Counselling and Psychotherapy Theories and Techniques · Counselling and psychotherapy theories are...
Transcript of Counselling and Psychotherapy Theories and Techniques · Counselling and psychotherapy theories are...
Omondi O. Omondi
(Christian Youth Counselling Psychologist/ Freelance Academic Researcher and Writer)
A Presentation for
The National Youth Guidance and Counselling Association
(University of Nairobi Chapter)
VENUE: University of Nairobi, ADD Building
ORIGINALLY PRESENTED: 15/9/2016 @ 5.00pm
Counselling and psychotherapy theories are unique based on the following:
History
Focus
Strategy
Techniques
Psychoanalytic (or psychodynamic) therapy
Adlerian therapy
Existential therapy
Person-centered therapy
Gestalt therapy
Behavior therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Reality therapy
Feminist therapy
Solution-focused therapy
Family counseling (systems) therapy
Developed by Singmund Freud.
Focuses on identifying emotional issues and conflicts that affect clients’ ability to cope.
Attention is paid to:
Unconsciousness
Transference (client/counselor relationship)
Childhood Experiences
Dreams
Personality Conflicts (id, ego, superego)
Focuses on the clients’ environment.
Assumes that clients are simply discouraged rather than sick.
Aims to facilitate growth.
The therapist:
Emphasizes on Birth order
family relationships
early memories
lifestyle.
Begins with an interview to identify family patterns.
Identifies and discloses mistaken goals.
Focuses on meaning.
The therapist:
Listens to identify what is important to the client
Support their development of self-awareness
Remains respectful, genuine, and spontaneous
Assist clients to make independent choices.
Pioneered by Carl Rogers
Effective on on:
Positive talk
Congruence
unconditional positive regard, and
empathy.
Introduced in the 1940s. Focuses on elaboration and instruction to: Create awareness and Direct client experiences The therapist: Asks a question: “What are you aware of (experiencing) now?” Instructs the client: “Try this experiment and see what you
become aware of (experience) or learn.”
Techniques : Awareness report, Enactments, Exaggerations, The Empty Chair
technique, Body and contact boundary awareness, Self disclosure.
Focuses on behavior modification because behavior is learned and unlearned.
Pioneers: B.F. Skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s Approach was Classical Conditioning
Skinner’s Approach was Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement – Rewards (+ve) and Punishment (-ve)
Therapist role:
Use interviews, Objective psychological tests, Rating forms.
Monitors environmental factors causing distress
Identifies the potential behavioral techniques to be used
Monitors client progress
Centers on the Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy developed by Albert Ellis.
Used for treating depression.
Techniques the counsellor uses:
Cognitive structuring
stress inoculation training
problem solving
skills training
relaxation training e.g. breathing
three-column and double-standard techniques
chasing cognitive distortions
Developed by William Glasser, a physician.
Robert Wubbolding also introduced the model WEDP (Want, Doing, Evaluation, Plan)
Therapist:
Remain nonjudgmental
Encouraging
directive
Best applied in couples, school, and family counselling.
Developed in the 1960
Focuses on criticizing power and oppression.
Therapist instills values in the client.
Applicable for both men and women.
For:
Self-esteem
Empowerment
Pioneer: Insoo Kim Berg
Focuses on client’s solutions to their problems.
Therapists guide clients to identify innate strengths and resources.
Requires active listening:
Track client’s words
Mirroring with the abilities they have
Effective for one-time sessions.
Note: CLIENT IS THE EXPERT
Pioneers: Nathan Ackerman, Virginia Satir, and Salvador Minuchin
Focuses on a problem as family- rather than individual-related.
Therapist:
Identifies the client’s relationships with the world (family, institutions, and society).
Identifies who is connected to the client’s issues
Explore the larger family and cultural systems
Therapy focuses on making changes and meaning to human life.
The concepts can be used singly or in an eclectic manner.
Class Questions
1.
2.
Facilitator Question
Which technique would you use and why?
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