuf rdrdwdkYtay:odkY
a&m*grsm;tvsiftjrefusa&mufatmif vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/
2T, pp. 60-61 (1868)
oif\rdom;pkrsm;onf tom;udktBuD;tus,fpm;oHk;
aeMu&m wd&pämefpdwfoabmrsm;tm;aumif;vmum todOmPf
rsm;tm;enf;aeygonf/ pm;aomufaeonfhtpmjzifh uREfkyfwdkY\
cE¨mudk,fudkwnfaqmufaeonfjzpf&m wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk
pm;oHk;touf½SifaevQif ¤if;wdkY\obm0udk uREfkyfwdkYrQa0
&,laeMuvdrfhrnf/ oifhtzGJUtpnf;\tMurf;ydkif;udk oif
tm;ay;aepOfwGif ydkíEl;nHhaomtydkif;onf tm;enf;aeygonf/
General Conference Bulletin, Apr. 12, 1901.
þtpnf;ta0;BuD;rNyD;rD bk&m;ocif\EIwfawmfxGuf
trSefw&m;rsm;udk vlwdkif;em;vnfapvdkygonf/ wd&pämeftom;
rsm;onf vlwdkYtwGuf pm;&eftpmr[kwfaMumif; ¤if;wdkY
em;vnfapvdkygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYü
vnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;üvnf;aumif; ,kwfnHh
aom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfxGef;apygonf/ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk
trSeftwdkif;pm;wwf? 0wfwwf? vkyfwwfatmif uREfkyfwdkY
ynmay;&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdaeygonf/ ysuf,Gif;ae
aom,EÅ&m;BuD;udkjyifqif&ef wwftm;orQ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif
MuzdkY xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/
2T, p. 64 (1868)
tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;? udk,fusifh
w&m;ESifh udk,fcE¨mwefcdk;rsm; ,kwfavsmhtm;enf;vmygonf/
tom;pm;jcif;onf cE¨mudk,fudk usef;rma&;csKdUwJhapvsuf
todOmPfrsm;udk rIef0g;apum udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtodpdwf
rsm;udk xHkxdkif;apygonf/ oifhtwGuf tvHkûcHqHk;vrf;pOfrSm
tom;udkrpm;jcif;yifjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfajymyg&ap/
MH, p. 315 (1905)
tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomqdk;usKd;rsm;udk
½kwfw&ufrod½SdEd kifaomfvnf; tEÅ&m,fuif;½Sif;onf[k
taxmuftxm;r½Sdyg/ pm;aomufaeaomtom;rsm;aMumifh
aoG;wGiftqdyfjzpfum a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aponf[k vlwdkY
,HkMunfvufcHvmatmif vkyfaqmif&efrvG,fulyg/
E from UT, p. 8 (1896)
þtaMumif;t&mudk tjcm;½IaxmifhwpfckrS uREfkyftm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifazmfjyawmfrlygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh
taotaysmufrsm;aejcif;udk vlwdkYrod½SdMuyg/ tu,fíom
odcJhMurnfqdkvQif wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;twGuf qifajc
wufMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ þwd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;udk
rpm;bJ tqmtrGwfajyapEdkifonfh tjcm;aumif;aomtpm;
tpmrsm; uREfkyfwdkYürsm;pGm½Sdaeygonf/
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 575 576 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
(CTBH, p. 48) CH, p. 115. (1890)
tom;pm;jcif;oufoufaMumifh vlrsm;pGmaoae&yg
onf/ odkYaomf þtaMumif;&if;udk oHo,r0ifrdMuyg/ wcsKdUrSm
½kwfw&ufjzpfay:vmaomqdk;usKd;rsm;udk rcHpm;&aomfvnf;
tEÅ&m,fuif;aMumif; taxmuftxm;wpfpHkwpfckrQr½Sdacs/
tom;pm;olonf avmavmq,fwGif bmrQrjzpfaomfvnf;
tom;onf vl\udk,fcE¨mudk aocsmayguf'ku©ay;oGm;rnf
omwnf;/
2T, p. 61 (1868)
oifonf tom;pm;jcif;udkuG,fumNyD; ]]tom;[m
wjcm;vlawGtwGufraumif;&ifraumif;r,f? uREfkyfudkawmh
bmrQ'ku©ray;cJhzl;? wpfoufvHk;tom;pm;vmwmyJ}} [k xyfcg
wvJvJajymqdkcJhzl;onf/ odkY&mwGif tom;udkomoifa½SmifMuOf
cJhvQif ,cktajctaexufydkí rnfrQaumif;rnfudk oifrodyg/
2T, p. 96 (1868)
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjiif;y,f&ef ñTefMum;xm;aomtvif;
w&m;wnf;[laom udk,fawmfxHrSvmonf[k oif,HkMunf
vufcHxm;aomtvif;w&m;rsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
oifhtm;ay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ 0ufom;pm;jcif;onf azmfjy
awmfrlonfhynwfawmfESifh vHk;vHk;qefYusifonfudk oifodyg
onf/ 0ufom;udkrpm;Mu&ef rdefYrSmjcif;onf tmPmjyvdkí
r[kwfbJ pm;oHk;olrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifaom
aMumifhjzpfygonf/ þtom;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh wDbDa&m*g
ydk;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tEÅ&m,f½Sdaomydk;rsm;onf cEmudk,fudkwdkufcdkuf
um a&m*gb,cHpm;&onftxd aoG;rsm;udknpfnrf;apEdkifyg
onf/ txl;ojzifh tvGefEl;nHhonfhOD;aESmufudk tm;enf;apNyD;
oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udkrodEdkifawmhum omreftqifhavmufom
oabmxm;onftxd todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;onf rIef0g;vm
ygonf/
MH, pp. 313-314 (1905)
0ufom;ü½Sdaomtom;rQifrsm;onf uyfyg;ydk;rsm;jzifh
jynfh0aeygonf/ ]]0ufom;onf oihftwGufroefY½Sif;yg/
xdktom;udkrpm;ESihf? taoaumifudkvnf;rwdkYxdESifh}} [k
bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmxm;ygonf/ 0ufom;onf oifhavsmfaom
tpmr[kwfojzifh xdkynwfudkay;xm;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/
0ufonf tykyftodk;udkpm;aomowå0gjzpf&m npfywfaom
t&mrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;&mwGifom 0ufrsm;udktoHk;ûy&ef &nf½G,f
xm;ygonf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifhrQ 0ufom;udk vlom;
rsm;rpm;oifhygacs/
H to L, ch. 1, p. 58 (1865)
0ufom;onf vltrsm;t"duxm;ípm;aeaomtom;
wpfrsKd;jzpfaeaomfjim;vnf; usef;rma&;udktxdcdkufqHk;tpmxJ
wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf tmPm
jyvdkawmfrlaomaMumifh a[NAJrsm;tm; 0ufom;rpm;&ef wm;jrpf
awmfrlcJhonfr[kwfbJ xdkt&monf vltwGufraumif;aom
aMumifhjzpfygonf/ xdktom;aMumifh cE¨mudk,fxJwGif wDbD
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 577 578 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
*vif;rsm;udkjzpfaponf/ txl;ojzifh ylaEG;aom&moDrsm;wGif
0ufom;pm;jcif;aMumifh Elema&m*grStp a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;udkjzpf
apEdkifygonf/ at;aom&moDrsm;rSmxuf ylaEG;aom&moDrsm;
wGif 0ufom;onf ydkí'ku©ay;Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfh
&moDrSmrS 0ufom;udkpm;&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifcGifhûyawmfrrl
cJhyg/ wpfyg;trsKd;om;rsm;u 0ufom;udk yifwdkiftpmwpfcktjzpf
pm;oHk;aeMuovkd tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; ta&;BuD;
aomtpmwpfcktjzpf êudufovdkpm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ 0ufom;
onf obm0twdkif;pm;vQif t&om½Sdaomtpmwpfckr[kwf
yg/ vlom;rsm;udk ydkíqdk;0g;aomtajctaeudkjzpfaprnfh
[if;arT;rqvmrsm;ESifh tcsKd;usa&mpyfcsufûywfjcif;tm;jzifhom
cHwGif;vdkufapaomtpmwpfckjzpfonf/ tjcm;tom;rsm;xuf
0ufom;onf aoG;udknpfnrf;apygonf/ xdktom;udk txdef;
tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;aeolrsm;onf a&m*gudkom&½SdEdkifygonf/ jyify
wGif tvkyfMurf;vkyfaeolrsm;twGuf 0ufom;pm;jcif;\qdk;usKd;
rsm;udk ½kwfw&ufrod½SdEdkifapumrl txdkiform;rsm;ESifh OD;aESmuf
oHk;ívkyf&aomtvkyform;rsm;twGufrl ½kwfw&ufod½SdapEdkif
ygonf/
0ufom;pm;jcif;aMumifh cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;wpfckwnf;
udkomxdcdkufapEdkifonfr[kwfbJ pdwf"mwfa&;&mudkvnf;
ysufjym;apEdkifygonf/ El;nHhaomtm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;udkvnf; xHkxdkif;
oGm;apEdkifygonf/ wd&pämef[lonf ½GH½Smp&maumif;aomt&m
rsm;udkpm;oHk;touf½SifaeMuonfjzpf&m ¤if;wdkY\tom;rsm;onf
obm0tm;jzifh npfnrf;aeNyD;jzpfojzifh tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh
usef;rma&;aumif;onfqdkaomt,ltqrSm rSm;,Gif;ygonf/
0ufrsm;pm;onfht&mjzifh 0ufom;udkzGJUpnf;xm;&m 0ufom;udk
pm;rdaomvlom;rsm;\taoG;tom;rsm;onf npfnrf;ukefyg
onf/
0ufom;pm;jcif;aMumifh wDbD*vif;rsm;? Elema&m*gESifh
uifqmtusdwfrsm;udkjzpfapwwfygonf/ 0ufom;pm;jcif;onf
vlom;rsm;cHpm;ae&aom jyif;xefonfha&m*grsm;\taMumif;&if;
vnf;jzpfaeygonf/
2T, p. 61 (1868)
oifonf bk&m;ocifzGifh[wm;jrpfxm;onfh wd&pämef
tqDrsm;udkpm;oHk;aomaMumifh rdom;pkwpfckvHk; a&m*gb,ESifh
ruif;EdkifMuacs/ ]]oifwdkYtrsKd;tpOftqufwdkYonf aeav&m&mü
qDOudkrpm;&/ taoG;udkrpm;&[k xm0&ynwfawmfjzpfonf[k
rdefYawmfrl\/}} Muuf? iSufrsm;\taoG;udkomru tjcm;
wd&pämefrsm;\aoG;udkvnf; rnfonfhyHkpHESifhjzpfap rpm;&ef
wm;jrpfxm;ygonf/ pm;rdaomolrsm;udk rdrdvlrsKd;pm&if;rS
y,fzsufypf&efvnf; £oa&vrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocif
rdefYrSmxm;awmfrlcJhygonf/
Letter, p. 102 (1896)
tqDeHYuav;oif;aeonfhtom;rsm;udk auR;wwfMu
onf/ taMumif;rSm xdkteHYonf azgufjyefaeonfhcHwGif;
awmifhwrIESifhudkufnDaeonf/ taoG;ESifhtqDESpfrsKd;pvHk;rSm
DF- 37
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 579 580 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pm;vdkYaumif;onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;udkrpm;&ef
xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;xm;awmfrlygonf/ tb,faMumifh
wm;jrpfawmfrlygoenf;/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&mrsm;udk pm;oHk;
jcif;aMumifh vlom;rsm;\aoG;xJwGif a&m*gydk;rsm;ysHUvTifhukefyg
onf/ bk&m;ocif\ñTefMum;csufudk *½krxm;jcif;aMumifh
vlom;rsm;onf a&m*gb,rsKd;pHkudk cHpm;vmMu&ygonf/
aumif;aomtaoG;tom;udk rjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;udkpm;rdvQif
EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;udk *½krxm;jcif;\tusKd;qufrsm;udk
&ifqdkif&ayrnf/
MH, pp. 314-315 (1905)
a&m*g\t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom tnpftaMu;rsm;udkpm;
aomaMumifh ig;rsm;onfvnf; ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif roefY½Sif;
MuawmhNyD/ txl;ojzifh ûrdUBuD;rsm;rS pGefYypfypönf;rsm;ESifh
xdawGUrI½Sdaeaomig;rsm;onf roefY½Sif;Muyg/ ajrmif;rsm;rS
roefY½Sif;aomtpmrsm;jzifh touf½SifBuD;xGm;aeaomig;rsm;udk
tvGefa0;uGmaoma'o½Sd a&oefYrsm;wGifzrf;rdwwfygonf/
xdkig;rsKd;udkpm;rdolrsm;onf rarQmfvifhbJ a&m*g&aoqHk;Edkif
Muygonf/
CTBH, pp. 117-118 (1890)
EGm;EdkYESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;? tvQHy,fayg<u,faeonfh
t&yfa'owGif tom;pm;jcif;twGuf qifajcray;oifhygacs/
uREfkyfwdkY\omrefvdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;&ef bk&m;ocif
zefqif;xm;onfhowå0grsm;\toufudk rowfoifhygacs/
wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk rjzpfraepm;&ef vdktyfvmonfhtcsdef
rsm;rSmyif usef;rmaomwd&pämefrsm;rStom;rsm;udk a½G;cs,f
pm;oHk;oifhygonf/ þacwfþtcgwGif wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk
pm;jcif;onf vHkûcHrI½Sdygovm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfaeyg
onf/ rusef;rmaomwd&pämefrsm;\tom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;xuf
tom;udkvHk;0rpm;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/ vdktyfonfh
tpmrsm;udk r&½SdEdkifaomtcsdefrsKd;wGif uREfkyfonf tom;udk
tenf;i,fpm;wwfaomfvnf; tom;pm;&jcif;udk ydkípdk;&drf
aMumuf½GHUvmygonf/
YI, May 31, 1894.
qefûywfudktm;ûypm;jcif;onf rSefuefonf[k wcsKdUu
½dk;om;pGmjzifh txif½SdaeMuonf/ qefûywfonf t&nfjzpfae
ojzifh rsm;rsm;pm;vQif tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;\
usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefaponf[kvnf; tmrrcHEdkifacs/ opfoD;
0vHrsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifh aygifrkefYrsm;udkpm;zdkYtm;ay;
yg/ tom;onf tm[m&tjynfh0qHk;tpm;tpmr[kwfjim;aomf
vnf; vlwdkif;tom;jzwfoifhonf[kvnf; uREfkyfrajymvdkyg/
tpmaMucsufrItm;enf;olrsm;onf opfoD;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Guf
udkrpm;Edkifonfhtcgrsm;wGif tom;udkpm;oHk;vdkY&ygonf/
usef;rma&;aumif;vdkvQif [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifh opfoD;0vH
rsm;udk wpfcsdefwnf;wGif a&mípm;jcif;udka½SmifMuOf&rnf/
tpmtdrftm;enf;vQif OD;aESmufrsm;&Da0vmum pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;
jzpfay:vmwwfygonf/ opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk
oD;jcm;pDjyifqifpm;oHk;Muyg/
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 581 582 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
csKdaomudwfrkefY? ylwif;rkefYrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudk
uarmufurjzpfapojzifh pm;oHk;&ef rjyifqifoifhyg/ ausmif;
q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\tpm;tpmwGif tom;rsm;onf
ESifhtrQ 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mudpörsm;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkifonfh
pGrf;&nfrsm;usqif;vmygvdrfhrnf/ ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;aompdwf
oabmxm;rsm;tm;aumif;vmum aumif;raumif;odwwfonfh
pGrf;tm;rsm;vnf; nHhzsif;xHkxdkif;vmygonf/ pdwfwefcdk;rsm;
usqif;&jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm êud;pm;vkyfaqmifvGef;
aomaMumifhr[kwfbJ rrSefuefaomtpmrsm;udkpm;jcif;? tcsdef
rSefrSefrpm;jcif;ESifh udk,fvufavhusifhcef;rvkyfjcif;wdkYaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ tcsdefrrSefpm;jcif;? tdyfjcif;onf OD;aESmufpGrf;tm;
rsm;udkusqif;apygonf/
R & H, May 8, 1883.
tom;onf usef;rma&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;?
cGeftm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; t"dujzpfaomtpmwpfck
r[kwfyg/ odkYjzpfcJhvQif tjypfr0ifrDu tm'HESifh{0wdkYtwGuf
tpm;tpmpDpOfay;awmfrlpOfu xm0&bk&m;ocifonf trSm;
wpfckudkusL;vGefcJhacsNyD/ tm[m&&zdkYvdktyfaomt&mtm;vHk;onf
opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;[if;½GufESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;wGif yg0if
aeygonf/
MH, p. 316 (1905)
tom;pm;rS <uufom;awGoefrmrnf[k xifjrifjcif;
onf rSm;ygonf/ tom;rpm;bJ usef;rmoefpGrf;apEdkifonfhjyif
cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; aumif;rGefpGmjznfhqnf;Edkif
ygonf/ aoG;om;aumif;jzpf&ef vdktyfaomtm[m&"mwf
tm;vHk;udk toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGif&½SdEdkifygonf/ tom;onf xdkvdktyf
csufrsm;udk txufygtpmrsm;avmuf jynfh0pGmray;pGrf;Edkifyg/
tom;onf usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;twGuf trSefwu,fvdktyf
cJhrnfqdkvQif tptOD;ü auR;cJhonfhtpmrsm;xJwGif tom;
yg0ifcJhygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 72 (1896)
a0ae,sowå0grsm;\tpmonf [if;oD;[if;½GufESifh
toD;tESHrsm;jzpfonf/---xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY\
rdOD;zOD;wdkYtwGuf pm;&eftpmtjzpf opfoD;0vHrsm;udk jyifqif
ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ tm'Htm; O,smOfwm0efrsm;udkvTJtyfum
]þt&monf oifpm;p&mzdkYjzpfonf} [k bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl
cJhonf/ owå0gwpfrsKd;u rdrdpm;p&mzdkY tjcm;owå0gwpfrsKd;udk
owfjzwf&efr[kwfygacs/
MH, p. 313 (1905)
tom;pm;aeolrsm;onf 'kwd,wef;pm;[if;oD;[if;½Guf
ESifh toD;tESHrsm;udkpm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm
BuD;xGm;½Sifoef&eftwGuf xdkwd&pämefrsm;onf toD;tESHESifh
[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;xJrS tm[m&"mwfrsm;udk &,lcJhMuonf/
xdktoD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;xJ½Sd toufuav;onf
pm;aomufvdkufonfhowå0gxJodkYa&mufoGm;acsNyD/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 583 584 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
xdkwd&pämef\tom;rSwpfqifh xdktoufuav;udk&Mu\/
uREf kyfwdk YtwGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifjyifqifay;xm;onfh
xdktoufuav;udk wdkuf½dkufpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY
&,lcJhMuvQif rnfrQaumif;vdrfhrnfenf;/
MH, p. 316 (1905)
tom;pm;jcif;udk jzwfvdkufonfhtcsdefwGif tm;enf;
oGm;ovdkvdk? cGeftm;avsmhoGm;ovdkvdkjzpfwwfygonf/ tom;
onf r½SdrjzpfvdktyfaomtpmjzpfaMumif;? taxmuftxm;
wpfcktjzpf rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYu þtcsufudkaxmufjyMuonf/
odkYaomf tom;onf tm;<uapEdkifonfhtpmrsKd;? tm½HkaMum
ESifhaoG;rsm;udkEdk;Mum;x<uaponfhtpmrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;udk
xdkuJhodkYwrf;waejcif;jzpfonf/ t&uform;rsm; t&ufudk
pGefYvTwfzdkYcufovdk tom;pm;olwcsKdUtwGuf tom;udkjzwfzdkY
cufwwfygonf/ odkYapumrl jzwfEdkifvQif ydkíaumif;ygvdrfhrnf/
Ed., p. 203 (1903)
tom;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ ¤if;\
tm;<uaponfh obm0tmedoifonf rpm;oHk;oifhaMumif;
ajymqdk&ef cdkifvHkaomtaxmuftxm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;tjyif
wd&pämefavmuwGif usa&mufaeaoma&m*gb,rsm;onfvnf;
tom;pm;jcif;udk ESpfqwdk;NyD; uefYuGufp&mjzpfvmygonf/
tom;onf tm½HkaMumrsm;udkylavmifapvsuf &r®ufrsm;udk
Edk;xaponf/ xdkaMumifh ydkí,kwfnHhaomoabmxm;rsm;udk
jzpfay:apygonf/
Letter, p. 73a (1896)
tom;pm;jcif;onf cGeftm;udkrqkwf,kwfapyg[k
oifajymqdkaejcif;tay: uREfkyftenf;i,ftHhtm;oihfrdygonf/
oifonf tom;udkpm;oHk;aeolwpfOD;r[kwfcJhvQif oifxifovdk
r[kwfbl;qdkonfhtcsufudk oifodvmvdrfhrnf/ tom;udk
qufNyD;pm;oifhaMumifh oifay;aomtaMumif;jycsufrsKd;udk
aq;vdyfaomufolwpfOD;u azmfjytaMumif;jycJhrnfqdkvQif
xdkoludkrnfodkYajz½Sif;&rnfudk oifod½Sdygonf/
tom;rpm;awmhvQif tm;,kwfoGm;onf[k oifay;cJh
aomtaMumif;jycsufonf tom;udkjzwfoifhaMumif; uREfkyf
azmfjyrnfhtcdkifvHkqHk;taMumif;jycsufrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0if
jzpfonf/ tom;pm;olrsm;onf tom;udkpm;NyD;ptcsdefwGif
tm;<uovdkvdk? cGeftm;wdk;vmovdkvdk cHpm;&wwfygonf/
tom;pm;jcif;udk&yfwefYvdkufaomtcsdefwGif tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh
tm;,kwfovdkvdkcHpm;&aumif;cHpm;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; cEmudk,f
twGif;ü tom;\tmedoifrsm;uif;½Sif;oGm;aomtcsdefwGif
xdkcHpm;csufvnf;aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ cGeftm;wdk;&ef
vdktyfonf[k oifzGifhqdkcJhonfh tom;udkpm;csifaomqE´rsm;
vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
MH, pp. 316-317 (1905)
tom;udkjzwfvdkufaomtcsdefwGif tm[m&ESifhvnf;
aumif;? t&omESifhvnf;aumif; jynfh0aomtoD;tESH? [if;oD;
[if;½Guf? tcGHrmtoD;ESifh opfoD;0vHrsKd;pHkwdkYjzifh tpm;xdk;
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 585 586 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pm;oHk;Mu&rnf/ txl;ojzifh cGeftm;enf;aomolrsm;? tvkyf
Murf;orm;rsm;onf tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;zdkYvdktyfygonf/ wcsKdU
qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif tom;onf aps;tcsKdqHk;tpmjzpfae
wwf&m tpm;tpmajymif;NyD;pm;zdkY tcuftcJ½Sdwwfygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf vlwdkY&ifqdkifae&onfhtajctaersm;udkvnf;
t½dk;pGJaeaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;udkvnf;aumif;
oHk;oyfum aumif;aomtMuHtpnfrsm;udk tcsdefrwdkifrD
ray;rdzdkYvdktyfvSygonf/ rnfolYudkrQ tpmajymif;pm;zdkY ZGwf
twif;rwdkufwGef;oifhygacs/ tom;ae&mwGif aps;oufomNyD;
tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;oifhygonf/ þudpö
wGif xrif;csufolonf tc&mjzpfygonf/ olonf uRrf;usif
vdr®mpGmjzifh tm[m&t&omESifhjynfh0aom[if;vsmrsm;udk
jyifqifum tom;[if;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;ay;&ygrnf/
t&m&mwGif rodpdwfudk ynmay;yg/ tvdkqE´udk
qef;ppfyg/ tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk yHhydk;yg/ tpm;tpm
ajymif;vJpm;oHk;jcif;twGuf tqifoifhjzpfvmum tom;udk
awmifhwonfhpdwfrsm; saysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 60a (1896)
aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfwwfjcif;onf ta&;tygqHk;
vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh tom;udkyifwdkif
rpm;oHk;awmhonfhae&mrsm;wGif aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfwwfzdkY
txl;vdktyfygonf/ tom;[if;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;&ef
oufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udkjyifqifMu&ygrnf/ tom;pm;csifpdwf
aysmufoGm;ap&eftwGuf xdktpm;xdk;[if;vsmrsm;udk aumif;rGef
pGmjyifqifMu&ygrnf/
2T, pp. 486-487 (1870)
pmwefonf vlom;rsm;\pdwfudkxdef;csKyfxm;onfhtcsdef
wGif bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfh tvif;w&m;rsm;
onf wjznf;jznf;uG,faysmufoGm;um tmedoifr½Sdawmhacs/
xdktvif;w&m;rsm;udk ab;z,feif;acsum rnfolrsm;onf
qifajcay;aeMuOD;rnfenf;/ r½Sdonfht&mudk a&;BuD;cGifus,f
vkyfaeMuOD;rnfenf;/ tmrcHcsuftjynfhjzifh uREfkyfzGifhqdkaeyg
onf/ vlwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk
vufawGUrusifhoHk;jcif;onf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
tBuD;rm;qHk;aomuefYuGufrIjzpfaeygonf/ odkYwdkifatmif rdrd
wdkYonf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifpGrf;r½Sd
aMumif;? rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;r½SdawmhaMumifh
0rf;enf;zG,fzGifh[aeMuvdrfhrnf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItwdkif; touf½Sif
aexdkifEdkifpGrf;r½Sd&jcif;twGuf aumif;aomtaMumif;jycsuf
wpfckudk xdkt&mrsm;wGif uREfkyfawGUaeygonf/ xdkolwdkYonf
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk toufwmwGif wdwd
ususvdkufemtaumiftxnfrazmfMujcif;aMumifh xdkûyjyif
ajymif;vJrI\tESpfom&rsm;udk rcHpm;Mu&acs/ rdrdwdkYonf
tom;jzwfvdkufojzifh tqDrsm;? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh
uif;vGwfNyD; obm0twdkif;jyifqifxm;aom oufowfvGwf
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 587 588 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
[if;rsm;ESifh taumif;qHk;opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;zdkY
rvdkyg[kyif wcsKdUurSm;,Gif;pGmawG;ac:usifhaqmifaeMuygonf/
tu,fíom rdom;pktaygif;wdkYonf bk&m;ociftvQHy,fay;
oem;awmfrlxm;onfht&mrsm;udk uRrf;uRrf;usifusifjyifqif
pm;oHk;wwfMurnfqdkvQif ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYESpfûcdufum
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;taMumif;udk em;vnfrI
tjynfhjzifh ajymqdkEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrI
rsm;udk oabmrayguf? txmrusaomolrsm;rSmrl xdkûyjyif
ajymif;vJrI\tESpfom&rsm;udk rSefuefpGmzGifh[EdkifMurnfr[kwf
acs/ tqDw0if;0if;ESifh Muufqifom;rsm;? tom;[if;rsm;
pm;&onfht&omudk rMumcPw0Jvnfvnfpdwfa&mufaeol
rsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIwGif azgufjyefaeNyDjzpf&m usef;rm
jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI\tESpfom&udk rSefuefpGmrajymjy
EdkifMuawmhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf rSefuefaomed,mr\xdef;csKyfrI
atmufwGif r½SdMuawmhbJ t&omcHpm;rI\aus;uRefrsm;jzpf
aeMuygonf/
MS, p. 133 (1902)
rdbrsm;pGmwdkYonf aMumif;usKd;roHk;oyfwwfovdkrsKd;
jzpfaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf azgufjyefaomcHwGif;awmifhwrI
ESifh ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufpm;rIaMumifh wkefcsnfhaeum
rdef;armawGa0aeMuygonf/ trSefw&m;udkodxm;Muaom
uREfkyfwdkY\"r®q&mrsm;onf þqdk;½Gm;aomtajctaerS vlwdkYtm;
EId;xapum tom;pm;csifpdwfudkzefwD;ay;rnfht&mtm;vHk;udk
ab;z,fxm;atmif vrf;jyoifhMuygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrI
udkrodusKd;uRefûyaevQif 0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;qHk;½IH;vmum tjypfEGH
wGif ydkíepfûryfoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/ aumif;uifbHkudk½GH½Smaponfh
tusifhp½dkufrsm;? vlom;rsm;tm; wd&pämefxufedrfhusapaom
tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk tdrfaxmifpkrsm;pGmwdkYwGif usifhoHk;aeMuyg
onf/ ]0dnmOfa&;udkwdkufvSefaeaom avmuaysmfarGUjcif;
cHpm;rIrsm;rS a0;&modkYajy;Muyg} [k trSefw&m;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;
zGifh[Muyg/
rnfonfh"r®q&murQ tom;pm;jcif;wGif raumif;aom
yHkoufaoudkrjyMuygESifh/ q&mwdkYESifhwuG rdom;pktm;vHk;onf
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkif
touf&SifjyMuygpdkY/ "r®q&mrsm;onf rdrdESifhwuG om;orD;
rsm;udk edrfhus,kwfnHhaomtajctaeodkY rydkYaqmifrdygapESifh/
tvdkqE´rsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhaeaomom;orD;rsm;onf
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomtusifhrsm;udkusifh&ef tpHkprf;cHMu&rnf
omru jzLpifaomtusifhudk yrmPrûy&efESifh ,kwfnHhaom
&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufpm;&ef aoG;aqmifjcif;cHMu&vdrfhrnf/ cEmudk,f
udkzsufqD;&efomru raumif;owif;rsm;udk olwpfyg;tm;
wD;wdk;ajym&ef xdkolrsm;udk pmwefqufvufvrf;jyaeygonf/
rdbrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\raumif;rItjypfrsm;aMumifh xdkt&mrsm;udk
rjrifawGUMuvQif xdkt&mrsm;udkod½SdMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
ûrdUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;wGifaexdkifaom rdbrsm;twGuf xm0&
bk&m;ocifowday;awmfrlonfum; oifwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 589 590 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tdrfxJrSmyJaeygap/ ynwfawmfudk rxDrJhjrifûyolrsm;ESifh
raumif;rIrsm;udk oifMum;usifhaqmifaeolrsm;ESifha0;onfhae&m
wGif oifwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udkxm;Muyg/ xdkûrdUBuD;rsm;xJrS
tjrefqHk;xGufcGmoGm;Muyg[líjzpf\/
rdbrsm;onf opfoD;jcHrsm;? pdkufysKd;EdkifrnfhajruGufrsm;
tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;rnfh[if;oD;[if;½GufESifh opfoD;0vH
rsm;udkpdkufysKd;EdkifrnfhajruGufrsm;&Edkifrnfhe,frsm;wGif tdrfuav;
rsm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifMuygonf/
Letter, p. 73 (1896)
wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udk pm;csifpdwf½Sdaeao;
vQif 0dnmOfa&;udk&efbufûyaeaom avmutaysmftyg;
vdkufpm;jcif;udk jiif;qefEdkif&ef? vdktyfaeaomaus;Zl;awmfudk
&½Sd&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifxHawmfwGif tpma½Smifqkawmif;zdkY
vdktyfygonf/
Letter, p. 200 (1903)
þudpöESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; ay;awmfrlxm;onfhtvif;twdkif;
vdkufavQmuftouf½Sifaexdkifjcif;r½Sdolrsm;vnf; ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;om;rsm;wGif½Sdaeygao;onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tom;udk
tpm;tpmwpfcktjzpfpm;aeMuwkef;yifjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh
a&m*grsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ xdkolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmif
aeaom raumif;rI\qdk;usKd;tjzpf a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;&aomtcg
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;udk qkawmif;ay;zdkYawmif;qdkaeMuygonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufonfh udk,fawmf
\ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkrvdkufavQmufbJ tvdkawmfudk0efrcHvdk
olrsm;twGuf rnfodkYxm0&bk&m;ocifûyawmfrlEdkifrnfenf;/
xdkñTefMum;csufrsm;udk vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (30)
uwnf;u ay;xm;awmfrlcJhaomfvnf; vltrsm;onf xdkt&m
rsm;udkjyuf&,fûyaeMuygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? [if;cwf
tarT;têudifESifh tom;rsm;udkpm;aeMuwkef;? aomufaeMuwkef;yif
jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;ay;zdkY
xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif rnfodkYqkawmif;&ygrnfenf;[k
uREfkyfar;vdkygonf/
E from UT, p. 2 (1884)
tcsKdrsm;aombDpuGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tom;[if;vsmrsm;
onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vHk;0
rudkufnDyg/ tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf wZGwfxdk;vkyfwwf
jcif;ESifh avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudkjrwfEdk;jcif;rsm;xuf qifjcifwHk
w&m;udkOD;pm;ay;vdrfhrnfqdkvQif wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk rjrnf;prf;
oifhygacs/ tom;ta&mif;qdkifxuf rnfonfhae&mu pdwfudk
qGJaqmifEdkifonfhteHYrsm;udkay;vdrfhrnfenf;/ obm0ESifhrnDnGwf
aom cHwGif;awmifhwrItm;jzifh zsufqD;jcif;rcH&aomolrsm;\
tm½Hkonf tom;pdrf;teHYrsm;udkrêudufMuyg/ rnfonfhjrifuGif;
onf pm;zdkYtowfcH&aomom;aumifjrifuGif;xuf rESpfûrdUp&m
jrifuGif; pdwfwGifxif[yfapEdkifygoenf;/ bk&m;ocifay;oem;
awmfrlonfh usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;udk
tav;rxm;MuvQif udk,fhudkudk,fzsm;ematmifvkyfaeolrsm;ü
usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmatmif udk,fawmf½Sifedrdwf
vu©PmjyEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 591 592 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Letter, p. 48 (1902)
tom;pm;jcif;udk prf;oyfrIwpfcktjzpf uREfkyfwdkYtoHk;
rûyvdkyg/ tom;pm;jcif;udkpGefYvTwf&efvnf; ZGwftwif;
rwdkufwGef;vdkyg/ odkYapumrl þusef;rma&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;
rsm;udk uGefz&ifhrS (toif;awmfrS) rnfonfh"r®q&murQ
rqefYusifMu&efudkrl uREfkyfawmif;qdkvdkygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;
tm;jzihf cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkifaMumif; tvif;&xm;
vsufESifh tom;udkqufNyD;pm;aeOD;rnfqdkvQif tusKd;qufrsm;udk
oifcHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifu ûyjyifajymif;vJrIwpfck
ûyvkyf&ef awmif;qdkaeawmfrlaomaMumifh tom;pm;jcif;ESifh
pyfvsOf;onfh ûyjyifajymif;vJrIwpfckudkvkyfaqmif&efrvdk[kawmh
vlwdkYa½SUwGif rajymqdkygESifh/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mowif;pum;
rsm;udka<u;aMumf&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu cdkif;apxm;awmfrlNyD;
jzpf&m þowif;pum;udka<u;aMumfaeolrsm;\a½SUwGif oifxí
r&yfwnfcJhvQif oifonf þtrIawmfudk wefzdk;rxm;&m
a&mufvdrfhrnf/ oifonf xdktrIaqmifrsm;ESifh qefYusifbuf
vkyfaqmifaevQif rSm;,Gif;aombufwGif oif&yfxaeacsNyD/
Pacific Union Recorder, Oct. 9, 1902.
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\trIaqmifrsm;tjzpfjzifh
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifhqefYusifaom oufaocHjcif;rsm;udk
vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/ oifhwifhrQwpGmjyifqifpm;oHk;rnfqdkvQif
uREfkyfwdkY\usef;rma&;udk aumif;rGefaponfhtoD;tESHESifh opfoD;
0vHrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;awmfrlygonf/
tb,faMumifh tom;rsm;udkqufvufpm;oHk;aeMuOD;rnfenf;/
tom;pm;olrsm;ESifh wpfpm;yGJxJwGifxdkifípm;aeonfh "r®q&m
rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfpdwfcsvdkY&EdkifMuyghrvm;/
]oifwdkY\ xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfhynwf
rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fygapmifha½SmufMuyg/} usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkcsKd;azgufoltoD;oD;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ociftrSef
pufqkyfawmfrlonf/ tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdtvdkudk
jiif;um c&pf,meftusifhaumif;rIrsm;udkusifhaqmifvsuf
wpfoa0rwdrf;vdkufavQmufcJhMurnfqdkvQif aeYpOfESifhtrQ
0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,f&½SdMuayvdrfhrnf/
MS, p. 113 (1901)
"r®q&mrsm;ESihf "r®pmaytrIaqmifrsm;wdkY? csKyfwnf;jcif;
tusifhudk wduspGmusihfapmifhMuyg/ ]uREfkyftom;rpm;ygbl;/
wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkrpm;oifhaMumif; od½Sdxm;ojzifh tom;
rpm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tckvdkauR;wmudk aus;Zl;wifygonf}
[k ajym&rnfudk r½SufMuygESifh/ olwpfyg;u vufzuf&nf
wdkufvQifvnf; tusKd;taMumif;rsm;udkajymjyum raomuf
ygbl;[kajymvdkufyg/ xdkt&monf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkif
aMumif;? cPwmomaumif;ovdkvdkcHpm;&aomfvnf; rMumrD
rSmyif tmedoifukefum wlnDaomqdk;usKd;udkay;wwfaMumif;
½Sif;jyyg/
Letter, p. 135 (1902)
tom;ESifhywfoufí ]½Sdygap} [k vlwdkif;ajymMuyg/
vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDrsm;udkvnf; vHk;0raomufoHk;bJ odod
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 593 594 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
omomoufaocHMuyg/ xdkt&mrsm;onf rl;,pfxHkxdkif;aponfh
t&mrsm;jzpfNyD; cE¨mudk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhwuG OD;aESmuf
udkygxdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif MuufOESifhEGm;EdkYudk rpm;
ygESihf[k ajym&rnfhtcsdefra&mufao;yg/ ¤if;wdkYudk tom;ESifh
wwef;wnf;rowfrSwfoifhao;acs/ wcsKdUa&m*grsm;twGuf
MuufOonf tusKd;aus;Zl;ûyvsuf½Sdonf/
toif;om;rsm;wdkY? cHwGif;udktvdkrvdkufMuygESifh/
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifhtom;rsm;twGuf aiGudktoHk;ûyjcif;
onf ûzef;wD;jcif;xufydkíqdk;ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&m
rsm;onf um,? OmPESifh 0dOmPzGHUûzd;rIrsm;udk t[efYtwm;
ûyaeygonf/
9T, pp. 156-160 (1909)
tom;pm;vdkonfhqE´udkvdkufavsmjcif;tm;jzifh tusKd;
½SdrnfqdkvQif þawmif;cHcsufudk uREfkyfûyrnfr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif
tusKd;r½Sdonfudk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/ tom;onf cE¨mudk,f
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh tom;rpm;bJ touf½Sif
aexdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYavhusufMu&rnf/ oufowfvGwfpm;&ef
tajctaeay;ygvsuf rdrd\tvdktwdkif; tom;pm;&ef a½G;cs,f
olrsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;trSefw&m;rsm;udk trIrxm;Mu
aomaMumifh trSefw&m;udkodEdkifpGrf;r½SdMuawmhbJ pdkufonfh
twdkif;&dwfMu&vdrfhrnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufynm
oif,laeMuonfh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; tom;[if;
rsm;? usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udkrauR;&ef uREfkyftm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk pmvdk
pdwfjzpfaprnfh rnfonfhtpmudkrQvnf; rauR;Mu&efjzpfonf/
vlBuD;? vlvwf? vli,ftaygif;wdkY? oif\usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufaprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk rpm;MuzdkY uREfkyfawmif;yefvdk
ygonf/ tepfemcHí xm0&bk&m;ocifudkudk;uG,fMuyg/
om;orD;rsm;vnf; þtrIawmfwGif vIyf½Sm;yg0ifyg
avap/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;jzpf
Mu&m vlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;wdkYonf cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;y,fum
bk&m;ocif\trIawmftwGuf vdktyfaomaiGaMu;rsm;udkacRwmNyD;
c&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;udkaxmufyHhMuzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocif
tvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/
rdbwdkY? þudpöwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifbufwGif pdwfa&m
udk,fyg&yfwnfMuyg/ u½kPmawmftcsdefwGif xm0&bk&m;ocif
a½SUarSmufü uREfkyfwdkYtprf;oyfcHae&onfudk oabmaygufzdkY
vdktyfaeygonf/ oif\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh avmu
taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rIrsm;udk pGefYvTwfvdkufygvm;rdwfaqG/
pGefYvTwfygrnf[k yg;pyfESifhajymjcif;onf tvGefvG,fygonf/
oifhtm; xl;jcm;olwpfOD;jzpfvmaponfh? xm0&bk&m;ocif
\awmif;qdkrIudkvdkufavsmaMumif; xif½Sm;aponfh udk,ftvdk
udkjiif;y,fjcif;tusihfudk usifhaqmifvdkufyg/ xdktusifhudk
usifhaqmifjcif;aMumifh pkaqmif;&½SdonfhaiGaMu;rsm;udk xm0&
bk&m;ocif\b@mawmfwdkufxJodkYvªvdkufyg/ xdkaiGaMu;rsm;
onf trIawmfBuD;udk qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef taxmuftul
ûyygvdrfhrnf/
DF- 38
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 595 596 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tom;rpm;vdkYrjzpfbl;[k vltrsm;pku txif½SdaeMu
ygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyrIatmufrSm
touf½SifaexdkifzdkY vHk;vHk;qHk;jzwfvsuf bk&m;ocifhbufwGif
&yfxMurnfqdkvQif 'Ha,vESifhtazmfrsm;uJhodkY udk,fpdwfESpfyg;
ESifhywfoufaomtpGrf;cGeftm;rsm;udk &½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ udk,ftvdk
udkjiif;y,fjcif;aMumifh pkaqmif;&rdaomaiGaMu;rsm;onf bk&m;
ocif\trIawmftwGuf rnfrQxda&mufpGmtoHk;ûyEdkifonfudk
awGUjrif&olrsm;onf tHhtm;oifhukefMuygonf/ udk,ftvdkudk
jiif;y,fjcif;aMumifh pkaqmif;&½SdonfhaiGaMu;tenf;i,fonf
BuD;rm;vSaomtjcm;aiGaMu;yrmPrsm;xuf bk&m;ocif\
trIawmfNyD;ajrmufrItwGuf ydkíxda&mufvSygonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;ü tvGefta&;ygaomtrSef
w&m;rsm;½SdaeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&m
tvif;w&m;rsm;udk vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u
ay;awmfrlxm;onfjzpf&m uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYtouf½SifusifhoHk;ae
Muygoenf;/ rnfrQavmufaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf bk&m;ocif
ay;tMuHay;csufrsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif&ef jiif;qdkaeMu
ygonf/ uREfkyfwkdYonf vlrsKd;pkwpfpktaejzifh rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;onfh
tvif;ESifhtnD aexdkifusifhaqmifMu&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;
qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ½dkaovdkufavQmuf&efrSm uREfkyfwdkYwm0ef
jzpfygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;wGif uREfkyfwdkYonf
tjcm;olrsm;\a½SUwGifa&mufaeoifhygonf/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdU
"r®q&mrsm;ESifhwuG owif;pum;&½Sdxm;onfhtoif;om;rsm;
onf þudpöESifhywfoufí bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfh
owif;pum;rsm;udk r½dkraoûyaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrd
wdkY\qE´udkOD;xdyfyefum êudufovdkpm;aeMuygonf/ êuduf
ovdkvkyfaeMuygonf/
tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusonfh
zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYowfrSwfrxm;Muaomfvnf; toD;
tESHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm; tvQHy,faygrsm;onfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif
tom;onf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;twGuf pm;oifhaom
tpmr[kwfygacs/ ]]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomuf
aomfvnf;aumif;? rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;
ocif\bkef;wefckd;udkaxmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh}}
[k bk&m;ocif\apwrefrsm;yDyD vlrsm;wdkYtm; rajymvdkMu
bl;vm;/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk qefYusifvsuf
oufaocHMuygpdkY/ aorsKd;jzpfaomvlom;rsm;tm; ay;awmfrl
onfhtrSefw&m;rsm;wGif trGefjrwfqHk;jzpfaomowif;pum;
rsm;udk a[mMum;aeaom"r®q&mrsm;wdkY? tpm;taomufwGif
aumif;aomyHkoufaoudkjyMuygpdkY/ q,fzdkYwpfzdkYpm;aeMuolrsm;
onf avmutaysmftyg;vdkufpm;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\touf
aoG;aMumrsm;wGif tqdyfoifhatmifvkyfaqmifMurnfvm;/
xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;tvif;ESifhowday;pum;rsm;udk
*½krxm;bJ aeMuawmhrSmvm;/ cE¨mudk,fusef;rmjcif;udk
u½kPmawmfwGif BuD;xGm;&efESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mpHkprf;rItwGuf
ta&;ygaomt&mwpfcktjzpf *½kxm;Mu&ygrnf/ tpmtdrfudk
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 597 598 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
aumif;rGefpGm*½krpdkufvQif aumif;jrwfaompm&dwåwnfaqmuf
rIudk xdcdkufapvdrfhrnf/ OD;aESmufESifhtm½HkaMumrsm;onf
tpmtdrfusef;rmrS xufjruftm;aumif;Muvdrfhrnf/ rSm;,Gif;
aompm;aomufrIrsm;onf vG Jr Sm;aomtawG;tac:ESif h
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk jzpfay:apygonf/
vlom;tm;vHk;wdkYonf ,ckwGif tprf;oyfcHMu&vsuf
½Sdonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pfawmfü ESpfjcif;r*FvmcH,lMuNyD;
jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYudk toa&ysufapum ½Sdoifhjzpfoifhonfh
tajctaewGifr½Sdap&ef vkyfaqmifaeaomt&mrsm;ESifh uREfkyfwdkY
uif;uif;aeMuvQif uREfkyfwdkY\OD;acgif;jzpfaom c&pfawmfü
BuD;yGm;&ef wefcdk;rsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlrnfjzpfNyD; uREfkyfwdkYonf
xm0&bk&m;ocif\u,fwifjcif;qkaus;Zl;udk jrifawGUMu&
vdrfhrnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hkrsm;wGif tpm;tpmûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm;tqifhqifhwdk;wufvmjcif;
tcsyfydk- acwfOD;ydkif;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hk
rsm;wGif vma&muftukocHvlemrsm;ESifh wm0efxrf;aqmifae
olrsm;tm; tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk tom;[if;rsm;udkauR;cJh
aMumif; ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;½SdcJhygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf
pGmtouf½Sifaexdkifjcif;u@rsm;wGif ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;½Sdvm
ygonf/ xdka½S;aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tcsdefMumjrifhpGmêud;pm;½kef;uef
NyD;onfhaemuf tqHk;wGif tom;auR;jcif;udk &yfqdkif;cJhMuygonf/
rr0Iduf\tMuHay;csufrsm;udk wHkYjyefaomtm;jzifh bufw,fc&d
aq;½HkwGif 1898 ckESpfrSpívnf;aumif;? pdefY[,fvifem
aq;½HkwGif 1903 ckESpfrSpívnf;aumif; tom;auR;jcif;udk
&yfqdkif;cJhygonf/ xdktcsdefydkif;wGif oufowfvGwfpm;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufaomtodynmrsm;vnf; us,fjyefYpGmysHUESHYaeygNyD/
xdkaMumifh {nfhonfrsm;udk tom;rauR;jcif;udkvkyfaqmif&m
wGif ,cifuxufydkívG,fulacsmarmvmygonf/ aq;½Hkopf
rsm;wGif vlemrsm;tm; tom;rauR;awmhaMumif;od&aom
a½S;aq;½Hkrsm;rStkyfcsKyfolrsm;twGufvnf; 0rf;omp&mjzpfvm
ygonf/
Letter, p. 3 (1884)
uREfkyfonf oifhtwGufpmtenf;i,fa&;&ef reuf (4)
em&DtcsdefwGif tdyf&mrSxcJhygonf/ oiftkyfcsKyfaeaom aq;½Hkudk
bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhtnD rnfuJhodkYOD;aqmif Edkifrnfudk
uREfkyftav;teufpOf;pm;um tenf;i,ftMuHay; vdkufygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&m rlv
tMuHtpnftwdkif; wwfEdkiforQtouf½Sifaexdkif&ef êud;pm;
aeaom usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfMu
ygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkonfrSm t&ufaopmrsm;ESihf aq;vdyf
rsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;qdkonfhzGifhqdkcsufxuf av;eufaom
teufudkaqmifygonf/ xdkt&monf uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;aom
t&mrsm;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfygonf/
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 599 600 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
oifonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;
w&m;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;rI½SdNyD;om;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif vlemaqmif
rsm;odkY uREfkyfoGm;a&mufvnfywfaomtcg tom;pm;jcif;
ESifhywfoufNyD; ay;xm;onfhtvif;w&m;ESifh xifxif½Sm;½Sm;
qefYusifvkyfaqmifaeMuonfudkawGUcJh&ygonf/ oifpm;aom
tpmxJwGif tom;ut"dujzpfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh tajymif;
tvJwpfckudk csufcsif;vkyfaqmifzdkYvdkNyD[k uREfkyfoabmayguf
oGm;ygonf/ þuJhodkYaomvkyfaqmifrIudkvkyfaqmif&ef xm0&
bk&m;ocifvrf;jyaejcif;r[kwfyg/ vlemrsm;\tpmpm;&if;wGif
xdkt&mrsm;udkxnfh&ef aq;½Hkwm0ef½Sdolrsm;udkvrf;jyjcif;jzifh
rSm;,Gif;aomtajccHwpfckay:wGif tpm;tpmar;cGef;rsm;udk
wnfaqmuf&ef pmwefêud;pm;aejcif;jzpfygonf/
tJ*kwåKjynfrS £oa&vrsm;udkxkwfaqmifcJ hpOfu
oefY½Sif;aysmf½TifNyD; usef;rmaomvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;udk cgemefjynfwGif
wnfaxmif&ef &nf½G,fawmfrlcJhygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\
tMuHawmfudkoHk;oyfu rnfrQNyD;ajrmufatmifjrifcJhonfudk
Munfh½IMuyg/ udk,fawmfonf tpm;taomufwGif wif;usyf
pGmxdef;csKyfawmfrlcJhonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; tom;udk
auR;awmfrrlcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif tJ*kwåKjynfwGifpm;cJh&aomt&m
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYawmifhwaeMuojzifh tom;udkauR;awmfrlcJh&m
a½SmifvGJír&aomtusKd;qufudk olwdkY&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/
vlemrsm;udk aq;0g;roHk;bJukoay;&ef tukeftuscHum
aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;udkwnfaxmifcJhygonf/ xdkaq;½Hkrsm;udk
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD OD;aqmifoifhMuygonf/ aq;0g;
oHk;NyD;ukojcif;rsm;udk vHk;vHk;roHk;awmhonftxd tjrefqHk;
a½Smif½Sm;oifhygonf/ oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm pm;wwf? 0wfwwf?
udk,fvufavhusifhcef;vkyfwwfatmif ynmay;Mu&ygrnf/
bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhtnD usef;rmaysmf½Tifatmifaewwf&ef
toif;om;rsm;udkomru tjyifvlrsm;udkvnf; ynmay;oifh
ygonf/ odkY&mwGif þudpöwGif uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkifu tqifh
rrDvQif þaq;½Hkrsm;udkwnfaxmif&ef þrQaiGukefaMu;us
cHzdkYvdkygao;ovm;/ ûyjyifajymif;vJrIonf rnfonfhae&mrS
pívkyf&rnfenf;/
uREkfyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\tpDtpOftwdkif; vIyf½Sm;
aeygonf[k uREfkyfrajym&Jacs/ tajymif;tvJwpfckudkvkyfrS
jzpfawmhrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu Health Retreat [laomemrnfudk
pGefYvTwfoifhygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkemrnfESifhvHk;vHk;rqDavsmf
aomtajctaewGif½Sdaeygonf/ aq;½Hkrsm;udk vlwpfOD;
wpfa,muf\oabmxm;ESifh udkufnDap&eftwGufaomfvnf;
aumif;? vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcHwGif;awGUap&eftwGufaomf
vnf;aumif; yHkpHajymif;ypf&rnfr[kwf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifu
uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlcJhonf/ tjcm;tpmrsm;udkrêudufMuonfh
taysmftyg;vdkufpm;olrsm;a&mufaeojzifh uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkwGif
tom;pm;jcif;udkaxmufcHapm'uwufrIrsm;½Sdaeonfudk uREfkyf
odxm;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;csifaomtpmrsm;auR;onfh aq;½Hk
rsm;odkY oGm;ukcGifhay;vdkufyg/ þaq;½Hkonf rSefuefaom
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 601 602 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; {nfhonfrsm;twGufyif vkyfaqmifray;
EdkifcJhvQif &½Sdxm;aomemrnfaumif;rsm; ysufjy,foGm;ayvdrfh
rnf/ odkY&mwGif ,ckwGif tom;pm;jcif;twGuf apm'uwufrI
rsm; ,cifuvdkr½SdawmhNyD/ taMumif;rSm aq;½HkodkYvma&muf
ukorIcH,lolrsm;wGif tjyifvlOD;a&rSmenf;vSygonf/
tom;udk tqufrjywfpm;jcif;aMumifh usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ xdkodkYjzpf&jcif;twGuf azgufjyefaom
cHwGif;awmifhwrIrSwpfyg; tjcm;t&mrsm;udk qifajcray;Edkif
ygacs/ oifonf tom;udkvHk;vHk;rpm;awmhbl;vm;[kar;vm
vQif aemufydkif;rSm vHk;vHk;rpm;awmhonfhtajctaewGif½Sdvdrfh
rnf/ odkY&mwGif xdktqifhodkYa&muf&ef ,cktcsdefwGif tqifoifh
rjzpfao;yg[k uREfkyfajzygrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;udk tqHk;wGif
vHk;0pGefYvTwfMuvdrfhrnf/ tom;udk tpmpm&if;xJwGifrxnfh
awmhbJ tom;a&mif;onhfqdkifrsm;udk ½GHrkef;aomtMunhfjzifh
aemifwGifMunfhMuvdrhfrnf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fudk
wnfaqmufxm;Muygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh wd&pämef
&r®ufrsm;udk wdk;yGm;apMurvm;/ toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Guf
rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh touf½Sifaexdkifwwfatmif rdrdudk,fudk
ynmay;&rnfhtcsdefonf þtcsdefjzpfonf/ aq;½HkwGif
trIaqmifaeoltm;vHk;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrSm þt&myif
jzpfonf/ tom;udkvHk;0rpm;awmhonfhtxd wjznf;jznf;
avsmhNyD;pm;oGm;yg/ tom;udkvHk;0jzwfum toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;udktm;ûyvmMuvQif bk&m;ocif\tptOD;tMuH
tpnfonf rMumrDwGif jzpfajrmufvmygvdrfhrnf/ tom;udk
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;upm;oHk;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/
tom;udk,cifuvdkrpm;awmhaomtcsdefwGif oifonf
ydkírSefuefaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udkavhusufum tom;[if;
ae&mwGif tjcm;[if;vsmrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;vmygvdrfhrnf/
wd&pämeftqD? wd&pämeftom;rsm;rygonfh usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfaom[if;vsmrsm;udk jyifqifwwfvmygvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&
½SdNyD; usef;rma&;ESifhvHk;vHk;nDnGwfaom [if;vsmtrsKd;rsKd;udk
tom;rygbJ jyifqifwwfvmMuygrnf/ pdwftm;xufoef
olrsm;onf oufowfvGwf[if;ESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,f
pm;Mu&rnf/ tom;rpm;&vQif tm;r½Sdawmhbl;[k tpGJ½Sdaeonfh
tjyifvlrsm;tm; wpfcgwpf&HwGif tom;udkauR;vdku auR;Edkif
aomfvnf; tom;udk olwdkYa½SmifEdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif ydkícHEdkif
&nf½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hkrsm;wGif tom;jzwfjcif;udk
q&m0efESifhtrIxrf;rsm;taejzifh uefYuGufae&jcif;\t"du
tcsufrSm olwdkYudk,fwdkifu tom;udkêudufum awmif;pm;
aeMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh tom;auR;zdkYvnf; olwdkY
tm;ay;aeonf/ odkY&mwGif aq;½Hkwufvmonfhvlemrsm;udk
tom;auR;jcif;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrlrrlyg/
ynmay;a[mMum;rIrsm;jzifhjzpfap? toufwmyHkoufaorsm;
tm;jzifhjzpfap oufowfvGwfpm;zdkY ynmay;Muyg/ tm[m&ESifh
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 603 604 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
jynfh0aomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif tvGef
uRrf;usifzd k Yvdkovdk tvkyfvnf;rsm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif
jznf;jznf;csif;NyD;ajrmufatmifvkyfMu&ygrnf/ tom;udk tpm;
avsmhMuyg/ tcsuftûywfwm0efudkxrf;aqmifae&olwdkY?
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnDpm;wwfatmif rdrdyg;pyfudk
rdrdusifhay;Muyg/
uREfkyfwdkYonf cgemefjynfudkavQmufvSrf;Mu&rnfhtpm;
tJ*kwåKjynfudkjyefaeMuygonf/ uREf kyfwdk Y ûyjyifMuygpd k Y/
oufowfvGwf[if;vsmrsm;udk pm;oHk;MuygpdkY/ tpmraMuonfh
a0'emudkjzpfaponfh bDpuGwfrsm;udkjzwfMuygpdkY/ bk&m;ocif
xm;awmfrlonfhpHESifh teD;pyfqHk;aexdkiftouf½Sifvdkolrsm;onf
tvdkawmfudkqefYusifaomaqGrsKd;rdwfaqGtenf;trsm;wdkY\qEudk
yrmrxm;bJ rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;onfhtvif;w&m;ESifhtnD aexdkif
touf½SifMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tpm;tpmESifhywfouf
aom wif;usyfonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkifpm;aomufum
tvdkawmfESifhtnD yg;pyfudkusifhay;rnfqdkvQif pdwfawmfESifh
awGUaom MoZmoufa&mufrIwpfckudk&Muvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf
ar;p&mar;cGef;wpfckrSm ]]uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;tppftrSefrsm;jzpfzdkY qE½Sdygovm;}} [lí
jzpf\/
[if;wpfrsKd;wnf;udk xyfcgwvJcsufrpm;rdzdkYta&;BuD;
ygonf/ [if;tajymif;tvJûyvkyfjcif;onf cHwGif;udkydkívdkufap
ygonf/ xdkodkYqdkaomfvnf; xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; [if;trnf
trsm;udkvnf; rpm;oifhyg/ aiGaMu;u@udkvnf; owdxm;zdkY
vdkygonf/ vlwdkYtvdk½SdygvQif ½Sif;vif;wifjycGifhay;Muyg/
¤if;wdkYESifhtqifajyrIr½SdvQifvnf; trSm;udk½SmcGifhûyMuyg/
£oa&vrsm;onf arma½SESifhtm½kefwdkYudk tNrJvdkvkdyif tjypf
wifpum;ajymwwfMuonf/ usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI
pHudkxdef;odrf;&efrSm oif\wm0efjzpfonf/ tpm;tpmudpöwGif
pnf;urf;wusvkyfaqmifay;jcif;onf a&ay;csKd;enf;trsKd;rsKd;
xuf emrusef;olrsm;twGuf ydkítvkyfjzpfygonf/
tom;0,fpm;rnfhaiGaMu;rsm;udk opfoD;0vHudk0,fpm;&m
wGiftoHk;ûyMuyg/ vlwdkYtm; rSefuefaomtoufwmyHkpHrsm;udk
jyMuyg/ þt&mudk aq;½H krsm;wGiftptOD;uwnf;u
usifhaqmifcJhMurnfqdkvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdkaq;½Hk
rsm;udk ESpfoufjrwfEdk;um ¤if;wdkY\êud;pm;rIudk todtrSwf
ûycJhygvdrfhrnf/
tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif *½kpd kufzd k Yvdkovdk
uRrf;usifrI½SdzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ xdkaq;½HkwGifauR;aom
tpm;tpmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;ESifhudkufnDap&eftvdkYiSm pm;zdkrª;tm;tMuHay;&ef olrtm;
q&m0efBuD;u wm0efay;vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfarQmfvifhxm;ygonf/
vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf ol\cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkuf&ef
pdwf,drf;aeaomaMumifh ol\toufwmvrf;pOftay: oltjypf
jrifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif rdrdêudufaomtpmESifh
vkyfaqmifaeaomp½dkufrsm;ESihfudkufnDatmif aq;½Hk0efxrf;rsm;udk
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 605 606 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
yHkoGif;&rnfawmhr[kwfyg/ aq;½Hk½Sdwm0ef½Sd0efxrf;rsm;onf
rMumcPwdkifyifaqG;aEG;um [efcsufnDnDjzifh vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmif
oifhygonf/
tom;pm;jcif;onf rSef&rnf[k rjiif;zdkY&ef uREfkyf
awmif;yefvdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm rdrdonf tom;rpm;&vQif
aq;½HkrwufEdkifyg[k cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRefwpfOD;u ajymcJhzl;
ygonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udk pm;oHk;touf½Sif
aexdkifjcif;onf Murf;wrf;,kwfrmonfhtoufwmyHkpHwpfck
jzpfae&m tom;xuf usef;rma&;cGeftm;rsm;udkay;Edkifonfh
oufowfvGwfpm;enf;rsm;udkoifay;um toufwmyHkpHajymif;ypf
oifhygonf/
þacwfþtcgwGi f usL;vGe faeonf htjyp fr Sm
pm;aomufMuL;jcif;jzpfonf/ vltrsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrI
wnf;[laom bk&m;ocifudkudk;uG,faeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhqufET,frI½Sdaeolrsm;onf þudpöwGif rSefaom
yHkoufaoudkjyoifhMuygonf/ olwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;
awmifhwrI\xdef;csKyfrItm;jzifhr[kwfbJ bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHU
aompdwfjzifh tod½Sd½Sda½GUvsm;vkyfaqmifoifhMuygonf/ usef;rm
jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;udk ausausnufnuf
od½Sdem;vnfoifhMuNyD; rnfonfhtajctaersKd;wGifrqdk xdktvH
atmufwGif&yfxoifhMuygonf/
q&m0efBuD;? usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom[if;rsm;udk
ydkícsufwwfvmatmif oifavhusufvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfarQmfvifh
ygonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk tvQHy,fpDpOfyg/
þudpöwGif aiGaMu;udkrûcd;jcHygESifh/ tom;twGufaiGudkroHk;bJ
[if;oD;[if;½GufESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;oHk;yg/
xdkpOfwGif oifjyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;udk tm;&yg;&vltrsm;
vma&mufpm;oHk;onfudk oifjrifum 0rf;om&vdrfhrnf/ pm;vdkuf
onfhusef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmaumif;rsm;onf t&mrxif
jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k rnfonfhtcgrQrxifygESifh/ aeYpOftoHk;ûy&ef
vdktyfaomcGeftm;rsm;udk xdktpmrsm;onfay;pGrf;um aoG;ESifh
oefrmaomtom;rQifrsm;udkjzpfapygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 2 (1884)
t&yfa'owpfckrS aq;½Hkwpf½HktaMumif;udkpOf;pm;rd&m
tawG;rsm;pGmonf uREfkyf\OD;aESmufxJodkY0ifvmygonf/ wcsKdUudk
oifwdkYtm;azmfjyvdkygonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;udk
uREfkyfrSwpfqifh oifwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrl
aeygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhpyfvsOf;í bk&m;ocif\
tvdkawmfudkod½Sdem;vnf&ef oif*½kwpdkufqkawmif;um êud;pm;
cJhzl;ygovm;/ tjyifvlawGuawmh tom;[if;udkpm;MurSmyJ
qifajcay;aeMuaomfvnf; tom;[if;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;cJhzl;onf
rSefapawmh? tom;[if;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;&ef tjcm;[if;vsm
rsm;udk aocsmpGmcsufûywfauR;rnfqdkvQif xdkolrsm;udk
tom;[if;tm;jzwfEdkif&ef ynmay;EdkifMurnfjzpfonf/ pm;zdkrª;
udk,fwdkifu tom;êudufolwpfOD;jzpfaevQif tom;pm;jcif;udk
oltm;ay;vmvdrfhrnf/ xdktcgwGif ysuf,Gif;aeaomcHwGif;
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 607 608 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
awmifhwrIonf tom;pm;jcif;twGuf qifajcay;rIrsm;udk
wGef;vSef&yfwnf&ef cdkifcHhvmvdrfhrnf/
tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf tom;[if;udkyifwdkifxm;í pm;oHk;
aeMuojzifh tom;[if;udkrcsuf&vQif rnfonfh[if;udk tpm;xdk;
csuf&rnfudk rodMuawmhacs/ xdkt&mudk uREfkyfjrifawGUaom
tcg ajymif;vJrIwpfckudk csufcsif;vkyfaqmif&rnfudk uREfkyf
odvdkufygonf/ tom;udkjzwfr&avmufatmif wrf;wrf;pGJ
jzpfaeaomacsmif;qdk;aoG;yga&m*gonfrsm;u tom;awmif;pm;
vQif ¤if;wdkYtcef;xJrSmom oD;oefYpm;cGifhûyyg/ tom;udkrpm;
oifhaomolrsm;twGuf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;wpfckrjzpfygapESifh/
tom;rpm;vQif toufr½SifEdkif[k oifxifjrifaumif;xifjrif
vdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfvnf; wpfcsdefu xdkodkYxifcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif
vlom;rsm;\tpmtwGuf bk&m;ocif\rlvtpDtpOfwGif
wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rygonfudk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/
rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;uom xdktpmrsKd;udkvufcH
ygonf/ ¤if;jyif tom;rsm;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh a&m*gydk;
rsm;½Sdaeonfqdkonfhtcsufu uREfkyfwdkYtm; tom;udkjzwfEdkif
atmif tom;ukefêud;pm;apygonf/ uREfkyf\,cktaetxm;
rSm tom;udkvHk;vHk;jzwf&efyifjzpfonf/ t&uform;rsm; t&uf
jzwf&cufovdk wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;twGuf tom;jzwfzdkYcufaevdrfh
rnf/ odkYaomf jzwfEdkifvQif ydkíaumif;ygonf/
Letter, p. 59 (1898)
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hkonf aumif;aomtrIudk
aqmif½Gufaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYrSm tom;ESifhywfoufaom
pdwf½Iyfp&mar;cGef;rsm;ESifh&ifqdkifae&acsNyD/ aq;½Hkvmwufol
rsm;tm; tom;udkrauR;bJ wjznf;jznf;jzwfzdkY ñTefMum;oifh
ygovm;/ tom;tm;vHk;udkjzwfMu&ef ½kwfw&ufrvkyfaqmif
oifhao;aMumif; vGefcJhaomESpftenf;i,fu uREfkyftm; tvif;
ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf wcsKdUudpörsm;wGif
¤if;onf tcsKdyGJrsm;udkpm;jcif;xuf ydkíaumif;rGefaeygonf/
xdktcsKdyGJrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkuarmufurjzpfapygonf/ tom;
[if;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Guf[if;rsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? 0dkifrsm;?
vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? tcsKdrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tpmtdrf
udk'ku©ay;onfhydkifrkefYrsm;udka&maESmum pm;aomufjcif;onf
vl\jyuawhobm0udk zsm;emaponfh qefYusifbuftusKd;
oufa&mufrIrsm;udkcHpm;apum emrusef;onfhtajctaeudkjzpfay:
aponf/
uREfkyfonf £oa&vrsm;\bk&m;ocifxHrSvmaom
EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;udk wifqufaeygonf/ tjypfusL;vGef
rIrsm;aMumifh bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvmrsm;onf ajrBuD;
ay:odkYvnf;aumif;? wd&pämefrsm;ESifhwuG taoG;tom;½Sdaom
owå0gtm;vHk;tay:odkYusa&mufcJhygonf/ vlom;rsm;onf
bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;rS vrf;vGJpGmavQmufvSrf;cJhonfh
rdrdwdkY\vkyf&yfrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomtusKd;qufrsm;udk
cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ om;&Jwd&pämeftm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;
xdkusdefjcif;tr*Fvmudk cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/
þt&mrsm;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;xJrS orm;awmfrsm;onf
emrusef;olrsm;tm; tom;auR;&ef rñTefMum;oifhyg/ xdkwd&pämef
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 609 610 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
rsm;xJwGif jzpfyGm;aeaoma&m*grsm;onf tom;pm;jcif;udk
tEÅ&m,f½Sdapygonf/ bk&m;ocifxHrS usdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf
urÇmajrBuD;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;? vlom;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;
aumif;? om;&Jwd&pämefrsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;? yifv,f
xJ½Sdig;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif; usa&mufvsuf½Sdygonf/
raumif;rItjypfvGefusL;rIrsm;onf pMu0Vmtwdkif;twmwrQ
us,fjyefYpGmysHUESHYae&m xdkusdefjcif;tr*Fvmonfvnf; xdkvGefusL;
rIrsm;\twdrfteuftwdkif; usa&mufaeygonf/ a&m*grsm;
onf tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh ul;pufaeygonf/ a&m*g½Sdae
aomwd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;udk aps;xJwGifa&mif;ae
onfjzpf&m tusKd;quftaejzifh vlwdkYwGif a&m*gb,rsm;
cHpm;ae&ygonf/
wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;rsm;udk rwdkYxd? rpm;
oHk;rnfhtaetxm;wpfckqDodkY rdrd\vlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocif
aqmif,loGm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ acwfumvESifhywfoufaom
trSefw&m;udkodxm;aomorm;awmfrsm;onfvnf; tom;udk
auR;&ef rñTefMum;MuygESifh/ tom;pm;jcif;onf vHkûcHrIr½Sd
awmhonfhjyif ynwfawmfapmifhaom bk&m;ocif\om;orD;
rsm;xJwGif rMumrDrSmyif EGm;EdkYudkvnf;raomufoHk;bJaeMu
vdrfhrnf/ rMumawmhrnfhumvtcsdefrSm wd&pämefrS&onfhtpm
tm;vHk;onf vHkûcHawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\
EIwfxGufpum;udk OD;xdyfyefum ynwfawmfrsm;udk pdwfESvHk;
t<uif;rJhapmifha½Smufolrsm;onf aumif;csD;cHpm;&vdrfhrnf/
udk,fawmfonf ¤if;wdkYudktumtuG,fay;onfh'dkif;vTm;jzpf
vdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usDp,fjcif;udk
vufcHawmfrlvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifh
vrf;pOfudkrudk;pm;jcif;? rvdkufavQmufjcif;ESifh pdrf;um;jcif;rsm;
onf tjypfom;wpfOD;tm; rsufESmomay;rIudk bk&m;ocif
rûyEdkifawmhrnfhtajctaeodkYa&mufoGm;apygonf/
tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí wpfzefuREfkyfajymMum;ygrnf/
twdwfwkef;upGefYpm;cJhovdk ,ckuREfkyfrpGefYpm;&Jawmhacs/ vlom;
rdom;pkrsm;twGuf usdefjcif;tr*Fvmqdkwm½SdcJhzl;ygonf/
odkY&mwGif vlwdkYusL;vGefaomtjypfraumif;rIaMumifh wd&pämef
rsm;tay:wGif txl;ojzifh bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvm
usa&mufaeygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;tay:wGif usa&mufaeonfh
a&m*grsm;onf ydkíydkírsm;jym;vm&m tom;udkvHk;0rpm;jcif;
onf wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHjcif;jzpfonf/ trSefw&m;udkod½Sd
xm;onfh q&m0efrsm;u vlemrsm;tm; tom;pm;zdkYtMuHay;
aejcif;onf tqdk;½Gm;qHk;ul;pufysHUESHYaeaoma&m*gqdk;rsm;wGif
aemufqHk;a&m*gwpfckjzpfonf/ ûrdUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;wGif pm&dwå
rsm;ysufjym;onftxd tom;udktBuD;tus,fpm;aeMuonf/
xdkolrsm;\aoG;rsm;onf roefY½Sif;awmhbJ cE¨mudk,fxJwGif
a&m*gjyefYyGm;aeygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh vltrsm;aoqHk;
aeMu&aomfvnf; xdktaMumif;&if;udk olwdkYrodMuacs/
tu,fíomtrSefw&m;udk olwdkYodcJhMuvQif aoqHk;jcif;udk
jzpfaponfht&mrSm wd&pämefrsm;\tom;rsm;jzpfonf[k
DF- 39
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 611 612 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
oufaocHMuayvdrfhrnf/ aoqHk;aeaomtaumifrsm;\tom;
udkpm;jcif;onf ½GH½SmESvHk;emp&mjzpf½Hkomru xdktaumifrsm;½Sd
a&m*gydk;rsm;udkvnf; rQa0cH,laejcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjzifh
azgufjyefysufpD;jcif;rsKd;aphudk vl\cE¨mudk,fxJwGif BuJjzefYae
Muygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tom;pm;&ef ñTefMum;csuf
rsm;udk aemufxyfrûyvkyfMuawmh&ef oifhudk uREfkyfpma&;
ajymMum;vdkufygonf/ þudpötwGuf qifajcvHk;0rwufyg
ESifh/ vl\pdwfwGifjzpfay:vmonfhaemufydkif;tusKd;qufrsm;wGif
vHkûcHrIr½Sdygacs/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mbufpHkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
orm;rsm;jzpfMuygpdkY/ taqmifaevlemrsm;rStp rnfonfhvlem
udkrQ aq;½HkwGif tom;rauR;awmhaMumif; today;Muyg/
tom;pm;jcif;udkpGefYvTwf&ef ynmay;&mwGif ta[mtajymESifh
omru vufawGUudkygvkyfaqmifMuyg/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifojzifh
vlemenf;oGm;cJhvQifvnf; enf;oGm;ygavap? pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
em;vnfoabmaygufvmaomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif;? c&pf,mef
\toufudkqufvuf½Sifoefap&ef toufr½Sdawmhonft&m
udkpm;oHk;aeonfudk od½SdaomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif; xdkpnf;rsOf;
rsm;onf twdkif;xuftvGefwefzdk;½Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/
Letter, p. 84 (1898)
oif\pmudk uREfkyf&½SdaomaMumifh tom;ESifhywfoufí
twwfEdkifqHk;½Sif;jyvdkygonf/ oifa&;om;azmfjyxm;aom
pmom;rsm;onf q&mrBuD;wpfOD; þaq;½HkwGif½SdaepOfu
vlwcsKdUxHodkYa&;cJhaompmom;rsm;yifjzpfaeygonf/ þpmrsm;udk
uREfkyf½Smxm;NyD;ygNyD/ wcsKdUpmrsm;udk rdwåLul;xm;NyD; wcsKdUudk
awmhul;rxm;yg/ xdkpmrsm;udkazmfjyonfhaeYpGJrsm;udka&;&ef
olwdkYudkuREfkyfajymxm;ygonf/ xdkpOfu tom;[if;rsm;udk
tBuD;tus,fñTefMum;auR;arG;cJhygonf/ a&m*gb,uif;aom
tom;rsm;udkcsufcsif;BuD;jzwf&rnfr[kwfaomfvnf; wd&pämef
taoaumifrsm;rStom;rsm;taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í a[majymyGJ
rsm;vkyfay;&ygrnf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufoifhwifhavsmufywfatmif jyifqifcsufûywfpm;oHk;vQif
cE¨mudk,frSvdktyfonfhusef;rmjcif;cGeftm;rsm;udk &EdkifaMumif;udk
vnf;aumif;? umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,frSmuJhodkY toD;tESHayg
rsm;aoma'orsm;wGif tom;udkpm;oHk;&efrvdktyfaMumif;rsm;
vnf;aumif; azmfjya[majymMu&ygrnf/ od k Yapumrl
toif;awmfaq;½HkwGif tom;udktvQHy,fauR;NyD;rS ½kwfw&uf
oufowfvGwfauR;&efrSm tqifoifhrjzpfao;ygacs/ tom;udk
wjznf;jznf;csif;avsmhauR;um aemufqHk;wGif vHk;vHk;BuD;jzwfypf
&efjzpfygonf/ vlemrsm;twGuf tom;auR;aompm;yGJwpfyGJ
om½Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; usefpm;yGJtm;vHk;wGif tom;[if;uif;&rnf
jzpfonf/
tom;jzwfzdkYudpöudk tm;wufoa&muREfkyfvkyfaqmifrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; wpfaeYvQif (3) Budrftom;[if;pm;zl;aeNyD
jzpfojzif h þcufcJaomt&mud k Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;
vkyfaqmif&efrjzpfacs/ El;nHhodrfarGUpGmvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/
vlemrsm;udk usef;rma&;½IaxmifhrSaeí ynmay;Mu&rnf/
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 613 614 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí þt&monf uREfkyfowd&
orQtm;vHk;yifjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYqifjcifoHk;oyf&ef tvif;rsm;
udkwdk;íwdk;íay;vsuf½Sdygonf/ wd&pämefavmuwGif a&m*g
usvsuf½Sd&m tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh vlom;rdom;pkrsm;wGif
a&m*gb,trsKd;rnfa½GUrnfrQusa&mufaeaMumif; qHk;jzwf&ef
rvG,fulyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tom;rsm;udkppfaq;jcif;taMumif;udk
aeYpOfowif;pmrsm;wGif tNrJwrf;vdkvdkzwfae&ygonf/ tom;
a&mif;onhfqdkifrsm;udk pdkufvdkufrwfwwf½Sif;xkwfaeNyD; a&mif;
aeaomtom;rsm;udkvnf; pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfaMumif; jypfwif
zGifhqdkMu&rnf/
tom;pm;jcif;onf usef;rma&;twGufaomfvnf;
aumif;? tusifhpm&dwåtwGufaomfvnf;aumif; tusKd;rûy
aMumif; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u uREfkyftm; tvif;ay;awmfrl
cJhygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfhar;cGef;rsm;udk xyfzef
wvJ&ifqdkifae&ojzifh uREfkyftwGuf xl;qef;ovdkjzpfaeygonf/
uREfkyfonf þtaMumif;udk orm;awmfBuD;rsm;ESifh&if;&if;ESD;ESD;
pum;ajymcJhzl;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf þudpöudkoHk;oyfcJhzl;Mu
aomfvnf; vlemrsm;udktom;auR;&ef ñTefMum;aeMuygonf/
MopaMw;vs,leD,HuGefz&ifhwGif uREfkyfa&muf½SdpOf pwef;rdk;ü
OykofapmifhpOfwGif xdkt&yfESifhrsm;pGmra0;awmhonfh qrf;rm;a[;vf
wGifwnfaxmifxm;onfh usef;rma&;Xme\tcuftcJudkwifjy&ef
0dnmOfawmfudkwdkufwGef;aeouJhodkY uREfkyfcHpm;ae&ygonf/
þaq;½HkwGif &,l&rnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk uREfkyf
wifqufcJhygonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlom;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifhtouf
rsm;udkpaw;cJh&onfh tpmpm&if;xJwGifyg0ifaomtom;udk
rnfonfhtcgrQrauR;Mu&ef uREfkyfazmfjycJhygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom
jywfom;NyD; pdwftm;xufoefonfh awmif;yefpum;rsKd;udk
uREfkyfwpfoufwGifrajymcJhzl;yg/ vlemrsm;twGuf tom;[if;
auR;&ef ñTefMum;jcif;rûyonfhaq;½Hkwpf½Hk uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdaeaom
aMumifh bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifrdaMumif; uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/
orm;awmfrsm;udkjzpfap? refae*smrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;? vlem
rsm;udkjzpfap tom;wpfzwfudkrQrauR;ygESifh[kajymyg&ap/
wd&pämefrsm;\½kyfuvmyfrsm;udk c&pf,mefrsm;pm;rnfhtpmxJwGif
rxnfhoihfaMumif; tNrJwrf;½Ijrifvsuf usef;rma&;½IaxmifhrS
aeí þtom;tcuftcJudk orm;awmfBuD;rsm;½Sif;vif;ay;Edkif
vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyf,HkMunfrdygonf/
þudpöESifhywfoufí pdk;pOf;rQuREfkyfrxdrfcsefcJhyg/ aq;½Hk
0efxrf;rsm;onf wd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;udk jyifqif
auR;arG;rnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif\trsufawmf½Svdrfhrnf[k
uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\Adrmefawmfudk
npfnrf;apvsuf½Sd&m ]]bk&m;ocif\AdrmefawmfudkzsufqD;ol
taygif;wdkYudk xm0&bk&m;ocifzsufqD;awmfrlvdrfhrnf}} [laom
pum;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; ajymjyzdkYvdkaeayNyD/ bk&m;ocifxHrS
usdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf ajrBuD;ESifhwuG yifv,frStp wd&pämef
rsm;tay:üygusa&mufvsuf½SdaMumif; uREfkyftm; bk&m;ocif
tvif;ay;xm;ygonf/ uRJtkyf? EGm;tkyf ponfwdkYudkydkifqdkif
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 615 616 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
xm;jcif;onf vHkûcHrIr½Sdonfhtcsdef rMumrDwGifa&mufvmawmh
rnf/ þurÇmajrBuD;onf bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvm
atmufwGif ykwfodk;ysuf,Gif;vsuf½Sdygonf/
MS, p. 3a (1903)
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ajz½Sif;&efrvG,fonfhtajctaersm;
aMumifh aq;½HkodkYvma&muftukocHMuonfhvlemOD;a&rSm
tBuD;tus,fusqif;oGm;ygonf/ vlemOD;a&usqif;oGm;&
jcif;\taMumif;&if;wpfckrSm vlemrsm;udk tom;[if;rauR;
awmhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/ aq;½HkBuD;udk
pwifzGifhvSpfuwnf;u vlemrsm;udktom;auR;cJhygonf/
þtusifh"avhudk cdkifcdkifrmrmqefYusifzdkYtcsdefusNyD[k uREfkyfwdkY
odxm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif vlemrsm;tm; tom;auR;jcif;udkvnf;
xm0&bk&m;ocifESpfûrdUawmfrrlaMumif;udk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/
,ckwGifrl vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udk
þaq;½Hkrsm;ESifhausmif;rsm;wGif vHk;0rauR;awmhyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifhtrSefw&m;vrf;twkdif;avQmufvSrf;um usef;rm
a&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifMu&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf
csxm;ygonf/ vlemtvmenf;oGm;rSmpdk;&drfojzifh ig;q,f
&mckdifEIef;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rjzpfvdkawmhNyD/ ,lxm;onfh
taetxm;uav;wGif bk&m;ocifxHrS trtpawmif;um
tcdkiftrm&yfwnfMuzdkYyifjzpfygonf/ vlemrsm;twGuf jyifqif
auR;arG;aomtpmrsm;onf opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;
ESifhtcGHrmtoD;rsm;yg0ifonfh tm[m&t&omESifhjynfh0aom
tpmrsm; jzp fygonf/ þumvDz d k ;e D ;,m;jynfe,fwGi f
opfoD;0vHtrsKd;pHkonf tvQHy,fayg<u,fvsuf½Sdygonf/
tom;rpm;bJ toufr½SifEdkif[k tpGJ½Sdaeaomvlem
rsm;udk þudpöESifhywfoufí oabmaygufem;vnfvmatmif
uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;Mu&ygrnf/ tu,fí tajctaerSmrxl;jcm;vQif
aomfvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh xdktpmudk
qufípm;&ef ¤if;wd k YqH k;jzwfMuvQifaomfvnf;aumif;
tusKd;qufrsm;twGuf pGefYpm;vdkaomqE´jzifh rdrdwdkY\tcef;xJ
üompm;MurnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYtwGuf tom;[if;jyifqifay;&ef
uREfkyfwdkYjiif;qdkvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif rdrdwdkY\vkyfaqmif
rItwGuf olwdkYbmomolwdkYwm0ef,lMu&rnfjzpfonf/ uREfkyf
wdkYtaejzifh xdkvkyfaqmifcsufudkvkyf&ef cGifhûyrdefYay;vdrfhrnf
r[kwfyg/ a&m*gb,udkjzpfapum aoG;udknpfnrf;aprnfh
tpmrsm;udkpm;zdkY trdefYay;jcif;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY\b@mpdk;
tvkyfudk uREfkyfwdkYr½Iwfcs&JMuyg/ udk,fawmfrêudufaomt&m
rSef;odvsufESifh uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifcJhMuvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf
c&pfawmftay: opömapmifhod&ma&mufawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
þt&monf uREfkyfwdkY&,lchJonfh&yfwnfcsufyifjzpf
onf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD
touf½Sifaexdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYoEéd|mefcsxm;onf/ bk&m;ocif
rpygap[kom uREfkyfwdkYqkawmif;vdkygonf/
vlemta&twGufydkrdkrsm;jym;vmatmif pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwf
vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ vlemrsm;rsm;vmzdkY tom;jyefauR;jcif;onf
uREfkyfwdkYvkyf&rnfht&mjzpfaeovm;/ zsm;emaponfhtpmudk
vlrrmrsm;tm;auR;Murnfvm;/ tzsm;wm½Snfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk
tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 617 618
vlrrmrsm;tm; auR;Murnfvm;/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef oEéd|mef
csolrsm;tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY&yfwnfMurnfvm;/
MS, p. 73 (1908)
xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ,HkMunfvufcHygonf[k
a<u;aMumfaeonfh aq;½Hkvkyfom;wcsKdUonf usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufaprSef;od&ufjzifh tom;rsm;udk êudufovdkpm;oHk;aeMu
ygonf/ aq;½HkrSusifhoHk;aeaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmuf&ef
oifjiif;qdkaepOfwGif aq;½HkütvkyfrvkyfzdkY bk&m;ocif\
emrawmfü uREfkyfajymMum;vdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm oifonf
xdkodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh rSefuefaomtrIawmfwpfckudk
taumiftxnfazmf&ef êud;pm;aeaomq&mrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmif
rsm;\vkyfaqmifrIudk ESpfqxdcdkufapvsuf½Sdygonf/ xm0&
bk&m;ocif\vrf;awmfudk½Sif;vif;xm;yg/ udk,fawmfydkYaqmif
aeonfh owif;pum;oGm;rnfhvrf;ay:wGif t[efYtwm;
vkyfjcif;udk&yfqdkif;vdkufyg/
a½S;tcgu uREfkyfwdkYtm; ay;oem;awmfrlcJhonfh
þpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf ,ckacwfumvwGif touf½Sifaexdkif
olrsm;twGufvnf; ta&;ygonf[k rSwf,lMu&rnf/ tpm;
taomufESifhywfoufí ay;xm;awmfrlonfhtvif;w&m;twdkif;
vdkufavQmufjcif;r½Sdaomyk*¾dKvfwcsKdU½Sdaeygonf/ ûcHykwfatmuf
wGifxm;aomtvif;rsm;udk,lum ½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmvif;&rnfh
tcsdefonf ,cktcsdefyifjzpfonf/
ÀÀÀ
tcef;BuD; (24)
tazsmf,rumrsm;
tydkif; (1) a&aomufjcif;
a&aumif;a&oefYonf usef;rmonfhtcsdefwGifjzpfap?
zsm;emaomtcsdefwGifjzpfap bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh
taumif;qHk;aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;ü wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
a&udkavsmufywfpGmtoHk;ûyjcif;aMumifh usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGef
aponf/ vlESifhwd&pämefrsm;twGuf tqmtrGwfajyap&ef bk&m;
ocifpDpOfxm;onfhtazsmf,rumvnf;jzpfonf/ a&udk êuduf
oavmufaomufyg/ cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;
&mwGif taxmuftulûyum a&m*gb,rsm;udkwGef;vSef&mwGif
obm0udktaxmuftyHhûyvdrfhrnf/
Health Reform, Jan., 1871.
tpmtdrfü rvdkvm;tyfaom0efrsm;uif;vGwfEdkif&ef tpm;
tpmrsm;udk ûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ xdkaemuf pdwfvuf
ayghyg;jcif;½Sdatmifvkyfaqmifum v[mjyifwGif rdrdESifhoifhavsmf
rnfhudk,fvufavhusifhcef;rsm;vkyfaqmifyg/ rMumcPa&csKd;
oifhNyD; a&aumif;a&oefYrsm;udk tvdk½SdoavmufaomufoHk;
oifhygonf/
Letter, p. 35 (1890)
a&m*goufomatmif a&udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifhtoHk;ûyEdkifMu
ygonf/ tpmrpm;rD oefYpifaoma&aEG;wpfcGufcefYaomufjcif;
tazsmf,rumrsm; 619 620 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
onf usef;rma&;udkrxdcdkufaponfhtjyif aumif;aomtusKd;
udkjzpfapygonf/
H to L, ch. 4, p. 56 (1866)
a&aumif;a&oefYESifh avaumif;avoefYrsm;rvHkavmufrI
aMumifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlom;rsm;aoqHk;ae&ygonf/
usef;rma&;aumif;rGefvmap&ef þaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk vlom;
rsm;vdktyfaeygonf/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf todOmPf
rsm;yGifhvif;vmMurnfqdkvQif aq;0g;rsm;udkroHk;awmhbJ v[m
jyifavhusifhcef;rsm;udkvkyfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ aEGa&maqmif;yg tdrf
xJwGifav0ifavxGufaumif;apMuvdrfhrnf/ aomufa&ESifh csKd;a&
twGuf a&aumif;a&oefYrsm;udk toHk;ûyvmMuvdrfhrnf/
xdkaMumifh olwdkYonf txl;usef;rmaysmf½TifvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
H to L, ch. 3, pp. 62-63 (1866)
zsm;emaeaomtcsdefwGif a&rsm;rsm;wdkufum a&zwf
wdkufay;rnfqdkvQif tzsm;usoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ toufcsrf;om&
oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf axmifESifhcsDaomvlom;rsm;onf
¤if;wdkY\awmufavmifaeaoma&iwfjcif;udk tqmajyap&ef
a&aomufcGifhr&MubJ ylcspfaeatmiftylcsdefwufum tm;tif
rsm;ukefcef;oGm;onfhtajcxdatmif a0'emrsm;udk jyif;xefpGm
cHpm;NyD; aoyGJ0ifaeMuygonf/ tm½HkrJhtaqmufttHkBuD;udk
jyif;xefaomzsm;emrIrsm;tm; wdkufxkwf&ef tcGifh&aoma&onf
tm;tifrsm;udkavmifuRrf;oGm;aprnfhtyl"mwfudk wdkufxkwfcGifh
r&ygacs/
R & H, July 29, 1884.
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf xrif;pm;wkef; a&cJa&rsm;udkaomuf
onfhtusifhudk rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhoHk;aeMuygonf/ a&cJa&udk
xrif;pm;wkef;aomufvdkufonfhtwGuf oGm;&nfxGufaponfh
*vif;rsm;\yHkrSefvIyf½Sm;rIudk tm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ aomuf
aoma&onf ydkíat;onfESifhtrQ tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufrIonf
ydkírsm;vmygonf/ tpmaMucsufjcif;tvkyfudk jyefvnf
vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef vHkavmufaomtaEG;"mwfjyefvnf&½Sdonfh
tcsdeftxd xrif;pm;wkef;aomufvkdufaoma&cJa& (odkYr[kwf)
a&cJpdrfvdar®mf&nfrsm;onf tpmaMucsufjcif;udk &yfwefYoGm;
apygvdrfhrnf/ a&aEG;aomufjcif;onfvnf; cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;
rsm;udk xdcdkuftm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ ¤if;jyif xrif;pm;pOf
a&aEG;aomufusifh½Sdolrsm;onf xdktusifhp½dkuf\uRefjzpfoGm;
wwfygonf/ tpmrsm;udkpm;aepOf rnfonfht&mudkrQaomuf&ef
rvdktyfyg/ jznf;nif;pGmpm;NyD; oifpm;vdkufaomtpmudk
oGm;&nfjzifha&maESmoGm;ygavap/ vdktyfonfxuf t&nfrsm;
tpmtdrfxJodkYygoGm;jcif;aMumifh tpmaMu&ef ydkícufcJoGm;ap
ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&nfrsm;udk a½S;OD;pGmpkwfypf&OD;rnf
jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ qm;udk rsm;rsm;rpm;ygESifh/ csOfzwf
rsm;udkrpm;ygESifh/ ylpyfaponfh[if;arT;rqvmrsm;udkrpm;ygESifh/
xrif;pm;aepOf opfoD;0vHrsm;udkpm;ay;yg/ a&iwfjcif;a0'em
udkaysmufuif;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif a&iwfajyap&ef xrif;
rpm;rD (odkYr[kwf) xrif;pm;NyD; tcsdeftenf;i,fjcm;um
tazsmf,rumrsm; 621 622 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
a&oefYtenf;i,fudkaomufzdkYvdktyfygonf/ vufzuf&nf?
aumfzD? bD,m? 0dkift&ufrsm;udk vHk;0raomufMuygESifh/
tom;rQifrsm;udk oefYpifrIûyvkyf&ef a&onf taumif;qHk;t&m
wpfckjzpfygonf/
tydkif; (2) vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzD
R & H, Feb. 21, 1888.
tm;<uaponfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESif h t&nfrsm;onf
aumif;rGefaomusef;rma&;udk rjzpfay:apyg/ vufzuf&nf?
aumfzDESifh aq;vdyfrsm;onf tqdyfygonfhtm;<u0w¬Krsm;jzpf
Muonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf rvdktyfaomt&mrsm;jzpfonfomru
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfjzpfí roHk;aqmifoifhaomt&mrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/
2T, pp. 64-65 (1868)
vufzuf&nfonf cE¨mudk,fudktqdyfoifhaponf/
c&pf,mefrsm;onf xdkt&mudkraomufoHk;oifhacs/ aumfzDonf
vufzuf&nfuJhodkY cE¨mudk,ftay:wGif MoZmoufa&mufEdkifNyD;
vufzuf&nfxuf ydkíqdk;½Gm;ygonf/ aumfzDaMumifh omref
tajctaexuf ydkípdwfx<urI½Sdvmum armyef;rIrsm;udkjzpfay:
apvsuf tqHk;wGif omreftajctaexuf atmufodkYusqif;
oGm;apygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufolrsm;onf
¤if;wdkY\rsufESmay:ü xif½Sm;aom0daoorsm;udkazmfjyaeavh
½Sdonf/ tom;ta&onf jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfvmum rvef;qef;
awmhacs/ ¤if;\rsufESmwGif usef;rmvef;qef;rIrsm;udk rawGU&
awmhacs/
MS, p. 22 (1887)
vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? rl;,pfaq;0g;? bdef;ESifhaq;vdyf
rsm;udkaomufpm;jcif;aMumifh a&m*grsKd;pHkudk cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh þtaomuftpm;tm;vHk;udk wpfck
rusefpGefYvTwfMu&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm txufygt&mtm;vHk;
onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;ESifhwuG pm&dwåwefcdk;rsm;udk xdcdkuf
ysuf,Gif;aponfjzpfaomaMumifh usef;rma&;½IaxmifhrSMunfhum
qufvufroHk;aqmifoifhawmhyg/
R & H, July 29, 1884.
vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? bD,m? 0dkifESifhwuG ao&nf
ao&ufrsm;udkraomufygESifh/ tom;rQifrsm;oefYpif&eftwGuf
a&onf taumif;qHk;t&mwpfckjzpfygonf/
CTBH, pp. 34-36 (1890)
vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? aq;vdyfrsm;onf t&ufaopm
rsm;uJhodkYyif vlom;rsm;zefwD;xm;onfh tm;<uapaom0w¬K
rsm;wGif rwlnDaomxl;jcm;csufrsm;yg½Sdaeonf/
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDwdkYüyg0ifonfh xdcdkufapaom
owådonf 0dkif? pD'g? t&ufESifh aq;vdyfrsm;enf;wl xdcdkuf
apygonf/
aumfzDaomufjcif;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/
aumfzDonf acwåcPompdwftm;wuf<urIudkjzpfapaomfvnf;
tazsmf,rumrsm; 623 624 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
xdktusKd;oufa&mufrI\aemufqufwGJtjzpf armyef;EGrf;e,frI
udkvnf;aumif;? tm;tifcsnfheJYjcif;ESifhwuG udk,fpdwfESvHk;
oHk;yg;pvHk;\ tm½HkqHk;½IH;rIudkvnf;aumif; jzpfay:cHpm;apyg
onf/ pdwfwefcdk;udktm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ xdkt&mudkûyjyifzdkY
êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIr½SdcJhvQif OD;aESmuf\vkyfaqmifrIonf
t½Snfojzifhtm;enf;oGm;ygonf/ þtm½HkaMumxdcdkufrItaygif;
toufwmtiftm;pkrsm;udk aysmufvGifhapvsuf tm½HkaMumrsm;
ysufpD;jcif;? pdwfr½Snfjcif;? pdwfwefcdk;tm;enf;jcif;rsm;wdkYaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaompdwf*emrNidrfrIonf 0dnmOfa&;wdk;wufrIudk
[efYwm;onfh tzsuftiftm;pkrsm;jzpfvmygonf/ csKyfwnf;
jcif;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk axmufcH
tm;ay;aeolrsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh þt&nf
rsm;\raumif;rIudkwGef;vSef&ef rEdk;xoifhMubl;vm;/ wcsKdU
olrsm;twGuf vufzuf&nf? aumfzDudkjzwfzdkY&eftwGuf t&uf
orm;t&ufjzwf&efcufovdkrsKd; tcufawGUaewwfygonf/
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDtwGuf toHk;ûyaomaiGaMu;rsm;onf
ûzef;ypfaomaiGaMu;rsm;xuf qdk;½Gm;ygonf/ xdkaiGrsm;onf
xdkaomufoHk;olrsm;tm; usef;rma&;xdcdkufrIudkomay;pGrf;Edkif
ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufolrsm;?
bdef;pm;rsm;ESifh t&uform;rsm;onf touf½SnfpGmaexdkif&
wwfygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsufaMumifh þt&mrsm;udk
aomufoHk;oifhonf[k r,lqoifhacs/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY
vkyfaqmifNyD;pD;oifhonfht&mrsm;udk csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh
rvkyfrdbJ ysufuGufcJhonfhtcgrsm;vnf;½SdcJhayrnf/ bk&m;ocif
\aeYBuD;wGif udk,fawmfonf xdkt&mrsm;udk jyefvnfazmfjy
awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
tvkyfvkyfpOfwGif tm;<uap&eftwGuf vufzuf&nf?
aumfzDaomufwwfolrsm;onf tusKd;quftaejzifh &ifwkefjcif;?
pdwfrxdef;Edkifjcif;rsm;udk cHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/ EGrf;e,faeaom
tm½HkaMumrsm;onf qdwfNidrfaomae&mü tem;,l&efvdktyfonf/
ukefcef;oGm;aomcGeftm;rsm;udk jyefvnftm;jznfh&ef obm0
w&m;t& tcsdefvdktyfygonf/ tu,fíom obm0w&m;\
tiftm;pkrsm;udk tm;<uaq;rsm;toHk;ûyjcif;jzifh tNrJwap
tvkyfay;aernfqdkvQif trSeftueftiftm;pkrsm;onf rnfodkYyif
tm;jznfhapumrl tm;enf;oGm;Muayvdrfhrnf/ obm0twdkif;
r[kwfonfh tm;<uypönf;rsm;aMumifh ydkírsm;jym;onfhvkyfief;
rsm;udk tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh NyD;ajrmufapEdkifrnfrSmrSefaomfvnf;
vdktyfonfhtaetxm;odkYa&mufonftxd pGrf;tifrsm;udkjr§ifhwif
&efrSm ydkícufcJvmrnfjzpfum tqHk;wGif EGrf;vsoGm;aom
obm0onf rnfonfhtcgrQwHkYjyefrIay;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
tjcm;taMumif;&if;rsm;udkjzpfay:aponfh
raumif;aomtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;
vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDaomufonfhtusifhonf xifxm;
onfxuf rsm;pGmydkíqdk;0g;ygonf/ þtusifhaMumifh acgif;udkuf
jcif;? aMumufvefYwwfjcif;? zsm;emjcif;rsm;udk cHpm;Mu&ygonf/
xdkt&mrsm;udkraomuf&vQif touf½SifzdkYcufonf[k olwdkY
xifxm;Muaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;\usef;rma&;qdkif&mqdk;usKd;
rsm;udk olwdkYrodMuacs/ ydkítEÅ&m,fBuD;aomt&mrSm xdkqdk;usKd;
rsm;aMumifh tjcm;a&m*grsm;udk jzpfay:cHpm;apjcif;yifjzpfonf/
pdwfESifhpm&dwåydkif;wGifjzpfay:onfhtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;udkaomufoHk;jcif;aMumifh cE¨m
udk,fwpfckvHk;wGif a0'emjzpfay:apygonf/ tm½HkaMumrsm;onf
[efcsufrnDawmhyg/ tonf;onf rdrd\vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifrI
wGif aES;auG;um a&m*g&vmygonf/ aoG;t&nftaoG;ESifh
vnfywfrIrsm;ü xdcdkufrI½Sdvmygonf/ tom;ta&rsm; jzLzyf
jzLa&mfjzpfvmygonf/ xdkenf;twl pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwGifvnf;
xdcdkufrIrsm;½Sdvmygonf/ þt&nfrsm;udkaomufcgpwGif
OD;aESmufrsm;MunfvifEdk;Mum;vmaomfvnf; cPwmtwGif;
rSmyif tm;enf;vmum vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwfavsmhyg;oGm;ygonf/
udk,f? pdwfESifh pm&dwåydkif;qdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;yg qkwf,kwfoGm;
ygonf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh xdkolrsm;onf aMumufvefYwwf
olrsm;? qHk;jzwfcsufrrSefolrsm;? pdwfxm;[efcsufrnDolrsm;
jzpfvmonfudk uREfkyfwdkYawGU&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf 'a&m
aomyg;vkyfwwfolrsm;? pdwfr½Snfolrsm;? olwpfyg;\trSm;udk
yHkBuD;csJUum tjypf½Smwwfolrsm;? rdrdtrSm;udk vHk;0rjrifwwf
olrsm;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;pGmawGU&wwfygonf/
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufoHk;olrsm;onf vlrIa&;
azsmfajzrIrsm;twGuf awGUqHkMuaomtcg ¤if;wdkY\tusifhqdk;
rsm;\tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udkazmfjyvmMuygonf/ olwdkY
tm;vHk;onf tazsmf,rumrsm;udk êudufovdkaomufoHk;MuNyD;
xdkt&nfrsm;\tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk cHpm;aeMupOf tmoGuf
vmum olwpfyg;taMumif; raumif;owif;rsm;udk pwifajymqdk
ygawmhonf/ pum;rsm;rsm;ajymvmMuygonf/ aygufwwfu&m
pum;rsm;udkajymvmygonf/ olwpfyg;a'goxGufp&mtwif;
tzsif;rsm;udk oGm;ykwfavvGifhajymvmygonf/ tqifjcifrJhae
aom þtwif;ajymolrsm;onf oufaocHwpfyg;½SdaeaMumif;
arhavsmhaeMuygonf/ rsufjrifr&aomudk,fawmfonf ¤if;wdkY
ajymqdkorQudk aumif;uifpmapmifrsm;wGif rSwfwrf;wifawmfrl
ygonf/ tMuifemuif;aoma0zefjypfwifrIrsm;? yHkBuD;csJUum
ajymqdkowif;ydkYjcif;rsm;? remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;wdkYudk vufzuf
&nf\EId;qGrIatmufwGif ¤if;wdkYzGifh[Muygonf/ xdkt&mtm;vHk;
udk rdrdtm;qefYusifajymqdkouJhodkY c&pfawmfrSwfwrf;wifawmfrl
onf/ ]nDtpfudkwdkYwGif ti,fqHk;aomoltm; ûyMuorQwdkYudk
ightm;ûyMuNyD/}
uREfkyfwdkYonf zcifrsm;\0oDqdk;rsm;aMumifh a0'em
rsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkYxufqdk;½Gm;aomvrf;pOfrsm;udk
vlaygif;rnfrQvdkufavQmufaeMuovJ/ bdef;? vufzuf&nf?
aumfzD? aq;vdyfESifht&ufwdkYonf vlom;rsKd;pkwGif ½SdaeqJ
pGrf;tifrD;ñGefYuav;udk tvsiftjrefNidrf;owfaeygonf/
oef;ESifhcsDaom*gvef½Sdt&ufrsm;udk ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;aomufoHk;ae
Muonf/ aq;vdyftwGuf a':vmoef;ESifhcsDNyD;oHk;aeMuonf/
626 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 625
DF- 40
taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rItwGuf pOfqufrjywfaiGudkûzef;wD;aeMu
aomaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;rSm t0wftpm;csKdUwJhum
ynma&;udpöwGif aESmifhaES;vsuf½SdMuygonf/ þt&mrsm;udk
aomufoHk;aeorQumvywfvHk; vlUtzGJUtpnf;\rSefuefaom
tajctaeodkY rnfonfhtcgrQa&muf½SdEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/
4T, p. 365 (1879)
oifonfvefYwwfNyD; pdwfvIyf½Sm;rItvGefjrefqefaeyg
onf/ vufzuf&nfonf tm½HkaMumrsm;udk Edk;Mum;x<uap
vsuf aumfzDrSm OD;aESmufudkxHkxdkif;apygonf/ vufzuf&nfESifh
aumfzDESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf usef;rma&;udktxl;xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/
xdkaMumifh oifpm;oHk;aomtpmrsm;udk *½kwpdkufa½G;cs,foifhyg
onf/ tm[m&½SdNyD; cGeftm;udkzGHUûzd;aprnfhtpmrsm;udkpm;um
pdwfESvHk;NidrfoufrIudkxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufyg/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;
aemufodkYvdkuf&ef pdwfrwnfrNidrfjzpfrvmrnfhae&mwGif oifh
pdwfudkNidrfatmifxdef;xm;yg/
MH, pp. 326-327 (1905)
vufzuf&nfonf tm;<uypönf;wpfckuJhodkYvIyf½Sm;yg
onf/ twdkif;twmwpfcktxd rl;,pfapEdkifygonf/ aumfzDESifh
wuG tjcm;a&yef;pm;aeaomazsmf&nfrsm;onfvnf; xdkenf;
ESifESifjzpfygonf/ aomufvdkufonfESifhwpfûydifeuf jrL;<uvm
onf/ tpmtdrf½Sdtm½HkaMumrsm;Edk;xvmonf/ xdkaMumifh
OD;aESmufvnf;ylvmonf/ xdkYjyif ESvHk;ü rsm;jym;aomvIyf½Sm;rI
rsm;jzpfvmum wpfudk,fvHk;wGif cPwmcHonfhpGrf;tifrsm;
jzpfay:vmonf/ armyef;rIrsm;aysmufuG,fum cGeftm;rsm;
wdk;yGm;vmovdkcHpm;vm&ygonf/ todOmPfrsm;xufjrufvmNyD;
awG;awmqifjcifwwfrIrsm;onf ydkí½Sif;vif;xif½Sm;vmygonf/
þ&v'frsm;aMumifh vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDonf vlom;
rsm;twGufaumif;onf[k vltrsm;txif½SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf
¤if;wdkY\xifjrifcsufonf rSm;ygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD
onf cE¨mudk,fudk rzGHUûzd;apEdkifyg/ tpmudkajcí cE¨mudk,fu
rpkwf,lrDrSmyif ¤if;wdkYtpGrf;jyygonf/ tm;½Sdvmonf[k xif&
aomt&monfvnf; tm½HkaMumrsm;udkEId;qGjcif;oufoufom
jzpfaeygonf/ tmedoifukefoGm;aomtcsdefwGif obm0twdkif;
r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf; NidrfoGm;um armyef;
EGrf;vsjcif;omtzwfwifcHpm;&ygawmhonf/
þt&mrsm;udk pOfqufrjywfaomufoHk;jcif;aMumifh
acgif;udkufjcif;? tdyfraysmfjcif;? ESvHk;ckefrIjrefvmjcif;? tpm
raMujcif;? aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfaejcif;ESifhwuG raumif;aom
a0'emrsm;udkjzpfay:apygonf/ taMumif;rSm vufzuf&nfESifh
aumfzDonf toufwmtiftm;pkrsm;udk ysufjy,fapygonf/
armyef;aeaomtm½HkaMumrsm;onf NidrfoufpGmtem;,lzdkYvdktyf
ygonf/ ukefoGm;onfhtm;tifrsm;udk jyefvnfjznfhqnf;&ef
tcsdefvdkygonf/ obm0twdkif;&xm;onfhtiftm;rsm;udk
xdktm;<u0wåKrsm;tm; tqufrjywftoHk;ûyjcif;jzifh EGrf;e,f
apaomaMumifh tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh ydkNyD;tvkyfjzpfoa,mif
jzpfaomfvnf; vdktyfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd cGeftm;rsm;udk
628 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 627
xkwfvkyfEId;qG&ef wjznf;jznf;ydkícufcJvmygonf/ aumfzD?
vufzuf&nfaomufcsifpdwfrsm;onf rnfonfht&murQwm;r&
onftxd? rnfodkYrQxdef;r&onfhtxd jyif;xefvmygonf/
aemufydkif;wGif EGrf;vsxHkxdkif;rIaMumifh wHkYjyefcsufray;Edkifawmh
onfhtajctxd ydkíjyif;aomtm;<uaq;rsm;udk xdkolrsm;
awmifhwvmMuygonf/
Letter, p. 69 (1896)
wpfcPwmomtm;<uaponfhxdkt&mrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;
aMumifh ydkíusef;rma&;aumif;rvmapEdkifonfhjyif ,ciftajc
taexufyifqdk;½Gm;oGm;atmif aemufydkif;wHkYjyefrIrsm;ujzpfay:
apygonf/ vufzuf&nfESif haumfzDonf cGeftm;rsm;udk
wpfcPwmEId;qGay;Muaomfvnf; tmedoifukefoGm;aomtcg
pdwfarmvlyef;tajctaeudkjzpfay:apygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ü
tm[m&"mwfvHk;0ryg½Sdyg/ vufzuf&nfwpfcGuf (odkYr[kwf)
aumfzDwpfcGuftm;jzihf &Edkifrnfhtm[m&rSm xdkvufzuf&nf?
aumfzDxJwGifygonfh EGm;EdkYESifh oMum;wGifyg½Sdonfh tm[m&
xufrydkygacs/
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 128-129 (1864)
vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDonf tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYuay;aeonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;onf aq;vdyfrS
&½Sdonfhqdk;usKd;xuf tenf;i,fomavsmhenf;ygonf/ aq;vdyf
orm;rsm;uJhodkYaom jznf;jznf;csif;tqdyfwufaponfh tpm;
taomufrsm;udkaomufoHk;olrsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;udkroHk;&vQif
aooGm;Edkifonf[kyiftxif½SdaeMuygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;
awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufrdolrsm;onf xdktpmtm;jzifh usef;rma&;
udkvnf;aumif;? todOmPfudkvnf;aumif; xdcdkufysufpD;ap
vsuf½Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udkvnf; wefzdk;
rxm;Muawmhacs/ tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;onf xHkxdkif;aeNyDjzpfojzifh
tjypfudktjypfrSef;rodawmhbJ trSefw&m;udk avmupnf;pdrf
xufydkí wefzdk;rxm;Muawmhacs/
Letter, p. 44 (1896)
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufjcif;onf tjcm;raumif;rI
tjypfrsm;uJhodkYyif 0dnmOfa&;udkxdcdkufaponfh usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufapaom? avmu\aysmf½Tifjcif;cHpm;rIwnf;[laom
tjypfwpfckjzpfonf/ trsm;uwefzdk;xm;ESpfoufjcif;udkcH&aom
þtpmonf pdwfESvHk;udkrwnfNidrfapvsuf tm½HkaMumqdkif&m
vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk ysufpD;aponf/ wpfcPomcHonfh tmedoif
ukefoGm;aomtcg ,cifrlv½Sdonfh usef;rma&;tajctaexuf
ydkíedrfhusaomtajcodkYydkYaqmifay;ygonf/
1T, p. 222 (1861)
aq;vdyf? aumfzDESifh vufzuf&nfaomufolrsm;onf
xdkt&mudkjzwfum toHk;ûyrnfhukefusaiGrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\
b@mawmfwdkufxJodkYxnfhMuyg/ wcsKdUrSm bk&m;ocif\
trIawmftwGuf wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ tepfemrcHzl;ao;yg/
¤if;wdkYxHrS bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkaomt&mrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;ívnf;
rodusKd;uRefvkyfaeMuygonf/ tqif;&JqHk;yk*¾dKvfrsm;xJrS wcsKdU
630 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 629
wdkYonf þt&mrsm;udkjzwf&ef tom;ukefêud;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\trIawmftwGuf bdkifusaeaomaMumifh tvªaiG
xnfh0ifzdkYawmif;qdkaejcif;r[kwf/ odkYaomf pdwfESvHk;toD;oD;udk
prf;oyfrIûyvdrfhrnf/ odkYNyD;rS pm&dwåtoD;oD;wdkYudk zGHUûzd;ap
vdrfhrnf/ xdkt&monf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;vkyfaqmif
oGm;&rnfhpnf;rsOf;yifjzpfonf/
R & H, Jan. 25, 1881.
vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDonf aq;vdyfuJhodkYyif usef;rma&;
udkxdcdkufysufpD;apaomqdk;usKd;rsm;udkay;Edkifonf/ vufzuf&nf
onf rl;,pfxHkxdkif;apygonf/ ¤if;aMumifhjzpfay:vmonfh
qdk;usKd;rsm;onf t&ufaMumifhjzpfay:aomqdk;usKd;avmufrrsm;
apumrl xda&mufrIrSm twlwlyifjzpfygonf/ aumfzDonf
OmPfpGrf;OmPfpudkrIdif;a0apNyD; pGrf;tifrsm;udkxHkxdkif;aponf/
aq;vdyfavmufrqdk;ayr,fh qifwlqdk;usKd;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;
tm; cHpm;apygonf/ aq;vdyfaomufjcif;udkwm;jrpf&ef
awmif;qdkouJhodkY aumfzDESifhvufzuf&nfaomufoHk;jcif;udkvnf;
wm;jrpf&ef awmif;qdkEdkifygonf/
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufoHk;olrsm;? aq;vdyfaomuf
olrsm;? bdef;pm;rsm;ESifh t&uform;rsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;udk
raomufoHk;&vQif bk&m;ociftm;0wfrûyEdkifMuawmhacs/
raomufoHk;onfh tajctaejzifh bk&m;ociftm;0wfûycdkif;vQif
¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;csufrsm;ESifh oufaocHcsufrsm;udk touf0if
atmif (odkYr[kwf) 0dnmOfwefcdk;yg½Sdatmif vkyfaqmifay;&ef
u½kPmawmfü tpGrf;r½Sdygawmhacs/ þc&pf,mefrsKd;wdkYonf
¤if;wdkYcHpm;&rnfhom,mrIavmufudkom pOf;pm;aewwfMuonf/
xdkoabmw&m;onf aumif;uifrSvmonfht&mjzpfovm;?
(odkYr[kwf) atmuft&yfuvmonfht&mjzpfovm;/
CTBH, pp. 79-80 (1890)
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tvdkrvdkufaomolrsm;udk pHkprf;
aESmifh,Suf&jcif;onf taysmftyg;vdkufpm;olrsm;udk pHkprf;
aESmifh,Suf&jcif;avmufrvG,fonfudk pmwefawGUjrifae&m
vlwdk Ytm; taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rIud k ûyMu&ef tNrJwrf;
olêud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaom
tpmrsm;udkpm;rdaomaMumifh rodpdwfonf rIef0g;apNyD; pdwfESvHk;udk
tarSmifusapygonf/ xdk;xGif;odjrifwwfrIudk ysufpD;aponf/
odkYaomf ynwfawmfvGefusL;ol\tjypfraumif;rIrsm;onf
tm½HkcHpm;rIaysmufuG,fonftxd rodpdwfudkvGefusL;apmfum;
aomaMumifh avsmhyg;oGm;rnfr[kwfyg/
touf½SifapEdkifonfhtiftm;pkrsm;\ obm0tajctae
tay:wGif pdwf\usef;rma&;onf tajcûyaeonfjzpf&m tm;<u
tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh rl;,pfaq;rsm;udkroHk;rdatmif txl;*½kpdkuf
oifhMuygonf/ odkYapumrl c&pf,meftrsm;pkonf aq;vdyf
aomufaeMuonfudk uREfkyfwdkYawGUae&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrI\raumif;rIrsm; ylaqG;aomua&mufae
&ygonf/ t&ufaomufjcif;onf raumif;yg[k olwdkYajym
aepOfrSmyif aq;vdyfrsm;udkaomufaeMuygonf/ raumif;rI\
632 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 631
t&if;tjrpfodkYra&muf½Sdao;rD aq;vdyfESifhywfoufonfh
oabmxm;rsm;udk olwdkYajymif;vJMu&rnf/ vufzuf&nfESifh
aumfzDaomufjcif;aMumifh ydkíjyif;xefaomtm;<uypönf;rsm;
pm;vdkpdwfjzpfay:apygonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;
tusifhudk usifhoHk;&rSmvm;/ usef;rmaysmf½TifrItwGuf t"du
jzpfaom þûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udk þavmuwGif taumif
txnfazmfMu&rnfvm;qdkonfhar;cGef;rsm;udk tdrfwGif tpm;
tpmjyifqifcsufûywfcgeD;wGifar;Muyg/
ppfrSefaomc&pf,mefwdkif;onf rdrd\cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh
&r®ufrsm;udk csKyfwnf;&rnf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI\taESmiftzGJUrS
rvGwfuif;oa½GUumvywfvHk; xdkolonf c&pfawmf\
wynfhawmftppftrSefwpfOD;rjzpfEdkifao;acs/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf
jcif;ESifh &r®ufBuD;jcif;onf ESvHk;om;ay:wGifxyf[yfrnfh trSef
w&m;\MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;udk rIef0g;apygonf/
3T, pp. 487-488 (1875)
usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;
tm;jzifh csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudk uREfkyfwdkY\xrif;pm;yGJrS tp
ûywwfMuygonf/ xdktpmrsKd;udk tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktxd
pOfqufrjywfpm;oHk;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh tpmaMucsufrItm;enf;vm
ygonf/ pm;aeusxdktpmrsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk
rjznfhqnf;Edkifawmhyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtajctae
rsm;onf twnfjzpfvmum ydkítm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;udk
awmifhwvmygawmhonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;
rsm;onf wpfr[kwftusKd;oufa&mufrIwpfckudkjzpfapMuygonf/
tqdyfygonfh xdktusKd;oufa&mufrIatmufwGif tm½HkaMum
rsm;onf Edk;xvmygonf/ wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm xdkt&mrsm;udk
aomufoHk;vdkufNyD;aemuf rMumrDrSmyif OmPfpGrf;rsm;xufvm
ovdkvdk? tawG;tjrifrsm;ydkí½Sif;vif;vmovdkvdk cHpm;vm&
wwfygonf/ xdkvufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;onf olwpfyg;
oabmusonfhtusKd;qufrsm;udk vwfwavmjznfhqnf;ay;
ojzifh xdkt&mrsm;onf vdktyfaomtpm;taomufrsm;[k
xifum qufvuftoHk;ûyaeMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif wefjyef
oufa&mufrIwpfckrSm tNrJwrf;½Sdaewwfygonf/ tcsdefrwefrD
vIHYaqmfrIudkcH&aom tm½HkaMumpepfonf avmavmq,f
toHk;ûy&efvdktyfaompGrf;tm;rsm;udk&½Sd&ef tem*wfcGeftm;
t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSacs;,lum êudwiftoHk;ûy&ygonf/ þ,m,D
tm;tifjynfh0rI\aemufqufwGJjzpf&yftjzpf pdwftm;usrIudk
cHpm;vm&ygonf/ þtm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;aMumifh ,m,D
tm;jzifh jrifhwufvmaomcGeftm;twdkif;twmESifhtnD cGeftm;
qkwf,kwfrIudk xdkt&mrsm;\tmedoifr½SdawmhonfhtcsdefwGif
cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ ESpfoufzG,f ydkíjyif;xefaompdwfx<urIudk
xdef;ay;Edkifrnfh ydkíjyif;onfhtm;<utpmrsm;udkawmihfw&ef
cHwGif;udkynmay;aeMuygonf/ tqHk;wGif xdkavmutaysmftyg;
vdkufpm;rIonf tusifhwpfcktvm;jzpfvmum ydkíjyif;aom
tm;<utpmrsm;jzpfaom aq;vdyf? 0dkifESifht&ufrsm;udk tNrJ
xm0pOfawmifhwaeygawmhonf/ cHwGif;udk ydkíydkítvdkvdkuf
634 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 633
avav? yd kíaomufcsifpm;csifavavjzpfum yd kíyd kí
xdef;csKyf&efcufcJvmygawmhonf/ cE¨mudk,fonf ydkítm;tif
csnfheJYvmonfESifhtrQ xdkt&mrsm;udkrpm;oHk;bJ aeEdkifzdkYydkí
cufvmygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ydkípGJvrf;pdwfrsm;wdk;yGm;vm&m
tqHk;wGif xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufcsifonfhqE´udk rjiif;qefEdkif
avmufonftxd pdwfwefcdk;rsm;vnf; tm;enf;vmygonf/
wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHonfhenf;vrf;
wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHonfhenf;vrf;rSm vufzuf&nf?
aumfzD? 0dkif? aq;vdyf? bdef;ESifh t&ufaopmrsm;udk vHk;0
rxdMuygESifh? rwdkYMuygESifh/ enf;enf;uav;rQjrnf;rMunfhMu
ygESifh/ pmwef\pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwGef;vSef&efESifh rSm;,Gif;
aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIudk qefYusif&yfwnfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ,ck
acwfvlom;rsm;onf aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh tm;jznfhxm;onfh
pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk&½SdzdkY a½S;acwfvlom;rsm;xuf 2 qwdk;í
qkawmif;toem;cHMu&ygrnf/
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 36-37 (1864)
xm0&bk&m;ocifudkvnf;aumif;? arma½SESifh tm½kefudk
vnf;aumif; qefYusifykefuefcJhMuaom aum&ESifhtzGJUwdkY
taMumif;udk aemufqHk;aomacwfumvwGif touf½Sifaexdkif
Muonfh uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf owday;qHk;r&ef rSwfwrf;wifxm;
ygonf/ aum&? 'goefESifh tbd&HwdkYudk twkcdk;um bk&m;ocif
\vlwdkYtMum; ykefuefjcm;em;rIrsm;ûyvkyfatmif pmwefonf
vrf;jyaeygonf/ ½Sif;vif;pGmwifjyxm;onfh xdkoufaocHcsuf
rsm;udk qefYusifvkyfaqmif&ef rdrddudk,fudkcGifhûycJhMuolrsm;onf
udk,fhudkudk,fvSnfhjzm;olrsm;jzpfvmygonf/ ¤if;jyif trIawmf
twGuf bk&m;ocifu wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;onf tjcm;
olrsm;xuf ajr§mufpm;jcif;cH&onf[lívnf;aumif;? xdkolrsm;
ay;aomtMuHOmPfrsm;ESifh qHk;rpum;rsm;udkvnf; rSwfom;
xm;p&mrvdk[lívnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtrSefwu,f,lqaeMu
ygonf/ bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;tMum; rSm;,Gif;pGm
vkyfaqmifaerIrsm;udkqHk;r&ef xkdwm0ef½Sdolrsm;ujyoonfh
½Sif;vif;aomoufaocHcsufrsm;udkvnf; olwdkYqefYusifcJh
Muygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? aq;vdyf ponfwdkYudk
aomufjcif;? aq;½ªjcif;rsm;rvkyf&ef azmfjyonfh oufaocHcsuf
rsm;onf vlwef;pm;wpfcktwGuf pdwfqdk;p&mjzpfaeygonf/
taMumif;rSm xdkqHk;rpum;rsm;onf ¤if;wdk Y\½kyfwkudk
zsufqD;ypfaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYonf
usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaom xdktpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOfrnf?
(od k Yr[kwf) wdusjywfom;aomoufaocHcsufrsm;ud k
jiif;y,frnf[lí tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh wdusaomqHk;jzwfcsufudk
rûyEdkifMuao;bJ cHwGif;tvdkvkdufrIwGif arsmygaeqJjzpfygonf/
¤if;wdkY\tajctaeonf rwnfrNidrfjzpfaeygonf/ trSefw&m;
tay:,HkMunfoabmaygufjcif;ESifh udk,ftvdkudkvdkufjcif;ESpfck
tMum;wGif wdkufvSefyGJwpfckjzpfyGm;aeygonf/ qHk;jzwfcsuf
rcsEdkifonfhtajctaeonf ¤if;wdkYudk tm;enf;apvsuf
636 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 635
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf vltrsm;tay:wGif atmifyGJqifcJh
ygonf/ wjznf;jznf;csif; tqdyfwufaponfh xdkt&mrsm;udk
toHk;ûyjcif;aMumifh aumif;jrwfaomt&mwdkY ¤if;wdkYrodMu
awmhbJ jzpfcsifonfha&m*gjzpfygapqdkum rdrdtvdkudk jiif;y,f
jcif;rvkyfMuawmhacs/ aMumufp&maumif;onfh xdkqHk;jzwfcsuf
aMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\npfnrf;rIrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\
trdefYawmfESifhtnD rdrdudk,fudkoefYpifapum bk&m;ocifudk
aMumuf½GHUjcif;tm;jzifh pHkvifaomoefY½Sif;jcif;udk &atmifêud;pm;
aeolrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtMum;wGif jcm;em;onfhwHwdkif;wpfckay:xGef;
vmygonf/ ruG,f0Sufwrf;zGifhqdkxm;aomoufaocHcsufrsm;
onf ¤if;wdkY\vkyf&yfrsm;udk t[efYtwm;ûyum ¤if;wdkYtm;
pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfapygonf/ xdkaMumifh rdrdwdkY\vkyfaqmifrI
rsm;onfom rSefuefonf[k tjcm;olrsm;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk,HkMunf
vufcHatmif wGef;tm;ay;vsuf xdkoufaocHcsufrsm;udk
wdkufcdkufqefYusifjcif;wGif pdwfoufom&m&½SdrIudk ¤if;wdkYawGUcJh
Muygonf/ vlawGvkyfwmrSefuefaomfvnf; xdkoufaocHcsuf
rsm;u tcuftcJjzpfatmifvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYu
zGifhqdkcJhygonf/ xdkykefuefolrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\tvHudkvTifhxl
vdkufaomtcsdefwGif rauseyfoltm;vHk;onf xdktvHywfvnf
wGif pk½Hk;vmMuum 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mtpGef;txif;½Sdolrsm;?
roefpGrf;olrsm;? rsufuef;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\MoZmtmPmrsm;udk
BuJjzefYNyD; rnDnGwfrIrsm;udk pdkufysKd;Muygonf/
MH, p. 335 (1905)
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudkûzdcGif;&ef tBuD;tus,fêud;pm;
aeMuaomfvnf; xdkêud;pm;rItrsm;onf xda&mufrIr½SdcJhacs/
csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk ,HkMunfvufcHaeolrsm;
tm; tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDwdkYudkoHk;aqmifjcif;tm;jzifh &½Sdrnfhqdk;usKd;
rsm;udkodatmif vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ rdrdwdkYwdkufvSefaeaom
raumif;rIvkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdkeuf½Idif;pGmMunhfMu&efESifh rdrdwdkY\
toufwmESifh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkufnDrI½Sdr½Sdudk
aocsmatmifvkyfaqmifMu&ef csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtrIaqmif
rsm;tm; wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfvdkufygonf/
pdwfESifhudk,fusihfw&m;tMum; csdefcGifvQmrSefaeap&ef
cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;aumif;rGefjcif;onf ta&;ygaMumif;udk
vltaygif;wdkYtm; zGifhqdkMu&rnf/ cE¨mudk,fobm0udk edrfhus
tm;enf;aponfh rl;,pfxHkxdkif;aporQt&mtm;vHk;onf
todOmPfESifh udk,fusifhw&m;tqifhudkyg edrfhusoGm;apygonf/
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhjcif;onf urÇmay:wGifjrifawGUae&aom
pm&dwår@Kdifjcpm;jcif;\ tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfygonf/ rSm;,Gif;
aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkvdkufavsmjcif;aMumifh vlom;rsm;onf
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk wGef;vSefEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;qHk;½IH;aeMu&
ygonf/
csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtrIaqmifrsm;onf þudpöESifh
ywfoufí vlwdkYtm; ynmay;onfhtvkyfudk vkyfaqmifMu
&ygrnf/ usef;rmjcif;? tusifhpm&dwåESifh toufrsm;EGrf;vsae
aompGrf;tifrsm;udk obm0vGefvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;aqmif½GufEdkifatmif
EId;qGonfhtm;<uaprnfhtpm;taomufrsm;u tEÅ&m,fûyEdkif
aMumif; ¤if;wdkYtm;oGefoifMuyg/
638 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 637
ZGJ½Sd½SdvkyfaqmifygvQif obm0w&m;onf pkpnf;vmrnf
vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? aq;vdyfESifh t&ufaopmrsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHonfhvrf;pOfrSm ¤if;wdkYtm;
rwdkY? rxd? rjrnf;Munhfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD
tp½Sdaomtm;<ut&nfrsm;\oabmw&m;rSm aq;vdyfESifh
t&ufwdkY\OD;wnfrIESifhtwlwlyifjzpfNyD; t&uform;wpfa,muf
t&ufjzwfzdkYcufovdk xdkt&mrsm;udkjzwf&ef cufwwfygonf/
xdkt&mrsm;udkjzwfcgpwGif tm;enf;ovdkvdkcHpm;&NyD; raomufbJ
raewwfatmifjzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh raomufbJ
aevdkufvQif aomufvdkpdwfrsm;aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ yHkrSef
taetxm;odkYjyefvnfa&muf½Sdatmif tcsdefvdktyfrnfjzpfaomf
vnf; tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktxd ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh êud;pm;vkyfaqmif
rnfqdkvQif e*dkyHkrSeftwdkif; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmygvdrfhrnf/
3T, p. 569 (1875)
pmwefonf pdwfrsm;udkazgufjyefysufpD;atmifvkyfaqmif
um aumufuspfaompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkoHk;um pdwf
0dnmOfrsm;udkzsufqD;aeygonf/ azgufjyefaomcHwGif;awmifhwrI
udkvdkufpm;jcif;\tjypfudk uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUMuygovm;/ olwdkY
onf vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? tom;ESifh tjcm;tm;<utpm;
taomufrsm;udkjzwfum xdkt&mrsm;twGuf oHk;rnfhaiGrsm;udk
trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;twGuftoHk;ûy&ef ay;vªMurnfvm;/
rcsKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udk[efYwm;&ef aq;vdyform;rsm;ü rnfonfh
wefcdk;½Sdoenf;/ opfyifajc&if;ü ykqdefcsrxm;rD aq;vdyfESifh
ywfoufaomawmfvSefa&;wpfckudk þurÇmBuD;xJwGif ½Sdudk
½Sd&awmhrnf/ vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYxuf ydkí
tm;<uaponfh aq;vdyfESifht&ufrsm;udk aomufcsifpdwfjzpfay:
aponf/
Letter, p. 135 (1902)
tom;taMumif;ESifhywfoufí ajym&rnfqdkvQif tom;
udk vHk;0OD;aESmufxJrSmrxnfhygESifh/ ¤if;jyif uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;
onf vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDrsm;udkvnf; vHk;0raomufoHk;bJ
tjcm;olrsm;xHwGifvnf; xdkt&mrsm;udkraomufoHk;zdkY oufaocH
Muyg/ xdktpmrsm;onf OD;aESmufESifhwuG udk,fcE¨m\tjcm;
tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufysufpD;apEdkifonfh rl;,pfaq;
rsm;jzpfaeygonf/
toif;om;taygif;wdkY? twåqefaomcHwGif;tvdkudk
rvdkufMuESifh/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;twGuf
toHk;ûyaomaiGaMu;rsm;onf ûzef;wD;ypfaomaiGaMu;rsm;xuf
ydkíqdk;½Gm;ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdktpmrsm;onf udk,f? pdwf?
0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;\zGHUûzd;rIudk t[efYtwm;ûyMuygonf/
1T, pp. 548-549 (1867)
vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udkjzwfvdkufvQif
usef;rma&;xdcdkufoGm;rnfjzpfojzifh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&ef
rjzpfEdkif[k wcsKdUutxif½SdMuonf/ þt&monf pmwef\
tMuHay;csufomjzpfygonf/ cE¨mudk,fpuf,EÅ&m;BuD;udk
ysuf,Gif;apum a&m*gESifhtcsdefrwdkifrD ysufpD;jcif;rsm;udk tum
tuG,fay;xm;onfht&mrsm;udkûzdcsvsuf cE¨mudk,ftajctae
640 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 639
udk,drf;,dkifapNyD; emwm½Snfa&m*g&zdkY vG,fulatmifjyifqif
ay;aomt&mrSm usef;rma&;ESifhrqDavsmfonfh xdktm;<utpm
rsm;yifjzpfygonf/
xdktpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufap½Hkomru xm0&umvESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;udk wefzdk;
rxm;Edkifonfhtajctaea&mufatmif OD;aESmufudkvnf; xHkxdkif;
apygonf/ vlom;rsm;tm; aojcif;rSu,fwif&ef udk,ftvdkudk
jiif;NyD; 'ku©qif;&Jjcif;ESifh jypfwifuJh&JhrIrsm;udk pOfqufrjywfcHum
aemufqHk;wGif rdrd\tjypfrJhaomtoufwmudkyifay;oGm;aom
c&pfawmfjyifqifcJhonfhu,fwifjcif;udk xdk½kyfwkrsm;udkwG,fwm
jrwfEdk;aeolrsm;onf rSefuefpGmwefzdk;rxm;EdkifMuawmhacs/
tydkif; (3) qD&D,,f (ac:) pyg;? *sKHrsm;rS
xkwfvkyfxm;onfhtpmudk vufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;
ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;jcif;
Letter, p. 200 (1902)
vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk rwkdufauR;oifhyg/
þtpmrsm;tpm; qD&D,,f (ac:) pyg; (odkYr[kwf) *sKHrsm;udk
taumif;qHk;pDpOfxkwfvkyfxm;aomtpmrsm;udk tpm;xdk;auR;arG;
oifhygonf/
MH, p. 321 (1905)
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;aMumifh xrif;
wwd,teyfpm;zdkYvdkaumif;vdkvdrfhrnf/ vdktyfonfhtwGuf
pm;vQifvnf; tpmaMuvG,frnfhtpmrsm;udk tenf;i,fom
pm;oifhygonf/ bDpuGwf? opfoD;0vHrsm;? qD&D,,frsm;onf
xdknpmtwGuf taumif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
Letter, p. 73a (1896)
uREfkyfonf tdrfwGifvkyfonfh ½dk;½dk;aumfzD? EGm;EdkYqlqlwGif
a&mí aomufoHk;avh½Sdygonf/
Letter, p. 14 (1901)
a&aEG;ylylrsm;udk aq;jzpf? 0g;jzpfrSwpfyg; raomufoHk;
ygESifh/ ylaomtpmESifht&nfrsm;rsm;pm;aomufjcif;aMumifh
tpmtdrfudk tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk
pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh vnfacsmif;? tpmtdrfESifhwuG cE¨mudk,f\
tjcm;twGif;t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udkvnf; xdcdkuftm;enf;oGm;
apEdkifygonf/
tydkif; (4) yef;oD;t&uf (yef;oD;0dkif)
uREfkyfwdkYonf csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomacwfwpfckwGif
touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½SdMu&m yef;oD;t&ufêudufolrsm;twGuf
yef;oD;t&ufjyifqifay;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmufü tjypf
wpfckjzpfaeygonf/ oifonf tvif;w&m;twdkif; rvdkuf
avQmufaomaMumifh þvkyfief;wGif tjcm;olrsm;ESifhyg0if
ywfoufaeygonf/ tu,fíom oifonf tvif;awmfwGif
&yfxcJhrnfqdkvQif þtvkyfudkvkyfcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ vkyfEdkif
642 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 641
DF- 41
vdrfhrnfvnf;r[kwfyg/ oifonf tvkyfrajymif;awmhbJ yef;oD;
t&ufxkwfvkyfonfhtzGJUxJwGif yg0ifywfoufaeOD;rnfqdkvQif
bk&m;ocif\jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udk cH&vdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh jypf'Pf
pD&ifjcif;rSuif;vGwftHhaomiSm oifonf tvkyfopfwpfckudk
,ckcsufcsif;tpûyzdkYvdktyfaeygNyD/
csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mvlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif wuf<u
pGmyg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;udkqefYusifaMumif; cdkifrmpGmoif&yfwnf
onfhaemufydkif;ü oifvufcHxm;onfh oefY½Sif;aom,HkMunf
jcif;ESifhtnD owdynm½Sd½SdoifvkyfaqmifcJhrnfqdkvQif taumif;
bufwGif qufvufíoifMoZm½SdEdkifaumif;½SdEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
yef;oD;t&ufxkwfvkyfa&mif;csrIwGif yg0ifywfoufvdkufjcif;
tm;jzifh oif\MoZmwefcdk;udk trsm;BuD;xdcdkufaponfhtjyif
trSefw&m;udkvnf; oifxdcdkufapaomaMumifh oif\udk,fydkif
touf0dnmOfonfvnf; rsm;pGmepfem&ygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;
trIawmfESifhoifhtMum;wGif wHwdkif;wpfckudk oifudk,fwdkif
wnfaqmufaeygonf/ oifavQmufaeaomvrf;pOfaMumifh
oifajymaeonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: r,HkMunfolrsm;u ar;cGef;
xkwfvmygonf/ oifonf avQmufvSrf;&ef ajzmifhrwfaom
vrf;udk rwnfaqmufcJhojzifh tm;enf;aomolrsm;onf oifh
tay:odkYarSmufvJMuum i&JodkYOD;wnfaeMuygonf/
c&pf,mefrsm;onf odvsufom;ESifh yef;oD;t&uf
xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;wGif yg0ifaeMuonfudk ynwfawmf\
tvif;wGif uREfkyfrjrifawGUEdkifatmifjzpfaeonf/ þa&;om;
azmfjycsufrsm;udk aumif;aomae&mwGiftoHk;ûyum aumif;csD;
r*Fvmrsm;udk&,lcHpm;Edkifovdk rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;ûyjcif;jzifh pHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifh usdefjcif;tr*Fvmudkvnf;jzpfapEdkifygonf/
yef;oD;pdrf&nfvwfvwfqwfqwfudk oHjzLbl;rsm;wGif tcsdef
MumjrifhpGmxnfhodkum uapmfaygufonfhtcsdefusrStoHk;ûyvQif
xdkt&nfonf oif\usKd;aMumif;qifjcifEdkifonfhOmPfudk ûzdcs
zsufqD;ypfvdrfhrnf/
enf;enf;yg;yg;aomufjcif;onf t&ufpGJjcif;\vrf;pO f
t&ufjyif;rsm;udkaomufvQif rl;,pfapovdk yef;oD;
t&ufESifh0dkifrsm;onfvnf; vlwdkYudktrSefwu,frl;,pfapygonf/
t&ufpGJaponfhtqdk;qHk;enf;vrf;rSm t&uftaysmhpm;uav;
rsm;[kac:onfh t&ufrsm;udk aomufpûyjcif;yifjzpfonf/
xdkt&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;aMumifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;onf azgufjyef
vmonf/ tusifhpm&dwårsm;\ajymif;vJrIonf BuD;rm;vmonf/
ydkíacgif;rmvmygonf/ yef;oD;t&uftenf;i,fudkaomuf
jcif;onf ydkíjyif;aomt&ufrsm;udk aomufcsifpdwfay:apNyD;
t&ufpGJaeoltrsm;pkonf xdkuJhodkYt&ufaomufjcif;wGif tkwfjrpf
cscJhMuygonf/ wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm tdrfwGif yef;oD;t&uf
(odkYr[kwf) 0dkifrsm;udkaomuf&ef vHk;0rjzpfEdkifygacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf
pmwef\tqufrjywfawmif;qdkcsufudk vufcHtwnfûyum
tm;<utpmrsm;udk pm;csifonfhcHwGif;udk tarGcHaeMuygonf/
xdkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkvdkufygrdvQif &yfwefY&efrjzpfEdkifawmhbJ
644 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 643
cHwGif;awmifhwrIrSmjyif;xefvmum ¤if;wdkYtm; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;
oGm;onftxd cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufMuygawmhonf/ OD;aESmuf
onf &Da0xHkxdkif;aeNyD; aMumif;usKd;qifjcifEdkifpGrf;vnf;r½Sd
awmhay/ ¤if;wdkYonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIavmufudk
omod½Sdygawmhonf/ yef;oD;t&ufESifh0dkifrsm;udk aomufoHk;jcif;
aMumifh aygufvTwfyJpm;aexdkifûyrljcif;? olYr,m;udkapmfum;jcif;
rSpí raumif;rItrsKd;pHkudkusL;vGefvmMuygonf/ þtpmrsm;udk
ESpfoufNyD; aomufoHk;avh½Sdaom c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&m
bmom&yfrS uxduwpfOD;onf aus;Zl;awmfü rnfonfhtcgrQ
rBuD;yGm;Edkifacs/ olonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudktom;
ay;um wd&pämef&r®ufrsm;u ¤if;\pdwfpGrf;&nfrsm;udk
xdef;csKyfxm;aomaMumifh ol\tusifhoDvrsm;onf ESpfoufzG,f
raumif;awmhyg/
tayghpm;t&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;onf t&uform;
b0odkYa&muf&ef oifMum;ay;aeaomausmif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
t&uform;b0odkY rarQmfvifhbJa&mufoGm;ap&eftvdkYiSm pmwef
onf csKyfwnf;jcif;uwkwfusif;rsm;rS uREfkyfwdkYtm; xGufcGm
oGm;apvsuf usef;rma&;rxdcdkufaponfh0dkifrsm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY\
t&omcHpm;rItay:vTrf;rdk;&ef aumufuspfpOf;vJpGmvkyfaqmif
aeygonf/ xdktm;<utpmrsm;tay: t&omcHpm;rIudk ysKd;axmif
ay;um tm½HkaMumrsm;udk udk;½dk;um;&m;jzpfapvsuf xdkyk*¾dKvf
rsm;\pdwfESvHk;udk tNrJwrf;rNidrfroufjzpfatmif pmwefxdef;csKyf
aeygonf/ oem;p&maumif;aom xdkt&uf\om;aumifonf
rdrd\vkyfaqmifrItay: vHk;vHk;pdwfcs,HkMunfpGmjzifh pnf;rsOf;
toD;oD;udkpaw;um tumtuG,frSeforQûydvJoGm;onftcsdef
txd wdk;íwdk;íom xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufoHk;aeygawmhonf/
tckdifrmqHk;aomoEéd|mefrsm;vnf; ûydvJukefMuayNyD/ xm0&
umvESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;onfvnf; edrfhus,kwfnHhvsuf½Sd
xdkcHwGif;awmifhwrIudk usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIatmufwGif xdef;csKyf
xm;Edkifavmufatmif rpGrf;aqmifEdkifawmhacs/
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm yef;oD;t&uf (odkYr[kwf) 0dkift&uf
rsm;\MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif tNrJwrf;rl;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;wGif usef;rma&;csKdUwJhum ½l;ESrf;ESrf;
jzpfae½Hkomru tajctaerSmvnf; vHk;0qdk;½Gm;aeygonf/
taMumif;rSm ¤if;ü½SdcJhaom pdwf\rGefjrwfaomwefcdk;rsm;onf
azgufjyefysufpD;ukefygonf/ azga&mifjcif;? tonf;a&m*g?
aMumufvefYwwfjcif; ponfha&m*grsm;udk OD;wnfonfht&m
wpfckrSm yef;oD;t&ufudk yHkrSefaomufoHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
xdkyef;oD;t&ufaMumifh vltrsm;onf emwm½Snfa&m*grsm;udk
cHpm;aeMu&onf/ wcsKdUwdkYrSm xdkt&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;aMumifh
OD;aESmufaoG;aMumjywfonfha&m*gjzifh aoqHk;aeMuonf/
wcsKdUrSm tpmraMuavxdk;avatmifha&m*gudkcHpm;aeMu&onf/
ta&;ygaom t*Fgtpdwftydkif;toD;oD;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf
&yfwefYukefojzifh ¤if;wdkYü tonf;a&m*gjzpfaeNyD;jzpf&m
xdkt&ufrsm;udkrjzwfMuvQif a0'emESifhjynfh0aomtoufwm
onf a0'emrsm;udkydkrdktm;aumif;vmvdrfhrnf[k q&m0efrsm;
¤if;wdkYtm;ajymMuygonf/
646 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 645
yef;oD;t&ufudkaomufjcif;onf t&ufjyif;rsm;udk
aomufwwfatmif vrf;jyay;ygonf/ tpmtdrfonf ¤if;\
obm0cGeftm;rsm;qHk;½IH;oGm;aomaMumifh qufvufvkyfaqmif
EdkifzdkY EId;qGay;&ef ydkíjyif;aomt&mwcsKdUudkvdktyfaeygonf/
t&ufjyif;aomufcsifonfh cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf vlom;rsm;
tay:pdk;rdk;aeNyDudkvnf;aumif;? BuD;jrifhaom&mxl;rsm;ESifh
ajr§mufpm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jrwfonfhOmPfynmrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaom?
El;nHhonfhpdwfoabm½Sdaom? &JpGrf;owådESifhjynfhpHkaom? BuD;rm;
aomatmifjrifrIrsm;udkqGwfcl;xm;aom xufjrufonfh
usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIESifhjynfhpHkaom vlom;rsm;wnf;[laom
BuD;rm;onfhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifaeMuaomvlrsm;pGm
wdkYonf wd&pämefrsm;ozG,f ½dkif;pkdif;onfhtajctaeodkYa&muf
oGm;onftxd cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;ay;&ef t&mcyfodrf;
wdkYudk paw;cJhMuonfudkvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUae&
ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY ¤if;wdkYjzpf&jcif;\t&if;tjrpfrSm yef;oD;
t&uf (odkYr[kwf) 0dkifrsm;udkaomufoHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGufuREfkyfwdkYjy&rnfhyHkoufao
c&pf,mef[kzGifh[[pfa<u;aeonfh OmPfynmxufjrufol
trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;u uapmfraygufaomaMumifh rl;,pf
apjcif;r½Sdonfh yef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;onf
xdcdkufrIudkrjzpfapyg[kajymaomtcg uREfkyf0rf;enf;rdygonf/
tm;<uaponfh xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufoHk;jcif;rS xGufay:vmrnfh
raumif;usKd;rsm;udkrawGUjrif&ef twåpdwfu ¤if;wdkY\rsufpd
rsm;udkydwfxm;ojzifh ¤if;wdkYMunfh&efjiif;qdkaeonfh taMumif;
t&m\tjcm;½Iaxmifhwpfck½Sdaeonfudk uREfkyfodygonf/
tazsmf,rumrsm;
uREfkyfwdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkazgufjyefaprnfh pmwef
\pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;udk tumtuG,fûyvsuf½Sdaom
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaMumif;? avmuwGif tvif;
aqmifolrsm;jzpfaMumif;? bk&m;ociftwGuf opöm½Sduif;apmifh
rsm;jzpfaMumif; zGifhqdkaeMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\yHkoufaoESifh
MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif wefcdk;wpfck
jzpfap&rnf/ rodpdwfudk rxufjrufaprnfht&m (odkYr[kwf)
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk tm;ay;&ma&mufrnfht&mrSeforQudk
uREfkyfwdkYa½SmifMuOf&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\oP²mefawmfESifhtnD
zefqif;xm;onfh vlom;wpfOD;wpfa,muf\pdwfudk pmwef
csOf;uyfvmrnfhwHcg;rSeforQudk uREfkyfwdkYydwfMu&rnf/ usef;rma&;
udkrxdcdkufapEdkifygbl;[ktqdk½Sdonfh 0dkifESifhyef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk
aomufoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfonfh0ifaygufudkrQ tenf;i,f
avmufyif[ray;aom Edk;Mum;opöm½Sdaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfcJhMuvQif
t&uform;b0odkYydkYaqmifrnfhvrf;rBuD;onf ydwfaevdrfhrnf/
vlYtzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;wGif vdktyfaeaomt&mrSm cdkifrmaom
&nf½G,fcsufESifh rxdrwdkY? rjrnf;vdkonfhqE´wdkYyifjzpfonf/
xdkokdYaomqE´onf uREfkyfwdkYü½SdaomtcsdefwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;
648 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 647
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfBuD;onf tm;aumif;vmvdrfh
rnf? wnfwHhcdkifNrJvmvdrfhrnf/
aemufqHk;aomacwfumvwGif touf½SifaexdkifMurnfh
vlYtzGJUtpnf;\tajctaeudk aumif;rGefpGmod½Sdawmfrlonfh
urÇmhu,fwif½Sifu pm;aomufjcif;trIudk þacwfvlom;
rsm;tm; jypf'PfpD&ifrnfhtjypfwpfcktjzpf azmfjyawmfrlcJhyg
onf/ aem{tcsdefuJhodkY c&pfawmfay:xGef;aomtcsdefwGif vlom;
rsm;onf pm;aomufMuL;olrsm;jzpfrnfhtaMumif; zGifhqdkawmfrl
cJhygonf/ ]a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;rjzpfrDumvü aem{onf oabFm
xJodkY 0ifaomaeYwdkifatmif vlrsm;wdkYonf pm;aomufvsuf?
xdrf;jrm;pHkzufvsufaeMuvdrfhrnf} [k c&pfawmfrdefYawmfrlxm;
ygonf/ aemufqHk;aomacwfumvwGif xdkuJhodkYaomtajc
taersKd;jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ þowday;csufudk ,HkMunfvufcH
olrsm;onf tjypfpD&ifjcif;udkcH&rnfh xdktoufwmvrf;pOfxJodkY
yg0ifroGm;ap&ef txl;owdxm;Muvdrfhrnf/
nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? þudpöudktrSefw&m;tvif;wGif
Munfh½Ium cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sdatmif
êud;pm;MuygpdkY/ yef;oD;ESifhpyspfoD;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;
awmfrlonfh vufaqmifypönf;rsm;jzpfonf/ xdktoD;rsm;onf
usef;rma&;udk txl;aumif;rGefaprnfhtpmrsm;tjzpf pm;oHk;Edkif
ouJhodkY rrSefaomenf;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;xdcdkufaprnfhtpm
rsm;tjzpfvnf;toHk;ûyEdkifMuygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
vlom;rsm;\rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;aMumifh pyspfjcHrsm;ESifh
yef;oD;rsm;udk zsufqD;awmfrlvsuf½Sdonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;tjzpf þurÇmBuD;wGif &yfwnfaeonf
jzpf&m r,HkMunfolrsm;u uREfkyfwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;tay: tjypf
wifcGifhpdk;pOf;rQr&ap&ef touf½SifaexdkifMuygpdkY/ ]oifonf
avmu\qm;jzpfonf} [lívnf;aumif;? ]avmu\tvif;
jzpfonf} [lívnf;aumif;? c&pfawmfurdefYawmfrlxm;&m
uREfkyfwdkY\pdwfESvHk;ESifhrodpdwfonf aus;Zl;awmf\ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;wefcdk;awmfatmufwGif½Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;?
,m,DtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk tepfemcHpGefYvTwf&ef awmif;qdk
aumif;awmif;qdkrnfh bk&m;ocifay;oefYpifonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;\
tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif uREfkyfwdkY\toufwm½Sdaeonfudkvnf;
aumif; uREfkyfwdkYazmfjyMuygpdkY/
teD;MunfhrSefajymif;jzifhMunfhjcif;
MH, pp. 332-333 (1905)
obm0twdkif;r[kwfonfh tm;<utpm;taomufrsm;udk
cHwGif;awGUNyD;om;yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf 0dkift&ufrsm;? bD,mESifh
yef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk jrifEdkifonfhae&m? vufvSrf;rDEdkifaom
ae&mrsm;wGif rnfodkYrQrxm;oifhMuacs/ taMumif;rSm þt&m
onf ¤if;wdkY\a½SUarSmufü pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;jzpfaewwfyg
onf/ rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYonf yef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk tEÅ&m,f
uif;onf[k ,lqvsuf pdwfpaemifhpeif;r½SdbJ êudufoavmuf
0,f,laeMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkyef;oD;t&ufrsm;onf
650 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 649
tcsdefwdkwpfcPom vwfqwfaomt&nfwpfcktjzpf wnf½Sd
aeaomfvnf; rMumrDrSmyif uapmfpíaygufygonf/ xdkuapmf
aygufNyD;csdefwGif ¤if;ü½Sdonfh pl;½Saomt&omudk vltrsm;
êudufESpfoufMuonf/ odkYaomf xdkt&nfonf uapmfayguf
aeNyD[k aomufoHk;olrsm;u0efcH&ef rvdkvm;Muacs/
yef;oD;t&uftcsKdrsm;udk aomufoHk;jcif;onfvnf;
usef;rma&;udkxdcd kufapEdkifygonf/ ¤if;wdk Y0,fxm;onfh
xdkt&ufrsm;udk teD;MunfhrSefbDvl;jzifhMunfhvdkufrnfqdkvQif
xdkt&ufudk vlwdkYraomufoavmufjzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ yef;oD;
t&ufudkxkwfvkyfa&mif;csolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYcsufvkyfrnfhyef;oD;
wGif ydk;ygryg? ykwfrykwfudk taotcsmrMunfhMubJ Mudwfcsuf
um aps;odkYwifydkYa&mif;wwfMuonf/ raumif;aomyef;oD;
rsm;udk toHk;ûycsufvkyfxm;onfudkrodbJ aomufoHk;olrsm;u
xdkt&ufudk ZdrfcHypönf;wpfck[k orkwfaeMuaomfvnf;
teD;MunfhrSefbDvl;rsm;\azmfjycsuft& xdkt&ufonf toHk;ûy&ef
roifhavsmfaomt&mwpfckjzpfaeygonf/
0dkifESifhbD,mrsm;? yef;oD;t&ufrsm;onf t&ufjyif;rsm;
uJhodkYyif rl;,pfapEdkifygonf/ xdk,rumrsm;udk aomufoHk;
jcif;aMumifh ydkíjyif;aomt&ufrsm;udkawmihfwvmum t&uf
aomufusifh&oGm;Muygonf/ tayghpm;t&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;
onf t&uform;b0odkYa&muf&ef oifMum;ay;aeaomausmif;
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ aomufoHk;olrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fjzpfjzpf[k
oHo,rjzpfrDrSm t&ufpGJonfhb0odkYydkYaqmifay;Edkifonftxd
xdktayghpm;t&ufrsm;u rodomaomtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk
ûyvkyfaeMuygonf/
tydkif; (5) opfoD;azsmf&nf
MS, p. 126 (1903)
uapmfraygufao;onfh pyspf&nftcsKdoefYoefYonf
tm[m&jzpfaomtpmwpfckjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf t,fudka[mvf
ygonfht&ufrsm;ü aoapEdkifonfhaq;&nfrsm;yg0ifaeygonf/
xdkt&mrsm;udk vltrsm;u ,aeYaomufoHk;aeMuygonf/
xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufoHk;olrsm;onf rMumcP½l;ESrf;ESrf;jzpfum
usKd;aMumif;qifjcifEdkifonfhtpGrf;rsm;qHk;½IH;ukefMuygonf/ qdk;½Gm;
aomþt&mrsm;\MoZmoufa&mufrIatmufwGif vlwdkYonf
tMurf;zufjcif;? vlowfjcif; ponfh&mZ0wfrIrsm;udk usL;vGef
aeMuygonf/
Letter, p. 72 (1896)
oif\tpm;tpmpm&if;wGif opfoD;0vHrsm;udkxnfhoGif;
yg/ opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm;udk aygifrkefYESifha&mípm;vQif tvGef
t&om½Sdygonf/ temtqmuif;onfh toD;aumif;? toD;
rSnfhrsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk uREfkyfwdkYaus;Zl;wifoifh
ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&mrsm;onf usef;rma&;udk txl;
tusKd;ûyaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
ÀÀÀ
652 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 651
654 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tcef;BuD; (25)
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif;
tydkif; (1) usef;rmjcif;taMumif;ñTefMum;jcif;?
usef;rmjcif;ynmay;&efvdktyfjcif;
MH, pp. 125-126 (1905)
,ckacwfonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ynmay;zdkY
tvdktyfqHk;aomacwfumvjzpfygonf/ aq;½Hkvkyfief;rsm;ESifh
aq;ukorIqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;tygt0if u@aygif;pHkwGif vlom;
rsm;oufomaysmfarGUpGmaexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf tHhMozG,fwdk;wufrI
rsm;½Sdaeaomfvnf; cE¨mudk,fpGrf;tm;ESifh cHEdkif&nftm;rsm;
usqif;aerIrSmvnf; tHhtm;oifhp&maumif;vSygonf/ vlom;
tcsif;csif;\usef;rmaysmf½Tifa&;tay: pdwf0ifpm;rI½Sdoltaygif;\
*½kxm;rIudk þtajctaersm;uawmif;qdkaeygonf/
vlom;rsm;wDxGifxm;onfh uREfkyfwdkY\,Ofaus;rIonf
aumif;jrwfcdkifrmaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfrnfhraumif;rI
rsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufûyvkyfaeygonf/ tusifh"avhrsm;ESifh
zuf½Sifrsm;onf obm0ESifhqefYusifwdkufvSefaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkY
usifhoHk;aeaom tusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYvdkufpm;aeaom
avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIrsm;onf vltrsKd;EG,fpktay:odkY
onf;rcHEdkifavmufonfh0efwpfckudkwifvsuf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\
cGeftm;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;avsmhyg;apvsuf½Sdygonf/ csKyfwnf;
jcif;uif;rJhrIESifh &mZ0wfrIrsm;onfvnf;aumif; a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh
ted|m½HkjrifuGif;rsm;onf ae&mwumwGifawGUjrifae&ygonf/
653
rsm;pGmaomvlwdk Yonf rodem;rvnfaomaMumifh
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufaeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh
¤if;wdkYtm; oGefoifñTefMum;ay;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/ odkY&mwGif
vltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmifaeonfht&mxuf ydkí
od½SdaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYod½Sdxm;onfht&mrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\
b0vrf;jyjzpfatmif xdkolrsm;twGufvkyfay;&efta&;BuD;vSygonf/
MH, p. 146 (1905)
txl;ojzifh tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaomûyjyifajymif;vJrI
ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;ay;&efvdktyfaeygonf/ rSm;,Gif;
aompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;ESifh usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul
rûyonfhtpmrsm;udk pm;aomufjcif;onf þurÇmBuD;tm;
usdefpmoifhaprnfh csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;? &mZ0wfrIrsm;?
ted|m½HkjrifuGif;rsm;ESifh jynfh0apjcif;ü rsm;pGmwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/
CH, p. 505 (1892)
uREfkyfwdkYoGm;a&muftrIaqmif&rnfhEdkifiHrsm;½Sd udk,fusifh
w&m;qdkif&mpHudkjr§ifhwifvdkvQif udk,fcE¨mqdkif&mtusifh"avh
rsm;udk rSefuefatmifjyifqifay;jcif;tm;jzifh tpûyMu&ygrnf/
tusifhpm&dwåqdkif&maumif;rIonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;rsm;udk
rSefuefatmifusifhaqmifjcif;tay:wGif tajccHaeygonf/
6T, pp. 378-379 (1900)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vufawGU
vkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh udk,f? pdwfESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
ydkrdkqdk;½Gm;oGm;rnfhtajctaerS vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm; u,fq,fEdkif
656 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 655
vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ociftvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/
usef;rma&;a[majymyGJrsm;udkusif;yum usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;udk
ydkrdkjzefYcsdMuvdrfhrnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tm;wufoa&mvufcHvmMuum vlrsm;pGmwdkYrSm
todOmPfrsm;xGef;vif;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhtwlyg½Sdvmaom MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;
onf tvif;w&m;udkvdkvm;olrsm;tm;vHk;udk qHk;jzwfcsuf
csEdkif&ef xdkt&mudkaxmufcHygvdrfhrnf/ xdkaemuf xdkolrsm;onf
þacwfumv\ txl;aomtrSefw&m;udkvufcH&ef wpfqifhNyD;
wpfqifhwdk;wufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ þodkYtm;jzifh trSefw&m;ESifh
ajzmifhrwfjcif;wdkYonf twlwuGawGUqHkoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
{0Ha*vdw&m;a[mMum;jcif;ESifh aq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmf
vkyfief;rsm;onf twlwuGwdk;wufzdkYjzpfygonf/ {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmfudk usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mppfrSefaomûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtwl yl;wGJwifquf&efjzpfonf/ tajctjrpf
rSpí ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&mtrIawmfudk NyD;ajrmufatmif
vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ or®musrf;pmqdkif&mppfrSefaomc&pf,mef
bmomw&m;onf usqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;tay:xm;½Sdonfh
bk&m;ocif\ arwåmawmf\ydkvQH,dkpD;vmaomt&myifjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf trSefw&m;udk½SmazGaeolrsm;ESifh
trSeftwdkif;usifhaqmiftouf½Sifvdkolrsm;\ESvHk;om;udk xdkt&m
ESifhjznfhqnf;&ef a½SUodkYwnfhrwfpGmcsDwufMu&ygrnf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;
rsm;\txl;ta&;ygyHkudkawGUjrifoGm;ap&efESifh vufawGUusifhoHk;
Edkif&eftwGuf vltaygif;wdkYtm;vrf;jyzdkY uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif
xdkt&mtm;vHk;udkvdkufavQmufvsuf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
wifqufMu&ygrnf/
MS, p. 27 (1906)
b,fw,fvfc&dwGif EdkifiHawmfjyyGJjyopOfu uREfkyfwdkY\
tzGJU0ifrsm;onf a&eHqDrD;zdkrsm;udk,laqmifoGm;um oufowf
vGwf[if;aumif;rsm;jyifqifyHkudk vufawGUcsufjycJhMuygonf/
taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifay;cJhonf[k uREfkyfwdkYtm;
ajymygonf/ tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;usif;yaomtcgwdkif;wGif
tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifcsufûywfum
ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk oifwdkYûyvkyf&ef tcGifhta&;&½Sdygvdrfhrnf/
vlom;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf; bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYudk
rsufESmomay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ arQmfvifhcsufr½Sdawmhonfha&m*g
onfrsm;tm; usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udktoHk;ûyvsuf usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmatmif
rnfodkYvkyfaqmifEdkifaMumif;azmfjy&ef tHhMozG,ftcGifhaumif;rsm;
½Sdaeygonf/
awmpcef;ESifhwpftdrfwufqif;
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
vltaygif;wdkYtm;oGefoif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtxl;êud;pm;Mu&ygrnf/
toD;tEHSrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;
[if;½Gufrsm;udk tm[m&jynfh0NyD; cHwGif;awGUaprnfhoufowf
vGwf[if;csufenf;rsm;udk awmpcef;usif;ywdkif; o½kyfjyoifMum;
ay;oifhygonf/ toif;om;topfrsm;0ifvmonfha'owdkif;ü
vnf; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom[if;csufenf;rsm;udk oifMum;
ay;oifhygonf/ þynmay;vkyfief;udk wpftdrfwufqif;
vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfhtvkyform;rsm;udk a½G;cs,fcefYxm;oifhygonf/
awmpcef;rSaq;ukoay;onfhwJuav;
uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvkqJqJtcsdefwGif touf½Sif
aexdkifaomuREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufonfhar;cGef;udk ydkíxkwf½Hkomru cdkifrmí
vufcHEdkifrnfhenf;pepfudktoHk;ûyum c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;
taMumif;udkwifjyMu&ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf a[mMum;jcif;
rsm;ESifhomru vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf; ynmay;&ef
pOfqufrjywfêud;pm;oGm;&ygrnf/ tajymESifhtvkyfyl;aygif;
aqmif½GufygvQif BuD;rm;aomMoZmoufa&mufrIwpfckudkjzpfay:
apEdkifygonf/
awmpcef;rsm;wGif usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfhñTefMum;
csufrsm;udk ay;oifhMuygonf/ MopaMw;vswGifusif;yaom
tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;ü usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufaomtaMumif;
t&mrsm;udk aeYpOfa[mMum;&m pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;txl;wdk;wuf
cJhygonf/ q&m0ef? q&mrrsm;xdkif&ef wJwpfvHk;pDpOfay;NyD;
vlemudktvum;Munfhay;cJh&m vlemawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vma&muf
tprf;oyfcHcJhMuygonf/ axmifESifhcsDaomvlxkBuD;onfvnf;
usef;rma&;a[mMum;csufrsm;udk vma&mufem;axmifcJhMu&m
txl;pdwf0ifpm;MuonfudkawGU&ygonf/ ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif
awmpcef;rsm;usif;ypOf rdrdwdkYvnf; yg0ifulnDygrnf[kqdkum
aq;cef;rsm;zGifh&ef ûrdUcHrsm;uawmif;qdkcJhMuygonf/
6T, p. 112 (1900)
uREfkyfwdkY\toif;om;rsm; axmifESifhcsDípk½Hk;jcif;onf
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;twGuf yHkoufao
jy&ef taumif;qHk;tcGifhta&;yifjzpfygonf/ vGefcJhaomESpf
tenf;i,fu usif;ycJ haomtpnf;a0;BuD;rsm;wGifvnf;
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mudpörsm;ESifh oufowfvGwf
pm;jcif;wdkY\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;taMumif;udk rsm;pGma[mMum;cJh
Muygonf/ odkY&mwGif wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif xrif;pm;aqmifwGif
tom;[if;rsm;udkauR;um usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpm;
tpmrsm;udk a&mif;cJhMuygonf/ tusihfrygaom,HkMunfjcif;
onf taojzpfonf/ usef;rma&;qdkif&ma[mMum;csufrsm;udk
vufawGUvkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzifhjiif;y,fcJhMu&m rsm;pGmrxda&mufcJh
ygacs/ aemufydkif;usif;yaomtpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;rsm;wGif OD;pD;
OD;aqmifûycJhMuolrsm;rSmrl pmawGUaum? vufawGUygynm&xm;
olrsm;jzpf&m tom;[if;rsm;udk xrif;pm;aqmifwGifrauR;
awmhbJ opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkom
tvQHy,fauR;arG;cJhygonf/ {nfhonfrsm;u tom;[if;rauR;
&jcif;taMumif;udk ar;vmMuaomtcgwGif tom;onf
usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfojzifh rauR;aMumif; ½Sif;½Sif;ajymjycJh
Muygonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 657 658 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
DF- 42
Letter, p. 79 (1905)
aq;½Hkwpf½HkudkwnfaxmifoifhaMumif; xdkaq;½HkwGif
xkwfvkyfaomaq;0g;rsm;udkroHk;bJ ½dk;½dk;qifjcifwHkw&m;udk
tajcûyonfhukoenf;rsm;jzifh vlemudkukoay;oifhaMumif;
uREfkyftm; tvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/ xdkaq;½HkwGif rSefuefaom
toufwmyHkpHjzifhaexdkifum tzsm;temrsm;udkumuG,fEdkif&ef
0wfqifyHk? touf½ªyHkESifh avsmufywfpGmpm;yHkrsm;udk oifMum;
ay;&efjzpfygonf/
Letter, p. 233 (1905)
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;onf aq;ukorIcH,l&ef a&muf½Sd
vmonfhvlemrsm;tm; tvif;ay;onfhae&mjzpf&ygrnf/
ajrxGuftoD;tESHrsm;jzifh pD&ifxm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf
touf½SifaexdkifEd kifaMumif;udk vlemrsm;tm;jyo&rnf/
usef;rma&;qdkif&ma[majymyGJrsm;udkvnf; yHkrSefvkyfay;oifhaMumif;
uREfkyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ c&pfawmfudk,fawmfwdkif
toufay;umuG,fcJhaom vlom;rsm;\usef;rmjcif;ESifhcGeftm;
rsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;aprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkjzwfypf&ef vlwdkY
tm; oGefoifMu&efjzpfonf/ tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm
rsm;udk rnfodkYa½SmifMuOf&rnfudkvnf; oGefoifay;Mu&rnf/
usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvdkvQif usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkusifhoHk;jcif;onf ta&;ygaMumif;udk vlemrsm;tm;azmfjy
Muyg/ pm;aomufjcif;ü csKyfwnf;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
v[mjyifwGif udk,fum,avhusifhcef;vkyfjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
usef;rma&;aumif;rGefvmEdkifaMumif;udk vlemrsm;tm;azmfjyMu
yg/ uREfkyfwdkYaq;½Hk\vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh tema&m*grsm;oufom
oGm;um usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvm&efjzpfygonf/ tpm;
taomufwGif qifqifjcifjcif½Sdjcif;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;aumif;
vmEdkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? tom;udka½Smifaomolü tusKd;
aus;Zl;cHpm;&aMumif;udkvnf;aumif; oGefoifMu&rnf/ tpm;
tpmESifhywfoufaomar;cGef;onf pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaMumif;t&m
wpfckjzpfaeygonf/ vlwdkYonf pm;zdkYtouf½Sifaejcif;r[kwfbJ
touf½SifzdkYpm;aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif;udk vlwdkYtm; oifMum;
ay;&ef t"du&nf½G,fcsufjzifh uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkudkwnfaxmif
xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
Letter, p. 204 (1906)
vlemrsm;tm; wwfEdkiforQtcef;xJwGifraeygapESifh/
0dnmOfcGeftm;jzpfapNyD; em;vnf&vG,fulonfh usrf;pmoifcef;pm
ESifh ½dk;½dk;pmayrsm;udkzwfapyg/ {nfhcef;xJwGif pdwfayghyg;
aysmf½Tifap&ef pum;pjrnfrsm;ajymMuapyg/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;taMumif;udkvnf;ajymjyyg/ ½IyfaxG;aprnfh usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItaMumif;rsm;udkrajymygESifh/ aq;½Hk
vmwufonfh xdkvlemrsm;onf aq;½Hkqif;oGm;aomtcg
¤if;wdkY\rdom;pkrsm;udk jyefvnfajymjywwfaprnfh ½dk;½dk;
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoifay;Muyg/
vlemrsm;tdrfodkYjyefa&mufaomtcg toHk;rûyEdkifrnfh
pufypönf;toHk;taqmifrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;rsm;udkoHk;onfh
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 659 660 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tEÅ&m,f½Sdwwfygonf/ touf½Sifaeaom ¤if;wdkY\cE¨mudk,f
,EÅ&m;BuD; [efcsufnDnDtvkyfvkyfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm rnfonfh
tpmrsm;udk pnf;urf;wuspm;&rnfudkom oifay;oifhMuygonf/
Letter, p. 145 (1904)
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;ESifh aq;ausmif;rsm;wGif csKyfwnf;
jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmoifMum;ay;oifhonf/
rl;,pfaponfht&ufaopmrsm;\raumif;usKd;rsm;ESifh xdkt&m
rsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;tm;jzifh &½Sdrnfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;taMumif;
udk vlemrsm;tm;ajymjyoifhygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh
t&mrsm;udkrpm;oHk;bJ xdktpmrsm;tpm; opfoD;0vHrsm;udk
tvQHy,fpm;oHk;Mu&ef tm;ay;oifhygonf/ vdar®mfoD;? a½Smuf
oD;? qD;oD;? rufref;oD;rSpí toD;rsKd;pHkudk&½SdEdkif&m êud;pm;
vkyfaqmifMurnfqdkvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þurÇm
ajrBuD;tm; toD;tyGifhrsm;ESifhjynfh0apawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
MH, pp. 176-177 (1905)
cHwGif;awmifhwrI\wefcdk;rS ½kef;uefaeMuaomolrsm;tm;
usef;rmaysmf½TifpGm touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;taMumif;udk
oGefoifoifhygonf/ obm0ESifhravsmfnDaom cHwGif;awmifhw
jcif;ESifh a&m*gb,&½Sdaprnfhtajctaersm;udkzefwD;jcif;jzifh
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;onf t&uform;
b0udka&mufaprnfh tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udkwnfaqmufaejcif;
jzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYtm;azmfjyoifhygonf/ xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkiftouf½Sifjcif;onfomvQif obm0twdkif;
r[kwfonfh xdktm;<uaprnfhtpmrsm;udk pm;csifaomufcsifpdwf
r½SdapEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI\taESmiftzGJUrS
½kef;xGuf&ef bk&m;ocifhxHrScGeftm;,laeMupOfwGif ¤if;wdkYonf
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh cE¨mudk,fqdkif&mynwfxm;onfh udk,fawmf
\rdefYrSmcsufrsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufum xm0&bk&m;ocif
ESifhtwl yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/
MS, p. 1 (1888)
aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;wGif rnfonfhtxl;wm0efudk
xrf;aqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;cefYxm;ygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;
awmifhwrIudkvdkufpm;&ef pmawGUvufawGUtm;jzifh ynmay;jcif;
rûybJ xdkt&mESifhuif;½Sif;atmif ynmay;Mu&efjzpfonf/ ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIpHEIef;ud k tbufbufrSjr§if hwif&efjzpfonf/
]]nDtpfudkwdkY? touf½Sifjcif;vu©Pm? oefY½Sif;jcif;vu©Pm?
bk&m;ocif ESpfoufawmfrlzG,faomvu©PmESifhjynfhpHkaom,Zfudk
oifwdkYonfylaZmfí rdrdudk,fcE¨mudk bk&m;ociftm;tyfESHjcif;
wnf;[laom oifwd k Y ûytyfaom0wfud k ûyrnftaMumif;
bk&m;ocif\u½kPmawmfud kaxmufxm;í oifwd k Yud k
igwdkufwGef;EId;aqmfay\/ oifwdkYonf avmuyHkoP²mefudk
raqmifMuESifh/ aumif;jrwfaomt&m? ESpfoufzG,faomt&m?
pHkvifaomt&mwnf;[laom bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdaomt&monf
tb,ft&mjzpfonfudk oifEdkifrnftaMumif; pdwfESvHk;topf
jyifqifí yHkoP²mefajymif;vJjcif;odkYa&mufMuavmh}} [k
wrefawmfaygvkuvnf; toHjr§ifhízGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
oefY½Sif;pifMu,fí usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpm
rsm;ESifhpyfqdkifonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkwifquf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 661 662 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hk? aq;ausmif;rsm;udkwnfaxmifxm;ygonf/
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;? rdrdudk,fudkxdef;csKyfjcif;qdkif&mtod
ynmrsm;udkrQa0Mu&rnf/ aq;½HkodkYa&muf½Sdvmolrsm;a½SUwGif
vlom;rsm;udkzefqif;½Hkomru u,fwifawmfrlcJhonfhc&pfawmfudk
ajr§mufwifjyoMu&rnf/ vltaygif;wdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vdktyfaMumif; jrifawGUEdkif&eftvdkYiSm toufwmNidrfoufjcif;
ESifh usef;rmjcif;ESifhywfoufaomvrf;pOfrsm;udk wpfckcsif;today;
wifjyMu&rnf/ raumif;rItjypfrsm;aMumifh bk&m;ocifzsufqD;
ypfvdkufonfh a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;rwdkifrD urÇmBuD;ESifhaom'HkûrdUrsm;wGif
aexdkifolrsm;usifhaqmifcJhonfh ,kwfnHhedrfhusaomtusifhp½dkuf
rsm;udk vltrsm;jiif;y,fatmif vrf;jyMu&rnf/
aq;½HkodkYvma&mufvnfywfoltaygif;wdkYudk ynmay;
Mu&rnf/ Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifh? vlqif;&J? vlcsrf;omtm;vHk;
wdkY\a½SUarSmufwGif u,fwifjcif;pDrHudef;taMumif;udkzGifh[Mu
&rnf/ tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhpGmjzifh udk,ftvdk
udkvdkufjcif;onf a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh tusKd;qufwpfcktjzpf
aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmonfh raumif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;\
tajccHtaMumif;&if;jzpfonfudkjrifawGUvmatmif *½kwpdkuf
jyifqifxm;onfhñTefMum;csufrsm;jzifh a[majymwifquf&rnf/
toufyifrSt½Gufrsm;
9T, p. 168 (1909)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;u@wGif uREfkyfwdkY
vkyfzdkYvdkonfht&mrsm;udk aESmifhaES;rIr½SdbJvkyfaqmifMu&ef
uREfkyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ þtrIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzifh
vrf;êudvrf;Mum;½Sdvltrsm;xHodkY uREfkyfwdkYa&muf½SdoGm;Edkifyg
onf/ aq;½Hkrsm;odkYa&muf½Sdvmolrsm;pGmwdkYonf ,aeYtrSef
w&m;udkvufcHvdkufavQmufMuvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyftm; txl;
tvif;ay;awmfrlxm;ygonf/ rdrdwdkY\udk,fcE¨mudk rnfodkY
*½kpdkufûypk&rnfudkvnf;aumif;? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ,HkMunf
jcif;wGif rnfuJhodkYcdkifrmatmifwnfaqmuf&rnfudkvnf;aumif;
aq;½HkwGifa&muf½SdaeMuol trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;udkoGefoif&ef
jzpfonf/ c&pfawmf\tom;udkpm;jcif;ESifh taoG;udkaomuf
jcif;wdkY\teufudkvnf; oGefoifay;Mu&ygrnf/ ]udk,fum,
onf tvQif;rwwfEdkif? igajymaompum;onf 0dnmOfjzpf\}
[k c&pfawmfudk,fwdkifrdefYawmfrlcJhzl;ygonf/
MH, pp. 227, 228 (1905)
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;udk pGefYvTwfzdkY
roifMum;cJhvQif bk&m;ociftm; temaysmufuif;apawmfrlol
wpfyg;jzpfaMumif; oGefoifaejcif;onf tcsdefukefvlyef;om
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ qkawmif;xm;onfhtwdkif; bk&m;ocifhxHrS
aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm raumif;rIvkyf&yfrsm;
udk&yfwefYum aumif;rIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkY\
ywf0ef;usifonfoefYpifNyD; ¤if;wdkY\p½dkuftusifhrsm;onf
rSefuefMu&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf obm0w&m;ESifhvnf;aumif;?
0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mynwfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; nDnGwfpGmtouf½Sif
aexdkifMu&ygrnf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 663 664 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
MS, p. 22 (1887)
vlemrsm;twGufzGifhvSpfxm;onfhaq;½Hkrsm;onf obm0
w&m;ESifhtnDaexdkifum usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh avmu
qefaom0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;udkypfy,fap&ef ynmay;zdk Y
taumif;qHk;ae&mjzpfygonf/ xdkaq;½Hkrsm;onf avmuudk
tvif;ay;&ef aumif;aomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/
,ckwGif a&m*grsm;udkukoonfhbufrS ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
orm;rsm;jzpfaom q&m0efrsm;ü vdktyfcsuf½Sdaeygonf/ rdrdwdkY
vkyf&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk a½SUodkYqufívkyfaqmifEdkifzdkY êud;pm;
tm;xkwf&ef vdktyfovdka&m*grsm;udkuko&mwGif uRrf;usifrI
tjynfhjzifhuko&ef ¤if;wdkYtm; arQmfvifhaeolrsm;udk pdwf0ifwpm;
oGefoifay;&ef vdktyfvSygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf xdcdkufrIr½SdbJ
csKd;azgufvdkYr&onfh bk&m;ocifay;ynwfcsufpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
txl;tm½Hkxm;*½kûyoifhygonf/ olwdkYonf a&m*gudkukozdkY
avmufom êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeMuaomfvnf; a&m*grjzpf
atmifumuG,f&ef xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ½dk½dkaoaojzifhowdxm;
vdkufavQmufzdkY rvIHYaqmfMuacs/ q&m0efrsm;udk,fwdkifu tpm;
tpmydkif;wGif rSm;,Gif;aeaomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;xuf
tom;[if;udkyd kíESpfoufaeOD;rnfqdkvQif tpmudkpm;&ef
olwpfyg;udkvnf; olynmay;ysKd;axmifaeOD;rnfomjzpfonf/
ol\tawG;tac:rsm;onf usOf;ajrmif;NyD; rMumrDrSmyif
olêudufonfhtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef ol\vlemrsm;udk olynmay;
pDpOfay;ygvdrfhrnf/ cGeftm;udkray;bJ tm;<urIudkomjzpfaponfh
tqdk;½Gm;qHk;aomtpmjzpfaom wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;&ef
vlemtm; olñTefMum;vdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\pm;aomuf
usifhta[mif;rsm;udk rpl;prf;awmh½Hkomru a&m*gjzpf&ef
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtkwfjrpfcsay;cJhonfh rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkuf
rsm;udkvnf; txl;*½krxm;Muawmhacs/
owdynmESifhjynfhpHkaomq&m0efrsm;rSm todOmPfuif;rJh
olrsm;tm; tvif;w&m;ay;&ef tqifoifh½SdMu½Hkomru
raumif;rSef;odaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;zdkYwm;jrpfvsuf ñTefMum;csuf
rsm;udk ynmowdjynfh0pGmjzifhay;wwfygonf/ olwdkYonf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonf[k rSwf,l&aomt&mrSeforQudk
½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;azmfjyum vlemtm; rdrdwdkYvkyfEdkiforQudk owd
ynm½Sd½SdESifhvkyfapum usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh vlemrsm;udk
rSefuefpGmqufpyfapMuygonf/
2T, pp. 74-75 (1902)
q&m0efwpfOD;onf pm;rSm;aomufrSm;aMumifh zsm;em
aeaomvlemwpfOD;udkawGU½SdaomtcgwGif zsm;emjcif;\taMumif;
&if;ajymum ûyjyifajymif;vJzdkYvdktyfaMumif;axmufjy&ef vspfvsL½I
cJhvQif olonf xdkvlemtm; xdcdkufrI½Sdatmif vkyfaqmifaejcif;
jzpfygonf/ t&uform;rsm;? taysmftyg;vdkufpm;jcif;aMumifh
½l;ESrf;ESrf;jzpfaeolrsm;u a&m*ga0'emrsm;onf tjypf\tzdk;tc
jzpfaMumif; ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;jywfjywfom;om;zGifh[Mu&ef
q&m0efrsm;tm;awmif;qdkaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rma&;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m r[mtvif;w&m;udk&½Sdxm;MuNyDjzpf&m
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 665 666 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
a&m*gjzpfapEdkifonfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;udk qefYusifwdkufvSef&m
wGif tb,faMumifh cdkifrmpGmjzifhêud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIr½SdMu&
oenf;/ a0'emrsm;ESifh tNrJwrf;wkdufvSefaeonfudkjrifawGU
ae&NyD; xdka0'emrsm;udk oufomap&ef tNrJwrf;vkyfaqmif
ae&aomuREfkyfwdkY\q&m0efrsm;onf tb,fodkYNidrfoufrI
&EdkifMuygrnfenf;/ owday;pum;rsm;udkrajymbJ ¤if;wdkY
xdef;csKyfxm;Ed kif Murnfvm;/ a&m*gudkukpm;onfhenf;
wpfckuJhodkYjzpfaom wdusaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk roifMum;
ay;bJ olwdkYonf apwem? u½kPmESifhjynfh0aomq&m0efrsm;
jzpfEdkifMuygrnfvm;/
CH, pp. 451-452 (1890)
vlemrsm;udk aq;ukojcif;omru a&m*grsm;udkwm;qD;
ay;jcif;twGuf enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf uREfkyfwdkYESifheD;pyfaom
oltm;vHk;udk tvif;w&m;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf
aomtpmoGwfbl;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk xkwfaqmifEdkifygonf/
a&m*gjzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;obm0ESifhpyfvsOf;í a&m*g½Sifrsm;
tm;ynmay;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? a&m*gr&atmif
a½Smif½Sm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;&eftwGufaomfvnf;
aumif; êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeaomq&m0efrsm;onf jyif;xef
pGmvHkYv0D&d,pdkufaumif;pdkuf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; olonf owd
ynmESifhjynfhpHkaom ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfcJhvQif
olonf udk,ftvdkudkvdkufonfh 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwdkY\qdk;usKd;
rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? vlemrsm;tm; aq;½HkodkYa&mufvmaponfh
(ta&;ygonfhtiftm;pkrsm;udk) 0efESifhtm;rrQavmufatmif
t*Fgpkrsm;udktvkyfvkyfapjcif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; ½Sif;vif;pGm
zGifhqdka[majymMuvdrfhrnf/ vlem\obm0cGeftm;rsm;onf
½kef;uefrIudkpGefYvTwfonfhtajca&mufatmif tm;ukefoGm;onf
txd aq;0g;rsm;udktoHk;ûyjcif;tm;jzifh raumif;aomt&mrsm;ukd
wdk;yGm;aprnfr[kwfbJ rSefuefaomtusifhp½dkufwnfaqmufyHkudk
oGefoifay;um? obm0ukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûyum e*dktaetxm;
odkYjyefvnfa&muf½SdoGm;atmif ulnDrpygvdrfhrnf/
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkESifhaq;ausmif;rsm;wGif usef;rma&;
qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkay;onfh
txl;tpDtpOfrsm;udk usif;yûyvkyfoifhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vlemrsm;ESifh aq;½Hk
vkyfom;tm;vHk;a½SUwGif *½kwpdkuftdyfoGefzmarSmufazmfjyoifh
ygonf/ þtvkyfudkvkyfaqmif&ef pdwfydkif;qdkif&m&JpGrf;owåd
rsm;vdktyfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf þvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh
vltrsm;tusKd;½SdrnfrSmaocsmaomfvnf; qefYusifwdkufcdkufrI
rsm;udkvnf; &ifqdkifMu&ygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf bk&m;ocif\
pdwfawmfESifhtnD touf½SifaomwynfhawmftppftrSefrsm;rSm
vlom;rsm;udk avmutESHYwGifjzpfay:aeaomtjypfraumif;rI
rsm;ESifh a0;&mtxuft&yfodkYydkYaqmifaeMuouJhodkY txuf
t&yfESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;udkvkyfaqmif&ef oGefoifaeMurnf
jzpfonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 667 668 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
Letter, p. 82 (1908)
ynmoifausmif;rsm;onf aq;½Hkaq;cef;rsm;ESifh jzpfEdkif
onfhae&mwdkif;wGif yl;wGJvkyfaqmifMu&rnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyf
tm;½Sif;vif;pGmñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ þt&mESpfck\trIawmf
vkyfief;rsm;ud k a&m,Sufaygif;zufvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/
vdkrmvif'gü ausmif;wpfausmif;½SdaeonfhtwGuf bk&m;ocifudk
aus;Zl;wifrdygonf/ aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;udk
arG;xkwfay;aeaomausmif;rsm;wGif xl;cRefxufjrufaom
orm;awmfBuD;rsm;\ ynma&;qdkif&mtpGrf;wefcd k;onf
ta&;ygvSygonf/ xdkausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif,laeMuonfh
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; cdkifrmaomusef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ
a&;orm;rsm;jzpfvmatmif oifMum;ay;&rnf/ a&m*grsm;ESifh
¤if;wdkY\Zmpfjrpfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? a&m*gumuG,fyHkrsm;ESifh
vnf;aumif;? a&m*g½Sifrsm;tm; ukoonfhenf;rsm;ESifhvnf;
aumif; pyfvsOf;onfhoifMum;ydkYcscsufrsm;onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkif
onfhynmwpfckjzpfNyD; xdkynmonf uREfkyfwdkY\ausmif;om;
tm;vHk;&½Sd&rnfhynmyifjzpfonf/
ausmif;ESifhaq;½HkwdkYa&m,Sufí trIawmfxrf;aqmifjcif;ü
rsm;pGmtcGifhomapygonf/ aq;½Hkuay;vdkufonfhñTefMum;csuf
rsm;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;aomuf
jcif;tusifhudk a½SmifMuOfwwfvmygvdrfhrnf/
9T, p. 112 (1909)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
vltrsm;od½Sdatmifvkyfaqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;wm0efay;xm;yg
onf/ tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaomynmay;vkyfief;rsm;onf
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfa[mMum;jcif;vkyfief;xJwGif xnfhoGif;
vkyfaqmif&avmufatmif ta&;ryg[k wcsKdUuxifMuonf/
xdkodkYxifjrif,lqjcif;onf r[mtrSm;BuD;wpfckjzpfonf/
]pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;aumif;? cyfodrf;aom
trIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefckd;udkaxmufí
vkyfaqmifMuavmh} [k EIwfxGufpum;uzGifhqdkxm;&m t&m
cyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;trIonf u,fwifjcif;qdkif&m
trIawmfwGif ta&;ygaomu@wpfckjzpfaeygonf/
ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGifvkyfaqmifaeaomc&pf,mefomoem
vkyfief;ESi f hqufET,fNyD; pdwf0ifpm;rI½S daomvlrsm;tm;
oifwef;ay;&efpk½Hk;Edkifavmufatmif us,f0ef;onfhtcef;
rsm;yg½Sdoifhonf/ vlwdkY\pdwfxJwGif txifao;pdwfay:oGm;
atmifjzpfovdkenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh þta&;ygaomtrIawmf
udkvkyfaqmif&efr[kwfyg/ vkyfaqmifaeorQtrIawmftm;vHk;onf
trSefw&m;\t½Sifbk&m;ocifudk ESpfoufzG,faomoufaocH
jzpfoifhonfhjyif aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;wGif
azmfjyxm;aomw&m;awmf\oefY½Sif;jcif;ESifh ta&;ygrIrsm;udk
avsmufywfpGmudk,fpm;ûyoifhygonf/
CH, pp. 449-450 (1890)
uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mefomoeme,frsm;wGif½SdaeMuaom
OmPf&nfxufjrufonfhtrsKd;orD;rsm;ü tdrfwGif;rIvkyfief;
wm0efrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&efwm0ef½Sdygonf/ txl;ojzifh
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 669 670 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
xrif;[if;aumif;aumif;csufwwfonfh trsK d;orD;onf
xdkwm0efrsm;udkvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ t&nftaoG;taumif;qHk;
tpmrsm;udk jyifqifwwfMu&ygrnf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD?
[if;arT;rqvmESifhraumif;aomtpmrsm;udk pm;csifolrsm;
½SdaeygvQif ¤if;wdkYudkynmay;Muyg/ ¤if;wdkYoabmaygufem;vnf
vmatmif êud;pm;Muyg/ or®musrf;pmwGifazmfjyxm;onfh
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm;ajymjyMuyg/
CH, p. 449 (1890)
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifEdkif&ef
twGufomru ydkíaumif;aomtoufwmvrf;pOfudk olwpfyg;
tm;ñTefjyEdkif&eftvdkYiSm uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdudk,fudkynmay;oifh
Muygonf/ þacwfumvESifhywfoufonfhtrSefw&m;udk
,HkMunfygonf[kzGifhqdkxm;olrsm;yifvQif usef;rmjcif;ESifh
csKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;rsm;udk rodem;rvnfMuao;acs/
¤if;wdkYudk xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;taMumif; *CePynmay;oifh
ygonf/ xdktaMumif;t&mudk ¤if;wdkYa½SUwGif xyfcgwvJajymjy
oifhygonf/ xdkt&mudk ta&;rBuD;aomtaMumif;t&mwpfck
tjzpfypfxm;&rnfr[kwfyg/ taMumif;rSm þtaMumif;t&mudk
tdrfaxmiftoD;oD;tm; ynmay;zdkYvdkygonf/ rSefuefaom
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vufawGUusifhoHk;&efwm0ef
½SdaMumif; od½Sdvm&ef rodpdwfudkEId;qGay;Mu&rnf/ t&m
cyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhMu&ef rdrdvlwdkYtm;
xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifh
udk rusifhMuvQif trSefw&m;\oefYpifapEdkifaomwefcdk;awmfudk
¤if;wdkYodEdkifpGrf;½SdMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf þtaMumif;t&m
udk em;vnfoabmaygufvmoifhygonf/ ¤if;wdk Yonf
xdktaMumif;t&mudk rodusKd;uRefrûyoifhovdk ¤if;wdkYtm;
tpGef;a&mufolrsm;[k ac:a0:orkwfolrsm;\ab;z,fxm;
jcif;udkvnf;rcHoifhygacs/ rSefuefaomusef;rma&;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazmfxkwfum ¤if;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
olwpfyg;tm; *CePoifay;½Hkomru udk,fwdkifvnf;
usifhoHk;NyD;yHkoufaojyMuyg/ tpnf;a0;BuD;rsm;wGif usef;rmjcif;
ESifhcsKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;udk oGefoifoifhygonf/ em;vnf
oabmaygufvmatmif EId;qGzdkYêud;pm;Muyg/ rdrdwdkYü½Sdaom
tpGrf;owådrsm;udk trIawmfwGif toHk;csMuyg/ ]ynmay;yg?
ynmay;yg? ynmay;yg} [laomowif;pum;onf uREfkyf\
pdwfxJwGif tNrJwrf;owd&atmufarhaeonfh bk&m;ocif
ay;owif;pum;wpfckjzpfonf/
6T, p. 112 (1900)
uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvkqJqJtcsdefwGif touf½Sif
aexdkifaomuREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;ESif hqdkifaomûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;ar;cGef;udk ydkíxkwfMu½Hkomru cdkifrmívufcH
Edkifrnfhenf;pepfudktoHk;ûyum c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;
udkwifjyMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf a[mMum;jcif;rsm;ESifhomru
vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf; ynmay;&ef pOfqufrjywf
êud;pm;oGm;&ygrnf/ tajymESifhtvkyfyl;aygif;aqmif½GufygvQif
BuD;rm;aomMoZmoufa&mufrIwpfckudk jzpfay:apEdkifygonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 671 672 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
6T, pp. 376-378 (1900)
uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufoifhMuyg
onf/ cEmaA'ESifh wpfudk,fa&usef;rma&;taMumif;rsm;ESifhvnf;
&if;ESD;xm;zdkYvdkygonf/ ¤if;jyif cE¨mudk,ftoufwmudk
pdk;rdk;xm;onfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\usef;rma&;tMum;qufpyfrIrsm;udkvnf;aumif;
em;vnfoifhygonf/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYtm; bk&m;
ocifay;oem;xm;onfh tHhMozG,f&mcE¨mudk,ftaMumif;udk
vnf;aumif;? xdkcE¨mudk,ftm; Munfh½Iapmifha½SmufyHkrsm;udk
vnf;aumif; rodem;rvnfMuacs/ þae&mwGif c&pf,mef
"r®q&mrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;wpfck½Sdygonf/ olwdkYonf
þudpöESifhywfoufí rSefuefpGm&yfwnfonfhtcsdefwGif rsm;pGm
tusKd;xl;ygvdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\toufwmESifh
tdrfaxmifrsm;wGif rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;um
usef;rmpGmaexdkiftouf½Sifvsuf toufwm\pnf;rsOf;rsm;
udkvdkufavQmufoifhMuygonf/ xdktcgwGif ¤if;wdkYonf vlwdkYudk
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfydkíjrifhrm;atmif vrf;jyvsuf
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk rSefuefpGmajymEdkifvmMuvdrfhrnf/
olwdkYonf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif tvif;wGiftouf½Sifaexdkifvsuf
wefzdk;BuD;aom xdkowif;pum;rsKd;udk Mum;csifolrsm;xHodkYoGm;í
a[mMum;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/
tu,fíom c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk toif;awmfvkyfief;rsm;ESif h
yl;wGJvkyfaqmifcJhMurnfqdkvQif rGefjrwfaomaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;ESifh
aumif;jrwfaomA[kokwrsm;udk&½SdMuygrnf/ usef;rma&;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;rsm;udk vltaygif;wdkY
odxm;Mu&ygrnf/ þvkyfief;udk vspfvsL½ªcJhMuygonf/
odoifhodxdkufaomt&mrsm;udk rodMu&ao;ojzifh vltrsm;
wdkYonf aoqHk;ukefMuawmhrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\twå
qefaomtaysmftyg;vdkufpm;jcif;udkrpGefYvTwfrD xdktvif;w&m;
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY&½Sdxm;Mu&ygrnf/
þudpöESifhywfoufí rSefonfhbufrSm&yfwnf&ef ta&;
ygaomtcsdefjzpfaMumif; uGefz&ifhOuúXrsm;oabmaygufzdkYvdkyg
onf/ c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;q&mrsm;onfvnf;
rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;onfhtvif;w&m;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm;rQa0Mu&ef
jzpfonf/ u@toD;oD;wGif ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;
rsm;onf vkyfaqmifzdkYvdktyfaeygao;onf/ cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf
aeolrsm;ESifhudk,ftvdkudkvdkufEdkif&ef trSefw&m;ESifhajzmifhrwfjcif;
vrf;pOfrS aoGznfroGm;rnfh,HkMunfolwynfhawmfrsm;udk
udk,fawmfonf rpulnDum cGeftm;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/
aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;rsm;wGif
ynmay;jcif;trIawmfonf udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhywfoufaom
0wå&m;rsm;taMumif;ud k vlom;rsm;tm;EI d;aqmf&mwGif
tvGefta&;ygaomajcvSrf;wpfckjzpfonf/ c&pf,mef"r®q&m
rsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfh tvif;w&m;rsm;ESifhtnD
þvkyfief;udkrdrdvkyfaqmifaeaom u@toD;oD;wGifxnfhNyD;
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 673 674 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
DF- 43
xrf;aqmifcJhrnfqdkvQif pm;aomuf? qif,ifjcif;rsm;wGif
cdkifrmaomûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ay:xGef;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf
wcsKdUc&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf xdktrIawmfwdk;wufrIudkyif
t[efYtwm;vkyfaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\pdwf0ifpm;rIr½Sdaom
rSwfcsufrsm; (odkYr[kwf) jypfwifajymqdkrIrsm;? jyuf&,f
ûyjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh vlwdkYudk a½SUodkYrwdk;Edkifatmifvkyfaqmif
aeMuonf/ olwdkYudk,fwdkifomru rsm;jym;pGmaomvltaygif;
wdkYonf aoawmhrnfha&m*gonfrsm;jzpfaeMuNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
¤if;wdkYtm;vHk;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mtodw&m;rsm;udk
ravhusuf&ao;ygacs/
vufOD;rI&,lEdkifjcif;aMumifhom atmifjrifrItenf;i,fudk
cHpm;cJhMu&ygonf/ vlwdkYonf udk,fhtvdkudkjiif;vdkpdwfr½SdMu
½Hkomru rdrd\tvdkudk bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfütyfESHzdkYvnf;
qE´r½SdMuacs/ xdkolwdkYonf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifcHpm;ae&aom
a0'emrsm;ESifh rdrdwdkYaMumifh tjcm;olrsm;a0'emcHpm;rIrsm;\
aocsmaom&v'fudkvnf; od½Sdxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/
toif;awmfonf udk,fhordkif;udk udk,fwdkifa&;aeygonf/
aeYpOfaeYwdkif; wdkufyGJ0ifaeygonf? ppfcsDaeygonf? rsufjrif
r&aom&efolrsm;onf ywfvnf0dkif;xm;Muygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf bk&m;ocifrponfhtwGuf rxdkufwefbJ atmifyGJqif
aumif;qifMurnf/ odkYr[kwfygu t½IH;ESifh&ifqdkifMu&rnf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIudpörsm;wGif Mum;ae0g'
usifhoHk;olrsm;udk ajymif;vJMuygawmh[k uREfkyfwdkufwGef;vdkufyg
onf/ þtvif;w&m;onf tvGefrGefjrwfvSygonf/ trIawmf½Sd
u@toD;oD;udk wm0ef,lxrf;aqmifaeoltm;vHk;onf xdktrSef
w&m;udk*½kxm;jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfESvHk;ESifhtoufwmwGif MoZm
tmPmrsm;BuD;xGm;vmrnfjzpfaMumif; zGifh[wdkufwGef;&ef xm0&
bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlygonf/ xdkokdYaomtajctaeodkYa&mufrSom
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;ESihf&ifqdkif&aomtcg atmifyGJqifEdkifMu
rnfjzpfygonf/
usef;rmjcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;&efysufuGufolrsm;onf
trIawmfaqmif&eft&nftcsif;rrD
tb,faMumif h wcsK d Uc&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif pdwfr0ifpm;Mu&
oenf;/ taMumif;rSm xdkajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\vufawGU
toufwmESifhqefYusifbufjzpfaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ þtcsuf
onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;wdk;wufrIudk
tBuD;tus,ft[efYtwm;jzpfapygonf/ tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;
NyD; rdrdvlwdkYtm;ay;xm;awmfrlonfhoufaocHcsufESifh qefYusif
aomyHkoufao (odkYr[kwf) qefYusifaomoGefoifcsufrsm;udk
ydkYcsaeolrsm;onf vltaygif;wdkY\q&mwpfOD;tjzpf oD;oefY
owfrSwfxm;aomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;rjzpfoifhacs/ taMumif;rSm
þtcsufonf ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;udkjzpfoGm;apEdkifygonf/ usef;rm
jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk *½krxm;jcif;aMumifh xdkol
onf bk&m;ocif\apwrefwpfOD;taejzifh&yfwnf&ef roifhavsmf
ygacs/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 675 676 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
þtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufí EIwfxGufpum;wGif
udk,fawmfzGifhqdkxm;onfhtvif;w&m;onf ½Sif;vif;ygonf/
vdkufemrI½Sdr½SdjrifawGU&ef enf;rsKd;pHkjzifhprf;oyfawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
csKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;udk toif;awmfwdkif;? rdom;pkwdkif;tm;
oGefoifay;zdkYvdkonf/ usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkEdkif&eftwGuf rnfodkY
pm;aomuf&rnfudk vlwdkif;od½Sdxm;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
urÇmh&mZ0if\aemufqHk;aomtcsdefwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf
½SdMu&m Oykofapmifholrsm;\tqifhtwef;ESifhavsmfnDatmif
vkyfaqmifoifhMuygonf/ þowif;pum;udk vlwdk YxH
oGm;a&mufa[mMum;jcif;tvkyfudk pdwfr0ifpm;aomolrsm;onf
c&pfawmfjyonfhvrf;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;r[kwfyg/ ]igü
tyfESHvdkaomoljzpfvQif udk,fudkudk,fjiif;y,f&rnf/ udk,f
vuf0g;uyfwdkifudkxrf;í ighaemufodkYvdkuf&rnf} [k c&pfawmf
rdefYrSmxm;ygonf/
MH, p. 386 (1905)
rdbrsm;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;xuf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;
rsm;twGuf tav;xm;touf½SifoifhMuygonf/ usef;rma&;
ESifhpyfqdkifaomtaMumif;rsm;udkavhvmum vufawGUtoHk;cs
Muyg/ tusKd;taMumif;qifjcifoHk;oyfwwfatmif om;orD;
rsm;udkoifay;Muyg/ usef;rmaysmf½TifvdkvQif obm0w&m;ESifh
tnD touf½SifMuzdkY om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifMuyg/ ¤if;wdkY\
wdk;wufrIonf xifoavmufrjrefonfudkawGUjrifvQifvnf;
pdwf"mwfrusbJ ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifMuyg/
udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;ESifh udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyfjcif;
taMumif;rsm;u i,fpOft½G,frSpí om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifyg/
obm0\tvSudk cHpm;wwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;?
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;twGuf tcsKd;ususavhusifhcef;jzpfaponfh
toHk;0ifaomtvkyfudk vkyfudkifwwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;
oGefoifMuyg/ cE¨mudk,fMuHhcdkifum udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;½Hk
omru oabmaumif;aomolrsm;jzpfatmif ûypkysKd;axmifMuyg/
uREf kyfwdk Yonf vwfwavmt&omcHpm;rIrsm;twGufom
touf½SifMu&efr[kwfbJ tqHk;pGefwGifaumif;pm;ap&ef&nfpl;í
touf½SifaexdkifzdkY xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdaeonfqdkonfh
trSefw&m;udk ¤if;wdkY\pdwfxJwGifpGJaeygavap/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf
jcif;aemufodkYvdkufygjcif;onf tm;enf;jcif;oufouf? qdk;,kwfrI
oufoufomjzpfaomaMumifh pHkprf;jcif;udkwGef;vSefMuzdk Y
¤if;wdkYtm;oGefoifMuyg/ þt&mrsm;onf ajrMoZmaumif;
aomajrxJodkYBuJvdkufaomrsKd;aphuJhodkYjzpfum oif\ESvHkk;tm;
MunfEl;aprnfhtoD;rsm;udk oD;ay;Muvdrfhrnf/
6T, pp. 370-371 (1900)
toif;awmfwdkif;üvnf;aumif;? pmoifausmif;wdkif;ü
vnf;aumif; usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;
rsm;udkrQa0Mu&rnf/ þûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk vufawGUusus
rodem;rvnfolrsm;udk vli,frsm;udkynmay;onfhausmif;q&m
wm0efESif h ausmif;tkyfwm0efudkray;MuygESifh/ wcsKdUrSm
þtaMumif;t&mudk A[kokwr½SdbJ jypfwifa0zefaeMuonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 677 678 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
ar;cGef;xkwfaeMuonf/ tjypf½SmaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf
rSefuefaom þvkyfief;BuD;udkvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;ESifh ycHk;csif;pyf?
&ifcsif;tyfNyD;&yfwnfoifhMuygonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;udk
toif;awmfrsm;wGif wifjycJhzl;aomfvnf; vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ
vufrcHcJhMuacs/ twåvGefuJNyD; usef;rma&;udkzsufqD;rnfh
avmuavsmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudk jrwfEdk;wG,fwmMuonfh trsKd;om;?
trsKd;orD;rsm;wdkYu bk&m;ocif\aeYBuD;twGuf vlom;rsm;udk
jyifqifay;rnfh þowif;pum;\MoZmoufa&mufrIudk qefYusif
wdkufvSefcJhMuygonf/ toif;awmfrsm;onf cGeftm;jynfh0pGmjzifh
touf½SifvIyf½Sm;vdkvQif ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocifay;oem;
awmfrlonfh trSefw&m;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifMu&ygrnf/
usef;rmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom þtvif;w&m;udk toif;om;rsm;
tav;rxm;cJhMuvQif udk,fcE¨mESifh0dnmOfa&;ESpfckpvHk;\
odrfzsif;edrfhusjcif;&v'fudk aocsmayguf&dwfodrf;Mu&vdrfhrnf/
þtoif;om;a[mif;BuD;rsm;aMumifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh
toif;awmfodkYa&muf½SdvmMuonfh toif;om;topfrsm;onf
tusifhysufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ trSefw&m;vrf;xJodkY vlrsm;pGm
a&muf½Sdvmatmif ,cktcsdefwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
ûyawmfrrlyg/ taMumif;rSm wpfcgrQrajymif;vJao;onfh
toif;om;rsm; wpfcPomajymif;vJNyD; aemufydkif;wGif azgufjyef
aomtoif;om;rsm;aMumih f jzpfygonf/ tyfES HrIr½S daom
þtoif;om;rsm;onf toif;om;topfrsm;tay:wGif
rnfonfhMoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk vkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ ¤if;wdkY
jzefYa0&rnfh bk&m;ocifay;xdkowif;pum;udk tusKd;oufa&muf
atmif olwdkYvkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnfvm;/
7T, p. 62 (1902)
aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;wGif toif;
om;wdkif; yg0ifvkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsdefudk uREfkyfwdkYa&muf½SdvmygNyD/
þurÇmBuD;onf udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOfESpfckpvHk;wGif a&m*g
&½Sdxm;onfha&m*gonfrsm;ESifhjynfhaeaom 'ku©onftdrfwpfvHk;
jzpfaeygonf/ ae&mwumwGif vltaygif;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY
twGufay;xm;aomowif;pum;udkrodaomaMumifh ysufpD;
qHk;yg;aeMu&ygonf/ xdktrSefw&m;owif;pum;udk jzefYcsdzdkY
wm0ef½SdonfqdkonfhtodEdk;Mum;vm&ef toif;om;wdkif;udk
EId;aqmfzdkYvdktyfaeygonf/ tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;olrsm;onf
avmutwGuftvif;aqmifolrsm;jzpfMu&rnf/ tvif;udk
rvif;atmifzHk;xm;jcif;onf aMumufp&maumif;onfh rSm;,Gif;rI
wpfckudkusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/ oifxavmh? vif;avmh? oif\
tvif;a&mufvmNyD/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;onf
oifhtay:rSmay:xGef;vsuf½Sd\/
tvif;w&m;ESifhtodynmrsm;rsm;&½Sdxm;olrsm;onf
taumif;udkvkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; tqdk;udkvkyfaqmifaeonfudk
tbufbufüuREfkyfwdkYawGU&ygonf/ xdkolwdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJ
&ef rêud;pm;Muawmhojzifh qdk;onfxuf ydkíqdk;vmygonf/
odkY&mwGif bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf tarSmifxJwGif
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 679 680 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
avQmufvSrf;Mu&rnfr[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
orm;rsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh tvif;wGifavQmufMu&efjzpfygonf/
Xmetopfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;
8T, p. 148 (1904)
a0;vHaoma'orsm;odkY oGm;a&muftrIawmfaqmif&efrSm
bk&m;ocifhom;orD;rsm;\wm0efjzpfonf/ yGifhaeaomae&m
wdkif;wGif Xmetopfrsm;wnfaxmifzdkY ajropfrsm;udk½Sif;Edkif&ef
tiftm;rsm;udkpdkufxkwfí vkyfaqmifMuyg/ c&pf,mefomoemûy
pdwf"mwfjyif;xefolrsm;tm;pk½Hk;um &yfa0;&yfenf;wGif tvif;
w&m;ESifhtodynmrsm;udkjzefYa0yg/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rodem;rvnfao;olrsm;xHodkY
oGm;a&mufum xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkajymjyMuyg/ a&m*gukxHk;rsm;udk
twef;toD;oD;zGJUpnf;um oifMum;ay;Muyg/
9T, pp. 36-37 (1909)
trsK d;om;rsm;twGuf trIawmfaqmifp&m½S dovdk
trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufvnf; trIawmfaqmifp&mrsm;pGm½Sdygonf/
pm;zdkrª;rsm;? pufcsKyform;rsm;ESifh olemûyq&mrrsm;wdkY? tul
tnDvdkolrsm;xHoGm;íulnDMuyg/ qif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;xHoGm;í
csufûywfenf;rsm;? pufcsKyfenf;rsm;? vlemudkûypkenf;rsm;ESifh
tdrfaxmifxdef;odrf;enf;rsm;udk oifay;Muyg/ rdrdwdkYxuf
csKdUwJholrsm;xHoGm;í arwåmjywwfatmif? u½kPmxm;wwf
atmif uav;i,frsm;udkyif oifay;Muyg/
ynm½Sdrsm;a½SUodkYxGufumvkyfaqmifMuyg
9T, pp. 112-113 (1909)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf
þurÇmBuD;xJwGif a&m*gb,enf;oGm;um toif;awmfBuD;
ydkíoefYpifvm&eftwGuf bk&m;ociftoHk;ûyaomenf;vrf;wpfck
jzpfonf/ vlom;rsm;\udk,fcE¨mESifh0dnmOfa&;rsm; rlvtajc
taeodkYjyefvnfydkYaqmif&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhyl;aygif;vsuf
bk&m;ocif\rpvufrsm;ozG,f olwdkYvkyfaqmifEdkifaMumif;
vlwdkYudkoGefoifMuyg/ þtrIawmfonf bk&m;ocif\wHqdyf
vufrSwfudkaqmifum tjcm;trSefw&m;rsm;twGuf vrf;zGifh
ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;jyif þtrIawmfBuD;udkwwfodem;vnfpGmjzifh
pGJpGJNrJNrJqkyfudkifxm;olrsm;twGuf trIawmfaqmifp&mae&mrsm;
½Sdaeygao;onf/
þtrIawmfBuD;udk tNrJwrf;a½SUwef;wifyg[laom
owif;pum;onf uREfkyftm;a[majym&ef ñTefMum;awmfrlonfh
owif;pum;yifjzpfonf/ þt&mudk ae&mtrsm;wGif vdktyf
aeonfhvdktyfcsufudkjznfhqnf;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;ü½Sdaom
tzdk;weftcsufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;pGmwifjyMuyg/ usef;rma&;udk
xdcdkufapEdkifonfh tpm;taomufrsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;tusifhonf
ppfrSefaomc&pf,mefbmomw&m;\toD;tyGifhjzpfonf/ trSef
wu,fajymif;vJNyD;olrsm;onf raumif;aomtusifhESifh tpm;
taomufrsm;udkpGefYvTwfMuvdrfhrnf/ xdka½SmifMuOfjcif;tusifh
aMumifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh avmutaysmftyg;
vdkufpm;rIrsm;udk pGJvrf;onfhpdwfudk azsmufzsufapEdkifvdrfhrnf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 681 682 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
a½SUodkYcsDwufMuyg[k usef;rma&;ynmay;olrsm;tm;
ajym&ef uREfkyfudkñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m
raumif;rIa&vIdif;BuD;udk [efYwm;wGef;vSef&ef oifzGifhqdkaom
pum;vHk;wdkif;udk þurÇmBuD;uvdkvm;aeygonf/ aumif;uif
wrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udk oGefoifaeMuaomoltaygif;wdkY?
rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfcsuftwdkif;&yfwnfMuyg/
tydkif; (2) usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkwifqufyHk
MH, pp. 146-147 (1905)
tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhñTefMum;
csufudkzGifhqdk&ef txl;vdktyfaeygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifh?
usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;wwfonfhtusifh
rsm;aMumifh þurÇmBuD;udk usdef'Pfoifhaponfh csKyfwnf;jcif;
uif;rJhrIrsm;? &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifh ted|m½HkjrifuGif;rsm;jzpfay:zdkY
tm;aumif;vmygonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oGefoifonfhtcgwdkif;wGif
pdwfxJü tNrJrSwfom;xm;&rnfht&mrSm ]udk,f? pdwf? 0dnmOf
oHk;yg;pvHk;\ tjrifhqHk;zGHUûzd;wdk;wufrIudk&½Sd&efrSm þpnf;rsOf;
rsm;\&nf½G,fcsufjzpfonf} qdkaomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ bk&m;
ocifowfrSwfay;xm;onfh obm0w&m;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY
twGuf taumif;&v'frsm;ay;zdkY wnf½SdaeonfudkazmfjyMuyg/
xdkobm0w&m;rsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;aMumifh ,ck
b0wGif aysmf½TifrIudkcHpm;&rnfomru aemifvmrnfhb0
toufwmtwGufjyifqif&mwGifvnf; tultnDrsm;&½Sdygonf/
obm0wGifawGUjrifae&aom bk&m;ocif\arwåmawmf
ESifhOmPfawmfrsm;udkavhvm&ef vlwdkYtm;ydkYaqmifyg/ tHhzG,f&m
rsm;ESifhjynfh0aom vl\cEmudk,fESifhwuG ¤if;tm;tkyfpdk;aeonfh
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkavhvm&efvnf; ydkYaqmifMuyg/ arwåmawmf
qdkif&mtaxmuftxm;rsm;udkod½SdoGm;olrsm; OmPfawmfudk
vnf;aumif;? ynwfawmfaMumifh&½SdcHpm;&aomaumif;usKd;rsm;
udkvnf;aumif;? em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;\&v'frsm;udkvnf;
aumif; od½Sdem;vnfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;udk rSefuefaom½IaxmifhrSawGUjrifvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkapmifha½Smuf&jcif;tm; tepfemcHrI
(odkYr[kwf) udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;uJhodkYrjrifMuawmhbJ
rcefYrSef;Edkifavmufatmif BuD;rm;aomaumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfcktjzpf
trSeftwdkif;jrifawGUvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oGefoifa[mMum;jcif;
onf rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;wGif u@wpfckjzpfonf[k
c&pf,mef"r®q&mwdkif; oabmxm;oifhygonf/ þvkyfief;udk
vkyfaqmif&ef rsm;pGmvdktyfaeNyD; xdkvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&ef
wHcg;yGifhaeygonf/
MH, p. 130 (1905)
xm0&bk&m;ocif\cdkif;apcsufrsm;udk NrJNrJrSwfom;xm;
Mu&rnf/ rdrdudk,fudk xufjrufatmifavhusifhjcif;? oefYpif
aomtoufwmjzifhaexdkifjcif;? raumif;aomaexdkifpm;aomufrI
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 683 684 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
rsm;rSuif;½Sif;jcif; ponfhwm0efrsm;? todpdwf"mwf½Sd½Sdxrf;aqmif
Edkif&ef trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYtm; EId;aqmfMu&rnf/
rdrdwdkYü½Sdxm;onfh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\pGrf;tm;rsm;onf bk&m;
ocifuay;oem;aomqkvufaqmifrsm;jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;?
xdkt&mrsm;udk trIawmftwGuftoHk;ûy&ef taumif;qHk;tajc
taewGif½Sdatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&rnfudkvnf;aumif;
¤if;wdkY\pdwfESvHk;wGif pGJNrJpGmod½Sdaeatmif vkyfaqmifay;zdkY
vdktyfygonf/
c&pfawmftoHk;ûycJhonfhenf;vrf;twdkif;vkyfaqmifyg
MH, pp. 143-144 (1905)
c&pfawmftoHk;ûyawmfrlcJ haomenf;vrf;tm;jzifhom
vlom;rsm;xHcsOf;uyf&mwGif atmifjrifrIay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
aumif;pm;vdkaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifha&maESmum udk,fawmfaexdkifavh
½Sdygonf/ udk,fawmfonf ¤if;wdkYtay:xm;½Sdonfh Muifem
oem;rIrsm;udkjyawmfrlonf/ ¤if;wdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;
ay;onf/ xdkaemuf ¤if;wdkY\pdwfcs,HkMunfrIudk&,lonf/
xdkaemufrS ]ighaemufudkvdkufavmh} [k ¤if;wdkYtm;zdwfac:ygonf/
yk*¾vduêud;pm;rItm;jzifh vlwdkYESifheD;eD;uyfuyfaezdkYvdkyg
onf/ w&m;a[monfhtcsdefudkavsmhNyD; vufawGUusaom
udk,fwdkifudk,fustrIawmfaqmifonfhtcsdefudkydkítoHk;ûycJhygvQif
ydkíBuD;rm;aomatmifjrifrIrsm;udk awGUjrifcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/
qif;&Jom;rsm;udkoufomapyg/ vlemrsm;udkûypkMuyg/ 0rf;enf;
aeolrsm;udkESpfodrfhyg/ rodem;rvnfolrsm;udkoGefoifyg/
A[kokwenf;yg;olrsm;tm; tMuHOmPfay;yg/ idka<u;olrsm;ESifh
twlidka<u;NyD; 0rf;ajrmufolrsm;ESifhtwl0rf;ajrmufMuyg/ qGJaqmif
EdkifonfhtpGrf;? qkawmif;jcif;wefcdk;? bk&m;ocifarwåmawmf\
wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh þtrIawmfudkaqmif½GufvQif ratmifjrifbJ
aernfr[kwfygacs/
tjypfemusaeaomvlom;rsm;tm; avmu\tjypfrsm;udk
,laqmifoGm;onfh u&meDukef;xufrS xdkvlom;udkjyñTef&efrSm
aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;\ t"du&nf½G,fcsuf
jzpfonfudk uREfkyfwdkYtNrJwrf;owd&oifhygonf/ xdkolwdkYonf
udk,fawmfudkMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh udk,fawmfESifhwlvmMuvdrfhrnf/
c&pfawmfudkMunfhí touf½SifaexdkifMu&ef vlemrsm;tm;
uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;Mu&rnf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;wGif a&m*gusa&mufae
ojzifh pdwf"mwfusaeaom xdkolrsm;\a½SUwGif c&pfawmftm;
tNrJwrf;ajr§mufwifjyoMuyg/ udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\
a&m*grsm;udk ukoay;Ed kifonfhc&pfawmfudkjyñTefMuyg/
'ku©a0'emonfrsm;\ cHpm;csufrsm;udkodjrifaom c&pfawmf
taMumif;udk ajymjyMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYxm0&touf&pdrfhaomiSm
rdr d\toufawmfud kp Ge f YoGm;awmfr lonf h c&pfawmf\
apmifha½SmufrIatmufwGif rdrdudk,fudktyfESHMu&ef ¤if;wdkYudk
tm;ay;Muyg/ udk,fawmf\arwåmawmfESifh u,fwifEdkifonfh
wefcdk;awmftaMumif;udk zGifh[Muyg/
MH, pp. 156-157 (1905)
oifonf u,fwifjcif;pDrHudef;\u@wpfcktjzpf
vkyfaqmiforQwdkif;wGif c&pfawmfESifh&pfywfaESmifzGJUaeonfudk
owd&Muyg/ a&m*gudkaysmufuif;apum toufay;ydkifaom
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 685 686 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
c&pfawmf\arwåmawmfudk oifhb0wpfckvHk;wGif pD;qif;ap&
rnf/ tjcm;olrsm;tm; c&pfawmf\arwåmawmfy&d0kPfxJodkY
qGJ,l&ef oifêud;pm;aomtcsdefwGif oifajymaompum;rsm;onf
odrfarGUygap/ oif\vkyfaqmifrIwGif twåuif;ygap/ ESpfvdkY
zG,faomtrlt&mrsm;jzifh aus;Zl;awmfwefcdk;twGuf oufaocH
wpfOD;jzpfygap/ oefYpifajzmifhrwfaomudk,fpm;ûyolwpfOD;tjzpf
avmua½SUwGif&yfwnfyg/ odkYûyvQif vltaygif;wdkYonf
udk,fawmf\wifhw,fvSyrIrsm;udk jrifawGUMuvdrfhrnf/
rSm;,Gif;onf[k uREfkyfwdkY,lqaomtusifhqdk;rsm;udk
axmufjyum tjcm;olrsm;tm; ûyjyifajymif;vJzdkYêud;pm;jcif;onf
toHk;rwnfhvSyg/ xdkodkYaomêud;pm;rIrsm;onf wnfaqmufrI
udkjzpfapjcif;xuf ysufpD;rIrsm;udkydkíjzpfapygonf/ ½Srm&d
trsKd;orD;ESifhawGUqHkpOf ,mukyfa&wGif;taMumif; ESdrfíajymqdk
raeawmhbJ ydkíaumif;aomt&mwcsKdUudk c&pfawmfwifqufcJh
ygonf/ ]a,½Iuvnf; bk&m;ocifhaus;Zl;awmfudkvnf;aumif;?
igaomufzdkYa&ay;yg[kqdkaomolum; tb,foljzpfonfudk
vnf;aumif; oifonfodvQif xdkoludkawmif;vdrfhrnf/ xdkol
onfvnf; toufa&udkay;vdrfhrnf[k jyefírdefYawmfrl\/}
udk,fawmfonf pum;udkvTJvdkufum {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\
aysmf½Tif0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESifh arQmfvifhjcif;jzpfaomtoufa&wnf;
[laom olrydkifqdkifxm;aomt&mrsm;xuf ydkíaumif;aom
rdrday;awmfrlxm;onfht&mudk jyñTefawmfrlcJhygonf/
þt&monf trIawmfaqmifpOf uREfkyfwdkYusifhoHk;&rnfh
enf;vrf;twGuf om"uwpfckjzpfygonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYxuf
omvGefaumif;rGefonfh c&pfawmf\Nidrfoufjcif;wnf;[laom
¤if;wdkYydkifqdkifxm;onfht&mrsm;xuf omvGefaumif;rGefaom
t&mrsm;udk vlwdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkYay;Mu&rnf/ udk,fawmf\
pm&dwåawmf\yHkwljzpfaom oefY½Sif;onfhynwfawmftaMumif;
udkvnf; ajymjyMu&rnf/ xdkynwfawmfonf vlom;rsm;tay:
bk&m;ocifjzpfapvdkonfhqEudkazmfjyxm;onfht&myifjzpfygonf/
þavmuwGiftouf½SifaexdkifMuolrsm;teuf ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf twåtuif;qHk;? tMuifemwwfqHk;?
t,Ofaus;qHk;yk*¾ dKvfrsm;jzpfoifhMuonf/ twåuif;aom
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;\ppfrSefaomaumif;jrwfjcif;udk ¤if;wdkY\
toufwmwGifawGUjrifaeoifhonf/ ,Ofaus;rIenf;yg;NyD; rod
em;rvnfolrsm;tay:pdwfr½SnfbJ pum;udk½dkif;½dkif;ajymum rpOf;
rpm;vkyfaqmifwwfaomtrIaqmifrsm;onf vlwdkYxHodkYcsOf;uyf
vdkYr&atmif ¤if;wdkY\pdwfESvHk;wHcg;rsm;udk ydwfaeMuygonf/
wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ae&rnfhtpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJrI
7T, pp. 132-135 (1902)
vlwdkYtm;ynmay;zdkYvdktyfaeonfudk þûyjyifajymif;vJrI
udkpwifvkyfaqmifuwnf;u uREfkyfwdkYawGU½Sdxm;ygonf/ ynm
ay;jcif;vkyfief;udk uREfkyfwdkYqufvufvkyfaqmif&ef xm0&
bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf tjcm;{0Ha*vdtrIawmfvkyfief;rsm;udk
vkyfaqmifouJhodkYyif usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 687 688 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
udkvkyfaqmif&mwGif vlwdkY\tajctaerSefESifhavsmfnDatmif
vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; t&om
½Sd½Hkomru tukeftusoufomaomoufowfvGwf[if;csuf
enf;rsm;udkroGefoifEdkifrD usef;rmjcif;ESifhywfoufaomûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtpm;tpmtaMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh tqifhjrifh
tMuHay;csufrsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhwifqufMu&rnfr[kwfyg/
tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/
axmywfESifhEGm;EdkYudkroHk;bJ tpm;tpmcsufûywfwwfatmif
vlwdkYtm; oifMum;ay;Muyg/ vlom;rsm;tv,fwGif qdk;,kwfrI
rsm;wdk;yGm;vmonfESifhtrQ wd&pämefrsm;üvnf; a&m*gb,rsm;
wdk;yGm;aeaomaMumifh EGm;EdkY? MuufO? rvdkif (odkYr[kwf)
axmywfrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;twGuf tEÅ&m,fruif;aomtcsdef
onf rMumrDrSmyifa&mufvmawmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYudk
ajymjyMuyg/ tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;\raumif;rI
rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmuwpfckvHk;onf uREfkyfwdkYurÇmBuD;tm;
usdefpmoifhaponfh a&m*gb,rsm;udkcHpm;vsuf nnf;wGm;idka<u;
ae&rnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/
xdkwd&pämeftom;rsm;rygbJ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom[if;
rsm;udkjyifqifwwfatmif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm;
tpGrf;owådESifhyg;eyfrIrsm;udk ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&r½Sd
aomtpmrsm;udkjzwfMuygpdkY/ rdrdwdkYoif,lxm;onfht&mrsm;udk
tjcm;olrsm;tm; oifMum;ay;vsuf usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDnGwf
atmifaexdkifwwf&ef avhusufMuyg/ usrf;pmoifwef;rsm;
ydkYcs,if; þt&mrsm;udkvnf;rQa0Muyg/ urÇmBuD;tm; emwm
½Snfa&m*gonfrsm;ESifhjynfh0aeaprnfh tcsuftûywfrsm;udk
a½Smif½Sm;jcif;jzifh usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;rsm;ESifhjynfhpHkpGmaexdkifwwf
atmif vlwdkYtm;oifMum;ay;yg/ tjypfuif;onfhe*dkrl&if;tajc
taeodkYjyefvnfa&muf½SdEdkif&ef tm'Htm; bk&m;ocifauR;onfh
tpmonf taumif;qHk;tpmjzpfaMumif; tajymESifhtvkyfESpfck
pvHk;tm;jzifh½Sif;jyMuyg/ toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD
cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;toD;oD;onf vIyf½Sm;oifhaMumif; od½Sd
em;vnfvsuf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oGefoifaeMuolrsm;
onf a&m*g\tajctjrpfESifh a&m*gtaMumif;rsm;udkod½Sdxm;
oifhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;
rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYESifhwuG wpfurÇmvHk;\u,fwifjcif;twGuf
jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\cEmudk,fudk udef;0yf&mae&mwpfcktjzpf
bk&m;ocifoabmxm;aomaMumifh opöm½Sdaomb@mpdk;rsm;
tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY&yfwnf&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½SdaMumif;
trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYudkajymjyMuyg/ ]]bk&m;ocif
rdefYawmfrlonfum;? olwdkYwGifigudef;0yfrnf/ olwdkYwGif
vSnfhvnfí olwdkY\bk&m;ocifjzpfrnf/ olwdkYonfvnf;
ig\vljzpfMuvdrfhrnf/}} 2aum? 6;16/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkudkifpGJxm;yg/ xm0&bk&m;
ocifonf pdwfESvHk;rsm;udkvrf;jyydkYaqmifygavap/ csKyfwnf;
jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk pGJrufp&mtaumif;qHk;enf;jzifh
wifqufMuyg/ usef;rmpGmtouf½Sifjcif;ESifhpyfqdkifonfh ñTefMum;
csufrsm;a&;xm;aompmtkyfrsm;udkjzefYcsdMuyg/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 689 690 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
DF- 44
usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;\MoZmoufa&mufrI
vltrsm;onf usef;rma&;pmapmifESifh pmtkyfrsm;xGef;vif;
aeonfhtvif;w&m;rsm;udk vdktyfaeMuygonf/ vlom;rsm;
tm; aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udkvdkufavQmufEdkifap
&eftwGuf tvif;ay;zdkY xdkpmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk Mum;cHypönf;
rsm;uJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ociftoHk;ûyvdkygonf/ bk&m;ocif\
jyifqif&maeYBuD;wGif urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;&½Sdxm;&rnfhtvif;
udkjzefYa0ay;onfh txl;wm0efudkxrf;aqmif&ef þpmtkyf
pmapmifrsm;onf vufeufypönf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
usef;rma&;vufurf;pmapmifrsm;
R & H, Nov. 4, 1875.
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufonfh taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk vlom;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufatmif ,ckxuf
ydkêud;pm;oifhMuygonf/ pm½Guf (4) ½GufrS (16) ½Guftxd
yg0ifonfha0pmrsm;ü þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk aocsmpGma&;om;
azmfjyvsuf aEGOD;opf½Gufrsm;uJhodkYBuJjzefYoifhMuygonf/
tom;udpöu owdynm½Sd½SdjzifhudkifwG,fajz½Sif;yg
Letter, p. 102 (1896)
MopaMw;vsEdkifiHwGif oufowfvGwftzGJUwpfzGJUudkzGJUpnf;
xm;ygonf/ okdY&mwGif tzGJU0ifOD;a&rSm ajymyavmufatmif
rrsm;vSyg/ vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;wGif tom;udkrsm;pGmpm;oHk;ae
Muygonf/ tom;onf aps;EIef;tcsKdomqHk;tpm;tpmjzpfae&m
qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;onf tom;udkpm;oHk;avh½SdMu&m
tom;pm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfhudpöudk owdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh
udkifwG,fajz½Sif;zdkYvdkygonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí tvsifpvdk
rvkyfoifhMubJ wpfoufvHk;tusifhygvmonfh t&mwpfck\
MoZmoufa&mufrIESifh vlwdkY\tajctaersm;udk ûcHiHkoHk;oyf
oifhygonf/ ¤if;jyif tom;rsm;rsm;pm;aomoltm; tBuD;qHk;
aomtjypfom;wpfOD;tjzpf prf;oyfaomar;cGef;wpfyk'ftvm;
olwpfyg;oabmaygufroGm;atmif *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmif
oifhygonf/
vltaygif;wdkYonf þudpöESifhywfoufí tvif;w&m;
&oifhMuaomfvnf; xdktvif;w&m;udk *½kwpdkufjzifhwifquf
Muyg/ rSefonfxifNyD; wpfoufvHk;usifhaqmifvmaomt&m
wpfckudk ½kwfw&ufcsufcsif;ajymif;vJypf&efrSm cufcJvSygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf awmpcef;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;wGif
toif;om;rsm;udk ynmay;Mu&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkoGefoifaeMupOfrSmyif toufwmrsm;tm;jzifh yHkoufao
udkvnf;jyMuyg/ xrif;pm;aqmifrsm;wGif tom;udkrauR;bJ
oufowfvGwf[if;rsm;ESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udktpm;xdk;auR;Mu
yg/ uREfkyfwdkYoGefoifovdk usifhaqmifMu&rnf/ tom;pm;
aomolrsm;ESihf wpfpm;yGJxJwGiftwlpm;aomtcsdefrsm;ü tom;
pm;jcif;twGuf ¤if;wdkYudkwdkufcdkufajymqdkjcif;rûyygESifh/ oifhtm;
oufowfvGwfpm;jcif;\&nf½G,fcsufudkar;vmvQif tom;
rpm;&jcif;\taMumif;rsm;udk av;pm;MuifempGmjzifh½Sif;jyMuyg/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 691 692 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
NidrfNidrfae&rnfhtcsdef
Letter, p. 76 (1895)
tom;udkrnfonfhtajctaerSmjzpfjzpf rpm;oifhbl;[k
ajym&ef uREfkyfüwm0ef½Sdonf[k rnfonfhtcgurQ uREfkyfrcHpm;
cJhzl;yg/ tom;pm;NyD;touf½Sif&ef tusifh&xm;NyD;olrsm;tm;
tom;rpm;ESifh[kajymjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYtm; tpGef;odkYa&mufoGm;
apEdkifygonf/ þuJhodkYvkyf&ef uREfkyfüwm0ef½Sdonf[kvnf;
rnfonfhtcgurQ uREfkyfrxifcJhyg/ wm0ef½Sdonf[kxifNyD;
uREfkyfajymcJhrdaomt&mrsm;½SdcJhzl;aomfvnf; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzifh
uREfkyfajymqdkcJhygonf/ taMumif;rSm olwpfyg;twGuf xdrd
vJp&mjzpfoGm;&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay:oGm;rnfudk rvdkvm;aom
aMumifhjzpfonf/
tar&duef½Sde,fopfrsm;wGif êuHawGU&aomtjzpfrsKd;udk
þMopaMw;vsEdkifiHwGifvnf; uREfkyfêuHawGUae&ygonf/
usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;Edkifavmufatmif tajc
taeray;onfhrdom;pkrsm;udk uREfkyfawGUjrifae&onf/ tdrfeD;csif;
toif;om;r[kwfolrsm;u avmavmq,fowfxm;onfh
wd&pämefrS tom;tenf;i,fudk ¤if;wdkYtwGufydkYay;ojzifh
om;orD;rsm; aygifrkefYESifhpm;&ef xdktom;udkpGyfûywfûywfí
pm;oHk;Muygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;\raumif;rIrsm;taMumif;udk
xdkrdom;pkxHoGm;a&mufum oifwef;ydkYcs&efrSm uREfkyf\wm0ef
r[kwfovdk rnfol\wm0efrSvnf;r[kwfacs/ uREfkyfwdkY\
,HkMunfjcif;vufcHNyD;pyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh xrif;aemufwpfeyfudk
rnfodkYpm;&rnfudkrodEdkifavmufatmif qif;&JrGJawonfhrdom;pk
rsm;udk uREfkyfoem;rdygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm
rsm;taMumif; ¤if;wdkYtm;oifwef;ay;&efrSm uREfkyf\wm0ef
r[kwfyg/ ajym&a[m&onfhtcsdef½Sdovdk wdwfqdwfpGmae&onfh
tcsdefvnf;½Sdonf/ wpfoufwmvHk;tom;pm;vmolrsm;onf
tom;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk rodjrifMuacs/ xdkuJhodkYaomolrsm;udk
El;nHhpGmudkifwG,fvrf;jyMu&ygrnf/
9T, p. 163 (1909)
tpm;MuL;jcif;ESifhcsKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudkwdkufzsufae
MupOfwGif vlom;rdom;pkrsm;&yfwnfaeonfhtajctaeudkvnf;
uREfkyfwdkY½IrSwfMu&rnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf urÇmt&yf&yf
wGifaexdkifMuolrsm;twGuf pm;p&maomufp&mrsm;udk jyifqif
xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ rnfonfhtpmudkpm;í rnfonfhtpm
udka½Smifrnf[krowfrSwfrD bk&m;ocifESifhtwl trIaqmifvdkol
rsm;onf aocsmpGmoHk;oyfMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf omref
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifhxdawGUqufpyfMu&efjzpfonf/ tajc
taeaMumifh vufcHusifhoHk;Edkifjcif;r½Sdolrsm;tm; tpGef;a&muf
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifrdvQif taumif;xuftqdk;
jzpfzdkYrsm;ygonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;xHoGm;NyD; uREfkyfw&m;a[monfh
tcgwdkif;ü tm[m&½Sdrnfhtpmrsm;udkompm;Muyg[k uREfkyf
ajymavh½Sdygonf/ ]MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifwdkYudkrpm;MuESifh/
axmywfudkroHk;ESifh} [k olwdkYudkuREfkyfrajymqdk&ufyg/ {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmfudk qif;&Jom;rsm;xHoGm;a&mufa[mMum;&rnfrSm
rSefaomfvnf; tpm;tpmpm&if;udkñTefMum;ay;zdkY tcsdefra&muf
ao;ygacs/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 693 694 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfenf;vkyf[ef
CTBH, pp. 119-120 (1890)
rdrdESifhoabmxm;rwdkufqdkifolrsm;\ tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk
a0zefjypfwifvsuf xl;qef;onfhtawG;tac:rsm;udkudkifpGJrxm;
ygESifh/ xdktawG;tac:rsm;udk prf;oyfrIwpfcktjzpftoHk;rûyyg
ESifh/ þtaMumif;t&mudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY? eufeuf½dIif;½dIif;
avhvmum oif\udk,fydkiftawG;tac:? tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk
csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vHk;vHk;nDnGwfoGm;atmif
êud;pm;vkyfaqmifyg/
rdrdwdkYrSm;onfxifonfht&mrsm;udk axmufjywdkufcdkufum
tjcm;olrsm;\toufwmudkjyifay;&ef êud;pm;aeolrsm;pGm½Sdyg
onf/ rSm;,Gif;pGmvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;[k ¤if;wdkYrSwf,lxm;onfh
yk*¾dKvfrsm;xHoGm;um xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;\trSm;rsm;udk axmufjyae
Muaomfvnf; rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;
pGJvrf;vmatmif ¤if;wdkYrêud;pm;Muyg/ xdkuJhodkYaomvkyf&yf
rsm;onf vdkvm;aom&v'frsm;udk&cJvSonf/ tjcm;olrsm;udk
trSm;jyifay;zdkYêud;pm;onfhtcgwGif ¤if;wdkY\wdkufcdkufvdkonfh
oabmrsm;udk EId;qGay;&ma&mufojzifh taumif;xuftqdk;
&v'frsm;udk&ifqdkif&wwfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYod½SdcJh&ygonf/ ¤if;jyif
olwpfyg;udkqHk;rwwfolrsm;ü tEÅ&m,fwpfck½Sdaeygonf/
olwpfyg;udktrSm;jyifay;&if; tjypf½Smwwfonfhtusifhudk&vm
wwfygonf/ rMumrDrSmyif xdkolonf olwpfyg;\tjypftem
tqmrsm;axmufjy&onfudk pdwf0ifpm;vmygonf/ tjcm;
olrsm;udkapmifhMunfhraeygESifh? tjypfr½SmygESifh? trSm;vkyf&yf
rsm;udkrxkwfazmfygESifh/ oif\aumif;aomtoufwmyHkpHtm;jzifh
ydkíaumif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYem;vnfusifhoHk;vm
atmif ynmay;yg/
udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;wGif tjzpfEdkifqHk;zGHUûzd;wdk;wuf
atmifvkyfaqmif&efrSm usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI\
&nfrSef;csufjzpfonfudk tNrJwrf;pGJrSwfxm;Muyg/ bk&m;ocif
owfrSwfxm;onfh obm0w&m;tvHk;pHkwdkYonf vlom;rsm;
aumif;usKd;twGufjzpfygonf/ xdkobm0w&m;rsm;twdkif;
aexdkiftouf½Sifjcif;onf þvuf&Sdb0wGif aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhrIudk
cHpm;&rnfomru wrvGefb0twGufjyifqif&mwGifvnf;
taxmuftuljzpfygonf/
olwpfyg;\trSm;rsm;? tm;enf;csufrsm;udkajymonfxuf
ydkíajymp&maumif;aomt&mwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ xdkt&mrSm bk&m;
ocifhtaMumif;ESifh udk,fawmf\vuf&mawmfrsm;taMumif;yif
jzpfonf/ obm0wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifaeonfh udk,fawmf\
arwåmawmfESifh r[mOmPfawmfrsm;taMumif;udk avhvmoif,l
Muyg/
yHkoufaotm;jzifhoGefoifyg
6T, p. 336 (1900)
oifonf r,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh taygif;toif;jzpfaeyg
vQif rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;rS oifhudk,foifwdrf;,drf;roGm;yg
apESifh/ olwdkYESifh wpfpm;yGJwnf;rSxdkifpm;rdvQif oif\pdwfESvHk;udk
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 695 696 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
½IyfaxG;roGm;aprnfhtpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;yg/
csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;ESifh uif;½Sif;ygavap/ 0dnmOfa&;
udpörsm;udk trSm;trSefoifrcGJjcm;EdkifrSmpdk;ojzifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;
udktm;enf;oGm;aprnfhtpmrsm;udk oifrpm;ygESifh/ EIwfxGufpum;
rStrSefw&m;rsm;tm;jzifh oifhpdwfudk bk&m;ocifyHkoGif;ay;Ekdif
rnfhtajctaersKd;ü oifhpdwf½Sdaeatmifxdef;odrf;yg/ tjypf½SmzdkY
olwpfyg;udkrMunfhygESifh/ oifhtoufwmyHkpHtm;jzifh oGefoif
ay;yg/ oifazmfjyonfhudk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhESifh cHwGif;
awmifhwrItay: oifatmifyGJqifcJhrIrsm;onf rSefuefaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;\om"uwpfckjzpfygavap/
trSefw&m;\oefY½Sif;pifMu,fum jrifhjrwfaomoufaoudk
oifhtoufwmtm;jzifhazmfjyMuyg/
csKyfwnf;jcif;owif;pum;udkpdwfxJwGif
tpGJvrf;apEdkifqHk;enf;vrf;jzifhwifqufyg
Letter, p. 135 (1902)
tcsdefrwdkifrDûyvkyfaomprf;oyfrIwpfckjzpfaprnfh ½kwfw&uf
tpmajymif;pm;jcif;ûy&eftwGuf r,HkMunfolrsm;tm; rwdkufwGef;
rdzdkY c&pf,mef"r®q&m? orm;awmfESifh toif;om;toD;oD;
wd k Y*½kpd kufMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½S dawmfrlonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m ûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkom
pGJudkifxm;yg/ xdkaemuf ½dk;om;rI½Sdolrsm;\pdwfESvHk;udk
xm0&bk&m;ocifvrf;jyygavap/ olwdkYonf Mum;emum
,HkMunfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ tjcm;olrsm;\pdwfxJwGif tmCmwpdwf
yGm;aprnfhenf;vrf;jzifh þpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYydkYcszdkY
xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrrlyg/ rodem;rvnfjcif; tarSmif
xkwGif avQmufvSrf;aeolrsm;a½SUü xdrdvJp&mrsm;ud k
csrxm;MuygESifh/ aumif;uGufrsm;udkcsD;rGrf;pum;ajym&müyif
vdkonfxufydkNyD;rajymrdatmif êud;pm;Muyg/ odkYr[kwfvQif
owif;pum;udkem;axmif&ef a&muf½Sdvmolrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY
udkausmcdkif;oGm;wwfygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaumif;qHk;
yHkpHrsKd;jzifh csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wifqufMuyg/
&J&ifhaom,HkMunfjcif;jzifh uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifMu&ef
r[kwfyg/ e,fopfrsm;ü toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmif&ef
vkyfaqmifaeMuolrsm;onf tpm;taomufESifhywfoufaom
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jref;jcif;jzifh tcuftcJrsm;udk
rzefwD;MuygESifh/ tcuftcJay:rnfht&mrsm;udkrvkyfrdatmif olwdkY
*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ þodkYaomenf;rsm;jzifh t[efYtwm;jzpfrnfh
t&mrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;\atmifjrifrIvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif cswwf
Muygonf/ vlawGudkaemufurwGef;bJ a½SUrSmqGJyg/ c&pfawmf
a,½IxHrS w&m;pum;rsm;udka[mMum;Muyg/ t&mcyfodrf;udk
wpfcPtwGif;rSmavhusufvdkYr&Edkifonfudk owd&atmufarh
vsuf trIaqmifrsm;onf pdwf½Snf½Snf? ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh trIaqmif
Mu&rnf/ vlwdkYudkpdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh onf;cHvsuf oifMum;ay;
rnf[laom cdkifrmaomqHk;jzwfcsufonf ¤if;wdkYü½SdMu&rnf/
MS, p. 1a (1890)
uREfkyfwdkYtoD;oD;ü vkyfaqmif&efwm0efwpfck½Sdaeonfudk
owd&Muyg/ ¤if;rSm tpm;tpmpm&if;udkprf;oyfar;cGef;tjzpf
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 697 698 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
toHk;cs&efr[kwfbJ a&mr 13;8-14/ 1aum 9;24-27/
1wd 3;8-12 wdkYwGif aygvkrdefYqdkxm;ouJhodkY usef;rma&;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkudkifqGJtoHk;ûy&ef todpdwfay:vmapzdkY ynmwwf
rsm;tm; êud;pm;NyD;ynmay;Mu&efjzpfonf/
Letter, p. 363 (1907)
'dk&mc&dwGifaexdkifonfh rdom;pkwpfpkrSm tm;vHk;zsm;em
aeMuonf/ xdkrdom;pku pm&mudkzkef;qufNyD;ac:ygonf/
zcifBuD;rSm jrifhjrwfaomrdom;pkrSqif;oufvmolwpfOD;jzpfaomf
vnf; t&ufpGJoGm;NyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif wpfrdom;pkvHk; csKdUwJh
pGmtouf½SifcJhMu&ygonf/ wpftdrfom;vHk;zsm;emaeonfh
þtcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkYüpm;p&mqdkvdkY bmrQr½Sdacs/ uREfkyfwdkY
,loGm;ay;onfht&mrsm;udkvnf; olwdkYrpm;csifMuyg/ olwdkYonf
tom;pm;aeusjzpfojzifh wpfckckpDpOfay;&efvdkaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY
odygonf/ xdkaMumifh ]pm&ma&? tdrfuMuufwpfaumif,lNyD;
csufauR;vdkufyg} [k pm&mudkuREfkyfajymvdkufygonf/ odkYjzifh
pm&monf ¤if;wdkYtm; Muufom;[if;csufauR;NyD; aq;uk
ay;cJh&m rMumrDrSmyif wpftdrfom;vHk;jyefvnfusef;rmvmMu
ygonf/
þt&monf uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmuf&rnfhvrf;pOfyifjzpf
onf/ ]tom;rpm;ygESifh} [k vlrsm;udkuREfkyfwdkYajym&efr[kwfyg/
uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif tom;rpm;aomfjim;vnf; zsm;emaeaom
rdom;pktwGuf auR;zdkYvdktyfaeNyD[kxifonfhtcgwGif ¤if;wdkY
tm; tom;udkauR;cJhygonf/ vlwdkYudk ¤if;wdkY½Sdonfhtajctae
ESifhvdkufavsmatmif uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhtcgrsKd;vnf;êuH&
wwfygonf/
þrdom;pk\zcifBuD;onf tuif;yg;olwpfOD;jzpfonf/
usef;rmvmaomxdkrdom;pkudk uREfkyfwdkYusrf;pmoifay;&m
xdkolonf trSefw&m;udkvufcH,HkMunfum c&pf,mefjzpfvm
ygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí t&ufESifhaq;vdyfudkoljzwfvdkuf&m
wpfoufvHk;wpfcgrQraomufoHk;awmhacs/ odkYjzifh olYudk
uREfkyfwdkY\v,fxJodkYac:vmum tvkyfay;cJhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY
e,l;umq,füusif;yaomtpnf;ta0;BuD;udkwufa&mufaepOf
olqHk;oGm;cJhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\tvkyform;rsm;u olYudk
tpGrf;ukefukoay;cJhMuaomfvnf; tcsdefMumjrifhpGmwvGJtoHk;cs
xm;jcif;cH&aom ol\cE¨mudk,fonf xdkolrsm;\êud;pm;rIudk
rwHkYjyefawmhacs/ odkY&mwGif olonf ynwfawmfudkapmifha½Smuf
aomc&pf,mefwpfOD;taejzifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhygonf/
tpGef;a&muftjrifrsm;udk
3T, pp. 18-21 (1870)
uREfkyfwdkYonf 1870 ckESpf? aEGtaESmif;aqmif;tul;
umvrSm uifqwfujyefvmpOfu tpfudkBuD;OD;bDzsm;emae
onfudkawGU&ygonf/ olcHpm;ae&aoma&m*grSm ajymqdkp&m
wpfckjzpfaeygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf em;csdefr½Sdavmufatmif tvkyfrsm;aeMu
ygonf/ The Review, The Reformer ESifh The Instructor pmapmifrsm;
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 699 700 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
udkwnf;jzwfMu&ygrnf/ t,f'Dwmrsm;rSmzsm;emaeMuojzifh
uREfkyf\cifyGef;onf olvkyf&rnfhtvkyfudk pNyD;vkyfcJhygonf/
uREkfyfonfvnf; olYudkwwfEdkiforQulnDcJhygonf/
The Reformer pmapmifxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;onf &yfwefY
oGm;awmhrnfjzpfygonf/ tpfudkBuD;OD;bDonf a'gufwm
xa&m\tpGef;a&muftajctaersm;udk wdkufwGef;axmufcHcJhzl;
ygonf/ xdkaxmufcHtm;ay;rIaMumifh a'gufwmxa&monf
EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh qm;rsm;udkjzwfjcif;wGif ¤if;wwfEdkifonf
xuf ydkíjyif;xefaomt&mrsm;udk xdkpmapmifwGif a&;om;
xkwfa0vmygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk vHk;vHk;a½SmifMuOfoifhonf
qdkonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; þtcsuftay:wGif trsm;pk&yfwnf
usifhoHk;&rnfhtcsdefonf ra&mufao;ygacs/ EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh
qm;rsm;udkrpm;oihfaMumif; a<u;aMumfaxmufcHaeolrsm;onf
olwdkYudk,fwdkifvnf; xdktpmrsm;udka½Smifoifhygonf/ tpfudkBuD;
OD;bDonf xdktpmrsm;\qdk;usKd;ESifhpyfvsOf;í a'gufwmxa&m
ESifhtwl The Reformer wGif&yfwnfcJhaomfvnf; oludk,fwdkifurl
rusifhoHk;ygacs/ xdktpmrsm;udk aeYpOfolpm;oHk;aeygonf/
vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf The Reformer pmapmifudk pdwfr0ifpm;
Muawmhacs/ ]The Reformer pmapmifudk aus;Zl;ûyNyD; rxkwfa0
ygESifhawmh} [k pdwfysufp&mpmrsm;udkvnf; aeYpOf&½SdcJhygonf/
The Health Reformer pmapmifudkxkwfa0ay;rnfholudk&½SdzdkY taemuf
EdkifiHtESHYwGif pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif uREfkyfwdkYrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/
The Reformer rSma&om;aeonfh uavmif½Sifrsm;uvnf; ¤if;wdkY\
pmrlrsm;udkrydkYay;Muawmhonfudk uREfkyfwdkYawGUMu&ygonf/
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom owdynmESifhjynfhpHkonfh
c&pf,mefrsm;yif vufcHrusifhoHk;Edkifonfhtaetxm;wGif
uREfkyfwdkY½SdaevQif usef;rma&;½Iaxmifhwpfckuom uREfkyfwdkY
vufvSrf;rDEdkifonfh xdkvlwef;pm;udktusKd;ûyzdkY uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkY
arQmfvifhEdkifygrnfenf;/
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vIyf½Sm;rIwGif ta&;ygaomtcsuf (3)
csuf- onf;cHjcif;? owd½Sdjcif;ESifh rrSdwfrokefvkyfaqmifjcif;/
uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYa<u;aMumfvdkufaomtrSefw&m;
tm;jzifh pdwfESvHk;ygygoabmaygufaomolrsm;udkac:Edkifjcif;xuf
ydkívkyfEdkifaomt&mr½Sdyg/ vlwdkYtm; ¤if;wdkY½Sdaeonfhtajctae
udkvdkufí uREfkyfvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYtxJrSwcsKdUrSm
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí ,ckvuf½Sd
tajctaeodkYa&muf½SdaeonfrSmMumNyDjzpfonf/ tpm;tpmESifh
ywfoufonfh ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudkvkyfaqmifjcif;onf aES;auG;
aomvkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/ þurÇmBuD;onf tpm;MuL;aom
urÇmBuD;jzpfaeojzifh jyif;xefaomcHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkY&ifqdkifMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\vlrsm;udk ,cktajctae
a&mufatmif tcsdefMumMumapmifhcJhMu&onfjzpf&m usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif ¤if;wdkYtajccdkifatmif
wpfvSrf;jcif;wdk;wufvmapzdkY uREfkyfwdkYtrsm;BuD;onf;cHMu&
vdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif vm&mvrf;twdkif;jyefrdrnfpdk;ojzifh a½SUodkY
wpf[kefxdk;rvkyfaqmifrdapzdkY trsm;BuD;owdûyoifhygonf/ ûyjyif
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 701 702 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
ajymif;vJa&;trIawmfwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf wpfvSrf;OD;atmif
vkyfjcif;xuf wpfvSrf;aemufusatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;u ydkí
aumif;ygonf/ trSm;t,Gif;rsm;½SdcJhvQif xdkolrsm;ürjzpfygapESifh/
tcsKyfajym&rnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtdrfaxmif
wGif vufawGUrusifhoHk;aomt&mrsm;udk pmjzifha&;NyD; wdkufwGef;
tm;ay;jcif;rûyoif hacs/ þt&monf olawmfaumif;
a,mifaqmifjcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfaeygonf/ toD;tESHrsm;½Sm;yg;onfh
urÇmhta½SUzsm;ESifh taemufzsm;a'orsm;rSmxuf rufqDuef
jynfe,fwGif qm;? oMum;ESifh EGm;EdkYrygbJ pm;vQifydkaumif;
ygonf/ þt&mrsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;jcif;onf
usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkifonfudk uREfkyfwdkYodygonf/ xdkt&m
rsm;udk vHk;0a½SmifMuOfvdkufjcif;jzifh usef;rma&;aumif;rnfudk
vnf; uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdxm;ygonf/
odkY&mwGif ,ckavmavmq,fwGif þt&mrsm;twGuf
uREfkyfwdkYpdwfrylyg/ vltrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmifEdkifaom
t&mrsm;rvkyfbJ aemufususefcJhMuNyDjzpfonfudk uREfkyfwdkY
awGUjrifae&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;oHk;aeonfh aq;vdyf? t&uf?
vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? tom;? axmywf? [if;cwftarT;têudif
rsm;? tcsKdrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;? ydkifrkefYrsm;ESifh qm;rsm;rsm;
pm;jcif;ESifhwuG pdwf<uaponfhtpmrsm;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY
oufaocHaeMuygonf/
usef;rma&;owif;pum;rsm;udk rMum;zl;ao;olwpfOD;xH
odkY uREfkyfwdkYa&mufvQif uREfkyfwdkY\jyif;xefaom&yfwnfrIrsm;udk
yxrOD;pGmwifjywwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkolonf rdrdpGefYvTwf
&rnfht&mrsm;udkawGUjrifum pdwf"mwfusrnfhtEÅ&m,f½Sdwwfyg
onf/ odkYjzifh olonf ûyjyifajymif;vJ&ef rêud;pm;vdkawmhay/
¤if;wdkYudk rnfonfhtajctaersKd;rSu,fq,faeonfudk owd&
atmufarhum pdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh jznf;jznf;csif;uREfkyfwdkYvrf;jy
Mu&ygrnf/
tydkif; (3) tcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;
7T, p. 55 (1902)
aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,efomoemvkyfief;udkaqmif½Guf
onfh ûrdUBuD;wdkif;ü tcsuftûywfoifwef;rsm;udkay;oifhonf/
rpf½Sifausmif;rsm;zGifhaomae&mwdkif;ü usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom
tpm;tpmrsm;csufûywfjcif;udk vufawGUom"ujyonfh
pm;aomufqdkifwpfckwnfaxmifoifhygonf/
9T, p. 112 (1909)
tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;udkzGifhvSpfMu&rnf/
tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk rnfodkYjyifqif&aMumif; vlwdkYudk
oifay;Mu&rnf/ ¤if;jyif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm;
tpmrsm;udkvnf; a½SmifzdkYvdkaMumif; azmfjyMu&rnf/ odkYaomf
rao½Hkwpfrnfpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsKd;udkpm;&ef rwdkufwGef;oifh
ygacs/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;rygbJ t&om
½SdNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&efjzpfEdkifygonf/
pm;vQifpm;csif; cHwGif;awGUNyD; tm[m&udkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsKd;udk
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 703 704 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
jyifqifwwfatmifoifMum;ay;jcif;onf ta&;tygqHk;vkyfaqmif
rIwpfckjzpfonf/
7T, p. 126 (1902)
wcsKdUrSm oufowfvGwfpm;NyD;rS tom;udkjyefpm;wwf
Muygonf/ þvkyf&yfonf ynmrJh&ma&mufygonf/ ¤if;jyif
tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;um aumif;aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&ef
OmPfrrDaMumif; azmfjyaejcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/
tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;? tajrmftjrif½Sdaom
q&mrsm;OD;pD;vsuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifhwuG tjcm;EdkifiH
rsm;wGifzGifhvSpfMu&efjzpfonf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtpm;
tpmrsm;\wefzdk;½SdyHkudkazmfjy&ef uREfkyfwdkYwwfEdkiforQvkyfaqmif
Mu&rnf/
MH, pp. 320-321 (1905)
tpmtm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;BuD;onf wdk;wuf
zGHUûzd;aeoifhonf/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gb,rsm;usa&muf
aeonfESifhtrQ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf ydkí
tEÅ&m,frsm;vmygonf/ xdktpmrsm;\ae&mwGif usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfNyD; aps;EIef;oufomonf/ tjcm;tpmrsm;ESifhtpm;
xdk;zdkY êud;pm;vkyfaqmifoifhonf/ tm[m&½SdNyD; t&omESifh
jynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrygbJ csufwwfatmif
a'otoD;oD;rSvlwdkYtm; oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/
CTBH, p. 119 (1890)
xdktcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;wGif oifwef;wufcGifh&olrsm;
onf rdrdwdkY\vufawGUvkyfief;twGufomru olwpfyg;wdkYtm;
oifMum;ay;&mwGifvnf; BuD;rm;aomtusKd;aus;Zl;½SdaMumif;
awGU&vdrfhrnf/
MH, p. 149 (1905)
toif;awmfwdkif;onf c&pf,meftrIaqmifrsm;twGuf
oifwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfoifhonf/ or®musrf;pmzwfenf;
rsm;? Oykofpmajzausmif;rsm;wGifoifMum;yHk? qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh
vlrrmrsm;udkûypkyHkESifh c&pf,mefbmomxJodkY0ifvmolrsm;twGuf
vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;udk toif;awmfrsm;uoifMum;ay;oifhonf/
usef;rma&;oifwef;ausmif;rsm;? tcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;ESifh
wuG c&pf,mefvlrI0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;onfh
ausmif;rsm;vnf;½Sdoifhygonf/ tawGUtêuH½Sdaomoifwef;
q&mrsm;tultnDjzifh pmawGUomru vufawGUygoifMum;
ay;oifhygonf/
MS, p. 79 (1900)
usef;rma&;ESifhtnD zGifhvSpfa&mif;csaeaompm;aomuf
qdkifrsm;onf ¤if;ESifhqufET,faeonfhtrIaqmifwpfOD;twGuf
ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfoifhonf/ þvkyfief;udk ûrdUi,fuav;
rsm;rSmxuf ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif ydkíBuD;us,fpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifonf/
odkY&mwGif toif;awmfwpfck½Sdaomae&mwdkif;ESifh toif;awmf
ausmif;wpfausmif;½Sdaeaomae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;twdkif;aexdkiftouf½Sifvdkolrsm;twGuf usef;rmjcif;ESifh
nDnGwfonfh½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmcsufûywfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom
oifwef;rsm;udkay;oifhygonf/ þvkyfief;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY\
c&pf,mefomoeme,ftm;vHk;üvkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 705 706 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
DF- 45
opfoD;0vHrsm;? taphrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh opfO
rsm;udk tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;ESifh a&maESmcsufûywfpm;oHk;jcif;
onf xm0&bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmifrIjzpfonf/ toif;awmf
wnfaxmifNyD;onfhae&mwdkif;½Sd toif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;
ocifha½SUawmfwGif ESdrfhcspGmtouf½Sifygavap/ tjcm;vlrsm;udk
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifhtvif;ay;zdkY êud;pm;Muyg/
6T, pp. 44-45 (1900)
awmpcef;tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;twGuf
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;jzpfEdkifoavmuftyfESHoifhygonf/ tjcm;
toif;awmfudpörsm;udk txl;cefYtyfwm0efay;xm;olrsm;u
wufa&mufvkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ jzpfEdkifvQif toif;awmf
vkyfief;udpörsm;udk awmpcef;rSmxuf tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGif
toif;om;rsm;xHwifjyvQif ydkíaumif;ygonf/ "r®pmay
jzefYcsda&;udpörsm;? Oykofpmajzausmif;udpörsm;ESifh tjcm;c&pf,mef
omoemvkyfief;rsm;udk rdciftoif;awmfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;?
xdkudpörsm;twGufowfrSwfxm;aom tpnf;a0;rsm;wGif
vnf;aumif; wifjyoihfygonf/ csufenf;ûywfenf;oifwef;
udkvnf; xdkenf;twlusif;yoifhonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifMuvQif
awmpcef;tpnf;a0;yGJusif;yonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif xdktpDtpOf
rsm;aMumifh tcsdefydkíukefawmhrnfr[kwfacs/
7T, pp. 113-114 (1902)
tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;udk ae&ma'orsm;rsm;
wGifzGifhvSpfMu&rnf/ þausmif;rsm;udk ½dk;½dk;yHkpHuav;jzifh tpysKd;
Edkifygonf/ xufjrufaompm;zdkrª;rsm;u vlwdkYudkynmay;&ef
taumif;qHk;êud;pm;vkyfaqmifMuonfESifhtrQ xm0&bk&m;ocif
onf ¤if;wdkYtm; uRrf;usifem;vnfrIrsm;udkay;oem;awmfrl
vdrfhrnf/ ]olwdkYudkrwm;qD;MuESifh/ igonf ¤if;wdkY\oifwef;
q&mwpfyg;uJhodkY udk,fudkxif½Sm;apawmfrlrnf} [k bk&m;ocif
rdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/ tzdk;EIef;csKdomNyD; usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHk
aomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;tm;jzifh tpm;tpmESifh
pyfvsOf;onfhûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;udk oifMum;ay;
um udk,fawmf\tMuHtpnfawmfrsm;udk taumiftxnf
azmfay;olrsm;ESifhtwl xm0&bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifawmfrlvdrfh
rnf/ þenf;tm;jzifh þusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk qif;&Jom;
rsm;vufcHusifhoHk;vm&ef tm;ay;vsuf êud;pm;vkyfaqmif
olrsm;jzpfvmatmif rpulnDvdrfhrnf/
tpGrf;tp½Sdaom trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk t&om
ESif hvnf;aumif;? tm[m&ESif hvnf;aumif; jynfhpH kaom
oufowfvGwf[if;csufyHkcsufenf;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;vsuf
½Sdonf/ xdkoltrsm;pkrSm vli,frsm;ESifh t½G,fa&mufNyD;olrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/ aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;
vkyfaqmifaeaoma'owdkif;wGif tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;
rsm;udkvnf; zGifhvSpfoifMum;&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocif
ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ ¤if;wdk Y\a½SUarSmufwGif ûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;aprnfht&mcyfodrf;udkûyvkyfMu&rnf/
olwdkYtm;wwfEdkiforQtvif;ay;Muyg/ oufowfvGwf[if;vsm
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 707 708 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
jyifqif&mwGif tbufbufrSwdk;wufzGHUûzd;rI&atmif vkyfaqmifzdkY
¤if;wdkYtm;oGefoifyg/ oif,l&½SdorQudk tjcm;olrsm;xH jyefvnf
rQa0MuzdkYvnf; tm;ay;Muyg/
uREfkyfwdkY\ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif þtrIawmfBuD;wdk;wufzGHUûzd;
vmatmif tpGrf;½SdorQêud;pm;MuygpdkY/ uREfkyfwdkY\teD;ywf0ef;usif
½Sdvlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf tultnDrsm;udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh vdktyf
aeMuygonf/ c&pf,mef"r®q&mtaygif;wdkY? ]]oifwdkYonf
þavmu\tvif;jzpfMu\/ awmifxdyfüwnfaomûrdUudk
ruG,fEdkif/ qDrD;xGef;í awmif;Zvm;atmufüzHk;xm;avhr½Sd/
oifwdkYonf þavmu\qm;jzpfMu\/ qm;rlum; tief
uif;aysmufvQif iefaomt&omudk tb,fodkYjyef&rnfenf;}}
[laombk&m;ocif\EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;udk owd&
atmufarhMuyg/
R & H, June 6, 1912.
ESvHk;om;wHcg;rsm;udk tmCmwpdwfrsm;jzifhydwfxm;Mu
aomaMumifh rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYrSm usef;rmpGmtouf½Sif
a&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rod½SdMuacs/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfh
tpm;tpmcsufenf;rsm;udk vlwdkYtm; oifay;jcif;tm;jzifh
aumif;jrwfaomtvkyfudkvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/ þtvkyf
onf tvGefta&;BuD;aomaMumifh tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;
rsm;udkzGifhvSpfívnf;aumif;? wpftdrfwufqif;oGm;a&mufí
vnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifoifhMuygonf/ þusef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tm;jzifh udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;\,kwfnHhedrfhus
jcif;rS vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm; u,fwifygvdrfhrnf/ tvif;w&m;udk
½SmazGaeolrsm;onf þpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvufcHusifhoHk;um
xdkrSwpfqifh þacwfumvtwGuf ay;awmfrlonfhtrSefw&m;
tvHk;pHkwdkYudk vufcH,HkMunfvmMuvdrfhrnf/
olwpfyg;tm;rQa0zdkY rdrdvlwdkYtaejzifh&,lMu&ef xm0&
bk&m;ociftvdkawmf½Sdonf/ rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;aomt&mrsm;udk
r>cif;csefbJ olwdkYrQa0Mu&rnf/ oifonf þtrIawmfxJwGif
yg0ifvkyfaqmifaomtcg tmCmwpdwfrsm;udkrwdk;yGm;apbJ
z,f½Sm;oGm;aprnfhenf;vrf;udktoHk;ûyum vlwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk
xdawGUEdkif&ef vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ c&pfawmf\toufwmudk
pdkufvdkufrwfwwfavhvmvsuf udk,fawmfjycJhonfhyHkoufao
twdkif; udk,fawmfvkyfaqmifcJhonfhenf;wl vkyfaqmifMuyg/
Letter, p. 166 (1903)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;rsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkY&½Sdptcsdefu ½Hk;ydwf&uftcsdef? vltrsm;pk½Hk;onfhae&m
rsm;okdY rD;zdkrsm;udk,loGm;um waq;rygaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk
uREfkyfwdkYzkwfMuygonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdonfhcsufûywf
enf;rsm;udk xdkpOfur½Sdao;apumrl uREfkyfwdkY\êud;pm;rIonf
atmifjrifrI½Sdonf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/ xdkpOfu tom;rygbJ
rnfodkYcsufûywfpm;aomufrnfudkavhusuf&ef tpysKd;aewkef;
jzpfygonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREfkyfwdkY{nfhcHyGJrsm;usif;y&m t&om
½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh *½kwpdkufcsufûywfum wnfcif;auR;arG;
cJhygonf/ toD;rsm;udk&Edkifonfh&moDwGif bvl;b,f&DoD;?
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 709 710 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
&ufpfb,f&DoD;ESifh pawmfb,f&DoD;rsm;udk&Edkif&m uREfkyfwdkY\
pm;yGJudk oufowfvGwftpmrsm;ESifhjyifqifxm;aomfvnf;
nHhaomtpm;tpmrsm;r[kwfaomaMumifh vufawGUoifcef;pm
wpfcktjzpf <ua&mufvmolrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYjycJhMu&ygonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif xdk{nfhcHyGJESifhqufET,fum csKyfwnf;
jcif;qdkif&moifwef;twkduav;rsm;udkay;cJh&m vltrsm;wdkYonf
touf½Sifjcif;ESifhpyfqdkifaompnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cGifh&cJhMuyg
onf/ uREfkyfwdkYod&oavmufajym&vQif wufa&mufvmol
taygif;wdkYonf Mum;emjrifawGU&orQudk êudufESpfouf½Hkomru
tvif;w&m;vnf;&½SdoGm;Muygonf/ pm;oHk;&olrsm; t&om
½Sd½Sd? cHwGif;awGUawGUESifh ausauseyfeyfpm;aomufEdkifapzdkY tpm;
tpmrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;ESifhtm[m&½Sd½Sdjyifqifjcif;\ta&;ygyHktaMumif;
rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtNrJwrf;ajyma[mMu&rnf/
þurÇmBuD;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkuf&ef pHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;jzifhjynfhESufae&m rSefuefaomOD;wnfcsufudk
jyñTefonfhowday;pum;rsm;onf vlwpfOD;csif;udkvnf;aumif;?
rdom;pkrsm;udkvnf;aumif; tHhMop&maumif;atmif ajymif;vJ
oGm;apEdkifygonf/
MS, p. 27 (1906)
uREfkyfwdkYb,fw,fc&dwGif vkyfaqmifcJhonfht&mrsKd;udk
ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGifvnf;vkyfaqmif&ef tcGifhtvrf;½SdaMumif; uREfkyftm;
tvif;ay;ygonf/ þtvif;w&m;twdkif; usef;rma&;ESifh
nDnGwfaompm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkvnf; wnfaxmifcJhNyD;jzpf
onf/ odkY&mwGif vltrsm;vdktyfaeaomtvif;udkrQa0&ef
ysufuGufNyD; trIaqmifrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xef
vmonfhtEÅ&m,f½S daeygonf/ xdkpm;aomufqdkifrsm;u
uREfkyfwdkYtm; vltrsm;ESifhxdawGUcGifhay;aomfvnf; aiGaMu;
tjrwftpGef;udkOD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifrdvQif bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf
udkjznfhqnf;Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ vlom;taygif;udk xm0&
aojcif;rS u,fwifjcif;qdkif&mtrSefw&m;udkwifqufzdkYay:vm
onfhtcGifhta&;wdkif;udk uREfkyfwdkYtoHk;cs&ef xm0&bk&m;ocif
vdkvm;awmfrlonf/
xdkpm;aomufqdkifaMumifh trSefw&m;udkvufcH,HkMunf
vmolta&twGufudk uREfkyfêud;pm;qef;ppfcJhzl;ygonf/ wcsKdUrSm
u,fwifjcif;cH&EdkifonfhtajctaewGif½Sdygonf/ þvkyfief;
tm;jzifh qufvufNyD;êud;pm;um tvif;w&m;xGef;vif;rnf
qdkvQif rsm;pGmaomtjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;onfvnf; u,fwifjcif;
cHEdkifp&mtaMumif;½Sdygonf/
pm;aomufqdkifwGif trIawmfaqmifaeMuolrsm;onf
,ckvkyfudkifaeonfhyHkpHrsKd;udk qufNyD;rvkyfMuzdkY&ef uREfkyfajymvdk
ygonf/ xdkpm;aomufqdkifrsm;udk ,aeYtrSefw&m;tvif;tm;
tjcm;olrsm;xHrQa0&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf toHk;ûywwfatmif
êud;pm;Muyg/ þ&nf½G,fcsufwpfckwnf;tm;jzifhom uREfkyfwdkY\
pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udk wnfaxmifxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
pm;aomufqdkifwGif trIawmfaqmifaeolrsm;ESif h
xdktoif;awmfwpfckrStoif;om;rsm;onf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 711 712 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
ajymif;vJolrsm;jzpfzdkYvdktyfaeygonf/ vltoD;oD;wdkYtm;
todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;ay;oem;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpf&m bk&m;ocif
ESifhtwl atmifyGJqif&efwefcdk;udk oif&½Sdxm;NyDvm;/ ]udk,fawmf
udkvufcH,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh emrawmfudk,HkMunfolrsm;tm;
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;jzpf&aomtcGifhudk ay;oem;awmfrlrnf}
[k or®musrf;pmwGifrdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/
9T, p. 161 (1909)
usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
ynmay;a[majym&mwGif txl;êud;pm;tm;xkwfoifhygonf/
tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifoifhygonf/
tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom oufowfvGwf[if;csufenf;rsm;udk
wpftdrfwufqif;oGm;a&mufoifMum;ay;oifhygonf/ ½dk;pif;
aomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk vlBuD;? vli,ftm;vHk;avhvmoifhyg
onf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;udka[mMum;aomae&mwdkif;ü cHwGif;vdkuf
aprnfh½dk;½dk;tpmjyifqifcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;oifh
onf/ tom;rygbJ tm[m&½SdaomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udk
csufûywfvdkY&EdkifaMumif; azmfjyoifhygonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;jzpfzdkY avhusuf
aeMuonfhpm;aeustpmrsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;rnfhtpmrsm;udk
jyifqif&mwGif yg;eyfrIESifh rSefuefaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk toHk;ûy
zdkYvdkygonf/ bk&m;ocifudk,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;? &nf½G,fcsuf
tay:wGif pdwftm;xufoefjcif;½SdrIESifh olwpfyg;udkulnDvdk
onfhqE´rsm;vnf;vdktyfvSygonf/ vHkavmufaomtm[m&
"mwfrsm; rpHkvifaomtpm;tpmwpfckaMumifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfBuD;udk uJh&Jhp&mjzpfapEdkifygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf aorsKd;rsm;jzpfMuojzifh cE¨mudk,fzGHUûzd;rIudk
ay;pGrf;Edkifrnfhtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYoHk;aqmifMu&rnf/
CT, pp. 312-313 (1913)
tcsuftûywfoifwef;ay;Edkifolrsm; uREfkyfwdkY\ausmif;
rsm;ü½Sdoifhonf/ tcsuftûywfoifay;onfhtwef;rsm;vnf;
½Sdoifhygonf/ trIawmftwGuf oifwef;wpfckatmifjrifxm;
olrsm;onf tm[m&ESifh t&om½Sdonfh[if;rsm;rcsufwwfvQif
qHk;½IH;rIwpfckudkcHpm;&wwfonf/
tcsuftûywfynmonf ayghao;ao;t&mwpfckr[kwf
yg/ aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfwwfjcif;onf ta&;tygqHk;aom
ynmwpfckjzpfonf/ xdkynmonf touf½Sifjcif;ESifh teD;pyf
qHk;qufpyfaeaomaMumifh ynm&yftaygif;wdkYwGif wefzdk;t½SdqHk;
ynmwpfcktjzpf rSwf,loifhygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;
rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtpmtay:wGif rsm;pGmtajcûyae&m
tpm;tpmpDrHay;olwpfOD;onf ta&;ygí tjrifhrm;qHk;aom
&mxl;wpfckudk&½Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
tpm;tpmrsm;udk ukefusp&dwfoufompGmjzifhjyifqif
wwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tom;[if;rsm;udka½SmifMuOf
&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? vli,farmifr,frsm;udkoifMum;
ay;oifhygonf/ tom;[if;rsm;onf usef;rmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkOD;rwnfbJ tJ*kwåKjynf (tD*spfjynf) \
tarSmifxkESifh todOmPfuif;rJhrIrsm;udkOD;wnfaeaomaMumifh
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 713 714 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
tom;ygonfh rnfonfh[if;vsmtpm;tpmrsm;udkrSjyifqif&ef
tm;ray;MuygESifh/
txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tcsuftûywfwwf
xm;oifhygonf/ trsKd;orD;wpfOD;oif,l&rnfht&mrsm;wGif
þt&muJhodkY rnfonfht&mta&;ygygoenf;/ rnfonfhb0
tajctaewGiftouf½Sifaexdkif&onfjzpfap? þt&monfom
olrtaejzifh vufawGUtoHk;csEdkifaomt&mjzpfygonf/ þt&m
onf usef;rmjcif;ESifhaysmf½Tifjcif;tay: wdkuf½dkufMoZmoufa&muf
rIay;Edkifonfh ynma&;\u@wpfckjzpfygonf/ aygifrkefYaumif;
wpfvHk;zkwfwwfjcif;ü vufawGUc&pf,mefbmoma&;yg½Sdae
ygonf/
6T, p. 182 (1900)
vufrIynmqdkif&moifwef;wpfckckudkwuf&ef vli,f
rsm;onf ausmif;odkYa&mufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ vufrIynmxJwGif
pm&if;udkifjcif;? vuform;twwfESifh pdkufysKd;a&;ynmrsm;
yg0ifoifhonf/ yef;yJ? yef;csD? zdeyfcsKyf? xrif;csuf? aygifrkefY
zkwf? yif;rif;? pufcsKyf? vufESdyfpuf½dkufjcif;? yHkESdyfpufvkyfief;
rsm;twGufvnf; jyifqifrIrsm;vkyfoifhygonf/ ausmif;om;
rsm;onf vufawGUb0wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmifEdkif&eftvdkYiSm
uREfkyfwdkY\wefcdk;pGrf;tm;rsm;udk þoifwef;rsm;twGuf toHk;ûy
oifhygonf/
MS, p. 95 (1901)
uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifha&mNyD;
aumif;rGefaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udkoifay;onfh tcsuftûywf
oifwef;ausmif;rsm;½Sdoifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\pmoifausmif;
rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsuftûywfynmay;Edkifonfh
yk*¾dKvfrsm;vnf;½Sdoifhygonf/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
tcsuftûywfwwfxm;oifhygonf/
7T, p. 113.
uREfkyfwdkY\pmoifausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsuf
tûywfynmrsm;oifay;oifhonf/ yg;eyfuRrf;usifrIrsm;ESifh
þynm&yfudkaygif;pyfyg/ pmwefonf vSnfhjzm;rItrsKd;rsKd;udk
toHk;ûyum vli,frsm;tm; ysufpD;&mvrf;odkYydkYaqmifrnfh pHkprf;
aESmifh,Sufjcif;vrf;aMumif;xJodkYOD;vSnfhay;&ef êud;pm;aeygonf/
cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhpHkprf;jcif;rsm;udk wGef;vSef
EdkifzdkY ¤if;wdkYudktm;ay;ulnDMu&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; usef;rmpGm
touf½Sifaexdkifa&;ynmudk oifMum;ay;jcif;onf bk&m;ocif
twGuf c&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;udk aqmif½Gufjcif;jzpfonf/
Ed., p. 218 (1903)
vufrIynmoifwef;rsm;udk ,ckxufydkítav;xm;
oifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,fzGHUûzd;rIESifh vufrIynmoifwef;rsm;udk
taumif;qHk;ay;pGrf;Edkifonfhpm;oifausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmif
oifhygonf/ ukefoG,fa&;twGuf toHk;t0ifqHk;u@rsm;jzpf
onfh pdkufysKd;a&;ukefxkwfvkyfrIrsm;ESifhwuG tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;?
usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDaomcsufûywfjcif;? pufcsKyfynm? tcsKyftvkyf
ynm? vlemukojcif;twwf ponfwdkYudk oifMum;ydkYcsoifh
ygonf/
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 715 716 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
yHkrSefwm0efrsm;tay:wGifopöm½Sdjcif;
Ed., p. 216 (1903)
ausmif;om;rsm;\tcsdefudk rsm;pGmukefvGefaponfh
avhvmrIu@rsm;pGmonf toHk;0ifrI (odkYr[kwf) aysmf½TifrI
rsm;twGuf r½Sdrjzpfr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif aeYpOfxrf;aqmif
&rnfhwm0efrsm;ESifh vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tuRrf;w0if½Sdxm;&efrSm
vli,fwdkif;twGuf t"duusygonf/ tysKduav;rsm;twGuf
jyifopfbmompum;? tu©&mocsFmESifh pE´&m;twD;ynmrsm;udk
oif,ljcif;xuf aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;zkwfwwfjcif;? t0wf
txnfrsm;udk yHkpHwuscsKyfwwfjcif;? tdrfwGif;rItvkyfrsm;udk
aoaooyfoyfvkyfwwfjcif;rsm;u ydkíta&;BuD;ygonf/
rdom;pkusef;rmaysmf½Tifa&;twGuf uRrf;usifvdr®mpGm
csufûywfwwfjcif;xuf ydkíta&;ygaomt&mr½Sdyg/ tm[m&
½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk rjyifqifwwfjcif;aMumifh tdrf½Sduav;?
vlBuD;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;\wdk;wufzGHUûzd;toHk;0ifrIrsm;udk t[efYtwm;
jzpfapEdkifygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufESifhtnD jyifqifxm;
onfh tm[m&ESifh t&omrsm;jzifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;udk csufûywf
auR;arG;jcif;jzifh tdrf½Sifrwpfa,mufonf rsm;jym;pGmaom
aumif;usKd;rsm;udk rdom;pktay:wGifjzpfapEdkifygonf/ xdkaMumifh
toufwm\aysmf½TifrIonf aeYpOfxrf;½Guf&aomomrefwm0ef
rsm;tay: opömapmifhodrIü&pfywfaeygonf/
trsK d;om;ESif htrsK d;orD;BuD;rsm;onf tdrfaxmif
wnfaqmufrIwGif u@wpfck½Sdaeovdk a,musfm;ysKdrsm;onf
vnf; rdef;rysKduav;rsm;uJhodkYyif tdrfaxmifxdef;odrf;rIwm0ef
rsm;udk wwfajrmufxm;oifhonf/ tdyf&mcif;jcif;? tcef;oefY½Sif;
jcif;? yef;uefaq;jcif;? xrif;csufjcif;? t0wfrsm;udkzGyfavsmf
rD;ylxdk;jcif; ponfhtvkyfrsm;onf a,musfm;ysKdrsm;tm;
a,musfm;wefzdk;usaponfhtwwfynmrsm;r[kwfbJ ¤if;wdkYtm;
ydkíaysmf½Tifapum ydkítoHk;0ifaomvlom;rsm;jzpfapaomt&m
rsm;jzpfygonf/
ÀÀÀ
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 717 718 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
aemufqufwGJ
aemufqufwGJ (1)
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;taejzifh
rr0Iduf&½Sdxm;onfh yk*¾vdutawGUtêuHrsm;
tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; rr0Idufa&;om;onfhpmrsm;wGif
atmufygpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkawGUMu&vdrfhrnf/
yxrpnf;rsOf;-yxrpnf;rsOf;-
yxrpnf;rsOf;-yxrpnf;rsOf;-yxrpnf;rsOf;- ]tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmf
onf wdk;wufzGHUûzd;oifhygonf/} (MH, p. 320.) a½S;OD;yxrwGif
tvif;w&m;udkt½Sdtwdkif; tjynfht0ay;awmfrrlcJhyg/ xdkowif;
pum;udkem;vnfvdkufavQmuf&ef vltrsm;tqifoifh½Sdvmonf
ESif htrQ tvif;w&m;udk &Hzef&Hcgwd k;íay;awmfrlcJ h&m
þñTefMum;csufudkay;aomtcsdefwGif tpm;tpmpm;oHk;jcif;
qdkif&m taxGaxGtusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifh tH0ifcGifusjzpfaeygonf/
' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -
' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; - ]tpm;tpmE Si f hywfoufí
vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusonfhzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYowfrSwf
rxm;Muyg/} (9T, p. 159.) odkYaomf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh
tpmrsm;udkrpm;&ef xyfcgwvJowday;um taxGaxGpnf;rsOf;
rsm;udkcsrSwfcJhygonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tao;pdwftoHk;cs
&eftwGuf vufawGUvkyfaqmifrItm;jzif hvnf;aumif;?
taumif;qHk;odyÜHynmqdkif&m &EdkiforQ zGifhqdkcsufrsm;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; wpfcgwpf&HwGif qHk;jzwfcsufcs&rnf/
720 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
wwd,pnf;rsOf;-wwd,pnf;rsOf;-
wwd,pnf;rsOf;-wwd,pnf;rsOf;-wwd,pnf;rsOf;- ]uREfkyfonf tjcm;olwpfOD;wpfa,muf
twGuf rdrdudk,fudk pHwpfckjzpfapzdkYrvkyfaqmifyg/} Letter, p. 45
(1903). rr0Idufonf vufawGUavhvmprf;oyfNyD;rS rdrdtwGuf
wcsKdUpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsrSwfum rdrd\tdrfaxmiftwGuf tpm;
taomufpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazmfjywwfaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;onf
Oya'wpfcktaejzifh tjcm;olrsm;udk wif;usyfpGmpdk;rdk;xm;&ef
r[kwfacs/
usef;rma&;qdkif&myxrtvif;w&m;
R & H, Oct. 8, 1867.
1/ usef;rma&;qdkif&m yxrtvif;w&m;udk rufcsDuef
jynfe,f? atmhqD*dka'o½Sd A. Hilliard \tdrfwGif 1863 ckESpf?
ZGefv 6 &ufaeYrSm&½SdcJhygonf/
wdk;wufzGHUûzd;aomtrIawmftjzpfazmfjyjcif;
(General Conference Bulletin, Apr. 12, 1901) CH, p. 531.
2/ csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIonf xdwfvefYp&maumif;avmuf
atmif þurÇmBuD;wGif atmifyGJqifvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; bk&m;
ocif\om;orD;wdkif;onf tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
ESifhpyfvsOf;í jrifhjrwfaom&yfwnfrIwGif½SdMu&rnfjzpfaMumif;
1863 ckESpfwGif ay;cJhaomtvif;w&m;ü uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrl
cJhygonf/ taxGaxGpDrHudef;wpfckudkvnf; uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;
ocifjyawmfrlcJhygonf/ ynwfawmfudkapmifha½Smufaeolrsm;tm;
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mttpm;tpmudk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;
awmfrlrnfudkvnf;aumif;? þt&mudk ¤if;wdkY&½SdonfESifh a&m*gb,
719
rsm;tBuD;tus,favsmhyg;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;
uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlygonf/ þtrIawmfBuD;onf wdk;wuf
zGHUûzd;vdrfhrnfudkvnf; uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlygonf/
þowif;pum;udk yk*¾vduvufcHrI
MS, p. 50 (1904)
3/ xdkusef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIowif;pum;udk
uREfkyftm;azmfjyonfESifhwpfûydifeuf vufcH,HkMunfvdkufygonf/
uREfkyftwGuf xdkowif;pum;onf aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfckjzpf
aeygonf/ i,f½G,fpOftcsdefuxuf ,ck 76 ESpft½G,fwGif
usef;rma&;ydkíaumif;vmygonf/ xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;
twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk aus;Zl;wifygonf/
wpfESpfMumtprf;oyfcHNyD;aemuftusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;cHpm;&jcif;
Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 153-154 (1864)
4/ tm;½SdzdkY tom;[if;rsm;tay:wGiftm;xm;ae&onf[k
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uREfkyfxifjrifcJhonf/ vGefcJhonfhvtenf;i,f
txd wpfaeYvQif xrif;oHk;BudrfuREfkyfpm;cJhonf/ xrif;pm;csdef
wpfckESifhwpfcktMum;ü AdkufxJrSm[mwmwma0'emudkcHpm;&ovdk
acgif;xJrSmvnf; &Da0a0jzpfaewwfygonf/ pm;vdkufrS
xdka0'emrsm;aysmufoGm;wwfygonf/ Mum;csdefrsm;wGif tpm
pm;cJhNyD; naESmif;pmrpm;bJ tdyf&m0ifzdkYvnf; rMumcPtusifh
vkyfcJhygonf/ eHeufpmrSnpmtxd tpmpm;&efvdkaeonf[k
uREfkyfcHpm;&um rMumcP&ifxJrSm[mwmwma0'emudk cHpm;
zl;ygonf/ tom;[if;rsm;udkpm;vdkufrS xdka0'emrsm;aysmufuif;
oGm;wwf&m tom;onf rpm;vdkYrjzpfonfhtpmwpfckjzpfonf[k
uREfkyfqHk;jzwfcJhygonf/
odkYaomf 1863 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif bk&m;ocifu jrifjcif;
(vision) ay;awmfrlcJhuwnf;u uREfkyfonf tom;udka½SmifcJhyg
onf/ tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh aygifrkefYpm;&onfudk t&omrawGU
awmhacs/ odkYaomf uREfkyfonf pdwfravsmhbJ vkyfaqmifcJh&m
wpfESpfeD;yg;tom;udka½SmifEdkifcJhygonf/ waq;rygonfh qm;
enf;enf;jzifhpD&ifxm;onfhudwfrkefYrsm;udk ajcmufvMumrQ
pm;cJhygonf/ toD;tESHESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;um
½SpfvMumrQ wpfaeYvQif xrif; 2 Budrfompm;cJhygonf/
uREfkyfonf wpfESpfywfvHk; pmudkomtm;ûyNyD;a&;cJhyg
onf/ (8) vvHk;vHk;tdrfjyifrxGufbJ pmudkoma&;cJh&m
udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;rIr½SdcJhyg/ uREfkyf\OD;aESmufrsm;onf tNrJwrf;
ylavmiftvkyfrsm;aecJhygonf/ odkYapumrl uREfkyf\usef;rma&;
rSm (6) vtwGif; taumif;qHk;taetxm;rsKd;wGif½Sdaeygonf/
,cifcHpm;cJh&aom[mwmwmjzpfjcif;? &Da0a0jzpfjcif;rsm;vnf;
,ckwGifr½SdawmhNyD/ aEGOD;umvwdkif;üjzpfwwfonfh cHwGif;ysuf
aoma0'emvnf; vGefcJhaomaEGOD;umvrSpí uREfkyfür½SdawmhNyD/
wpfaeYvQif 2 Budrfompm;onfh ½dk;pif;aomtpm
tm[m&rsm;onf t&omawGUvSygonf/ tom;? udwfrkefYESifh
tcsKdrsm;aomtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrpm;Muawmhyg/ 0ufqDtpm;
EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh axmywfudktoHk;ûyum qm;udktenf;i,fom
pm;ygawmhonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudiftm;vHk;udka½Smifvdkufum
722 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 721
DF- 46
724 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 723
eHeuf (7) em&DwGif eHeufpmudkpm;NyD; naewGif npmpm;yg
onf/ [mwmwma0'emudk rcHpm;&oavmufjzpfNyD; pm;&
orQESifh tmomajyygonf/ tvsifwkef;uxufydkí tpmpm;&
onfrSm cHwGif;awGUvSygonf/
atmifyGJcH&efwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;
2T, pp. 371-372 (1870)
5/ uREfkyfonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;onfhtcsdefrSpí ,cktcsdeftxd pdkufvdkuf
rwfwwfvdkufavQmufcJhygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhywfouf
onfh tvif;w&m;udk&onfhtcsdefuwnf;u aemufudkwpfvSrf;rQ
rqkwfcJhzl;yg/ tom;ESifhaxmywfpm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? wpfaeY
(3) Budrfpm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; csufcsif;pGefYvTwfum reuf
apmapmrS naeae0ifonftxd pma&;NyD; OD;aESmufudkjyif;xef
pGmtvkyfay;cJhygonf/ tvkyfudk ravsmhaomfvnf; wpfaeY
xrif; 2 Budrfompm;cJhygonf/
uREfkyfonf a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk jyif;xefpGmcHpm;cJh&yg
onf/ oGufcsmyg' (5) Budrfjzpfzl;NyD; vaygif;rsm;pGmb,fbuf
vufuyfonfha0'emudkcHpm;cJh&ygonf/ taMumif;rSm uREfkyf\
ESvHk;emusifrIonf jyif;xefaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ tpm;tpm
rsm;udkajymif;NyD;pm;onfhaemufydkif;wGif ,cifut&omawGUcJh
aomtpmrsm;udk jrnf;rMunfhawmhyg/
uREfkyfonf tvGefqmwwfol? tom;pm;MuL;olwpfOD;
jzpfcJhonf/ 0rf;xJrSm [mwmwmBuD;cHpm;&aomtcg uREfkyf\
Adkufay:wGif vufESpfacsmif;udk,SufNyD;wifum ]tom;wpfzwf
udkrQrpm;awmhbl;? ½dk;½dk;tpmawGudkyJpm;r,f? tom;udk vHk;vHk;
rpm;awmhbl;} [kajymcJhygonf/ aygifrkefYudkpm;&onfrSm t&om
rawGUyg/ tenf;i,fudkyifpm;cJvSygonf/ tpm;tpmûyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;rSm wcsKdUtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfpm;&ef tcuftcJr½SdvS
aomfvnf; aygifrkefYudkawmh pm;vdkYr&yg/ þodkYtpmajymif;pm;
aomtcsdefwGif jyif;xefaomwdkufyGJwpfckudk &ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/
yxrESpfeyf? oHk;eyfwGif uREfkyfpm;r0ifcJhyg/ xdkaMumifh ]aygifrkefY
udkpm;vdkY0ifonfhtcsdeftxd rif;apmifhaeOD;} [k uREfkyf\Adkufudk
uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ rMumrD&ufydkif;tawmtwGif;rSmyif *a&[rf
aygifrkefYtygt0if aygifrkefYrsm;udkpm;vdkY0ifvmygonf/ ,cifu
pm;vdkYr0ifonfhþt&mrsm;udk ,ckpm;vdkY0if½Hkomru cHwGif;
vnf;awGUvmygonf/ cHwGif;vnf; uREfkyfwpfcgrQrysufzl;cJhyg/
pnf;rsOf;twdkif;vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifjcif;
uREfkyfonf "Spiritual Gifts" twGJ 3 ESifh 4 udk a&;om;
aepOf (1863-64) vGefuJpGmvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh tm;,kwfvm
cJhygonf/ vkyfyHkudkifyHkajymif;&awmhrnfudk uREfkyfodojzifh
&uftenf;i,ftem;,lvdkuf&m wpfzefjyefaumif;vmygonf/
pnf;urf;ESifhrudkufnDaomt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfrvkyfawmhyg/
txl;ojzifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;
twdkif; uREfkyf&yfwnfcJhygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;wGif tcsdefrwefbJ uREfkyf
vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;udk oifwdkYrMum;Mu&awmhyg/ ,aeY&yfwnf
726 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 725
aeaomtaetxm;rSvGJí rnfonfhtydktvkyfrsm;udkrQrvkyf
awmhyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkom
pm;MuzdkY uREfkyfwdkufwGef;ygonf/
yg;pyfüt&omqdk;um tmykyfeHYxGufaponfhtpmrsm;udk
rpm;oHk;awmhjcif;udk r[mqHk;½IH;rIwpfcktjzpf uREfkyfrrSwf,lyg/
xdkt&mrsm;udka½SmifMuOfum cHwGif;rcsOf? 0rf;r[m? cyfodrf;
aomt&mwdkYonf ysm;&nftvm; csKdjraomtajctaeodkYOD;wnf
aejcif;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;jzpfygovm;/ þt&m
rsm;udk tcsdeftMumBuD;pm;oHk;cJhzl;ygonf/ uav;csD&if; rl;vJ
cgeD;jzpfcJhonfhtBudrfaygif;vnf;renf;yg/ ,ckwGifrl xdkt&m
rsm;udk uREfkyfrpm;oHk;awmhyg/ ,ckuJhodkY oifwdkYa½SUrSm uREfkyf
&yfxaepOfrSm þt&mudk csKdUwJhrIwpfck[k uREfkyfac:Edkifygrnf
vm;/ ,ckuREfkyfvkyfaeaomtvkyfrsKd;udk trsKd;orD; (100)
a,mufrSm (1) a,mufyifrvkyfEdkifyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf pnf;rsOf;
tay:wGif touf½Sifaexdkifygonf/ cHpm;csufudkOD;pm;ray;yg/
uREfkyfonf udk,fawmfay;oem;xm;onfh þudk,fþpdwfjzifh
bkef;wefcdk;emrawmfudkcsD;rGrf;axmremûyEdkifygrnfhtaMumif;
þodkYaomusef;rma&;tajctaersKd;udk ydkYaqmifay;rnfhvrf;pOfudk
vdkufjcif;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifESpfoufawmfrlrnf[k uREfkyf
,HkMunfygonf/
½Svum&nfpm;oifhtusifhESifhwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;
Letter, p. 70 (1911)
6/ oifhpmudk tckyJuREfkyfzwfNyD;ygonf/ oifonf u,fwif
jcif;&zdkY aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfpGmjzifhvkyfaqmif&ef qE´½SdaeyHkay:yg
onf/ oifþodkYvkyfaqmifaeonfudk uREfkyftm;ay;ygonf/
ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfudk½SmazG&mwGif oifhtm; vrf;wpf0uf
omydkYaqmifrnfht&mcyfodrf;wdkYudk a½SmifMuOfyg[k uREfkyftMuH
ay;vdkufygonf/ atmifyGJqifaprnfhtusifhrsm;udk t[efYtwm;
jzpfaprnfh taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rItoD;oD;udk rvkyfaqmifygESifh/
oif\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkodxm;olrsm;tm; oifhtwGuf qkawmif;
ay;&efawmif;cHyg/
uREfkyfvnf; oifhtajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifcJhzl;ygonf/
½Svum&nfudk uREfkyftvGefêudufygonf/ odkYaomf bk&m;ocif
\trtpjzifh xdkt&mudk uREfkyfjzwfEdkifcJhygonf/ þtusifh
p½dkufu uREfkyftm;rpdk;rdk;oGm;ap&bl;[k oEéd|mefcsvsuf
xdkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk uREfkyfwdkufvSefcJhygonf/
&ufowåaygif;rsm;pGm uREfkyfzsm;emcJhygonf/ xdktaMumif;
udk xm0&bk&m;ociftvHk;pHkodawmfrlonf[k uREfkyfwzGzG
ajymcJhygonf/ uREfkyfaornfqdkvnf;aoygavap/ þqE´udk
awmh uREfkyfjznfhqnf;awmhrnfr[kwfyg/ &ufaygif;rsm;pGm
tBuD;tus,fqufízsm;emae&m touf½SifzdkYrvG,fawmh[k
vltrsm;uxifaeMuygonf/ xdktajctaersKd;wGif bk&m;ocifhxH
wGif uREfkyfwdkYqkawmif;Muawmhrnfudk oiftwwfodaevdrfh
rnf/ uREfkyfjyefvnfusef;rmvmap&ef tBuD;tus,fqkawmif;
cJhMuygonf/ ½Svum&nfudkaomufcsifonfhqE´udk qufvuf
wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufcJh&m tqHk;wGif uREfkyfatmifyGJqifcJhygonf/
,cktcsdefü xdkt&mrsKd;rsm;udk pm;csifpdwf uREfkyfür½Sdawmhacs/
728 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 727
þtawGUtêuHonf uREfkyftwGuftvGefwefzdk;½Sd&m uREfkyfonf
vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfatmifyGJqifcJhygNyD/
oifhxHrS&cJhonfhtultnDESifh tm;ay;pum;rsm;twGuf
,ckuJhodkY uREfkyf\A[kokwrsm;udka&;ajymaejcif;jzpfonf/
oifvnf; þpHkprf;rIrsKd;udkatmifEdkifaMumif; uREfkyf,HkMunfyg
onf/ cufcJaomumvwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd
om;orD;rsm;udkulnDrpaMumif; xkwfazmfajymjyMuyg/ þtusifh
qdk;rsKd;tay: ZGJ½Sd½SdjzihfwdkufcdkufatmifyGJqifvQif wefzdk;t½SdqHk;
A[kokwwpfckudk oif&½Sdvdrfhrnf/ þavmuarGUavsmfjcif;
cHpm;rIrsKd;udk ûzdzsufypf&ef cdkifrmpGmoifqE´ûyvkyfaqmifvQif
oifvdktyfaomtrtprsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrS oif&½Sdvdrfh
rnf/ êud;pm;MunhfygarmifESrwdkY/
þtusifhqdk;udkvdkufpm;jcif;tm;jzifh oiftodtrSwfûycJh
vQif pmwefonf oif\tvdkqErsm;udkcsKyfudkifum ol\pum;
udkemcHolwpfOD;jzpfvmatmif oifhudkxdef;csKyfvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
xdkt&mudk atmifjrifausmfvTm;&ef oifoEéd|mefcscJhvQif xm0&
bk&m;ocifonf oifhtm; pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;toD;oD;udk
wGef;vSefEdkifzdkY cGeftm;ay;um rpulnDawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ c&pfawmf
onf oif\u,fwif½Sif? oifhtm;apmifha½Smufolwpfyg;jzpfonf
udk tNrJwrf;owd&atmufarhMuyg/
ûcd;jcHpGmpm;yg? odkYaomfvHkavmufatmifpm;yg
2T, pp. 373, 374 (1870)
7/ cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsufudkjznfhqnf;EdkifzdkY vHkavmufatmif
uREfkyfpm;ygonf/ odkYaomf uREfkyf\cHwGif;onf xrif;pm;yGJrS
xoGm;aomtcsdefü pxdkifonfhtcsdefuuJhodkYyif aumif;aeyg
onf/ aemufwpfeyfxrif;pm;aomtcsdefwGif ,cifwpfcg
pm;oavmufompm;ygonf/ ydkírpm;yg/ pm;aumif;oavmuf
uREfkyfpm;vdkufrnfqdkvQif tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh tawG;tac:
wpfckrSr&EdkifonfhtcsdefwGif uREfkyfa&;om;aeaompmrsm;udk
aumif;csD;ay;yg[k tb,fodkYbk&m;ocifxHwGif qkawmif;jcif;trI
ûyEdkifygrnfenf;/ AdkufxJwGif rcsdrqefYxnfhxm;aomtpmrsm;udk
apmifha½Smufrpyg[k uREfkyfqkawmif;&ygrnfvm;/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmif
jcif;onf udk,fawmftm; rav;pm;&ma&mufygonf/ xdkaMumifh
rSefonfxifonfhtwdkif;twmavmufompm;ojzifh cdkif;apxm;
awmfrlonfhtrIawmfudkaqmif½GufEdkif&ef cGeftm;ay;awmfrlyg[k
uREfkyfqkawmif;Edkifygawmhonf/ xdkodkY uREfkyfqkawmif;onfudk
xm0&bk&m;ocifem;anmif;um rpawmfrlaMumif; uREfkyfodcJh&
ygonf/
aumif;pGmjyifqifxm;onfhxrif;0dkif;
2T, p. 487 (1870)
8/ uREfkyfonf tcsdeftcgwdkif;wGif xrif;yGJudk aumif;rGef
pGmjyifqifavh½Sdonf/ {nfhonfudkauR;onfjzpfap? auR;rnfh
{nfhonfrSm ,HkMunfol[kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap
yHkrSeftwdkif;yif xrif;yGJudkjyifavh½Sdonf/ {nfhonf (6) a,muf
avmuf ½kwfw&ufa&mufvmaomfvnf; tHhtm;oifhzdkY rnfonfh
tcgrQpdwfrul;rdyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; tm[m&ESifh
jynfh0onfh½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm; uREfkyfütvHktavmuf½Sdygonf/
730 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 729
odkY&mwGif axmywfESifhtom;rsm;uJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udk uREfkyf
rauR;onfhtwGuf xdkt&mrsKd;udkpm;csifvQifrl tjcm;rSm
vGwfvGwfvyfvyfoGm;pm;Edkifygonf/ udwfrkefYrsm;udkvnf;
auR;cJygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh opfoD;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Guf
rsm;ESifh aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;awGudkpm;avh½Sdygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf xrif;yGJudk yHkrSeftwdkif;cyf½dk;½dk;uav;jyifqifwwfaomf
vnf; xdktpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;olrsm;rSm usef;rma&;wdk;wufvm
Muygonf/ xl;qef;aomt&omrsm;udkawmifhwjcif;r½SdbJ
uREfkyfwdkY\xrif;yGJwGif xdkifpm;olrsm;onf zefqif;½Sifu
auR;onfhtpmrsm;udk tm;&yg;±Muygvdrfhrnf/
um;rsm;ay:ü
Health Reformer, December, 1870.
9/ tjcm;rdbrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf pm;aumif;
aomufzG,frsm;udkpm;aomufaeMupOfwGif uREfkyfwdkYvifr,m;
ESpfa,mufrSm *a&[rfaygifrkefYudk axmywfrokwfbJ opfoD;0vH
rsm;ESifh pm;aeustcsdefjzpfaom aeYv,f 1 em&DwGifpm;Muygonf/
cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef axG&mav;yg;tpm;tpmrsm;udk
o,fvmp&mrvdkbJ xdktpmrsm;ESifhcHwGif;awGUum tm;&yg;&
pm;EdkifonfhtwGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk txl;aus;Zl;wifrdyg
onf/ pm;vdkYaumif;ojzifh aemufwpfaeYeHeufpmpm;onftxd
rqmMuawmhyg/ vdar®mfoD;? tcGHrmoD;? ajymif;zl;? aygufaygufESifh
oMum;vHk;udko,faqmifvmonfha,musfm;uav;u uREfkyfwdkY
tm; qif;&Jonfhazgufonfrsm;tjzpf jrifawGUaevdrfhrnf/
tcuftcJrsm;ESifhawGUêuHjcif;aMumifhtavsmhay;vdkufjcif;
Letter, p. 83 (1901)
10/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (30) avmufu uREfkyfonf rMum
cPcGeftm;enf;oGm;wwf&m vltrsm;u uREfkyftwGufqkawmif;
ay;Muygonf/ tom;pm;vQif tm;jyef½SdvmvdrfhrnftxifESifh
tom;udkt"duxm;NyD;pm;ygaomfvnf; tm;jyef½Sdrvmonfhjyif
ydkíyiftm;enf;oGm;cJhygonf/ tm;enf;vGef;ojzifh rMumcP
arhajrmoGm;wwfygonf/ trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;wdkYonf
tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;\pGrf;tm;
rsm;udk zsufqD;aeMuonf[k uREfkyftm;tvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/
xdktpm;tpmaMumifh vl\cE¨mudk,ftaqmufttHkBuD;onf
xdcdkufae&½Hkomru wd&pämefpdwfwdrf;ñGwfrIudk tm;aumif;apum
t&ufaomufcsifpdwfrsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apygonf/
odkYjzifh uREfkyfonf tom;udk,wdjywfjzwfypfvdkufyg
onf/ aemufydkif;wGif tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;r&Edkifonfhae&m
rsm;odkYa&muf½SdoGm;aomtcgrsm;ü tom;udktenf;i,fpm;&rnfh
tajctaeESifh&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/
(rSwfcsuf- rr0Idufonf i,f½G,fpOf rdef;rysKdb0rSpí
0dnmOfawmfpmapmifrsm;udka&;om;jcif;ESifh vlxka½SUwGif {0Ha*vd
w&m;a[mjcif;trIwdkYudkaqmif½Gufae&&m tdrfrIwm0efrsm;udk
tdrfaprsm;? xrif;csufrsm;ESifhvTJxm;&onfursm;ygonf/
xrif;csufaumif;rsm;udk tNrJwapiSm;vdkY&Edkifonfr[kwf&m
rdrdaetdrfrSmyif taumif;qHk;pHEIef;ESifh xrif;csuftopf\
732 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 731
tawGUtêuHA[kokw? ¤if;\tqifhwdkYtMum;n§d,l&aomtcg
rsm;vnf;½SdcJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif c&D;oGm;aomtcgrsm;wGifvnf;
wnf;cdkonfhtdrfrS tdrf½SifauR;arG;onfhtay:wGif tajcûyum
pm;cJh&aomtcgrsm;vnf;½SdcJhygonf/ oufowfvGwftpmrsm;
udkompm;oifhonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; taumif;qHk;tpmr[kwf
rSef;odvsufESifh rdrdudk,fwdkifa½G;cs,fonfhtpmr[kwfbJvsuf
tom;udkpm;zdkYvdktyfonfhtcgrsm;vnf;½SdcJhzl;ygonf/)
pm;zdkrª;wpfOD;tvdk½Sdaejcif;
Letter, p. 19c (1892)
11/ uREfkyfpm;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifay;Edkifrnfhtcsuf
tûywftawGUtêuH&ifhusufolwpfOD;udk ,cktcsdefwGif ydkíyif
vdktyfaeygonf/ pm;aumif;½HktwGufomr[kwfbJ tmomajy
ap&eftwGufvnf; tpmudkjyifqif&ygonf/ tjcm;tdrfrIudpö
rsm;udkvkyfaomtvkyform;rsm;xuf pm;zdkrª;vcudk uREfkyfydkNyD;
ay;cJhygonf/
oufowfvGwfpm;&efaemufqHk;uwd0efcHcsuf
Letter, p. 76 (1895)
12/ 1894 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? b½dkufwefrSmusif;yonfh
awmpcef;tpnf;ta0;tcsdefuwnf;u uREfkyfonf tom;udk
vHk;vHk;jzwfcJhygonf/ tdrfrSmjzpfap? EdkifiHjcm;üa&mufaeonf
jzpfap rdom;pktwGif;ü tom;udkvHk;0rpm;&ef em;vnfrI&cJh
ygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhpyfvsOf;onfhazmfjycsufrsm;udkvnf;
ntcsdefrsm;wGif uREfkyf&cJhzl;ygonf/
MS, p. 25 (1894)
13/ uREfkyfwdkYonf EGm;EdkY? opfoD;ESifh aygifrkefYrsm;udk tvQHy,f
pm;cJhMuygonf/ tom;udkt½Sif;rpm;awmhyg/ tom;rpm;jcif;
aMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;rSm ydkíusef;rmMuHhcdkifvmygonf/
bk&m;ocifauR;awmfrlonfh e*dkrl&if;tpmudk wwfEdkiforQ
jyefípm;um tom;ESifhwuG tcsdefukefvlyef;jyifqif&onfh
tcsKdyGJrsm;udk xdktcsdefrSpíjzwfvdkufygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
opfoD;0vHrsm;udk êudufoavmufpm;EdkifMuonfjzpf&m a&m*g
½Sdaeaomwd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;aomaMumifh &½SdEdkifonfha&m*g
rsm;twGufvnf; rpdk;&drf&awmhacs/ tmomajyapNyD; tm[m&
½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYêudufvmatmif uREfkyfwdkY\
cHwGif;udk uREfkyfwdkYxdef;csKyfMu&rnf/
a½SUodkYwpfvSrf;wufNyD;aemufyxrESpf
Letter, p. 76 (1895)
14/ uREfkyfwdkY\tdrfaxmifrSm vlOD;a&rsm;½Hkomru {nfhonf
uvnf;renf;aomfvnf; tom;ESifhaxmywfudk uREfkyfrauR;
yg/ udk,fwdkifarG;xm;onfhEGm;rrS&aom EGm;EdkYrSrvdkifrsm;udkom
pm;oHk;ygonf/ usef;rma&;aumif;onfhEGm;jcHrsm;rSa&mif;aom
axmywfrsm;udkrl csufûywf&eftwGuf uREfkyfwdkY0,favh0,fx
½Sdygonf/
a½SUodkYwpfvSrf;wufNyD;aemuf'kwd,ESpf
Letter, p. 73a (1896)
15/ uREfkyfwdkY\tdrfaxmifrSm vlOD;a& 16 a,muftxd½Sd
wwfaomrdom;pkBuD;wpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif v,fvkyfolrsm;
734 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 733
ESifh opfyifvSJolrsm;yg0ifygonf/ xdktvkyfrsm;onf cGeftm;
oHk;ívkyf&aomtvkyfrsm;jzpfvifhupm; ¤if;wdkYudk uREfkyftom;
rauR;yg/ b½dkufweftpnf;ta0;uwnf;u tom;udkuREfkyfwdkY
rpm;Muawmhyg/ tom;udkauR;&ef uREfkyfüqE´r½SdcJhaomfvnf;
wpfpHkwpfa,mufu [dk[mrpm;Edkif? 'D[mrpm;Edkifjzpfaeaom
tcgrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? tjcm;tpmrsm;xuf tom;udk
olYtpmtdrfuydkNyD;aMucsufay;EdkifaMumif; ajymvmaomtcg
rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; tom;udkjyifqifcsufûywfay;&onfhtcsdef
rsm;awmh½SdcJhygonf/
uREfkyfxHodkYvmí xrif;pm;Muolrsm;udkêudqdkygonf/
odkYaomf tom;[if;udkrl auR;rnfr[kwfbJ toD;tESH? [if;oD;
[if;½GufESif hopfoD;0vHrsm;ESif hwnfcif;auR;ygrnf/ ,ck
avmavmq,fwGif taumif;qHk;aomvdar®mfoD;ESifha½SmufoD;rsm;
tvQHy,faygaeygonf/ þ&moDrSm þESpfrsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY
vwfvwfqwfqwf&,lpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYaexdkiftouf½SifyHkESifhywfoufonfhoabm
w&m;tenf;i,fay;vdkaomaMumifh þpmudk oifhxHodkYa&;&jcif;
jzpfonf/ ,ckavmavmq,ftcsdefrSmavmuf rnfonfhtcsdef
urQ uREfkyf\usef;rma&;raumif;cJhzl;acs/ ,cktcsdefrSmavmuf
pmvnf;ra&;EdkifcJhacs/ eHeuf (3) em&DwGif tdyf&mxNyD;
aeYv,faeYcif;wGif wpfcgrQtdyfavhr½Sdyg/ uREfkyftm; a&;om;zdkY
wdkufwGef;rIrsm;twGuf pdwfxJwGif0efav;rdonfhtcgrsm;wGif
wpfcgwpf&Hü oef;acgifausmf (1) em&DrSmtdyf&mxNyD; wpfcg
wpf&Hüvnf; noef;acgif 12 em&DavmufrSmtdyf&mxum
pma&;avh½Sdygonf/ uREfkyfudkay;oem;awmfrlonfh u½kPmawmf
twGuf pdwfa&mudk,fyg xm0&bk&m;ociftm; csD;rGrf;rdygonf/
tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udktoifhtwifhpm;oHk;jcif;
Letter, p. 73 (1899)
16/ tom;ESifhaxmywfudk uREfkyfwdkYvHk;vHk;rpm;awmhyg/
EGm;EdkYudkrlcsufûywf&mwGif tenf;i,ftoHk;ûyonf/ þ&moDwGif
opfoD;0vHrsm;udk vwfvwfqwfqwfr&Edkifyg/ odkYaomf
c&rf;csOfoD;rsm;pGmpkaqmif;xm;EdkifcJhonf/ tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk
yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhpm;oHk;&efvnf; pOf;pm;xm;onf/ pm;oHk;aeus
xuf ig;yHkav;yHkavsmhípm;ygonf/
vHkavmufaomtm[m&wpfck-tom;awmhr[kwfyg
MS, p. 82 (1901)
17/ uREfkyfonf Cooranbong a'owGifa&muf½SdaepOf tom;
tvGefêudufaomvlrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkxHa&mufvmNyD;
oufowfvGwf[if;rsm;jzif h xrif;twlpm;Muygonf/
]aumif;w,f? 'Dvdk[if;rsKd;eJYqdk&if tom;rygbJpm;vdkY&wm
aygh} [k olwdkYuajymMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYjyifqifxm;aom
xrif;[if;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;\cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk
tmomajyapcJhonf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/ ]]b,ftpmudkyJjyifjyif
vHkavmufwJhtm[m&&Edkifr,fhtpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;
yg/ wpfcsdefvHk;avhvmzefwD;NyD; tm[m&jznfhqnf;&mwGif
taumif;qHk;[if;vsmudk oif&½SdEdkifvmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf}} [k
vnf; rdom;pkrsm;udkajymcJhygonf/
736 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 735
vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzD
Letter, p. 12 (1888)
18/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDtwGuf wpfESpfvQif wpfjym;
awmifrSuREfkyfroHk;pGJzl;yg/ raumif;rSef;odojzifh aomufoHk;
&rnfudkr&Jaomfvnf; tBuD;tus,fatmhtefaomtcgrsm;wGif
aq;jzpf0g;jzpftoHk;ûywwfygonf/
uREfkyfonf vufzuf&nfaomufonfhtjypfudk rusL;vGef
yg/ tu,fí vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh 0dkifrsm;udk uREfkyfêuduf
vQifvnf; usef;rma&;udkvnf;aumif;? usef;rmaomtoufwm
yHkpHudkvnf;aumif; wefzdk;xm;aomaMumifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf
aprnfhxdktpmrsm;udk uREfkyfpm;oHk;rnfr[kwfyg/ uREfkyfonf
csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhwuG aumif;aomtusifhoDvrsm;twGuf
pHerlemwpfcktjzpf olwpfyg;a½SUwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvdkygonf/
½dk;½dk;tpm
Letter, p. 150 (1903)
19/ uREfkyf\usef;rma&;rSm aumif;rGefygonf/ cHwGif;
vnf; aumif;ygonf/ tpmu½dk;avav? trnfenf;avav?
ydkNyD;uREfkyfoefrmavavjzpfonfudk awGUjrifae&ygonf/
1903 ckESpfwGif&½Sdonfhtvif;w&m;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;
Letter, p. 45 (1903)
20/ uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkrsm;onf reufpmudk eHeuf 6;30
em&DwGifpm;NyD; naepmudk rGef;vGJ 1;30 em&DwGifpm;ygonf/
npmrpm;yg/ wcsKdUrdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf þpm;csdefrsm;onf
tqifrajyvQif pm;csdefrsm;udk tenf;i,fajymif;ygonf/
vGefcJhaomtESpf (35) u&½SdcJhaomtvif;w&m;twdkif;
wpfaeYvQif xrif; (2) eyfompm;ygonf/ tom;rpm;yg/
axmywfudkrpm;yg/ uREfkyfwdkYü *smpDEGm;rwpfaumifESifh [dkpwdef;
EGm;rwpfaumif½Sd&m rvdkifrsm;vkyfípm;Muygonf/
Letter, p. 62 (1903)
21/ uREfkyfonf touf 75 ESpf½SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,cif
wkef;uuJhodkYyif pma&;Ekdifygao;onf/ tpmaMucsufrIaumif;
aeqJjzpfovdk OD;aESmufvnf;Munfvifaeygao;onf/
uREfkyfwdkYpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;rSm ½dk;½Sif;NyD; tm[m&
½SdvSygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJay:ü axmywf? tom;? 'defcJESifh
wuG tqDygaomtpmrsm;udkrawGUEdkifyg/ vGefcJhaomv
tenf;i,fu wpfoufvHk;tom;pm;vmNyD; ,HkMunfolr[kwf
onfhvli,fwpfa,mufonf uREfkyfwdkYtdrfudka&mufvmygonf/
ol½SdaeonfhtwGufaMumifh tpmtajymif;tvJrvkyfawmhbJ
pm;aeustpmrsm;ESifhyif olYudkauR;arG;{nfhcHcJh&m uREfkyfwdkYESifh
aexdkifpOftwGif; udk,ftav;csdef aygif 20 wdk;vmygonf/
olYtm; uREfkyfwdkYauR;cJhaomtpmrsm;onf ¤if;pm;aeustpm
rsm;xuf trsm;BuD;aumif;ygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYESifhtwlwlpm;zl;
onfhvlwdkif;u pm;&onfhtpm;tpmrsm;twGuf pdwfauseyfrI
½SdaMumif;ajymMuygonf/
Letter, p. 127 (1904).
22/ uREfkyfonf t½dk;qHk;tpmudk t½dk;qHk;enf;jzifhcsufxm;
onfhxrif;[if;rsm;udk pm;avh½Sdygonf/ vaygif;rsm;pGm t"du
738 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 737
DF- 47
xm;NyD;pm;cJhonfhtpmrSm rkefY[if;cg;ESifh bl;rsm;jzifhxnfha&mif;
onfhc&rf;csOfoD;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ xdkESpfrsKd;udka&mNyD;csufpm;yg
onf/ ZGDbufqdkonfhtpmESifhvnf; a&mNyD;pm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif
uREfkyfwdkYonf aygif;xm;onfhopfoD;rsm;ESifh a½SmufoD;aygif;rkefY
rsm;udkvnf;pm;Muygonf/ ajymif;zl;aphajcmufudk EGm;Edk Y
(odkYr[kwf) rvdkifESifha&mNyD;csufxm;onfh[if;udkvnf; wpfcg
wpf&HrSmpm;ygonf/
odkYaomf rdom;pkxJrS wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf uREfkyfpm;
onfhtpmrsm;udkrêudufMuyg/ uREfkyfpm;ovdk tjcm;olrsm;
vdkufpm;zdkY uREfkyfrawmif;qdkyg/ udk,fhtwGuftaumif;qHk;jzpf
rnfhtpmudk udk,fwdkifa½G;cs,fNyD;pm;oHk;cGifhûyxm;ygonf/
olwpfyg;udk uREfkyfcsKyfcs,favhr½Sdyg/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; têudufcsif;
rwlMuojzifh trsm;vdkufavQmuf&ef pnf;rsOf;wpfckwnf;csrSwfzdkY
rjzpfEdkifyg/ uREfkyf\rdom;pkxJrS wcsKdUonf yJoD;udkodyfêuduf
Muaomfvnf; xdkyJoD;rsm;rSm uREfkyfESifhrwnfhyg/ axmywfudk
uREfkyfrpm;aomfvnf; wcsKdUrdom;pk0ifrsm;onf axmywf
tenf;i,fudkpm;wwfMu&m olwdkYü vGwfvyfpGmpm;aomufcGifh
½Sdygonf/ uREfkyfonf wpfaeYxrif; (2) cgompm;aomfvnf;
rdom;pkxJrS wcsKdUwdkYrSm npmpm;csifMuao;&m rpm;ygESifh[k
uREfkyfOya'xkwfum wm;jrpfjcif;rûyyg/ uREfkyfwdkYESifhtwl xrif;
pm;olrsm;onf pdwfrausreyfjzpfcg xoGm;&aomolr½Sdovdk
tmomrajybJESifh xoGm;aomolvnf;r½SdcJhzl;yg/ ½dk;pif;aomf
vnf; tm[m&ESifht&omjynfhpHkaom pm;aomufzG,f&mrsKd;pHkudk
tNrJwrf;jyifqifpm;oHk;avh½Sdygonf/
rr0Iduf\pm;aomufyHktay:ar;cGef;xkwfolrsm;twGuf
zGifhqdkcsufwpfck
Letter, p. 50 (1908).
23/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;rsm;udk
uREfkyfa&;om;ovdk aexdkifûyrljcif;r½Sd[k wcsKdUuajymvmyg
onf/ odkYaomf uREfkyfod½SdorQusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk uREfkyf
rcsKd;azgufcJhzl;yg[kajym&Jygonf/ uREfkyftom;rpm;bl;qdkonfudk
uREfkyfESifhxrif;twlpm;zl;olrsm;odMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYtom;rpm;MuonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumcJh
ygNyD/ aumfzDESifhvufzuf&nfudkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYraomufyg/
uvdkbm½Gufajcmuf[kac:onfh tavhusaygufNyD; EGm;pm;aom
oHk;½GufqHktajcmufrsm;udk a&aEG;wGifxnfhí taEG;"mwf&&ef
wpfcgwpf&Haomufwwfygonf/ odkYaomf rdom;pkrsm;onf
xrif;pm;wkef; a&aEG;raomufwwfMuyg/ axmywfudkrpm;cJh
onfrSmvnf; ESpftawmfMumNyDjzpfojzifh {nfhonfrsm;½Sdvihf
upm; axmywftpm; rvdkifudkomtoHk;ûycJhygonf/
odkYapumrl uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&
rcsKdUwJhyg/ odkxm;onfhopfoD;rsm;ESifh oHjzLbl;oGwfopfoD;
rsm;vnf; uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdxm;ygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ESifhravmufi
vQifvnf; wcsKdUudkaps;rSm0,fygonf/ a':*a&;u taphryg
onfhpyspfoD;rsm;udkydkYay;ygonf/ tvGeft&om½Sdygonf/
pawmfb,f&Dudk uREfkyfwdkYa'owGif aumif;pGmpdkufysKd;r&ojzifh
vdk*ifb,f&Drsm;udkpdkufMuygonf/ bvufbm&DESifh &ufpfbm&D
740 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 739
oD;rsm;udkvnf; tdrfeD;csif;rsm;xHrS0,fygonf/ yef;oD;ESifh
opfawmfoD;rsm;udkvnf;0,fpm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü c&rf;csOfoD;
trsm;BuD;½Sdxm;NyD; tcsKdpm;ajymif;zl;wpfrsKd;udkpdkufum aqmif;
wGif;pmtwGuf trsm;BuD;odkxm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtdrfem;rSm
tpmpuf½Hkwpf½Hk½Sdxm;ojzifh toD;tESHrsm;jzifhûyvkyfxm;onfh
tpmrsm;udk 0,f,lpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfrnfhtpmrsm;udk a&mpyf
pm;oHk;zdkY OD;aESmufudk trsm;BuD;toHk;ûyMu&ygonf/ pm;aomuf
jcif;tusifhESif hywfoufívnf;aumif;? csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufívnf;aumif;? usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwf&ef avhusuf
jcif;ESifhywfoufívnf;aumif; owdynm½Sd½Sdvkyfaqmif&efrSm
uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpfygonf/ usefaomtydkif;u@rsm;udk
xm0&bk&m;ocifrpawmfrlygvdrfhrnf/
uREfkyf wpfaeYxrif; 2 Budrfpm;vmcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;
40 ausmfcJhygNyD/ ta&;BuD;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifp&m
½Sdaomtcsdefrsm;wGif tpmudktenf;i,favsmhpm;vdkufygonf/
tpmtdrfxJwGif 'ku©ay;rnf[kxifaomtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfpm;avh
r½Sdyg/ bk&m;ocifha½SUarSmufwGif pdwfMunfvifpGm trIawmf
aqmif&ef vdktyfonfjzpfojzifh uREfkyf\todOmPfpGrf;tm;
rsm;udkavsmhyg;aprnfht&mrSeforQudk *½kwpdkufumuG,f&ygrnf/
,aeYqdkvQif uREfkyftouf 81 ESpf½SdygNyD/ tD*spfjynf
rSmpm;cJh&aomtom;[if;udk uREfkyfwdkYrvGrf;Muyg[k oufaocH&J
ygonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;
aMumifh &½SdcHpm;&onfhtusKd;aus;Zl;wcsKdUudk uREfkyfodxm;yg
onf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;jzpfvm&ef xdkt&m
rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efjzpfouJhodkY tcGifhta&;vnf;jzpf
onf[k uREfkyfrSwf,lxm;ygonf/
odkYapumrl uREfkyfwdkYtxJrSvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;udk&½Sdxm;ygvsuf wif;usyf
pGmrvdkufavQmufonfudkawGU&ojzifh uREfkyf0rf;enf;rdygonf/
ay;oem;awmfrlonfhtvif;w&m;twkdif; vdkufavQmufjcif;rûybJ
usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufolrsm;onf tusKd;qufudk
aocsmaygufcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/
uREfkyf\pm;aomufyHkrsm;tay: ar;cGef;xkwfvmolrsm;
tm; jyefvnfajzMum;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm ,ckuJhodkY oifhxHodkY
tao;pdwfa&;om;ay;&jcif;jzpfygonf/
uREfkyfonf a[mMum;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? a&;om;&m
wGifvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmvkyfaqmifEdkif&jcif;\t"dutaMumif;
&if;rSm tpm;taomufwGif wif;usyfpGmûcd;jcHjcif;aMumifhjzpfyg
onf/ trnftrsKd;rsKd;udkwnfcif;auR;arG;Muapumrl uREfkyfonf
rdrdESifhwnfhonfhtpmwcsKdUudkom pm;oHk;avh½Sdygonf/ xdkaMumifh
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk MunfMunfvifvifjzpfatmif
uREfkyfxdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufEdkifcJhygonf/ tpmtdrfudk tcsOfayguf
aprnfhtpmrsm;udk odvsufESifh rnfonfhtcgrQpm;avhr½Sdyg/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wdkif; þwm0efudk
xrf;aqmifMu&ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tusKd;ESifhtaMumif;
qifjcifoHk;oyfum cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYwGifcsKyfwnf;&ef wm0ef
½SdMuygonf/
aemufqufwGJ 741
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuftaxGaxGpnf;rsOf;rsm;
MS, p. 29 (1897).
24/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk
xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrS uREfkyfrsm;pGm&½Sdxm;ygonf/ tvif;&zdkY
rêud;pm;cJhovdk xdktvif;udk&zdkY avhvmrIrsm;udkvnf;rûyvkyf
cJhyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf olwpfyg;tm;rQa0&ef xdktvif;
w&m;udk uREfkyftm;ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ taxGaxGpnf;rsOf;rsm;
tay:tajccHvsuf vlrsm;wdkYtm; þowif;pum;udk uREfkyf
wifjycJhygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ar;cGef;rsm;ar;vmaomtcg
trSefw&m;ESifhtnD uREfkyfajzqdkcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif olwpfyg;\
tpm;taomufrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ uREfkyftjypf½Smwdkufcdkuf
jcif;rvkyfcJ hzl;yg/ þvkyfaqmifrIrsK d;udk ,Ofaus;aom?
avsmufywfaomtûytrljzpfonf[k uREfkyfowfrSwfrxm;yg/
olwpfyg;udkonf;cHjcif;
Letter, p. 45 (1903).
25/ uREfkyfonf rdrdudk,fudk tjcm;olrsm;twGuf pHerlemwpfck
jzpfzdkYêud;pm;avhr½Sdyg/ þtpm;tpmrsm;onf BuD;rm;aoma&m*g
a0'emrcHpm;&bJ pm;oHk;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;r[kwfyg/ uREfkyftwGuf
taumif;qHk;jzpfrnfhtpmudk uREfkyfêud;pm;a½G;cs,fNyD; olwpfyg;
tm; pum;wpfvHk;rSrajymbJ uREfkyf\tpmtdrfudk 'ku©ray;rnfh
xdktpm 2 rsKd; (odkYr[kwf) 3 rsKd;udk uREfkyfpm;jyvdkufygonf/
Letter, p. 199 (1891).
26/ cE¨mudk,fMuHhcdkifjcif;? pdwfoabmxm;ESifh cE¨mudk,f\
vdktyfcsufrsm;wGif yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rwlnDMuyg/ vlyk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;twGuf aumif;aomtpmonf tjcm;olwpfOD;twGuf
tqdyfjzpfaumif;jzpfaernf/ xdkaMumifh vltm;vHk;twGuf wdus
aompnf;rsOf;wpfckcsrSwfzdkY&efrSmrjzpfEdkifyg/ yJoD;rsm;udk uREfkyf
rpm;yg/ taMumif;rSm xdktoD;onf uREfkyftwGuf tqdyfjzpf
aeygonf/ xdktaMumif;aMumifh yJoD;udkrpm;&[k Oya'ûy
vdkufrnfqdkvQif &,fp&mjzpfaeacsawmhrnf/ uREfkyfonf EGm;EdkY
qefûywftenf;i,fpm;rdvQifyif a0'emwpfckudkrcHpm;bJrae&
yg/ odkYaomf uREfkyf\tdrfaxmif½Sd tjcm;vlrsm;rSm EGm;EdkY?
qefûywfudkaomufvQif tqifajyMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfESifh
wnfhaomtpmudk uREfkyfpm;NyD; olwdkYESifhtqifajyaomtpmudk
olwdkYpm;Muygonf/ b,foludk b,folurSapmif;csdwftjypfwif
pum;rajymMuyg/ [dk[mrpm;eJY? [dk[mudkpm;ygqdkNyD; trdefY
vnf;ray;wwfMu&m rdom;pkBuD;wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; tm;vHk;
tqifajypGmaexdkiftouf½SifEdkifcJhMuygonf/
]]uREfkyfonf opöm½Sdaomusef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;
orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf}}
9T, pp. 158-159 (1909).
27/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;udk
yxrOD;pGmuREfkyf&½SdaomtcsdefwGif uREfkyfonf tm;tifcsnfheJYum
armyef;EGrf;vsaeygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif trtp
rsm;udkawmif;avQmufcJh&m udk,fawmfonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk uREfkyftm;zGifhjycJhygonf/
ynwfawmfapmifha½Smufolrsm;tm; udk,fawmfESifh oefY½Sif;aom
742 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
qufoG,frI½Sdatmifvkyfaqmif&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tpm;
taomufwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;tm;jzifh cEmudk,fBuD;onf trIawmf
twGuf taumif;qHk;tajctaejzpfatmif vkyfaqmifap&ef
twGufaomfvnf;aumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfudk
ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ þtvif;w&m;onf uREfkyftwGuf
BuD;rm;aomaumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfckjzpfygonf/ xm0&bk&m;
ocifu uREfkyftm; cGeftm;ay;awmfrlrnfudkodaeaomaMumifh
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf uREfkyf&yfwnfcJhygonf/
touf&vmNyDjzpfaomfvnf; i,f½G,fpOftcsdefuxuf ,ck
tcsdefwGif uREfkyfydkíusef;rmaeygonf/
usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;rsm;udk
uREfkyfa&;om;ovdk aexdkifûyrljcif;r½Sd[k wcsKdUuajymvmyg
onf/ odkYaomf uREfkyfonf opöm½Sdaomûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;
wpfOD;jzpfygonf[k ajym&Jygonf/ uREfkyfajymonfhpum;rSef
onfudk uREfkyf\rdom;pk0iftm;vHk;od½SdMuygonf/
aemufqufwGJ (2)
usef;rmjcif;qkdif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;oGefoifcsufrsm;tay:
*sdrf;0Iduf\zGifhqdkcsuf
R & H, Nov. 8, 1870.
rr0Idufonf usef;rma&;ar;cGef;rsm;udk vlwdkif;auseyfrI
½Sdatmif tajzay;cJhygonf/ y&dowfBuD;wpfckvHk;udk olrESifh
twl cHpm;vmatmif qGJaqmifEdkifonftxd olray;aom
rSwfcsufrsm;onf ½Sif;vif;jywfom;NyD; xda&muf½Hkomru tjrif
us,fvSygonf/ olronf þudpöESifhywfoufí tpGef;a&mufrI
rsm;udka½Smif½Sm;ygonf/ tmCmwpdwfrsm;rjzpfay:ap&efvnf;
txl;*½kûyvkyfaqmifygonf/ rajymoifhaomae&mwGif rajym
oifhonfhyHkpHjzifh þtaMumif;udkwifqufrdvQifvnf;aumif;?
tpGef;a&mufolrsm;yHkpHjzifh vltrsm;a½SUwGif&yfxrdvQifvnf;aumif;
vltrsm;\tmCmwpdwfudk tvG,fwuljzpfay:apEdkifygonf/
'Solitary vice' uJhodkYrsKd; eufeJaomar;cGef;rsm;udk vHkavmufaom
udk;um;zGifhqdkcsufrsm;rygbJ raqG;aEG;oifhygacs/ usef;rma&;
ESifhywfoufaomar;cGef;rsm;udk vlxka½SUarSmufwGif udkifwG,f
ajz½Sif;&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmowif;ay;jcif;? umuG,fjcif;
cH&olta&twGufrSm w&m;a[mq&m (10) a,mufwGif (1)
a,mufr½Sdyg/ þtaMumif;t&mudk roifhavsmfaomae&mwGif
roifhavsmfonfhenf;pepfudktoHk;ûyNyD;wifjyrdojzifh xdcdkufoGm;
onfhta&twGufrSm a&wGuf&efyifrjzpfEdkifaMumif;rsm;vSygonf/
]ighrSm oifhtwGufajymp&mtrsm;½Sdaomfvnf; oifwdkY
onf xdkt&mrsm;udk ,ckwGifrcH,lEdkifMuao;} [k a,½Ic&pf
rdefYawmfrlcJhygonf/ udk,fawmfonf rdrdwrefawmfrsm;\
pdwfudk rnfodkYydkYaqmifay;&rnfudkod½SdawmfrlouJhodkY ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;awmftm; usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk
rnfodkYtpysKd;ay;&rnfudkod½Sdawmfrlygonf/ þowif;pum;udk
cH,lEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifha[mMum;vsuf vltrsm;
aemufqufwGJ 743 744 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
pdwfxdcdkufrIr½SdapbJ xdkowif;pum;\toHk;0ifwefzdk;½SdyHkudk
vufawGUjyvsuf þtrIawmfudkaqmif½Guf&ygrnf/ rr0Iduf\
oufaocHcsufrsm;tm;jzifh aq;vdyf? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDwdkY\
qdk;usKd;rsm;udk owdxm;a½SmifMuOf&ef zGifhqdkcJhonfrSm vGefcJh
aomESpfaygif; 22 ESpfrS ,ckaqmif;OD;umvtxdyifjzpfonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf toif;tzGJUBuD;wpfckvHk;taejzifh atmifyGJqif
Edkif&eftvdkYiSm xdkt&mrsm;udka½SmifMuOf&ef êud;pm;rIrsm;tay:wGif
xm0&bk&m;ociftxl;aumif;csD;ay;awmfrlygonf/
xdktpmrsm;tay:wGif uREfkyfwdkYatmifyGJqifaomtcsdefwGif
xdkowif;pum;udk uREfkyfwdk YcH,lEd kifaMumif; udk,fawmf
jrifawGUvmygonf/ xdktcgwGif 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;
onfhtvif;w&m;udk ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIqdkif&mtrIawmfBuD;onf ,HkMunfolrsm;tv,fwGif
wjznf;jznf;csif;wdk;wufvm&m usef;rma&;tajctaeaMumifh
þûyjyifajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufí ta&;ESifhta[mudk rr0Iduf
&yfem;vdkufaomtcsdefwGif 0ufom;pm;jcif;tygt0if tjcm;
tpm;taomufudpörsm;wGif tBuD;tus,fajymif;vJrIrsm;jzpfay:
cJhygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufaomvlwpfpktaejzifh
rr0Iduf\vkyfaqmifrI&yfqdkif;vdkufaomaeY&ufonf rSm;,Gif;rI
ESifhtaMumif;rvSrIrsm;tpûyonfhaeY&ufjzpfaeygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYjyefvnfvIyf½Sm;vmuwnf;u usef;rmjcif;
qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;\tpGef;a&mufrIrsm;½Sdaeaom
aMumifh rr0Iduftaejzifh þowif;pum;a[majym&ef qifhqdk
jcif;cH&ovdk cHpm;ae&ygonf/ olr\t&nftaoG;r½Sdaom
cGifhûycsufrsm;udk vltrsm;&½SdcJhaomaMumifh xdkodkYaomtpGef;
a&mufrIrsm;jzpf&onf[k txif½SdaeMuaomaMumihfvnf; olr\
oabmxm;rSefudkwifjyzdkYvdkvmonf[k cHpm;vm&ygonf/
vltaygif;wdkYonf þusef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifh
ywfoufí olr\&yfwnfcsufudkod½SdrSjzpfawmhayrnf/
aq;vdyf? vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? tom;? 0wfqifrI
rsm;ESifhywfoufí tMurf;zsif;oabmwlnDrIudk&½Sdxm;NyD;jzpf
onf/ odkY&mwGif avmavmq,fwGif qm;? oMum;? EGm;EdkY
ESifhywfoufí tpGef;a&muf&yfwnfrIûy&ef tqifoifhrjzpfao;
acs/ þtpmrsm;udk trsm;pktoHk;ûyaeMuaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYESifh
ywfoufaomowif;pum;udk vltrsm;vufcH&ef tqifoifh
r½Sdao;[laomtcsufudk owdxm;aqmif½GufzdkYvdkygonf/
vlwpfOD;csif;ESifhwuG toif;awmfBuD;wpfckvHk;udkxdcdkufapEdkif
onfhtaMumif;udk½SmvQif The Review pmapmifwGif ,cktcsdef
txdazmfjyaeonfhtpGef;a&muf&yfwnfrIrsm;udk ajc&maumuf
awGU½SdEdkifygonf/ xdkazmfjycsufrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
&v'frsm;rSm qdk;½Gm;ygonf/ qdk;½Gm;pGmudkifwG,fajz½Sif;rIaMumifh
wcsKdUrSm þowif;pum;udkjiif;y,fcJhovdk vufcHcJholrsm;rSm
vnf; ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;udkomru þusef;rmjcif;qdkif&m
ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;BuD;udkyg xdcdkufaponftxd tpGef;
a&muftaetxm;rsm;wGif &yfwnfaeMuygonf/
vuf½Sdtajctaeonf rnfodkYyifqdk;½Gm;apumrl rdrd\
½Iaxmifhudk vltrsm;½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;odjrifem;vnfvmap&ef
aemufqufwGJ 745 746 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf
þtrIawmfudk qufvufaqmif½GufzdkY ac:awmfrljcif;cH&onf[k
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