A

COUNSELING REPORTA Synopsis

of diversity & Types

of cases of children in difficult situation, handled by Sathi

Prepared by

Dr. Rajan R PatilEpidemiologist

Email <rajanpatil@yahoo.com>

For

S A T H ISociety for Assistance to Children in Difficult Situation

Bangalore

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INTRODUCTION

The counseling report is an attempt to showcase 25 cases ( 15 cases from Sathi Shelter and 10 cases from CWC referred by Sathi) with their detailed analysis to give the feel of the variety and types of cases of children in difficult situation handled by Sathi Bangalore.

The Report has been divided in Three parts

Part-1.

This part consists of 15 cases counseled at the Sathi Shelter. In each of these cases, testimonials from the children were elicited for their reasons on running away from home, & the issues that are concerning them at home. After providing the due counseling to the child and depending on the overall assessment of child situation, a decision was made either to summon their parent or refer to the CWC or enroll them for the Sathi camp.

If the decision was made to Home place the child, an attempt was made to summon the parents and take their feed back on the child. Due counseling was provided to the parents before handing over the child to them, with a mutually agreed rehabilitation plan for child.

A psycho-social analysis of each of the 15 cases handled at the shelter was carried out. In this analysis, various factors related to the child are identified namely-the main problem of the child; Stressors faced by the child; Coping and defense mechanism employed by the child; emotional problem suffered by the child; type of counseling techniques applied for the child and mutually acceptable rehabilitation plan worked out for the child.

The 10 cases referred by sathi to CWC were analyzed to find out the reasons that could generally be responsible for failure of home placement in children. Issues that affect retention of children at home and their reasons for repeatedly running away from home are identified

Part-II

Highlights the Child psychology issues that most probably explain the personality issues and behavioral aspects commonly seen in the street children.

Part-III

Provides general tips for counseling that should be borne in mind while handling the children.

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Case:1

Name : Rakesh

Age: 13Father: MahadevOccupation : Hotel business

Childs TestimonyThe child was admitted to Siddagana math hostel for residential school in 8 th standard. He was with parents up to 7th standard in mysore. The parents admitted him to the residential school due to his deteriorating grades in his school. The child protested being hostel, citing various harassments and physical abuse by this classmates and teachers. The child reported of being beaten by the master for not participating in the NCC activities.

The child complained of bullying and ragging by his hostel mates. In one instance the child was bitten on ear by one of his classmate for demanding back Rs 20 he had lent him, following which his mother visited hostel and took up the matter with the masters and hostel warden.

The child reported sustained teasing and ragging by his schoolmates which got increasingly unbearable hence he decided to run away from the hostel

Counseling provided to the childThe Child was made to understand that mild ragging and bullying by older students is generally part of the hostel life and should be taken sportively by him, as it was unique way of introduction and building friendship and is a part and parcel of the hostel life. He was also assured that even the older students had gone through phase, when they came in as new students. He was reassured that it would be only temporary and was a fun way of knowing each other in the hostel and building friendships.

It was absolutely normal for him to feel home sick as he was away from his parents and home for the first time. It was natural to miss home in the initial days of hostel life.

He was made aware of the dangers of running away from the hostel on account of the touts and brokers in the railway stations, who kidnap children from the railway stations especially those without the adult escorts.

He was counseled that he had been admitted to the hostel for his better future. Hostel provides good learning environment and would help him in all-round personality development including academics, art and sports. Hence participation in NCC would bring out his hidden talent and instill the discipline.

He was made aware of the importance of good education which would help him compete in the world in the later years. It was emphasized that high school laid the foundation for his good

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performance in the board exams in 10th and 12th standards, after which it would be easy for him to gain entrance to the professional course and hence could lead a dignified life.

Parents Feedback on ChildRakesh was the only child to the parent and hence was highly pampered. He missed the comforts of home. He had started bunking from school, did not take interest in the school and very often would loiter with his friends during the school time and return back home at the school closing time.

The child had increasingly growing adamant, and adopted unhealthy habits like waking up late in the morning at about 10 am. Would not take bath every day and paid less attention to personal hygiene. Insisted on non veg food through of the day which was easily available to him as the parents owned a meat shop. Both parents ran a food canteen which took most of their time keeping them occupied form morning to mid night till late 12 am leading to lack of supervision on the child. The child increasingly demanded money and when not given would borrow from other relatives and was splurge it on unnecessary things. The child did not obey mother and started dis-regarding their advice.

Worried over his way wardness and the fact that the parents did not have time for the child they decided to admit him the hostel with the hope that he would study well there.

The parents informed that after admitting child to the hostel they had visited him four times in the span of one month, The child called frequently his parents right from the 3rd day of joining the hostel and demanded to be take home. as the child repeatedly called parents and demanded to take him home complaining of physical abuse and ragging by his hostel mates.

The parents were concerned about Child lost 5 kg within one month after joining hostel.

Counseling to the parentThe parents were made to understand that over pampering of the child, and their preoccupation with their family business had lead to less attention to child, with virtually no supervision, that probably lead to child not inculcating discipline and resulting him taking less interest in studies. Mother was advised to give more time to child but mother shared that father was alcoholic and did not carry out the business responsibly the mother had to get involved in their canteen business.

The child was resenting the loss of freedom and The child was refusing the hostel because of its highly structure and disciplined way of living. he had to follow in the hostel starting from waking up early in the morning at 5am, physical exercises, NCC participation and most importantly strict studying hours. He resented the lack of freedom, non availability of non veg food and money and most importantly constant supervision over his actions, In hostel he had to share a single dormitory with 100 other students,

Probably the child was adopting the escapist attitude by magnifying the routine interpersonal problem fellow students to earn the sympathy of parents to recall him back to home.

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But since the child had lost 5 kg after joining the hostel it was a serious matter as it was sign of extreme maladjustment with the hostel life which was physically evidenced.

Under such circumstances if forced to continue in the hostel may again try to escape from the hostel. Also may not return back home fearing that he would be forced back to the hostel which he disliked. That was the worst case scenario. But at the same time recalling him back to home would only spoil the child further.

Parents had to take hard decision and not give into the emotional blackmailing of the child and should be stern with the child to continue in the hostel.

Rehab plan.It was not possible for the mother to take off from their family canteen business and supervise the child, hence the child will be back to his way ward nature if he was called back home. It was agreed that hostel was probably a good alternative to inculcate discipline in the child and stimulate him to learn.

Since the child had developed strong disliking towards the siddaganga hostel, he might in all probability would again attempt to run away if forced to continue there.

An mutually agreeable solution was worked out that was acceptable to the child and the parents i.e., to change the hostel to smaller hostel where fewer inmates and better one to one attention the child.

They would explore the smaller hostel in Mysore itself that would help parents to visit and be touch with the child more frequently.

This arrangement would be for one year, once the child gets used to the hostel life later he may be shifted back to the siddaganga math.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF RAKESH

Diagnosis of problem : Child Highly pampered, No supervision of child, grown up in adamant personality, missing comforts of home life, resenting of strict & disciplined line of hostel and wants to return back home

Stressor for child : admission to hostel, strict discipline of school life/ resenting curbing of freedom of a carefree and unsupervised life back home

Mental Conflict: Maladjustment to new setting in hostel

Emotional problem : home sickness, extreme maladjustment constantly involved in quarrels and fight with fellow students

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Defense mechanism- Projection- blaming harassment by classmates as reason not wanting to stay in hostel, NCC master beating to hide the fact that he resents being in hostel and hates the strict discipline in the hostel like wake up in the morning and go for drill Somatization – Maladjustment is reflected through bodily problem is so severe that the child has lost 5 kgs of weight in one month.

Coping mechanism : Running away from problem

Learning: Oparent- learning- the child had learn that if he throws temper tantrums he is pacified by giving-non veg food which he enjoys.

Counseling technique: Positive Reinforcement, Explanation- of problem Problem solving – by providing alternative

Resolution: Child was told that his hostel could be changed to the local hostel in the same town but he had to stay in the hostel to instill discipline in him and take interest in studies.

Child psychology- lack of attention from parent leading to child acquiring indiscipline life style and unhealthy habits

Attitudes and behaviour patterns tend to be persistent, the necessity of laying foundations in the early years of life is apparent. If on the other hand, the foundations are such that children get off to bad start in their social lives, they are likely to acquire reputations of being unsocial. When this occurs , it has seriously damaging effect on the personal and social development.

Studies of people all ages have revealed the significance of early social experience not only during childhood but also later in life. Some of the effect of these early social experience have on the individual personal and social adjustment.

Case-2Name: Mallesh

Age; 14Father: NanJon goudaOccupation: Farmer.

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Mother: Rangamma, house wife.

Child’s Testimony

Mallesh’s mother had handed over Rs 150 to Mallesh to repay the loan that she had borrowed from a person. Instead of retuning the money, Mallesh gambled with it and lost all the money. He dreaded returning back home in anticipation of the possible reprimand from the family, so he decided to earn that money and then return back home. He moved to Bangalore with the intention of finding the job in the city. He took up the job as a cleaner in a mini bus and worked for a month on it. The employers did not pay his salary at the end of the month as a result Mallesh decided to quit the job and began to explore alternative employment

The child did not have addiction to any substances, and gave all the information related to the family with ease. On deeper probing, he confessed his hatred towards his mother as he suspected her infidelity and claimed that she had extra marital affair with his uncle (aunt’s husband). He charged his mother of clandestinely meeting his uncle, repeated calling him on his mobile secretively. Mallesh claimed that his mother’s infidelity was well observed by the neighbors as his mother move around with the uncle on his bike. The father was reduced to play second fiddle in the family, and he was made to cook as he was not very assertive. He also claimed that his father and grand parents were aware of his mothers illicit relationship with his uncle.

Mallesh claimed that one of the reasons for his father’s connivance in the matter was due to his wife holding the absolute ownership of family agriculture land (approximately 8 acres) which was exclusive to her name, hence they felt helpless. The father and son keep the interaction with each other at the minimum.

The boy said that the his uncle had financed installation of a land line phone at his home but the boy smashed the instrument suspecting that it was installed to facilitate easy communication with his mother.

Mallesh is fond of his brother and says only reason why he would like to go back is his affection towards his brother and father. He gets infuriated at the mention about of his mother.

He wants his maternal grand parents to transfer the ownership of land from mother to his name.

The child made it clear that if his mother or his uncle comes to escort from Sathi shelter shelter he would not return home in their company.

Counseling to the Child Owing to Mallesh’s predilection to gambling, he was counseled on dire consequences of gambling, its economic repercussion, on the societal sanction against gambling, and disrepute associated with gambler in the society. He was also made aware of illegality of gambling and consequences of being associated with gambling, that would turn him into an criminal under the

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law. He was warned that, once his name enters police records it would have effect on his future life.

Special efforts were made to emphasize on importance of education in formative years as he was found to be missing school to play with friends. He was told about the influence of bad company of friends.

Mallesh was advised to concentrate on his studies and not get involved with property dispute back in the family as he could do .

As to his allegations against his mother it was decided to keep it pending until facts are verified with his mother.

Mallesh was counseled about this responsibility as elder son towards his father. Going by his own description his father being submissive and non assertive and hence needed all the more support from his son.

Mallesh wanted his mother to stay home as a house wife and look after the household chores.

He was told categorically that it was technically not possible for any land transfer in his name as he was still a minor.

Mother’s Feedback on ChildMother denied of having any illicit relationship with her brother in law and explained her inevitability and unavoidability to move around with her brother in law for security reasons as she handled all the responsibility of running farming business of family.

She explained that farming sector being mostly external activity required her to frequent market and come late in the evening as a result she had to depend on her brother in law help as her husband did not have practical knowledge of farming sector and could not take up responsibilities and was incompetent handle any business except for sheep rearing.

She was pained at her son’s allegation against her and lamented about being misunderstood.

She challenged that she would be willing to take house wife role and be home bound provided the father and son run the home with her financial contribution to the family..

2n Counseling to child -After taking Mother side of the storyChild was explained the circumstance under which it makes it imperative to depend on his uncles help.

Child was explained the under the present circumstance, the father is unable to take complete responsibility of running home and earn livelihood for the family single handedly and Mallesh is still a minor, hence his mother will have to work and earn for the family. In the process she will have to take his uncles help.

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The child was impressed upon not to see man-woman relationship with suspicion and understand that the trust and faith were the basis of any relationship. To drive home the point the child was given instances from mythological stories like Ramayana wherein Ram very often left Sita under the care of Laxman for the security reason and mallesh was questioned whether would he view this also with suspicion and question their relationship.

Rehabilitation PlanThe child agreed to go back home with the mother, with whom he initially refused to go home. It was highly emotional resolution with mother breaking down, child breaking down during the process of counseling.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF MALLESH

Problem : Child suspecting mother’s illicit relationship with his uncle, Father unable to earn livelihood for family. Family Had to depend on mother for her financial contribution.

Stressor for child: growing proximity between Mother and uncle, rumors of his mothers affair with his uncle.

Emotion problem: Hatred feeling towards the mother for her suspected affair. Child was deeply hurt and broke down while sharing the whole episode

Coping Mechanism: , Rejection of mother, Running away from home

Defense Mechanism : Gambling as a way of diversion from emotionally distressing problem at home. Displacement of anger by smashing the telephone installed by his uncle at home.

Counseling technique : VENTILATION, ABRECATION, CONTEXTUALIZATION,

Resolution: Mother denies son’s allegation, convinces the inevitability of dependence on uncles help given father’s inability to run family and child is still minor hence mother will have be the breadwinner for family. Son is advised to trust his mothers intentions and helped him to view the man and women concept from broader point of view and examples from epics are used to drive home point.

Child Psychology : Rejection of Parent

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Child’s impression about his mother engaged in extramarital affair is psychological challenge to the child because they tend to make children “different” in they eyes of the peer groups . when children are asked why they have a new parent to replace the missing parent, they become embarrassed and ashamed .

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Case:3

Name : Suresh

Age 14yrsFather: Nagraj- CoolieMother: Neelabai- Coolie.Brothers : 3 all elder to them , 2 sisters one studying and another still infant.

Child’s TestimonyThe family belongs to lambani caste who basically follow gipsy kind of living and are constantly on move, migrating and shifting to different places for livelihood.

Suresh was forced into the work by their parents since the age of 7year. All his brothers illiterate only one sister is studying in 3rd standard. Suresh along with his younger brother were pledged to bounded labor for the sum of Rs 3000 by his parents to one agriculturist in Bhadravathy. Initially reason for leaving children for the bonded labor was to cover the cost of major surgical operation that mother had to undergo.

Suresh used to wake up at 5 am early in the morning, milked the cow, clean the cowshed. After the early breakfast used to leave for the to open ground along with the cattle herd from morning 9 to 5 pm. Again in the evening took charge of maintenance of cowshed.

Suresh was given food two times a day and the night supper was not given. Every year he was given two pairs of cloth. He was paid Rs 1500 as the annual salary only this year his annual remuneration was enhanced to Rs 3000.

Suresh has been made to work since 7 years and along with his younger brother and was beaten for simple mistakes committed by him during the course of the work which was evidenced by the scar marks on his body.

Suresh used to sell coconut from the garden without the knowledge of his owner which provided him with much needed pocket money which was basically spent on purchasing 10-15 gutka packets that he was addicted to.

His parents were both addicted to alcohol and spent significant amount of their earnings on the alcohol.

Parents had freshly borrowed Rs 12000 loan from Suresh’s owner for the their house construction at Shivmogga which the reason for extension of his bonded labour period with his master.

Parents visited their children once a month, spent time for few hours with suresh and his brother and left to their village same day. But during their last visit to meet suresh, they had stayed with him for three days.

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During the routine stock taking the land lord’s men discovered shortage of three sacks of poultry feed. Suresh’s parents were blamed and held responsible for the missing sacks. His parents were summoned for the interrogation in the matter. A serious altercation took place between the parents and the owner. After this episode the owner started harassing Suresh which he said was unbearable and was the reason for running away from home.

Suresh borrowed Rs 50 from a friend to travel to Bangalroe. The same friend helped him further by providing him with a address of another friend working in Bangalore, whose help could be taken by suresh to find a job in the city.

Counseling to ChildHe was counseled for educational opportunities available and was assured that his parents would be summoned and warned against sending the children for a bounded labour and will be made aware of the legal sanctions against the child labour considering that he was still under 14 years of age.

He was assured that the SATHI would not send him back to his master’s house where he was working as a bonded labour. At the same time he was also made to understand the futility of sending him back to his parents house as they you invariably send him back to his master’s house as they had not ye fully paid the loan they had borrowed for the construction of their house.

He was also explained the process of intervention which necessitated his referral to CWC to facilitate his release from the bounded labour with his master.

Suresh was counseled on ill effects of gutka on its fatal consequences with possibility of cancer. He was also made aware of the economic consequence leading to break up of families.

Although it was to late for him to join any school as he had never been to school earlier, He was motivated to join non formal education and get him the working knowledge of literacy to enable him to read and write so that he does not get cheated

Rehabilitation : Child was referred to CWC as it was case of child labour

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF SURESH

Problem: The child was made to work since the age of 7 years. Was employed as bonded labor at land lord’s house from whom the family had taken loans. Child was physically abused at the employers house.

Mental Conflict : forced to work as bonded labor against child’s whish.

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Coping Mechanism: dependence of tobacco. Psychological acceptance.

Defense Mechanism: Not obvious

Emotional problem: Having to live away from home for years.

Counseling Technique: VENTILATION, RELAXATION, REASSURANCE

Resolution: The child was referred to CWC as a child labor case.

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Case -4

Name : Manjunath

Age: 12yrsEducation : Nil Father : Joranna- died in accidentMother – Sarojamma- she go around the village asking for alms in the name of god. Jogamma sectBrother – Raghvendra, stays in Bangalore and involved with mason work. His cell no. 9916325108.

Child’s TestimonyParents had left the child with a rich shepherd for an year as a bounded labour due to poverty at home. The child has completed one year stint and has since been living at home since then.

Mother had given the child seed money of Rs 20 to keep him occupied with some work. He purchased pea nuts for Rs 14 in wholesale rate and sold it at Rs50 at the retail rate at the bus stand.

During the course of selling peanuts he came across two boys and turned into good friends. In their company Manju picked up few bad habits. One day when he returned to the home he found his mother bedridden with typhoid fever. Mother asked manju to visit his brother in the city and borrow some money from him. She handed over Rs 100 for his journey to Bangalore.

When Manju started for Bangalore his two street children friends also expressed their interest to visit Bangalore along with him

While in Bagalore the three children were spotted by the sathi staff and were escorted to shelter. During his stay in the shelter the child was well behaved. The child did have any serious addiction or drug dependence except for occasional plain supari chewing. The child provided all the requisite information related to his family.

Counseling to childHe was counseled One his friendship with the two children, he was made to understand that one is often influenced by the in the company of bad friends and would eventually lead to picking up undesirable life style including various addictions.

Attitude of the community is influenced by he company one keeps in the community, so if his friends are known for stealing, even he would get branded as thief even if he is not and it is counter productive even for his business.

The child expressed his desired for work but he was counseled against it in the city as the labor laws did no allow or the minors to work. He promised that he would get back to the village first and get his mother treated and after that he would look for the job.

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Parent (Brother) VersionThe elder brother was recalled from home. The facts provided by manjunath were verified by from this brother. He confirmed that the testimonials given by the child were true and their mother was indeed bed ridden with illness and he had prior information of the child’s arrival in the city as his mother had called .

Counseling to BrotherThe Brother was told about his younger brothers increasing involvement and movement with street children. It was stressed to him that it was the best time to intervene and redeem his brother from taking unhealthy decisions and wrong route in the life.

Brother agreed that he would to keep child In his custody under his care and take him to assist his work and In the evening he would be put to some evening school.

He also promised hence forth he would not allow his brother to travel unescorted and would personally visit their visit when the need arises.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF MANJUNATH

Main Problem : Financial crunch, Father dead. Mother illenness. Poverty. Child did not have opportunity to continue education. Was pledged for a bonded labour.

Stressor for child : Socio-economic situation of the family. Did not like to be a child Labor and wanted to

Emotional Problem : Not Conspicuous

Coping Mechanism : Psychological acceptance of his situation and living with it.

Defense Mechanism: Not very obvious.

Counseling Technique : involvement of family member, explanation of nature of problem to Brother. Work as constructive engaging the child.

Resolution: Elder Brother advised to increase financial contribution to family so that the child does not have to earn contribute for family and was advised to increase contact with family so that he is involved with family responsibility. Engage younger brother with him in his work to reduce child’s contact with the street children and consider shifting back to town or getting family to city.

Child Psychology: lack of schooling and early social exposure

Early Social experience outside the home supplement home experience and are important determinants of children’s social attitude and behaviour patterns.

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1. If their relationship with peers and adults outside home are pleasant, they will enjoy social contacts and want to repeat hem.

2. When Children enjoy contact with the outsiders they will be motivated to behave in a manner that will want their approval.

3. the desire for social approval and acceptance is especially strong during the later years of childhood

4. If the children’s playmates are older than they are, they try to keep up with them and as a result they develop patterns of behaviour that are not consistent for their age.

Case-5

Name: Sreenivas

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Age:18Edu: 7th standard.Father: DasappaMother: Rama Devamma, CoolieSister ; class 10

Child’s TestimonyThe child says his father is mosquito net hawker who goes out for selling nets in different town and visits home only once in 10 months..

Mother is a daily wage earner and works as a coolie in fields and earns Rs 25. The child was not regular to the school and nor did he go for work so there was constant friction between mother and the child.

Sister once to him informed that their mother was not having regular food as there was severe financial problem and in the absence of father, mother was finding it extremely difficult to manage the home.

The child started working in a hotel he was given breakfast and lunch but was not given dinner. He was asked to home in the night but was made to work late up to 10 o clock. He was given salary of Rs 300 per month.

He used to come home at 12 am although he finished his work by 10pm. He instead of going home would go to a friends place who had TV at home, both would watch TV till late night.

On enquiry for leaving his hotel job, the boy said that the old owner had stopped coming to the hotel and the business was now being run by his owner’s brother who cut down on the number of workers in the hotel probably to boost his profit margin.

The boy is reluctant to work in the same village now as he says he feels ashamed to face his fathers friends while at work and find it insulting working in the village where everybody are known to him and recognize him.

So the child came to Bangalore in search of job about 8 days back. The first day he went to sleep without having food and slept on the pavement on second day some good hearted person gave him some money for the food.

Inspite of 8 days in Bangalore and sleeping in pavement his shirt was relatively clean and did not seem to be dirty as much expected for continuous one week wearing. The child informed that he had just washed his shirt in a public hand pump.

The boy looked innocent like a and provided all the information related to family. He did not have any bad habit. The child seemed slow and not matured up to his age.

When enquired what his plan was not that its almost one week in Bangalore looking for job and has not yet succeeded in getting it the child answered that he had to get a job at any cost since

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there is nothing to do back home, may be earn some money and plan to visit home around ganesh festival.

Counseling to child.Considering the poverty back home and his lower maturity which was very obvious in his demeanor and lower comprehension, it was decided not to counsel him for school.

Since he was not interested in going school, the only other option left for him was to work and earn for the family. He was counseled to take greater responsibility for family and was made to understand at the age of 18 he was a fully grown up adult and should take up the entire responsibility of running house and seriously consider relieving of his mother from working outside to make leaving.

Since the boy was 18 year it was felt that he should continue to work. The focus of the counseling was on commitment to work and carrying it out to the satisfaction of his employer. Emphasis was on work ethics, loyalty, sincerity and honesty at work place that would boost his employer’s confidence on him and increased perks and incentive and ensure his job security

He was counseled for his feeling inferiority complex he felt while working in the same village and effort was made to give him a pep talk to make him feel for good for the dignity of labor and respect for work as long as it was absolutely normal for the grown up son to work and support his family.

He was assured that on the contrary to his feelings the society would have a very positive impression of him provided he worked sincerely and supported his family as an responsible adult.

He was assured that he earned negative impression from the society more for being unemployed at home, watching TV late in the night and spending most of the time with his parents.

Parents not called: Due to poverty at home the boy had to earn for the family. Since mother had herself sent the boy to city to search for the job, Hence the need for calling the parent was not felt.

RehabilitationHis lower comprehension and slower reflexes were probably the reason that he was finding it difficult to find the job.

At the same time his dire need for money was appreciated. It was decided to help him with the job placement.

He was recommended for a work of supplier to the Miner water Supplier who supplied water to sathi. He was employed on a trial basis for a month at the salary of Rs 1500 per month.

The boy was told that the salary would not be given

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PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANAYLSIS OF SREENIVAS:

Problem : Image problem of child, feels ashamed to work as a hotel worker in their locality as he is identified well by the local community. Father’s minimal contact with family

Stressor event : socio-economic problem at family. Obsessed self concept. Pressure on the child to earn since fathers contribution to family is not significant

Mental Conflict : Image consciousness of child- self concept and on the type of work to be involved in and its impact on his reputation and social standing.

Emotional problem: Maladjustment

Coping Mechanism : Denial- not accepting the reality.

Defense Mechanism : Projection- Blaming hotel owner to hide the fact of his reluctance to work in his village

Counseling technique: REASSURANCE, PERSUASION, CONTEXTUALIZATION RELAXATION

Resolution : Job placement

Child Psychology Involved : Problems with Self concept of child

There is ample evidence , that once unfavorable personality characteristic develop, the chances that they will persist are greater than that they will change. . Further more, the studies have shown thatn when changes do occur they are more likely to be quantitative than qualitative.. For example, an unfavorable self concept developed when children’s environment are limited are limited almost exclusively to the home may improve as children grow older and have more and more contacts with people outside the home were opinion outsiders may be more favorable toward them than opinion of family members. Although this may modify their unfavorable homegrown self concepts, there is little likelihood that favorable self-concepts will completely replace the unfavorable once developed in the home.

Case-6

Name: Thippesh

Age : 10 yearsEducation-2nd StdFather : Mallesh – cook in event functionsMother : Gowramma – Coolie

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Brothers: Two both elder.

Child’s Testimony

Thippesh was not interested in studies. He was irregular to the school. Whenever his mother went enquiring about his attendance at school he was generally not found in the school. He was stealing money at home for which he was tied up with rope and beaten by parents.

Initially he mentioned that he did not have father and he had died in an accident. The truth about his father being alive was unearthed through his friend who had accompanied him to Bangalore.

On deeper interrogation on why lied about his father death in an accident, he defended his statement rationalizing that his father even thought alive was as good as dead as he is drunkard does not contribute anything at home. He beats and harasses all the family members in his inebriated condition.

The child’s resentment against his father was so deep that he went to further declare that he would be happy if his father goes and dies some where. The child’s intense animosity towards his father was revelation.

The child says given an option he would murder his father but for the fear of police and jail he is restraining himself. Since he cant do much about father and can not stand the very sight of his father, he feels its better to be roaming around in the city and enjoying the life at least

The boy and his friends were involved with a cigarette lighter trade on the streets, wherein they would by the lighter at Rs 4 in the wholesale market and sell it at Rs 10-12. In the process would make a decent Rs 100-125 per day.

As to his addictions he confessed that initially it started with eating suparis and then gradually upgraded it to Ghutka and eventually was attracted towards other addictive substances like cigarettes , bidis for which he would even steal to acquire them.

An overview of quantify of addictive substance he would purchase per day would give a fair idea of degree of addiction

Beedi- 1 packet per day.\Cigrettes-2 Packets per daySolvents- 6 bottles ( 3 boxes)Supari- 4 packsGhutka-10 packs per day.

Recently he stole Rs 500 from home and ran away, he mostly stays in bus stand and occasionally in friends house. He was involved with pick pocketing which was witnessed by his other street friends. They repeatedly black mailed him by threatening to inform the matter to

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police. Thippesh would share part of his earning with his other friends to take them into confidence and so as to let him allow to continue with his business.

He has been picked up earlier by the police for catching him red handed while pick pocketing and has been sent remand home in Bellary. While in remand home they feigned sickness and when they were referred to hospital the boys escaped from the hospital.

Thippesh accompanied one of his friend who was visiting Bangalore to meet his brother. The boy was spotted along with his friend near railway station and were brought to the shelter.

The boy continued his habit of stealing and pick pocketing even in the shelter.

Counselling to the childAn intensive effort was made to give different perspective to his family problem, he was encouraged to think through his fathers point of view. He was made to re-analyse his father’s alcoholism problem on the possibility of whether could it have been arisen out of frustration with children.

He was told that every parent had certain dreams and expectation from his children. May be the father was disappointed at his sons disobedience, frequently being out of home and criminal activities. No parent can see their children being hounded by police personnel. The child was told may be the reason for his father’s alcoholism was his son. He was made to understand probably alcoholism was his way of escaping from the problems due to his son just as the son was trying to escape the fathers alcoholism by taking to street rounding.

It was stressed that everybody has to contribute to maintaining Family in one unit. He was made to understand that the essence family life lay in making certain sacrifices involved with personal gratification for the larger good of family.

May be the son should take initiative in giving up his street life, his addictions etc and attempt to lead a normal family life by spending more time in the family than on the streets. Contribute to family by handing over all his earning to his mother there by reducing the financial burden on the parents

He was intensely counseled on the need to give up his habit of Stealing. He made to understand that due to younger age and the punishments from the police will be milder restricting to referring him to the remand home. He may be now police now because minor- remand home. When grown up- jailed for long time with rigorous punishment.

Addictions and health effects.

Being away from family was escapist attitude and he should face the life. Shelter is not remand home- genuinely interested in reforming him .

Rehabilitation : Referred for the Camp

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PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF THIPPESH

Problem : Deep resentment towards father for his alcoholism and harassment, considers his father to be root cause of all their problem and desire to see him dead. The child has turned into rebellion and growing into hardcore antisocial element.

Stressor: Fathers alcoholism, physical abuse, poverty at home

Mental Conflict : Wants to eliminate his father but fears police.

Emotion Problem: laceration of relationship, completely broken family

Coping mechanism: Rebellion, non conformist, antisocial behaviour, Rejection of father. Dont care attitude, emotionally Cold

Defense mechanism : Denial- denies existence of his father and declares him to be dead and even thought the father is still alive .

Rationalization. On accosted him for lying about his father’s death, the child defends by claiming that his father is as good as dead as any way he is of no use to the family.

Counseling Technique used : VENTILATION, ABRECATION AND RELAXATION.

Resolution: Child referred for Camp

Child Psychology : Unsocial behaviour pattern generally seen in e childhood

Negativism : is a resistant to pressures from others to behave in a certain way. It usually begins during the second year of life and reaches peak 3-6year. Physical expressions , similar to temper tantrums, gradually give way to verbal refusals a to do what children have been asked to told to do

Aggression ; Aggression is an actual or threatened act of hostility, usually unprovoked by another person. Children may express their aggressiveness in physical or verbal attacks on another. Usually a child smaller than they are.

Quarrelling ; Quarrels are disputes that generally start when a person makes and unprovoked attack on another. Quarreling different from aggression because it involves two or more people while aggression is an individual act and second because one of the peoplw involved in a quarrel plays a defensive role while in aggress, the role is always aggressive.

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Teasing and bullying : Teasing is a verbal attack on another but in bullying, the attach is physical. In both cases, the attacker gains, satisfaction from watching the victims discomfort and attempts to retaliate.

Ascendant behaviour: is the tendency to dominate other to be bossy . If properly directed , it can be a leadership trait, but it usually is not and as a result, leads to rejection by the social group.

Egocentricism : Almost all young children are egocentric and their tendency is to think and talk about themselves. Whether this tendencies will wane , remain constant, or grow stronger will depend partly on whether children realize that it makes them unpopular and partly on how anxious they are to be popular.

Prejudice: The foundations of prejudice are laid are laid in early childhood when children realize that some people are different in appearance and behaviour from them and that these difference are regarded by the social group as signs of inferiority.

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Case-7Name : Ravi Kumar,

Age:15Class-9th

Father: RamaiahMother: SiddagangammaSiblings : One brother and one sister

Child’s TestimonyRavikumar lived in small village called handrail in Tumkur district Studying in 9 th standard. Father worked as cooli. Mother had expired when he was in class 5. Father was drunkard. His sister was married when his mother was alive. Both his elder brother and father were alcoholic so the boy lived with grand parents. After his mothers death, the boy returned to live with parent.

1. Father got even more addicted to alcohol after mothers death..2. Ravi kumar had to starve many times as father instead of bringing food to home spent all

the money on alcohol.3. The child was beaten by father when asked for food.4. The father did take adequate care for the welfare of his son nor did he encourage while

he was in school. He did not get him required books while he was in school causing lots difficulty for the boy to study.

5. The child then started to leave with acquaintant’s home where he continued to study, but the father would reach there in inebriated condition and create nuisance in the neighborhood.

The child suffered physical and mental abuse for nearly 4 years and then decided to move to sister’s place. But his brother in law did not treat him well and besides they too had financial difficulty as a result any additional member in the family causes hardship to them. His brother in law had clearly asked him not to come visit them again. His sister gave Rs 10 to the child and asked him to go back to his fathers house.

The child then decided to go to brother’s house. His elder brother used to live with grand parents and used to earn about Rs 50 per day and leave in a small hut. The grand mother refused to accept the child as her hut was already overcrowded and could not accommodate one more member.

The child went back to his village and started working in one house. The father again would come in an inebriated state and create nuisance their and humiliate the child infront of everybody.

Frustrated with rejection from his relatives and unable to live with father, he decided to move to Bangalore in search of job. He reached Majestic and was resting there when a stranger approached him enquiring if he wanted a job (broker) and placed him in the hotel.

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During the weekly off day, child had come in town to spend his time when he was spotted by the Sathi staff and brought to the shelter.

The child was earning Rs 1000 per month and was given breakfast and lunch. The hotel closed around 4 pm. The owner used to give child Rs 20 every day for his night food and other expenses. The child would mostly spend for availing facilities of public toilet that would cost him Rs 2 and Rs 5 if he took bath. The child informed that initially he used defecated in openly for which he was beaten by the police and since there was hardly any open space to attend to his nature call he started using public toilet and used to take bath once in three days to save money. Occassionally he bought chocolates and biscuits for himself.

Counseling to the child.Considering this troubled family background with absence of mother due to death and alcoholic and insensitive father it was clearly a broken family background. Hence it was decided not to explore the possibility of home placement it.

Since child had completed 15 years and technically did not attract child labor act on his working.

Childs interest in getting back to school was explored and he was not very keen on it as it was long time since he had dropped out of school and considered himself to grown up to work.

An attempt was made to explore if was interested in take up any vocational training, the boy was not interested as he felt at present he was satisfied with his hotel employer for he provided food and money to make his living and did not face any harassment and expressed his interest in continuing to work in his present job.

Since the child had high regards for hotel owner as he treated him well and was giving food and shelter so the boy was not interested in alternative job

Parent was contacted through- PP –neighbor corroborated the boys testimonials on his family background and they too sympathized with the boy.

RehabilitationIt was decided not send the boy to CWC lest he would get negatively influenced by other hard core children there.

Since he was above 15 there was no question of child labor and the child could be allowed to work in the hotel where he was already working. It was decided that the only intervention in the interest of the child was to encourage the hotel owner to adhere to fix a minimum wage for the child.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF RAVI KUMAR

Problem : Child is totally neglected by father. Child abuse by father. Mother dead. Relatives refuse to look after child due to financial problem. Child migrates to city to work and sustain himself.

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Stressor : Child abuse by father, Total Neglect relatives, struggle for food and day to day living.

Conflict : not obvious

Coping Mechanism : Psychological Acceptance and resigned to his reality Initially Tried to seek help from sister and grand parents

Defense Mechanism : diversion to street play. Emotional problem : Not conspicuous.

Counseling Technique : EXPLANATION, REASSURANCE, EMPATHY, RELAXATION

Resolution : place him back in his job and ensure he gets minimum wage from the employer

Child psychology : EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATIONEmotional deprivation does not mean that children are deprived a of all emotional experiences. Such total deprivation would be impossible. Instead, it means that children are deprived of a reason share of pleasant emotional experiences especially curiosity, joy, happiness and affection .

Street children unfortunately grow up in environments that provide an abundance of unpleasant emotional experiences-anger, fear, envy, jealousy but a dearth of pleasant emotional experience

In its narrowest sense, emotional deprivation refers to deprivation of affection. This is in turn, denies children of opportunities to experience such pleasant emotions as joy, happiness and affection from others. Children who group up under such conditions are “emotionally starved” This results in serious physical as well as psychological damage. They are denied not only the ego-satisfying experience that being loved by other provides, but they are denied also the intimate social relations which affection and love encourage.

Emotional deprivation occurs when children live with their parents, they may be deprived of affection because of parental rejection , neglect or mistreatment of them.Deprivation of affection may , on the other hand result from children’s rejection of their parents because they find that their parents do not meet their needs or because they are ashamed of their parents. This is especially likely to develop when children reach the peer-conscious age of middle childhood and discover that their parents are “different” from their peers parent (unsocial relationship, extreme age difference of parents etc) When children reject their parents, there is a strained parent-child relationship and parents cant supply their children with affection. Children who are unpopular with their parents and other family members are deprived of two of the most important sources of affection and the security affection brings.Case-8

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Name: Anand B

Age : 16Village: Bangalore BanaswadiEducation : SSLCFather : Venkatesh- Car mechanicMother :House wifeSiblings- three all elder.

Child’s TestimonyThe child belongs to a middle class family. The boy has irresistible liking to bakery products and mostly ate cake and pastries in bakeries. He often steals money from home and treat his friends with bakery items.

The child confessed his following misdeeds.

While the child was in 7th standard he had scored very low grades in the school. Fearing the reprimand from the parents he forged signature of the parent on the report card and return it to the school

When parents visited the school the teacher informed about he poor performance of the child in the school. The parents discovered that the child had forged their signature on the report card on their behalf. The child was beaten for the fraud he had committed by signing on the report card and the child pledged not to repeat the mistake.

The child narrated an episode while he was in 8th standard, mother had handed over Rs 100 to him to get some vegetables and fruits from the market. The instead of purchasing the said item took his friends to the bakery and spent entire money to treat them with the bakery products.

While in 8th standard he had stolen Rs 1000 from home which was noticed by his younger brother for long time parents were not aware of it, when the younger brother shared about it to parents the enquired about it. By then he had spent Rs 500 along with friends on ice creams, cakes, egg puffs etc. Only Rs 500 could be recovered from him for which he again beaten by his parents.

While in 9 th standard had been away from home for one night, that evening he was participating in send off party to the Class 10 students. After the party he went along with friend and stayed in his friends place without informing the parents. Next day he went to play ground instead of returning home fearing the reprimand of the parents. Mother traced him to the ground and took him back to house.

Recently while in 10th standard about 10 days back he got interested in a mobile that was carried by his schoolmate which he picked from his pocket while traveling in bus which was seen by another friend. He bunked the school for three days. When the boy whose mobile he had picked asked about the mobile, he denied having it. Later his friend went to Anand’s residence and complained to his parents. When his father asked him to return the mobile, anand denied it, but

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further when father ordered him strictly, he became apprehensive and removed the mobile from cycle bag and returned it to his parent.

His parent decided to take him to the police station to instill him with fear of police so that he does not steal again, but the boy escaped from there.

He reached Hennur bande at night 11pm, went near a school where two security guards of the school were sleeping and a mobile set was lying near them which he stole and came to Bangalore and was came to railway station where he was picked by the sathi staff.

Counseling to the child.The child was counseled on the importance of the need to have self control over his desires and wants. He was assured that while it was absolutely normal for the children to crave for the bakery products for the children of his age but to be obsessed about it to the extent of stealing repeatedly to satisfy his desire for bakery product was abnormal.

The child was observed to be repeatedly lying to cover up for his misdeeds for example during the counseling session he had reported that he had found the mobile phone on the street. On deeper counseling the child admitted to having stolen the mobile phone first from his classmates and then from security guards of a school.

He had also lied that the reason for his presence on the railway station was to visit his grand mother. On deeper interrogation when the child was question about this untimely visit as it was neither holiday occasion nor did he carry any baggage, the child confessed that he was trying to escape form home for the fear of his parents.

The child was counseled on the importance of owning up the mistakes of committed by him and emphasized that it was wrong to rationalize his misdeeds or hide the facts an lie for it. He was assure that confessions of the mistake with clear heart often earned him the pardon and lies generally infuriate the people. Referring to his parents extreme action of threatening to hand over him to the police station was because his father was enraged by his tendency to lie, had he confessed his mistake may be father would not have threatened to take him to police station as no parent generally would want to see their child in the police custody.

The boy was made to realize that truth ultimately comes out he was given the instance from his narration of mistakes for which he was caught by his parents whether it was stealing money from home, for his misdeeds on forged signature on his report card or his stealing mobile phone all of which were discovered by his parents, teachers and friends in spite of his efforts to hide the truth. Hence it was emp

The boy was counseled on the importance of education and improve his performance in the school. He was made to feel lucky that his parents were relatively well off and could afford for his education. His attention was drawn to examples of his less fortunate children in the sathi hostel who either did not have parent or were very poor to afford their education leading them to take up to street life. So he should consider himself happy and thank the god for bestowing him

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with comforts of life and decent family life. He should concentrate on education and do well in the academics and grow up to be a responsible son for his family to take pride in him.

Parent Feedback on childThe child’s father works in an automobile company and has three children. His deep felt desire is to educate his three sons. Anand is the eldest of all and he is been admitted to English school.

The parents are anxious about this child’s future and complain that child is not taking his studies seriously. His performance in the school are deteriorating consistently.The child is said to be wasting his time moving around with friends, misses classes very often and have begun stealing things at home and outside.

Parents confirmed all that was shared by the child, and added that they threatened about complaining to the police as a method to instill fear in the child

It was observed that parents were very emotional about the child and broke down emotionally as soon as they met him in the shelter. They shared on all the efforts they had put in ever since the boy went missing. The father visited all the railway station and Bus stand to search for his child and enquired with all the relatives.

Counseling to Parents Parents were made to think whether or not all the child’s behavioral problem was related to his inability to cope with his studies at the school.

They were also made to think if they were over obsessed with the English medium school and their instance about their child studying in a particular school.

The parents were told our impression of the child, emphasizing that he was finding English language a major obstacle and in following his studies. The parents were counseled to arrange for special coaching classes for the child to catch up with studies and separate coaching in spoken English. If all the special coaching classes do not show any improvement in the child, then may be parents should consider changing him to kannada language school which he might find it easier to cope and may begin taking some interest in the studies.

It was felt that if the schooling problem was solved then may be all his behavioral problem may get resolved on its own.

RehabilitationThe parents were counseled to spend more time with the child and find out the areas of difficulties in the school and his education and

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF ANAND B

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Problem:. Lack of self control over desires, steals money/materials to satisfy his desire. Inability to cope with studies, misses school very often.

Stressor : inability to cope with studies, admitted to English medium school by parents

Mental Conflict : irresistible desires but has strict father, High expectation from parents beyond his ability, Coping mechanism : Avoiding School (problem). Running away from home to escape his father.

Defense mechanism : Tendency to win the friendship from friends by treating them with a bakery products. Has tendency to Tell lies to cover up his mistakes. avoids truth.

Emotional problem : not conspicuous

Counseling Technique: INVOLVMENT OF FAMILY, EXPLANATION- OF NATURE OF PROBLEM. REASSURANCE

Resolution: Change of school to Kannada medium, special coaching Classes for difficult subjects. Parents advised to have realistic expectation from children.

Child Psychology : Efforts to gain Social recognition

Lack of social recognition of individual affects children’s behaviour and their personalities. In both cases, the effects tend to be more unfavorable than favorable. The reason for this is that because few children know , without guidance and help from others, how to achieve the recognitions of individually and favorable social judgment they crave, they more often than not use techniques which they have more often that not use techniques which they have discovered, by trial and error. Put them in limelight of attention. Children who feel that they are overlooked because they lack individuality often behave in a way that guarantees the attention that makes them stand out from the group . They for example do foolhardy things in to play , they cut up in class at school, they talk in an unconventional way, using slang and swear words which they have discovered from past experience have great attention value , they boast about their possessions and achievements, they wear their conventional clothes in unconventional ways, and they do countless other things that attract attention to themselves. They hope will compensate for the lack of recognition of their individuality. However, although they give children monetary satisfaction , in the long run they are damaging to good personal and social adjustment because of unfavorable social judgments of their behaviour.

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Because of unfavorable social reactions to children who lack individuality, such children develop unfavorable self concepts which in turn tends to make them self rejectant . They dislike themselves because they feel that other must dislike them if they ignore and overlook them This one of the common contributing factors to personality maladjustment in childhood , the hazard to personality development.

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Case-9Name: Farooq

Parents : dead.Sibling : two, both younger to him.

Child’s TestimonyThe child had gone to Uncle’s house to spend holidays but he was made to work morning through evening and was severely reprimanded when his work fell short of expectation. The boy claimed he could not handle the work pressure given by his aunty, who did not give break to the child and did not allow him to play with his neighbor friends.

The child resented the strict disciplining by his uncle and aunt.

While he was in madras he was beaten for talking in kannada, used to live in grand parents house. The child is very short tempered and gets angry easily at the slightest provocation and gets into brawl with his grand parents, siblings and friends

One day while in Madras, the boy was sulking over a major tiff he had with his relative and in the heat of the moment decided to leave house and migrate away from his people. He accompanied some madrasi cook and followed him to Bangalore.

Child did not show interest to live in shelter wanted to get back to home at the earliest. He was resenting being kept in the shelter and showed extreme restlessness and fidgety while being at the shelter

Child provided all the required information related to his home and family members and cooperated in all the enquiry.

Child counselingThe boy was counseled that in the absence of parents he should treat his uncle and aunt as parent. When uncle and aunty are take parents role, they would have all the rights to discipline the child. All the children are disciplined by their elders and it good in the long run to grow under the protective care of foster parents.

The child was made to understand that as a member of family he has to take certainly responsibility at home and should not consider it as a imposition. When tired by work it should be communicated in proper manner to his aunty requesting her for a break with a promise that he would complete the remaining task the next day. One of the reason why elders insist on the completion of work before they give break is they are not sure whether its an excuse to escape from the responsibility. He should show honesty in deeds and the commitment to the work in hand and see it through its completion. Once his uncle or aunty are convinced about his genuine requirement for break and if they know he would complete the work they would not object to he taking break.

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The child was made understand the importance of communicating ones issues of concern gently and effectively to family members. He was assured that when something is told softly and honesty, generally it is accepted by the people around.

Considering the short temperament of the child a special effort was made to make the child realize that he should learn to control anger as people are put off by the show of anger and one would loose all the love and sympathy from other. He was made to understand that any decision taken in the fit of anger or haste generally turns out bad decision and will have serious complication. To convince on this he was given various examples including his decision to leave home alone.

The child was made to understand that one of the sure way of winning over people was through being polite to people around. Especially when one is economically weaker section one has to behave condescendingly o else one may have to starve for the lack of financial security.

He was made to understand that street life was more hard and painful than living with uncle and aunt where he is assured of protection from harsh social and environmental milieu outside.

That the child should take it as challenge and win over his uncle and aunty with his good behaviour which will ensure good love and affection from them.

In the absence of parents one’s responsibility increases especially towards younger sibling. If you are interested you will be supported financially to carry on with your education.

Parent counselingThe child had provided the cell no. of moula sahib, he was contacted over the phone he assured that farooq was a good boy and expressed his anguish that his uncle and aunty ill treated him in his absence.

When contacted his uncle informing him to escort him back to madras, he was seemed indifferent and expressed his inability to come to Bangalore for the time constraints as well as on the health grounds or his own child’s health.

Finally as a last ditch effort to get the child’s uncle he was emotional chord was struck communicating him that his indifference might be stemming out of the fact that child is not their son, would he have been indifferent if his own child was missing. The fact that child did not have parents it was their moral responsibility to take care of the child. Having said all this finally he was act on his conscience and the phone was disconnected. This seem to have effect on the child’s uncle and he arrived the next day to escort the child back to madras.

Finally uncle came to the shelter to escort the child. He narrated that one of the reason why they were trying to avoid him was that the child had frustrated them beyond their limits. He assured it was not because child was not their son. He was said to be having short tempered and quarrelling nature. They said child behaved very irresponsible and did not obey any of the family and hence child he was considered a liability.

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Rehabilitation

The child’s uncle escorted him back to madras. His uncle was assured that Sathi would be willing to extend any education support for the child. The boy agreed to peruse the studies. Sathi helped the boy in purchasing books and stationary required for his schooling. Follow up was done after one week telephonically the child seemed to be settling well at home and mentioned that he did not have any major fight in the family and he would continue to behave well.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF FAROOQ

Problem: Both parents are dead. Unable to adjust in Uncles home. Rejection by Relatives

Stressor: Authoritarian treatment by relatives.

Mental Conflict: Orphan status.

Emotional Problem : Resentment, feeling of rejection

Coping Mechanism : Escaping avoiding problem. Running away from home.

Defense Mechanism : Rebellion, Short Temperament. Quarrelling.

Counseling Technique : Involvement of family, Contextualization, Explanation-of nature of problem.

Resolution : Home placing child under foster care with his uncle with due counseling.

Child Psychology : Personality development following emotional deprivation in early child hood

Numerous studies of human babies and young children and Harlow’s famous study of infant monkeys have all shown that deprivation of affection during the earlier months of and years of life can be hazardous to the to the individual’s physical , mental , emotional , and social development.

Children of deprived of love are handicapped in learning how to get along with people. They respond negatively to the advance of others, tending to be uncooperative and hostile. They feel inadequate and show their resentment in aggressiveness , disobedience and other forms of social behaviour.

The unfavorable emotional and social reactions resulting from deprivation of affection leave their mark on child’s developing personality. The emotionally starved child is self bound, shows little interest in others and is selfish and demanding.

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While deprivation of affection is not the only cause of maladjustment in adolescence and childhood, it is an important contributing factor. It has been reported that maladjustment resulting directly or indirectly from deprivation of affection range from unhappiness to anti-social behaviour, psychopathic personality, psychoneurosis or even certain forms of psychosis. Emotional deprivation is likely to increase the tendency toward maladjustment when is accompanied by other unfavorable conditions.

Rebelling against the authority in adolescents feel that they have never received the affection they crave. Teen-age marriages are often a means of satisfying a longing for affection and emotional security never completely satisfied by love from parents, siblings etc. Poor adjustment in marriage and at work and poor attitudes toward the law on adult life are likewise increased by feelings of insecurity engendered by deprivation of affection during the early years of childhood.

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Case-10

Name: KatalingaAge-yearsEdu_7th stdFather – working as sheep rearing and a farmerMother-Savitryamma-taking care of agriculture land

Child’s TestimonyParents wanted their child to study but he was not interested to pursue his studies later parent asked him to take care of their sheep herd, but Katilinga was not even interested in sheep rearing but it did not interest him either.Katalinga was more interested in joining hands with his friends and get involved himself in a cigarette lighter selling at Chitradurga Bus stand. He used to make good amount or Rs 125 to 150 per day of which he used to give Rs 100 to mother.Due to company of his street children friends and money in his hand, katalinga took to various addictive substances.

Beedi-one packCigerett-two packSolutions- four packGutka-10 packs

Katalinga was film buff used to go films regularly, and was involved with tricking the innocent passengers and pick pocketing in the bus stand. He was involved with pick pocketing of Rs 1000 for which there were nabbed by the police constable and were later sent to Bellary remand home and were in remand home for nearly eleven days.

While in remand home the boys complained of sickness for which the there were taken to hospital ,the boys managed to give slip to the constable and escape from the hospital.After escaping from the remand home he went back to home and after few days he started feeling bored. One day his friend Manja was planning to visit Bangalore to meet his brother. Katalinga wanted to see Bangalore city so he accompanied his friend.The child confessed that he has tendency to run away from home and he enjoys staying outside for long time living life the way he wants without any external interference.

Counseling to the childThe child was counseled about dire consequences of Addiction to drugs on health and damage it can cause to various organs. He was told about fatal consequences of tobacco in the form of cigarette and chewing tobacco which could lead to cancer. He was also told that though he would enjoy addictive substance in his younger years as an adventure and experimentation eventually they will make him dependence It was stressed that though

Katalinga was told ill effect of being in the company of his street friends.The influence of good company and bad company. Made him realize that his present company (friend circle) has direct bearing on his future. Was told that his image was being affected by the company he was

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keeping. If he moved around with bad friends, his image will be negative. It was convinced to him that that negative peer pressure often leads to wrong decisions.

The child was made to understand that life is not mere existing in this world that there are lots of struggles and everybody faces them. He was told about importance of dignified and respectable living and was explained the satisfaction of Leading a meaningful life.Katalinga was particularly counseled on his tendency to Stealing and repercussion it would have on his future life during the adulthood. He was made to realize that his going to remand home was a stigma and not a adventurous storyy

PARENT feed back on child. The mother visited the shelter and expressed deep anguish over the behaviour of her son. Mother assured that katalinga was provided with a secured and favorable family life right from the childhood. She was especially appreciative of the child’s father who is said to be to be total tea totler and does not have any bad habits like alcohol or tobacco.The father is said to be of very mild nature, who never raises his voice on the child or for that matter any of the family member. He is said to be always concerned about his sons future and gets extremely worried for his son when he does not return home for many days.

Mother on her part says they have tried all the methods in reforming the child but says it does not seem to have yielded any positive result. She is convinced that he is completely spoilt in the company of street children and may never reform. She lamented that he was source of extreme embarrassment to the family as they had to visit police station because of his mis deeds and taking law into his hands.She pleaded that Sathi organization should adopt the child or get him admitted to a suitable organization as the family was not fed up with the child and expressed hopelessness in taking the child back home as he repeatedly runs away.

Counseling provided to parentThe parents were duly appreciated for all their efforts put in to reform the child, at the same time they were counseled that Dis-owning the child is not the right decision even though the child was proving to be according to them an “impossible” child . As a parents, its their supreme duty to take care of the child and should be kept under their care at least until children reach the age of maturity.

Not all children are same, some children prove to be difficult kids but as a family thee is need for the sustained efforts to continue to reform the child by experimenting with different method and never give up efforts. The mother was told that its important that father should be assertive with the child and take the carrot and stick approach in disciplining the child. Father being very mild with the child might have also contributed towards child’s disobedience at home.The mother was assured that this time had been enrolled for one month camp conducted by sathi and he had been subjected to intensive counseling and may be they should be able to see the difference from now on.

The parents were assured all the organizational help through regular follow up on telephone and would be in touch with the child and parent at least once in 15 days. The mother was convinced to take the child home and continue their efforts in reforming him.

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Rehabilitation

Parents had a tailoring shop. The boys uncle (who also stayed with this family) offered to provide him training to pick up the tailoring skill. The boy also agreed to learn the tailoring and resolve to stay back home.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF KATALINGA

Problem : Father is very mild, so probably child have missed early disciplining at home. Coupled with his company with the street children. Is negatively influenced by peer group. Has Taken to substance abuse and has acquired criminal traits very early life.

Stressor/Environment: negative peer influence early in life

Conflict: Not obvious, conformation to social norms, resents restrictions,

Coping mechanism : dependence on drugs, visiting different places, Aggression.

Defense Mechanism : Rationalization, Somatization, feigning of sickness as a strategy of defense to wriggle out of difficult situation is well utilized.

Emotional problems: Not conspicuous- Probably has got used to his situation.

Counseling technique: Persuasion, Involvement of family member, Reassurance

Resolution : Parent counseling and home placement

Child Psychology: Egocentrism

Egocentricism means concern about self rather thatn about others. Egocentric children are self –bound in the sense their interest are centered mainly in themselves. They think talk more about themselves than others and their acts are designed mainly benefits from them.

Not all children, however make a shift over the years. Some continue to be egocentric long beyond the time when their age-mates have becomes social. As a result of their failure to learn to behave in social way, they are regarded unfavorable by members of social group- adults as well as peers. Because unfavorable social adjustment lead to unfavorable self-judgments, egocentric children make poor personal as well as social adjustments. That is why egocentrics may be regarded as one of the major hazards in personality development.

Causes of Egocentricism in children

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The foundations of egocentricism can be traced to early conditions at home. These come mainly from parental attitudes toward and treatment of , children while they are young. Some of conditions in the environment that contribute to egocentricism and prolong the egocentricism characteristic of all babies and very young children are explained.

As children grow older , their owns of attitudes and behaviour trend to reinforce the foundations of egocentricism are laid during the early years. Children for example who are encouraged to develop unrealistically high aspirations for themselves as a result of constant exposure to the unrealistically high aspirations their parents have for them, concentrate their interest on reaching these goals . Their concerns is mainly in doing things that will them to reach their goals rather than doing things for others. IF they fail to reach the goals rather than doing things for others. If they fail to reach the goals they have set for themselves, they will become preoccupied with thoughts about their failures. Successful achievements of their goals , on other hand will encourage preoccupation with thoughts of their success. Whichever form their achievements take success or failure it will encourage egocentricism rather than interest in or concern for others.

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Case-11

Name: Manju PrakashAge 15Edu-8th std.Father- Rajendra- WeaverMother – Prema- Garment workerSiblings: One brother and one sister both younger

Child’s TestimonyThe boy was brought to sathi shelter after spotting him on railway station by the sathi staff The boy seemed slightly mentally retarded with slower reflexes and with inability to express himself clearly. He told the staff that he was working in the hotel where he was made to work most of the day in water i.e, washing utensils, floor cleaning etc.

According to child he was looked after well by the parents and did not have any problems at home and had special liking towards his mother.

On enquiring on the reasons for leaving home, the child said he was being harassed by one of his friend for returning the money which he had never borrowed from him. The extortion amount demanded by his friend was Rs 85. Manju any way decided to repay that amount to prevent him being harassed repeatedly yet to avoided his harassment manju decided to earn that money give it to his friend.

The boy was working in hotel, he quit hotel one a simple reason that owner had sent everybody to a movie but not this boy which he did not like. He was always asked to wash utensils leading to rotting to legs, when showed to hotel owner, he was indifferent and sternly asked him to concentrate on work- so he quit it.

He moved to Railway station he was accosted by a job placement broker who employed him in another hotel.

On enquiring why he did not share about the harassment by his friend to parents, the boy feared that this complaining to parents would have interrogated the friend which would in turn infuriated and that would have lead to increased harassment by the friend which he feared would have broken his arms and legs.

Counseling to ChildConsidering lower intelligence of the child and in general slower reflexes it was felt that child needed definitive assistance to rehabilitate him appropriately rather than general counseling.

It was decided to administer mental health screening tool on him. The results are as follows:

1. Speech abnormality- Yes, slurring present.2. Sleep : wakes up 2-3 times during night.3. Fit or fall : No

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4. Frequent Headaches: No5. Frequent Stealing :No6. Scared or Nervous for no reason : No, but seen withdrawn7. Slow to learn : Yes8. Play with children: Not all children, just with one boy who is handicapped.9. Wet or soil himself : observed once in one week10. Digestion : seems to be poor. Goes to toile 4-5 times in a day. During meals just takes

one serve but keep eating the same for very long time11. Person hygiene: needs to be told to take but else will skip it.12. Disturbed relationship with family ; yes13. Aggressive ; No, in fact is timid14. Hand tremor when extended ; No15. Cry easily ; yes compared to others16. Concentration: yes17. Complain uncomfortable feeling in Stomach: Yes18. Constantly under strain : No19. able to make day to day decision ;: No20. Unhappy or depressed : yes21. Child loosing confidence; Yes22. feeling of worthlessness: No23. Reasonably Happy : No24. Busy occupied : withdrawn25. Feel the affection: Yes26. Normal day to day activity enjoy No.

REHABILITATION

Since he did not receive his salary from the hotel- he was referred to CWC with a recommendation that the child be home placed and convince the parents that their child needed special care at home or some institutional care.

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Case 12

Name: Kiran Kumar

Age -15 Edu- 7th stdFather: Yamnorappa (driver) re: married.Mother: Randamma: House wifeBrother : One

Child’s TestimonyThis boy was not interested in studying, and had got used street roaming. Father is married to a second woman hence Kiran does not talk to his father and tries to avoid him as much as possible.

Kiran was involved with mason work for some time. Then migrated to hubli and worked in lorry cleaner. He had concern for his mother so he used to hand over most of his salary to

Was working with VRL and he came on duty to Bangalore. On reaching Bangalore, the boy got inquisitive of the surrounding area so went out for a visual survey of the area. In the afternoon when he was hungry then went in search of dhaba for a lunch and lost his way back to the office. The boy was carrying mobile at the time he was found which did not belong to him on enquiring he mentioned that the mobile belonged to driver and he always left it with him to receive call while driving and he keeps it for playing games on the mobile. The boy gave name and mobile number of the driver.

Since the boy could not find his way back the boy decided to go back to hubli and headed towards railway station. Initially he claimed that he met 3 persons belonging hubli who purchased him ticket for hubli which he showed. But on the closer look the ticket reflected Arsikere to Bangalore destination rather Hubli. On further grilling, the boy accepted that he had lied.

He had told that he had gone to Davangere along with 8 friends on cycle and claimed that he left bellary at 6 am and reached Davangere 4pm. But again this story turned out to be factious when distance traveled, time taken to reach different destination did not match the geographical spacing of the towns he had mention

The boy had left home for five times.He loved to visit various cities.Tells lies and creates factious stories.

When the staff offered to call up driver to inform him that the child was in sathi shelter the boy was nervous and requested not to call him instead inform parents through neighbors. That was again a clear indication that he was lying.

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Counseling to the childConsidering the boy had troubled family life he was counseled on need to accept different relationships. The emphasis was the need to the preserve ones valued relationship rather than mourn over strained relationship.

He was made to realize that even though he had problem with father, he inadvertently hurting his mother, for no fault of hers. His waywardness, street rounding long absence from home was causing pain to his mother. So because of his actions mother was subjected to double blow from the father as well as the son.

The child was encouraged to think from the mothers point of view. He was made to realize that his responsibilities are now greater in he absence of the father. His mother needs greater support from the son. He was also made to realize that his long absence from the home made his mother vulnerable to sexual harassment from the people around hence his stay at home would provide much needed security to her.

The boy was appreciated for his gesture of handing over some money every time he visited home. He was made to realize that it only amounted to token help as he visited home only once in three months and by then most of his money would get exhausted. To begin with he was encouraged to increase his home visits to at least once a week that would make his mother much more secured.

He was encouraged to find some stable work in his own town and live with the mother as his job on lorry required him to be on travel and make outstation visit. He was made to realize that working in his town may be less remunerative thatn on lorry in absolute cash in hand, but in the final calculation he would save more on account of lesser expenditure on hotel food etc.

He was made aware about his tendency to tell lies and stealing mobile phones etc and made him realize that tendency will later turn him into a hard core criminal and have to spend most his life behind the bars. He was counseled on the need to have a strong value system with which he could command more respect from the people around. He was made to realize that one could enjoy better with things that are hard earned money as one would have pride of earning it.

Rehab : ref to the camp- but he escaped from the shelter.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF KIRAN KUMAR

Problem : Unsupervised upbringing, Father married and living separately, child is forced into take to adult role early in life, not yet understood his responsibilities on his shoulder and liabilities vis-a-vie his family.

Stressor/Enrvironment: separation of parents, loosing childhood early in life

Conflict: Identity crisis, role clarity.

Coping Mechanism: Rejection of parent (father),

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Defense Mechanism : Rationalization, telling lies, cooks up stories

Emotional problems : not conspicuous

Counseling technique: Reassurance, Persuasion, Ventilation

Resolution : Referred to the camp.

Child psychology : Second Marriage of ParentIn the childhood, loss of mother is more damaging than loss of father . The reason for this is that care of young children, under the circumstances, be turned over to relatives whose child rearing/training methods may differ from those used by their mothers and who can rarely give children the attention and affection they formerly received from their mothers.

With the loss of father, the mother may have to go to work invariably and with the double burden of home making and outside work, the mother may lack the time or energy to give children the care needed. Consequently , they feel neglected and become resentful. If mother is unable to provide the recreational opportunities, it will add to their resentment

Should the children loose both parents, the effects are doubly serious. Besides having to make radical changes in the pattern of their lives, children will have to adjust to the care of another person, often a person unknown.

Family breaks caused by divorce/separation of parents are serious because they tend to make children “different” in they eyes of the peer groups . If the children are asked where missing parent is or why they have a new parent to replace the missing parent, they become embarrassed and ashamed .

Remarriage is often considered a good solution to the problems of broken home This is because home life is restored to its former pattern again, with two parents sharing the responsibility for the care and training go the children.

However , Reconstituting a broken home by death or diver s brings with its own problems and necessitates difficult adjustment for all, not for the children of the family alone. Although remarriage may eliminate some of the financial problem of broken home and thus prevent radical changes in the standard of living of the family, the interpersonal problems created by bringing a new person in the family in their role of stepparent are often so difficult that they often are counterproductive.

Problems created by having a step parent come in to the home to replace the missing parent arise partly from the attitudes and behaviour of the stepparent, partly from those of the children of family and partly from those of real parent. Poor step-parent – child relationship inevitably affect the relationship of the parents. This, in turn , affect all the family relationships. Unlike in the first marriages, the parents have no opportunity to establish wholesome relationship between

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themselves before the step parent role is assumed. If there were an interval during which the two parents couldn’t be alone together, the strains and stresses brought about by the stepparent-child relationship might more easily be met and a as a result their impact on the family would be lessened.

In general, the Home climate is much better when the step parent is the father. There are two major reasons, first, as stepfather’s financial contribution to the home makes it possible for the family to live more comfortably than it did when the mother had to live on her own. Usually, a step mother’s financial contribution is not his significant. Second, stepfathers usually assume less responsibility for the care of children than the real fathers. Step mother , on the other hand , usually assume the child rearing and disciplinary role of the real mother. In addition, the presence of the step children in the home is an ever present reminder of the wife’s first marriage.

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Case 13

Name: Nousahd GoudtalAge-12Place- HubliEducation-nilFather-coconut vendorMother-vegetable vendorSiblings-five

Child’s TestimonyThe child was playing with his friends during the course of the play on some matter of disputed, attacked his playmate with stone. Nousahd admitted his injured friend to hospital. He did not have money, so went home and picked up Rs 20 from his father’s pocket without his knowledge to pay for the first aid at hospital.

His playmate’s parents came to Nousahd’s residence and complained the matter to the Nouahad father. The father in the fit of anger beat up noushad and attempted to force chilly powder in his eyes, which was prevented by his sister in time. Noushad father ordered him to get out of the home and asked him never to show his face. Noushad left home to go to his sister’s place.

The child never went to school and used to assist his father as a vendor of coconut in front of a city temple in hubli. He did not have any bad habits i.e, addiction.

Child was spotted at the railway station by the sathi staff.

Child counselingThe child was counseled on importance anger control and was advised not to take decision when angry. He was made to realize that decision taken out of anger always have a negative consequences. He was convinced that problems are faced by comes to every body. That he should make up mind to face the adversities. He was advised to share his problems with the people he trusted.

Parent VersionThe boy not interested in the school hence used to bunk classes in third standard and play around with this friends on street or spend time idling at home. The parents decided to engage him with their coconut petty shop in front of city temple. Even at the shop the boy did not show any commitment. Whenever the shop was left under his care, the boy would leave the shop unattended and went about playing cricket or other games near by. Even while at shop, he would sell 4 coconut for Rs 10 whereas he was asked to sell 3 for the same amount and used to incur extreme losses. He would sulk and rebel at slightest reason and would leave home on that pretext.

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Counseling to parent.The boy is too young to take the entire responsibility of taking care of their shop. The child can be only expected to assist in their trade hence one should not have high expectation on him so early.

Since the child was still young it would be natural for him to want to play with his friends. Its important that parents should not have strict working hours for him and let him play.

RehabilitationThe parents agreed to take him back home. The boy agreed to assist his father in their trade and an arrangement was worked out where in the boy was allowed to take off and play only during evenings.

PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NOUSHAD

Problem : Boy neither interested in studies nor taking responsibilities at home.

Stressor/environment: lower middle class family

Coping mechanism: visiting places, rebellion,

Defense mechanism: Escapist attitude, aggression

Emotional problems: not conspicuous

Counseling Technique: Explanation- of nature of problem, involvement of family,

Resolution: parent counseling and home placement, continuation of assisting in fathers shop with child counseling.

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Case 14

Name: AJAY

Age-13Edu-8th

Father-Vinod-laborerMother-laborer

Child’s TestimonyThese two boys are cousin brothers were studying in 7 the std, the school which they were study had classes only up to 7th class. Their parents decided to put the children in a residential school run by an charity organization. The education and boarding for poor students was free.

Both the children were made to sweep and mop the entire temple and make bed for 150 children as part of division of labour among the students.

Wheat floor ladus were given in the breakfast which was not liked by the children, but if the breakfast was not taken, the teacher withheld the lunch as well. Rice sambar in lunch and Ragi water were the menu for lunch and dinner respectively.

A book containing Buddhist hymns were given to the students and children were expected to memorize all the hymns in it within a week. If not done, students were made to bend and beaten

Other Types of corporal punishments given

1. an erring child was held by hands and legs and were thumped on the ground2. Hitting with elbow on the shaven heads of students- in one instance child started bleeding

on head.3. children were dragged with feet on the floor.4. students were made to sit in the pose of murgi

The children faced ranging from the fellow students as well e.g. seniors asked them to wash their clothes and tease them.

Any complaints on the ragging was not taken seriously by teachers..

When the children tried to shared their difficulties and harassment they were facing at the hostel to the parents over phone, it was disconnected by a hostel mate in the mid conversation and later complained to the warden.

Children were made to take bath with cold water at 5:30 am. Since the food was not to the liking of children, they had disturbed sleep at night

Children were head shaven every week

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All the students were renamed following boudh nomenclature.

Akshay had the habit of writing diary, in which he used to record all the happening and their experiences of the day – their hurt, fights, punishments sorrow etc.

Unable to bear all the ragging by the inmates and the corporal punishment by the teachers the children decided to escape from the hostel and they successfully fled the hostel at night 10pm.

The hostel informed parents on the following day. The parents searched all the parents arriving from Bangalore at Bombay railway station.

The children were spotted by the sathi staff and were brought to the shelter. After 2 days parents were informed by the sathi staff to escort them back

Child counseling : 1. Appreciated their efforts to share the problem, 2. Advised never to travel without escort of adult. 3. Encouraged to keep up the Diary writing was

Parents counseling: 1. Recall the children back to their town.2. Admit them to local school3. Closer follow up of their wards

Rehabilitation.Parents advised to recall the children back home. Advised them to give written complaint on the harassments and physical abuse at the hostel. Children Diary photocopied for documentary evidence. Follow up investigation to be done.

PSYCHO SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF AJAY

Problem : Child abuse at hostel, Extreme harassment by the hostel mates and hostel warden. Inability of children to cope up with ragging in the hostel

Stressor/environment : bullying and harassment in the hostel

Conflict : cultural difference at hostel, Extreme maladjustment

Coping mechanism: close sibling interdependence for comforting, Running away from hostel

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Emotional Problem: Home sickness, Crying in solitude.

Defense mechanism: not obvious.

Counseling Technique : Ventilation, Reassurance, Reinforcement,

Resolution : Parent counseling and Home placement, Suggestion to parents to withdraw the child from the present hostel and make alternative arrangements in their town.

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Case 15

Name: Shiv KumarAge-18Father-Auto driverMother – House wifeSiblings-2 – one brother and one sister.

Child’s TestimonyThe child had ran away from home at least thrice. First time he left home on the advice of a friend and got employed as a lorry cleaner job.

The second time the child was sent to take care of cattle herd, the got interested in a ganesh procession and he accompanied it for which he was beaten by his mother. Following which the child left home and came to Bangalore where he took up the job of tempo cleaner.

The father had paid Rs 10,000 to get him enrolled for special coaching class tutorials for matriculation but in spite of it the child failed his class ten exams. The child was very disappointed and left home. Came to Bangalore and worked as mason worker in BTM lay out. Was spotted in a railway station by sathi staff.

The boy smokes bidi and cigarette.

When called up parent, the father refused come and said he was not interested in the child in frustration and told the staff that he had taken huge loans for the sake of his son yet to make his future yet it was all wasted. When son was made to speak with the parent, the father sternly told his son that there was no need for him to return and he is not concerned about him now.

When the home visit was taken by the sathi staff, the father was infuriated and declared that he did not want his son back. The staff gave them one week time to escort their son back home and informed them the boy will be referred to CWC.

Counseling to ChildThe boy was made to realize that he was very fortunate to come from a well off family as compared to other children in the shelter. So there was no point in him struggling outside as a daily wage earner when he could lead a decent family life at home.

The child was convinced that the parents were genuinely interested in his welfare, the instance of his father investing thousands of rupees for this tuition showed that he wanted his son to get well educated and come up in life.

The boy was told that it was normal for his age to be adventurous and ambitious but he should be realistic about his abilities and capacities. The very fact that he could get a decent job to make a living once he got out of his house was indicator that

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Parent feed back on ChildMother visited the shelter with her brother. The mother justified father annoyance with son as in spite of looking after him well and giving all the facilities at home yet the child was running away from home repeated. Just to make her she pointed out an irony where they employ 4 laborers at home for their work and pay for them and their son was working as a laborer in the city.

Second irony she pointed out that they have recently built their house back in their town and their son was working as a mason on somebody else’s building.

Father. Came to shelterHe expressed his disillusionment with the child . But he as assured that the child has be been counseled in depth and made to understand his mistakes.

The father was counseled that it was natural for him to feel dejected over his sons behaviour. He was told that his son is a grown up adult and he needed to deal with him very differently. Since his son was in adolescent age it was natural for him to rebel against the parents as its is part of adolescent age. Boys around this age tend to break free of parental control and they recent being ordered and want to take charge of their life

The father was encouraged to empathise with the son that his son was going through a phase where he wanted to explore life and trying to be adventurous. This is the phase when boys of his age have role models of their own and they make efforts to be with them. He was told that in this age group boys will have unrealistic ambition and over confidence in their abilities.

The father was made to realize that the fact that his child to work as a daily wage earner only showed his deep desire to be independent and self-sufficient. The father was encouraged to appreciate these qualitative in his son. He was encouraged to sit with the child and engage him in one to one talk to explore the type of works that his son would be interested in support him to take up that work.

The father was convinced that the child had been adequately counseled and has been made to realize his mistakes and as a parents it was their responsibility to keep correcting their child rather than total rejection of child. As a parent it was important that they should not take the conflict with his son on ego. It was important that the father should win the confidence of his son first only then would the child take his advice. The father was willing to buy a new auto and hand it over to the son if he was serious about life.

Rehabilitation

The prospect of owning a auto of his own delighted the son. father agreed to keep the son as his assistant to begin with and teach his son tricks of his trade. They reached an understanding that after few months they will by a new auto.

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PSYCHO-SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF SHIVKUMAR

Problem: Disinterest in the studies, in spite of coming from the middle class well off family child prefers to work as a laborer/daily wages and does not stay back home. Rejection by Parents having failed to reform child.

Stressor: desires to be independent, resents parental supervision.

Mental Conflict: not obvious

Emotional problem: complete laceration of family relationships

Coping mechanism : Running away from home,

Defense mechanism: Projection,

Counseling Technique: Reassurance, explanation, persuasion

Resolution: Parental counseling and home placement

Child Psychology : Personality Maladjustments.Children who make poor personal and social adjustment are labeled “maladjusted”. Thy are frequently called “problem children”. There are two major kinds of personality adjustment. The first involves behaviors which is satisfying to the child but is socially unacceptable . The second involves behaviour which Is socially acceptable but is a source of continuous excessive and disturbing conflicting to child.

One of the major causes of maladjustment is self rejection attitude dislike themselves . Just as children reject as playmates or friends those whom they dislike so they reject themselves when they feel that they are not what they want to be.

No one a any age, is consistently self reactant, self rejection like self acceptance is greatly influenced by the environment and by the attitudes of the significant people. It is therefore logical that the degree of self rejection the child experiences would vary from time to time, Just as there must be consistency in self acceptance if children are to make good social adjustment, so there must be a degree of consistency in self rejection if there are to become self rejectant they make poor personal and social adjustments.

NOTE : The following 10 cases from CWC were interviewed to get additional insights to understand probable reasons that can be attributed to their frequent non retention at home.

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An attempt is made to cull out generic issues that could explain the reasons for repeated run away from home.

Case-16

IMRANAge -16

Was in remand home for 2004, caught by bus inspector for illegally selling tickets the boy used to borrow the bus passes from the passengers and in turn sell it for Rs 5-10 to other passengers with which he made Rs 125-130 per day.

Was handed over to the police who in turn referred him to remand home. He was in remand home for one year.

2nd time Imran was accused of stealing mobile for which he was sent to remand home after which he was home placed by the police.

On returning from the remand home his parents put employed in sericulture industry in which his hands started rotting for constantly being and working in water due to which he ran away and started working in a cycle shop. He had gone to ramnagaram and then to Bangalore when Sathi Staff caught him. And was subsequently referred to CWC. His mother had come to CWC with bond paper but was refused.

First time he had attempted to run when he was in grand mother, and was regularly beaten by uncle so he ran away from home and started working in a hotel in KR Puram.

Night time he used to work on loading and unloading vegetable truck from 1 to 3 am for which he used to work Rs 60-80 for night hours.

After the camp ending programme his grand mother took him to hoskote

New Insights Street Children working in the night have new ways of making more money for less time. This child reveals that the there is higher remuneration for night work as compared to day time work.

A mere two hour work in the mid night from 1n am to 3am fetches Rs 60-80 which is extremely lucrative from the child’s point of view. In contrast the manual labor for the entire day would fetch Rs 80-100.

Added benefit would to work at night could be lesser interference by the police during the night shifts and it certainly leave the children with more free time during the day which may be mis utilized in going to movies, substance abuse or hanging out in gangs.

Working at night may increase greater contact with anti-social elements in the society and may also be involved with greater criminal activities.

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Considering lesser competition, easier access to work, and higher remuneration, we needs to study proportion of children engaging in the night work and possible interventions.

Another source of Income shared is, children borrow the day passes of Bus from the passengers in the evenings and resell it to other passenger at discounted rate, as the day passes are valid up to night 12am.

Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Non specificPull Factor ( attractions) higher remuneration for

night workHome Placement Decision Correct

Over all Impression Pull factors predominant

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Case-17NAME: KARTHIC

Age -15 yearsEduc-5th standardFatherMotherBrother -5th stdSister-7th std.

Has complained that Sathi did not fulfill its promise of educational support after rehabilitation and just sent and just left him at home and he was forced by parents into their family occupation of weaving which he did not like.

A weaver family have taken 5 weavng machine on rent.

Father was alcoholic and was usually in drunken state in the evening. The day when the child was late was afraid to go home as his father would be in inebriated condition and feared more beatings in that state. So the child used to spend night outside and then return home in the morning when father would be sober. It is during such night stays outside home he developed contact with street children and was reason to take to streets.

Has ran away from about 4-5 timesHas visited Salem, Bombay, Chennai, Mysore, Banargattta etc.

After Sathi camp was motivated to go to school but parents did not allow and forced them in weaving

1. was a movie buff and was seeing at least two movies per week.2. Child was not interested in weaving work but parents forced him into it.3. Used to work as coolie and used to make Rs 500 per day4. was addicted to solution and consume six boxes per day each box costed Rs 255. Ghutka 3-4 packs per day

New InsightThis case provides insight into, how normal children in their effort to avoid their father spend night away from home and prefer to return back to home during the day time, when the father has gone out for work.

Children know that at the end of days work, their father generally drink in the evening and would be in inebriated condition. Since the chances of physical abuse for children are high in the evening, hence over the period time, child learns to avoid going home in the evening, hence deliberately return home late night or mid night when his father is asleep.

In the this process, the child comes in contact with street children and develops friendship, bonding with them and eventually get motivated to run away from home.

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It is also seen, that children who may be late to return home for various reason, fear returning home afraid of the reprimand from father. They decide to enter home only after their father go to sleep. This also increases contact with street children.

The Second issue elicited, is the importance of keeping and honoring the promise made by the organization to child at the time of home placement. In this case particular case, the child claimed that he felt let down, as the promise made to him about helping him in getting back to the school was not full filled. He was left in the house and without any follow up, and again his parents forced him to take up the work which he did not like, hence he decided to run away. Sleep over late coming StrategyAs an Intervention measure, it is very important to emphasize to the parents, that they should avoid reprimanding or punishing the child on the same night when they return home late (night). The parents should let the child enter the house and go to bed, and take up the matter of his coming late in the previous night to be taken up with child in the following morning. It effectively avoids the heated exchange between parent and child and prevents child from taking hasty decision in the heat of the moment.

This advice could be made compulsory during all the parent counseling at every given opportunity. This point should be specially emphasized during the meetings with the parents at every camp ending programme.

Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Child abuse by alcoholic father

Pull Factor ( attractions) multifactorialHome Placement Decision Correct : but poor follow up

evident

Over all Impression Push factor predominant

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Case-18

Name :BharatAge-18Father –CarpenterMother- House wifeBrother-yourngerj, works in garage.

Home placement was not done and was rehabilitated in Christian missionary home.

1. Father alcoholic2. wants to stand on own legs3. Says street life is good because nobody can question him or interfere in his life4. His friendship with 5 street children in his village motivated him to run away5. Earns up to 300 per day6. Not addicted to any solution7. Is not interested in going home but willing to take up vocational training course8. Used to wash train coaches and earn Rs 3000 per month. The railways had also given him

pass

New InsightAlthough this child claimed he was 18 years old, hid did not appear to be 18 and infact looked younger by 3 years at least.

Children in the border line age group (14-17 years) who have just crossed 14 years hence crossed child labor act age of 14, but yet not old enough (18yrs), may have tendency to inflate their age to get a full fledged adult work offered by the railways. They may be inflating their age by 2-3 years to get the contract work as railway coach washer.

In this case, the child claims that Railway had employed him on a contract job with a monthly remuneration of Rs. 3000. The child was issued some kind of pass to him by railway. Apart from the lucrative remuneration the added attraction for children to work on contract on railway platform are;

a. they get railway passes which provides them unbridled access to railway platform and hence will not get chased away by railway police.

b. Having an identity card also provides recognition to the child which they have been lacking through out their life on street. It ensures Lesser exploitation and harassment on railway platform

As an intervention measure, it could be explored if SATHI could issue some kind of identity cards to the children on platform whom they are in contact with. It would help in

1) increased bonding with SATHI and greater ownership.

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2) It would boost their sense of belonging, recognition and worth. It could help in boosting over all self esteem of the child.

3) The psychology and sociology associated with identity card and its impact on the individual personality need to be studied greater depth. The same benefits could be given to street children/ platform children.

Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Non specificPull Factor ( attractions) Child’s strong desire to be

independent and aversion to adult disciplining

Home Placement Decision Correct

Over all Impression Pull factors predominant

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Case-19

Name: Hemant

Age 15Education-7th standard- 5 times run away from home

Mother had taken loan for her flower business and was unable to return it and was always crying for it. Father was an alcoholic

Was working in a hotel involved with plate washing worked for a month and at the end of the month did not get his salary so went and complained to the police station. The police summoned the hotel owner and settled the matter

The canteen he was working provided the food but very often it was a left over food.

He was taken into the don bosco shelter but ran away from it.

Was put in DCM hostel but he ran away from it as well.

New Insight.This case highlights benefits of child empowerment on their rights and labour laws issues. Here the child felt cheated on the wage front and he reports the matter to the police and the police apparently have intervened by summoning the hotel owner.

May be child and labor rights education should be the main intervention to the border age group of 14-17 years, when they are most likely to be exploited by their employers. The knowledge about rights vis a vie minimum wage act, number of working hours, hazardous work etc such knowledge empowerment will go long way in preventing their exploitation.

Education and Interventions for Occupational health and safety could be taken up in this age group and the children be made aware of hazards involved with exposure to certain kinds of work. Children may be oriented on the preventive steps that could be taken to mitigate the risks of exposure to hazardous substances at work. It will help them to make children aware on the importance of maintaining hygienic conditions at work place and demand for safer worker conditions.

This could be next best alternative for intervention for the children who can not be home placed, there by ensuring the improving of quality of life at by reducing the chances of exploitation and harassment at work place.

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Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Non specificPull Factor ( attractions) Non specificHome Placement Decision correct

Over all Impression Pull factors predominant

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Case-20

Name: Velu

Age:13 yearsAfter camp was at home for just one month.Father runs a bullock cartMother –house wife and always complains of Chest pain.Sibling- Sister 8th standard and Brother is in 5th standard.

Velu is native of Chitradurga where he befriended a streetchild

He is addicted to 5 tubes of Fevi band. Each tube costs Rs 16 every day he would spend Rs 100 on these tubes.

His family used to give him Rs 10 with which he gambled and used to make more money on it, but when loose used to borrow from the friends.

In Bangalore he has grand mother and uncle’s house. In the railway stations he used to sweep railway coachers and make up to 20-30 per day.

He was coercive to other children on the platform and used to extort money form them.

New InsightThere is need for developing special and longer term rehabilitation programme for Children. Especially to those children who are highly addicted to substance abuse and have developed into a hard core street children with strong criminal personality. For such children- only counseling will be inadequate and would require combinationation various psycho-social intervention which could be targeted on behaviour change.

One of the essential components of such long term rehabilitation programme would be medical de-addiction. Children who are heavily dependent on substance abuse and would necessarily require pharmacological de-addiction to get him weaned away from the addiction for longer time.

Status in the Gangs Once such children who have successfully adapted to street life and are at the top of power structure and hierarchy in street gangs and are enjoying the their status in leadership roles, may be less amenable home placement.

Submissive Children who are less assertive, unable to fight for their rights, allow others to pushover them, feeling cheated in their gangs, and resentful and insecure may be more amenable to home placement. The home environment in such children would provide respect, lesser completion and greater security.

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May be social Position of child in the gangs and power and influence they can exert over their peer group may be more important determinant of successful home placement than the length of stay in platform.

Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Non specificPull Factor ( attractions) Child is bullish. Enjoys the

power wielded by him in the peer group due to his coercive nature- which probably gives him high

Home Placement Decision correct

Over all Impression Pull factors predominant

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Case :21

Name: Manu

Age 12,Edu-5th std.Father – deadMother – works as coolie.Siblings: two one younger and other older by two year.

Manu has run away from home twice

First time he had gone in wrong direction and went missing. One of the passenger helped him by calling up the father

Second time he ran away because he was beaten by mother for constantly playing with marbles.

Third time he wanted to go to tirupati hence he ran away.

Fourth time mother employed him as an child labor

Father had taken up lots of loan

New InsightFew children may not open up completely to provide any information and may prove to be very difficult nut to crack.

Some children, like this child may be smart enough to engage the interviewer in longer conversation describing all the action part of his life and his other adventurous exploits of his life but may still withhold the reasons behind such actions.

Eliciting the reasons and motives behind child’s action is more important from the point of view of counseling or for that matter planning any intervention for the child.

The activities and the actions carried out by the child, for example how he left home, where he went, types of places he visited, etc will certainly give hints regarding the personality traits of the child BUT may not be helpful in finding the root cause for which he left home. The reasons that de-motivated him for being at home, the stressors he is experiencing at home and solution that can be targeted to his longer retention at home.

While preparing the child profile emphasis should be given:a. Reasons for child running away from home, b. Reasons behind child’s every actions. c. It is important to note down the justifications provided by the children for their

actions.

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d. The child report should have WHATs, WHEREs, WHENs, HOWs and WHYs part of the child’s story to give completeness to child’s to prepared a good descriptive case report.

e. Special emphasis should laid on details on WHY part of child’s story that would make the child’s case report- an Analytical report.

Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Non specificPull Factor ( attractions) MultifactorialHome Placement Decision Correct

Over all Impression Pull factors outside home are predominant

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Case-22

NAME: PRASADFather – working as masonSisters- Two both married.

The child has run away Ten times from home

Wanted to work as cycle mechanic but parents forced him into mason work

After the camp he was home placed and was at home for one month.

First time ran away from home when he was in 4th standard when went to well for bath and he saw a friend crying that he was late and cant go home for the fear of his father. Prasad offered to help his friend run away from home and three together went to tirupathi by offering him Rs 10O by stealing at home.

Within one week of going to Tirupati Prasad fell ill so he came back home on a lorry.

One day Prasad hit a cyclist with a stone leading to brain injury because he brushed aside him. He was arrested by the police and sent to hostel

He is willing to go home only if he is allowed to work in a cycle shop.

New Insight.One of the strong reason for the Children tending to run away from home also turns out to be their strong disliking of the work they are allotted or forced into. Generally it could seen that children have lesser interest to work in a particular trade - family run trades like weaving, sericulture or carpentry.

Children also seen to be resenting their parents for forcing their children to involve in the work they are already engaged in like masonry, agricultural labor etc

Children seem to have their own liking and attraction to certain kinds of work. They seem to be generally fascinated by mechanical work in garage shops or cycle shops which may be of more interest to them than the work their parents are forcing them to.

As a intervention strategy parents may be counseled at the time of home placement to let the children choose the work they like initially, to ensure their longer retention at home and once they get used to staying at home then they may be coaxed to change their trade gradually.

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Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Non specificPull Factor ( attractions) MultifactorialHome Placement Decision Correct

Over all Impression Pull factors predominant

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Case- 23

NAME : ANJAN KUMAR

Age-11Edu-5th

Father- book printingMother – YashodhaBrother-one younger

The child shared that his mother was an alcoholic. Mother frequently sent the child to buy alcohol. If the child refused she used to beat him, if he bought the alcohol, father used to beat him. Has been leaving on platform for 7 months

In the beginning child attributed the reason for leaving home to the harassment and beatings by- his aunt. The child is very active, cunning and tell lies. Later he confessed the real reason was his own mother and her alcoholism.

Initially the family used to live together, anjan’s grand mother used to visit her repeatedly and used to create misunderstanding between husband and wife. The took on to alcoholism. The husband left the family and started to live with his parents. He parents live separately and once a week father visits his wife.

The father seemed to be concerned about the child and was very disturbed after the child left him.

The parents put in efforts to trace the child and spent nearly Rs 5000 for the purpose The child was often asked to b

NEW INSIGHTS.It is important that the decision of home placement should be strongly based on mother and on her ability to provide required security and affection to the child.

The mother is STRONGEST determinant for the child’s length of retention at home. If mother is herself is the source of problem or is an irresponsible/uncaring mother, then the chances of successful home placement are very slim, even though the father is good. Whereas child can still be retained home if mother is caring and gives necessary security to the child even if he has a problematic father.

This case is slightly unusual wherein mother is alcoholic who forces her son to buy and keep the supply of alcohol packet to her. The child is in catch 22 situation, if he obeys her mother’s orders the father beats him up and if he obeys fathers orders then mother beats him up.

It also illustrates that may be it was wrong decision to home place the child as it is severely broken family with complete collapse of family system. The father is remarried, mother is

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alcoholic hence and since the child obviously can not live with his father and mother’s alcoholism does not make the home conducive for the child’s home placement.

Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Completely broken familyPull Factor ( attractions) Non specificHome Placement Decision Not correct

Over all Impression Push factors predmominant

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Case- 24

Name: Hanumath Rai

Age -14Edu-7Father- coliMother-coolieSiblings- nilPlace: Wadi

Father used to forcing him to go to work. Father is an alcoholic. Child likes to live with grand parents than to live with parents. Has been on platform since two and half years . Was addicted to smoking and solution. He said he would join hostel and took Rs 20 and left home.

Parents don’t seem to care inspite of one child. Its grand parents who put efforts in searching the child. Even to the camp ending programmed grand parents came to escort the child.

First time left house along with friends and was away from home for a week. Second time left house because he was feeling bored and was away from home for fifteen days. Third time left house for job and was away from home for 40 days. Fourth time was sent by the parent work for mason work. He has been rescued three times by don bosco.

NEW INSIGHTAttendance by the child’s parents at the camp ending programme would be an important predictor of child’s retention at home. It is also indicator of family relationship with the child. If both the parents are alive but do not turn up for the camp ending programme to escort the child back home, then such children would be at high risk to take to street again.

The fact that father has a second wife and the child’s mother is an alcoholic shows that child come from a highly broken family.

a. Parents did not put any efforts in searching the child. It was the grand parents who were concerned about the missing child and put in efforts to trace the child.

b. Parents did not come to attend the camp ending programme. Again it’s the grandparents who came to escort the child at camp ending programme.

Under such extreme circumstance of family breakdown its unlikely that home placement for this child would be successful.

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Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Uncaring parents, Broken Family

Pull Factor ( attractions) Non specificHome Placement Decision Not Correct

Over all Impression Push factors predominant

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Case-25

Name :Annappa

Age -14Edu-7th std.Father- DeadMother-alive- petty shopSibling- on younger bronther

Mother wanted him to join hostel and pursue study but child was not interested but he borrowed Rs 150 form and ran away from home. Father died of AIDS. Moher also is infected with HIV. Currently boy has been looked after by the his uncle.

The child revealed that he was being increasingly stigmatized and discriminated by the people for his parent’s AIDS status.

NEW INSIGHTThere is a need to develop policy to handle street children with HIV infected parents. If children are home placed with their infected parents, they could be discriminated by the community around which would be detrimental to his personality development.

If the child is not home placed with the mother, then it would amount to encouraging discrimination against the HIV-AIDS victim.

Child who reveal the HIV status of their parents need to be referred to govt hospital with VCTC centre facility which is available in all the major government hospital.

Its would be mandatory to get the child tested for HIV status for three reasons

1) To find out his HIV status and if the child is found to be HIV positive then efforts should be made to put him on anti retro viral drugs.

2) To counsel him on the ways to take precautionary steps to avoid infecting others, if he is HIV positive.

3) If his is not infected by HIV, it will give him a clean chit for his healthy status and he will be out of the suspicion of he having contracted the disease from his parents.

It’s a difficult decision and dilemma for the home placement.

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Effect of Influences on the Child that probably Explain for the Home Placement Failure

Push Factor (from Home) Father dead, mother sick with HIV.

Pull Factor ( attractions) Non SpecificHome Placement Decision Not Correct- home

environment not conducive for childs development

Over all Impression Push factors predominate

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2nd

PART

[ Child Psychology Issues with Street Children]

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Note: The 2nd Part of this report highlights the Child psychology issues that most probably explain the personality issues and behavioral aspects commonly seen in the street children.

Influence of Broken Homes on Children How it contributes to Child Running away from Home

The effects of broken family relationship on children depend on many factors , the most important of which are the cause of the break, when it occurs , and whether it is temporary or permanent. When a break in the home is caused by death and when children realize that the parent will never return, the child mourn the loss and transfer the affection to remaining parent , hoping this way to regain the security they formerly had . Should the remaining parent be preoccupied with other practical problems like mother over working to make ends meet or father involved with his work or with other women, children feel rebuffed and unwanted.

Effect of Death of father or mother on childIn the childhood, loss of mother is more damaging than loss of father . The reason for this is that care of young children, under the circumstances, be turned over to relatives whose child rearing/training methods may differ from those used by their mothers and who can rarely give children the attention and affection they formerly received from their mothers.

With the loss of father, the mother may have to go to work invariably and with the double burden of home making and outside work, the mother may lack the time or energy to give children the care needed. Consequently , they feel neglected and become resentful. If mother is unable to provide the recreational opportunities, it will add to their resentment

Should the children loose both parents, the effects are doubly serious. Besides having to make radical changes in the pattern of their lives, children will have to adjust to the care of another person, often a person unknown.

Family breaks caused by divorce/separation of parents are serious because they tend to make children “different” in they eyes of the peer groups . If the children are asked where missing

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parent is or why they have a new parent to replace the missing parent, they become embarrassed and ashamed .

Reconstituted home- through Remarrying/Step-parents Remarriage is often considered a good solution to the problems of broken home This is because home life is restored to its former pattern again, with two parents sharing the responsibility for the care and training go the children.

However , Reconstituting a broken home by death or diver s brings with its own problems and necessitates difficult adjustment for all, not for the children of the family alone. Although remarriage may eliminate some of the financial problem of broken home and thus prevent radical changes in the standard of living of the family, the interpersonal problems created by bringing a new person in the family in their role of stepparent are often so difficult that they often are counterproductive.

Problems created by having a step parent come in to the home to replace the missing parent arise partly from the attitudes and behaviour of the stepparent, partly from those of the children of family and partly from those of real parent. Poor step-parent – child relationship inevitably affect the relationship of the parents. This, in turn , affect all the family relationships. Unlike in the first marriages, the parents have no opportunity to establish wholesome relationship between themselves before the step parent role is assumed. If there were an interval during which the two parents couldn’t be alone together, the strains and stresses brought about by the stepparent-child relationship might more easily be met and a as a result their impact on the family would be lessened.

In general, the Home climate is much better when the step parent is the father. There are two major reasons, first, as stepfather’s financial contribution to the home makes it possible for the family to live more comfortably than it did when the mother had to live on her own. Usually, a step mother’s financial contribution is not his significant. Second, stepfathers usually assume less responsibility for the care of children than the real fathers. Step mother , on the other hand , usually assume the child rearing and disciplinary role of the real mother. In addition, the presence of the step children in the home is an ever present reminder of the wife’s first marriage.

Bad parenting – children-Very often faced by street children - Punishes harshly, frequently and unfairly Interfere with child’s inter and activities Tries to mold the child into a pattern Sets a poor example Is peevish and cross Scolds when the child had an accident Show litter interest in the child or the child’s activity Forbids or does into encourage visits by peers. Is mean to the child’s friends. Discourages or forbids the child playing with friends Has unrealistic expectations for the child Criticizes or blame the child for failure

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Makes home a stressful and unpleasant place.

WHY CHILDREN TAKE TO STREET SO EARLY IN LIFE? The Role social influence during early child hood

Early Social experience outside the home supplement home experience and are important determinants of children’s social attitude and behaviour patterns.

5. If their relationship with peers and adults outside home are pleasant, they will enjoy social contacts and want to repeat hem.

6. When Children enjoy contact with the outsiders they will be motivated to behave in a manner that will want their approval.

7. the desire for social approval and acceptance is especially strong during the later years of childhood

8. If the children’s playmates are older than they are, they try to keep up with them and as a result they develop patterns of behaviour that are not consistent for their age.

Effects of Early Social ExperienceFrom the studies of children over a period of time, Waldorom and Halverson have concluded that “ sociability at 2 and half years was predictive of sociability of 7and half years. Because Attitudes and behaviour patterns tend to be persistent, the necessity of laying foundations in the early years of life is apparent. If on the other hand, the foundations are such that children get off to bad start in their social lives, they are likely to acquire reputations of being unsocial. When this occurs , it has seriously damaging effect on the personal and social development.

Studies of people all ages have revealed the significance of early social experience not only during childhood but also later in life. Some of the effect of these early social experience have on the individual personal and social adjustment. Effect of Characteristic Patterns of Behaviour on ChildrenEarly social experiences determine whether the child will become predominantly social , unsocial or antisocial and whether the child will become a leader or follower.

Effect on PersonalityEarly social experiences leave their mark on the child’s personality- a mark that is likely to remain consistent through out life. Positive attitudes towards self are most often found in a person whose early social experiences are were favorable.

1. Persistence of social behaviourBecause patterns of behaviour, learned early, tend to be persistent, they determine behaviour in social situations as the child grow older. If these patterns lead to good social adjustment, they will be an asset, if not they will prove to be social liability

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2. Consistency of Social attitudeBecause attitudes , once formed , are less amenable to change than behaviour patterns , the child who prefers interacting with people to interacting with objects develops more social know-ho and , as a result , is more popular with peers that is the child whose attitudes towards social activities are less favorable.

3. Effect on Social participationEarly social experience determine the extent of the individual social participation both in the childhood and later when social experiences are pleasant, the individual is likely to be more active than when the experience are unpleasant.

4. Effect of Social AcceptanceThere is a close relationship between linking for social activities and social acceptance . The more favorable the child’s’ attitude towards social activities, the more popular child the child is likely to be.

PATTERN OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDRENIn the normal children the true “socialization age” begins with formal entrance into school, either kindergarten or first standard. Children who have always acted upon their own impulses now try to use adult criteria to evaluate people and situation. By the time they are 10 years old , they can modify some of heir impulses to conform to the demands of social group.

Normally all children pass through the severe state of socialization at approximately the same ages in other kinds of development, bright children are accelerated while dull children.

Common Forms of social Development in ChildrenSome of the forms of social behaviour developed in early childhood are based on foundations laid in babyhood. Some are new, based on new foundations. Many of these anew foundations are laid from contact with peers outside the home and form what children see on TV ,movies or coin in contact with older peer group.

Many of the patterns of behaviors in social situation appear to be unsocial or even antisocial but, in reality each is important in socializing process. The foundations laid early childhood will determine how children will adjust to people and social situation when the environment becomes broader and when they do not have the protection guidance of parent.

Different forms of social behaviour in social situation whose foundations are laid in the early childhood. These are divided into two groups. Social and unsocial behaviors patterns. Its is important to note, however , that even the unsocial patterns are often valuable learning experience for young children , From them, children learn how other react to their behavior and then learn that if they want to be accepted member of social group , they must change behaviour.

Some of Social behaviour patterns (positive)

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1. Cooperation2. Generosity3. Sympathy4. Empathy5. Dependency6. Friendliness7. unselfishness8. Imitation9. Desire for Social approval

Some Unsocial behaviour pattern generally seen in early childhood

Negativism : is a resistant to pressures from others to behave in a certain way. It usually begins during the second year of life and reaches peak 3-6year. Physical expressions , similar to temper tantrums, gradually give way to verbal refusals a to do what children have been asked to told to do

Aggression ; Aggression is an actual or threatened act of hostility, usually unprovoked by another person. Children may express their aggressiveness in physical or verbal attacks on another. Usually a child smaller than they are.

Quarrelling ; Quarrels are disputes that generally start when a person makes and unprovoked attack on another. Quarreling different from aggression because it involves two or more people while aggression is an individual act and second because one of the peoplw involved in a quarrel plays a defensive role while in aggress, the role is always aggressive.

Teasing and bullying : Teasing is a verbal attack on another but in bullying, the attach is physical. In both cases, the attacker gains, satisfaction from watching the victims discomfort and attempts to retaliate.

Ascendant behaviour: is the tendency to dominate other to be bossy . If properly directed , it can be a leadership trait, but it usually is not and as a result, leads to rejection by the social group.

Egocentricism : Almost all young children are egocentric and their tendency is to think and talk about themselves. Whether this tendencies will wane , remain constant, or grow stronger will depend partly on whether children realize that it makes them unpopular and partly on how anxious they are to be popular.

Prejudice: The foundations of prejudice are laid are laid in early childhood when children realize that some people are different in appearance and behaviour from them and that these difference are regarded by the social group as signs of inferiority.

GANG FORMATION EARLY CHILD HOODThe childhood gang is a spontaneous local group having no authorization from outside and not socially approved aim. It is an attempt by children to create a society adequate to meet their

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needs. As such, it is a substitute for adult society and for what that society fails to give. It offers relief from adult supervision, though it may not be hostel to adult authority

The typical gang is a play group, made up of children who have common play interest, its primary purpose is to have a good time, though , occasionally having good tie may lead to mischief-making.. From the ages of 6-7 boys and girls normally find increasing pleasure in being with groups of their own sex. As a result gangs are usually unisexual in make up.

Differences in GangsBecause different children have different social needs, the type of gang that meets the needs of one child will not necessarily meet one needs of another child. Children who have had opportunities for social contact outside the home during the pre-school years will be interest in becoming gang member earlier thatn children whose social contacts have been limited .

The activities of gangs as well as their makeup reflect individual differences . The activities of some gangs border on rowdism and in them there are constant attempts to test the barriers set by adults. Gangs in poorer neighborhoods are far more likely to engage in mischief making and fighting with other gangs.

Gang life favors the development of certain undesirable qualities. It sometimes encourages the use of slang and searing, the telling of salacious stories and jokes., truancy, mischievousness, attitude of contempt for rules and those in authority, the breaking of home ties, and shifting of loyalties from home to group activities, snobbishness, discrimination against members of minority groups or rival gangs and breaking down of ideals of established in the home. Most of the undesirable effects of gang life are transitory but not always.

IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL BALANCE IN CHILDRENIf children experience too many of the unpleasant emotions and too few of the pleasant, their outlook on life will be distorted and they will develop “unpleasant dispositions” Their facial expression will become sad , sullen, or generally disagreeable. This will make them less appealing to other and militate against good social adjustment. In turn , their self dissatisfaction will increase and lead to minor and major personality maladjustment.

This of course, does not mean that children should be overprotected . It does mean , however , threat they should be protected from unreasonable and excessive fears, jealousness, angers, and other unpleasant emotions . In the case of anger, for example, if children gradually learn to tolerate frustrations when they are young they will not develop the habit of aggressive attacks on all frustrating situation as they grow older.

While deprivation of affection is not the only cause of maladjustment in adolescence and adulthood, it is an important contributing factors. It has been reported that maladjustments resulting directly or indirectly from deprivation of affection range from general unhappiness to antisocial behaviour, psychopathic personality, psychoneurosis or even certain forms of psychosis, such as schizophrenia. Emotional deprivations is likely to increase the tendency towards maladjustments when it is accompanied by other unfavorable conditions.

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Several examples will serve to illustrate how long lasting effects of deprivation of affection can be rebellion against authority in adolescence is often increased if adolescents feel that they have never received the affection that they crave. Teen-age marriages are often a means of satisfying a longing for affection and emotional security never completely satisfied by love from aren’t sibling or peers. Poor adjustment in marriage and at work and poor attitudes toward law in adult life are likewise increased by feelings of insecurity engendered by deprivation of affection during the early years of child good.

AFFECTIONLove seems to be a two way affair and grows best when it is both given and received. A constant rejection in the home may leave the child’s capacity for giving forth affection underdeveloped, or any cause him to seek affection from individuals outside the home.

EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATIONEmotional deprivation does not mean that children are deprived a of all emotional experiences. Such total deprivation would be impossible. Instead, it means that children are deprived of a reason share of pleasant emotional experiences especially curiosity, joy, happiness and affection.

Street children unfortunately grow up in environments that provide an abundance of unpleasant emotional experiences-anger, fear, envy, jealousy but a dearth of pleasant emotional experience

In its narrowest sense, emotional deprivation refers to deprivation of affection. This is in turn, denies children of opportunities to experience such pleasant emotions as joy, happiness and affection from others. Children who group up under such conditions are “emotionally starved” This results in serious physical as well as psychological damage. They are denied not only the ego-satisfying experience that being loved by other provides, but they are denied also the intimate social relations which affection and love encourage.

Emotional deprivation occurs when children live with their parents, they may be deprived of affection because of parental rejection , neglect or mistreatment of them.Deprivation of affection may , on the other hand result from children’s rejection of their parents because they find that their parents do not meet their needs or because they are ashamed of their parents. This is especially likely to develop when children reach the peer-conscious age of middle childhood and discover that their parents are “different” from their peers parent (unsocial relationship, extreme age difference of parents etc) When children reject their parents, there is a strained parent-child relationship and parents cant supply their children with affection. Children who are unpopular with their parents and other family members are deprived of two of the most important sources of affection and the security affection brings.

EFFECTS OF DEPRIVATION OF AFFECTION CHILDRENNumerous studies of human babies and young children and Harlow’s famous study of infant monkeys have all shown that deprivation of affection during the earlier months of and years of life can be hazardous to the to the individual’s physical , mental , emotional , and social development.

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Children of deprived of love are handicapped in learning how to get along with people. They respond negatively to the advance of others, tending to be uncooperative and hostile. They feel inadequate and show their resentment in aggressiveness , disobedience and other forms of social behaviour.

The unfavorable emotional and social reactions resulting from deprivation of affection leave their mark on child’s developing personality. The emotionally starved child is self bound, shows little interest in others and is selfish and demanding.

While deprivation of affection is not the only cause of maladjustment in adolescence and childhood, it is an important contributing factor. It has been reported that maladjustment resulting directly or indirectly from deprivation of affection range from unhappiness to anti-social behaviour, psychopathic personality, psychoneurosis or even certain forms of psychosis. Emotional deprivation is likely to increase the tendency toward maladjustment when is accompanied by other unfavorable conditions.

Rebelling against the authority in adolescents feel that they have never received the affection they crave. Teen-age marriages are often a means of satisfying a longing for affection and emotional security never completely satisfied by love from parents, siblings etc. Poor adjustment in marriage and at work and poor attitudes toward the law on adult life are likewise increased by feelings of insecurity engendered by deprivation of affection during the early years of childhood.

DOMINANCE OF UNPLEASANT EMOTIONS IN CHILDRENIt is hazardous to good personal and social adjustments because unpleasant emotions tend to color children’s outlook on life and their self concepts. They also encourage the development patterns of adjustment that that obstacles to good social relationships.

Frequent embarrassment can make childhood an unhappy period and can lay the foundations for personality maladjustment that come from feelings of inferiority and social rejection.

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY PATTERN OF STREET CHILDRENIt was formerly believed that the personality pattern was the product of heredity and the child was a “chip of the old block”. Today there is ample evidence that the personality pattern is product of both heredity and environmental influence. AS Thomas et al have said “personality is shaped by the constant interplay of temperament and environment they explain further that “if the two influence are harmonized, one can expect healthy development of the child : if they are dissonant, behavioral problem are almost sure to ensue.

Studies of the development of personality pattern have revealed that three factors are responsible for its development ; hereditary environment, early experiences with the family, and event in later life. The pattern is closely associated with maturation of the physical and mental characteristics which constitutes the individual’s hereditary endowment. These characteristics provide the foundations on which the structure of personality pattern is built through learning experiences.

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CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTNG PERSONALITY PERSISTANCE IN CHILDREN

HeredityA trait that is related , either directly or indirectly , to the child’s hereditary endowment will be more stable than a trait that has little relationship t to heredity.

Child trainingThe method of child training and the attitudes of the person who uses it remains relatively stable, this reinforce the developing self-concept and the child’s characteristic pattern of adjustment

Parental ValuesPersonality traits that parents value highly are reinforced by parental rewards, while traits that are not valued are extinguished by punishment or lack or reward.

Role PlayingThe role children learn to play in the home influence their self-concepts. Because this role playing tends to be persistent during the childhood years, the effect on the self concept will be persistent.

Social AdjustmentSince children see themselves as other see them, this reinforces the developing self-concept changes in the social characteristics method of adjustment. Later exchanges in social environment may not be adequate to change the personality pattern.

Selection in the social environmentThe Childs personality or some dominant trait in it determines the selection of the social environment. Through constant association with people in that environment. The child self concept and characteristic patterns of adjustment

HAZARDS IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDRENThere is ample evidence , that once unfavorable personality characteristic develop, the chances that they will persist are greater than that they will change. . Further more, the studies have shown thatn when changes do occur they are more likely to be quantitative than qualitative.. For example, an unfavorable self concept developed when children’s environment are limited are limited almost exclusively to the home may improve as children grow older and have more and more contacts with people outside the home were opinion outsiders may be more favorable toward them than opinion of family members. Although this may modify their unfavorable homegrown self concepts, there is little likelihood that favorable self-concepts will completely replace the unfavorable once developed in the home.

Unfavorable Self-Concept

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Many children develop unfavorable self concepts. As a result, they have difficulty in accepting themselves and often become self –rejectant to the point where they make poor personal and social adjustment. Unfortunately many parents, teachers and others responsible for the guidance and control of children do not realize that children are developing unfavorable self concepts or if they do realize, they feel that this is just a passing phase and that the unfavorable self concepts will correct themselves. In fact they tend grow older, unless steps are taken to improve them.

Causes of unfavorable self conceptsThe foundations of unfavorable self concepts are usually laid in the home. Because self concepts are mirror images of what children believe the significant people in their lives think of them, as family relationships deteriorates, so do children’s concepts. Whether these family relationships involve parents, siblings or relatives the effect of deterioration in these relationship on children’s concept is to make them unfavorable. Children think of themselves as these significant people thing of them – as “nuisance” as “naughty” as “careless” or as “selfish”

When children social horizon broaden and they come more and more in contact with people outside the home , the attitude of those who are especially significant to them-members of the peer group and teachers- begin to have an effect on their self concepts. Should they find that they are rejected or neglected because they belong to minority religious or racial groups they are physically handicapped and can not participates in the games of their peers, because patterns of their family lives deviates from that of other group members, or for some other reason, they begin to develop feelings of inferiority complex or even martyrdom

Effects of unfavorable conceptsWhen children have poor opinion of themselves they become self rejectant. They then behave in a way that others regard as unsocial or immature. If, for example if they feel unloved and unwanted by parents, they may become resentful, rebellious, negativistic and aggressive towards sibling whom they regard as the cause for parent rejection. Or they may become withdrawn or over dependent on parents hoping to regain the love and affection their patents gave them when they were younger. Deterioration in relationship with siblings often leads to such unsocial behavioral as name calling, tattling and aggressive attacks. Regardless of what form behaviour comes from unfavorable self concepts , it influences the attitudes of family members towards them unfavorable and this leads to vicious circle of poor relationships and poor opinion which reinforce children unfavorable self concepts.

Patterns of unsocial or immature behaviour resulting from unfavorable self concepts developed from family relationship extend outside the home and effect children’s relationship extend outside the home and affect children’s relationship with people there. Children who develop aggressive reactions to hters antagonize them , and those who become withdrawn are over looked and neglected. In either case, their unfavorable behavior reinforce the unfavorable opinions other have of them and this, in turn, reinforces the unfavorable concept that they have of themselves.

Ego-centricism in Children

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Egocentricism means concern about self rather thatn about others. Egocentric children are self –bound in the sense their interest are centered mainly in themselves. They think talk more about themselves than others and their acts are designed mainly benefits from them.

Not all children, however make a shift over the years. Some continue to be egocentric long beyond the time when their age-mates have becomes social. As a result of their failure to learn to behave in social way, they are regarded unfavorable by members of social group- adults as well as peers. Because unfavorable social adjustment lead to unfavorable self-judgments, egocentric children make poor personal as well as social adjustments. That is why egocentrics may be regarded as one of the major hazards in personality development.

Forms of ego-centricism in childrenIt is popularly assumed that all egocentric people have favorable opinions of themselves and, as a result, their concentration of interest in and concern about self comes from a feeling of superiority. This is not necessarily true. Some egocentric people , it is true , feel superior and consequently have , have favorably self concepts . However there other who have unfavorable self concepts which express themselves in two common forms feeling of inferiority and feeling of martyrdom. If these self concepts persist and are constantly reinforced by environmental influences, they are likely develop into complexes- constellations of belief that express themselves in behaviour related to these belief.

Egocentricism based feelings of superiority is characterized by interest in and concern about self as superior persons. Children whose egocentrics is of this type expect others to wait on them, to applaud their every act, to give them leadership roles and submerge their interest in favor of them. They become egocentrically, bossy, inconsiderate of others, selfish uncooperative and show a tendency to engage in unsocial forms of speech-boasting about themselves, their achievement and their passions and making derogatory, critical comments about the possessions and attachment of others.

When geocentricism is based on feelings of inferiority, individuals turn inward and concentrate on self in the belief that they have nothing to worth to contribute to the group. Children whose geocentricism is characterized by feelings of inferiority are highly suggestible , easily led by others and are apologetic in their reactions to others. Because they feel they have little to contribute, they tend to be overlooked and neglected. Although they may not be disliked, as is often true of children whose geocentricism is based on feeling of superiority, they have so little to contribute to other that they are not included in the activities of group. This reinforces their belief in their inferiority.

Egocentricism based on feeling of martyrdom affects children in much the same way as feelings inferiority. Believing that they are unfairly treated makes them angry and resentful against all people . As a result they and the group then tends to neglect and overlook them. Should they show their resentment overtly in aggressive acts or speech, they will be rejected b the group instead of merely being overlooked and neglected..

Causes of Egocentricism in children

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The foundations of egocentricism can be traced to early conditions at home. These come mainly from parental attitudes toward and treatment of , children while they are young. Some of conditions in the environment that contribute to egocentricism and prolong the egocentricism characteristic of all babies and very young children are explained.

As children grow older , their owns of attitudes and behaviour trend to reinforce the foundations of egocentricism are laid during the early years. Children for example who are encouraged to develop unrealistically high aspirations for themselves as a result of constant exposure to the unrealistically high aspirations their parents have for them, concentrate their interest on reaching these goals . Their concerns is mainly in doing things that will them to reach their goals rather than doing things for others. IF they fail to reach the goals rather than doing things for others. If they fail to reach the goals they have set for themselves, they will become preoccupied with thoughts about their failures. Successful achievements of their goals , on other hand will encourage preoccupation with thoughts of their success. Whichever form their achievements take success or failure it will encourage egocentricism rather than interest in or concern for others.

Street children are forced to shelve egocentricism because :Some members of the social group outside the home encourage egocentrism in children and others discourage it. Because during the gang age most of the play of the childhood is cooperative, children are encouraged by their peers to curb their egocentricity and to contribute their share to the activities of the group. The same is true of communication. Members of the peer group s encourage cooperation in conversation just as they encourage cooperation in play. Children who fail to contribute their share quickly discover that the penalty for geocentricism is social rejection and neglect. To avoid paying this penalty, many children are motivated to curb the egocentrism developed during earlier in the home.

Lack of Social RecognitionLack of social recognition of individual affects children’s behaviour and their personalities. In both cases, the effects tend to be more unfavorable than favorable. The reason for this is that because few children know , without guidance and help from others, how to achieve the recognitions of individually and favorable social judgment they crave, they more often than not use techniques which they have more often that not use techniques which they have discovered, by trial and error. Put them in limelight of attention. Children who feel that they are overlooked because they lack individuality often behave in a way that guarantees the attention that makes them stand out from the group . They for example do foolhardy things in to play , they cut up in class at school, they talk in an unconventional way, using slang and swear words which they have discovered from past experience have great attention value , they boast about their possessions and achievements, they wear their conventional clothes in unconventional ways, and they do countless other things that attract attention to themselves. They hope will compensate for the lack of recognition of their individuality. However, although they give children monetary satisfaction , in the long run they are damaging to good personal and social adjustment because of unfavorable social judgments of their behaviour.

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Because of unfavorable social reactions to children who lack individuality, such children develop unfavorable self concepts which in turn tends to make them self rejectant . They dislike themselves because they feel that other must dislike them if they ignore and overlook them This one of the common contributing factors to personality maladjustment in childhood , the hazard to personality development.

Personality Maladjustments.Children who make poor personal and social adjustment are labeled “maladjusted”. Thy are frequently called “problem children”. There are two major kinds of personality adjustment. The first involves behaviors which is satisfying to the child but is socially unacceptable . The second involves behaviour which Is socially acceptable but is a source of continuous excessive and disturbing conflicting to child.

Causes of Maladjustment in ChildrenOne of the major causes of maladjustment is self rejection attitude dislike themselves . Just as children reject as playmates or friends those whom they dislike so they reject themselves when they feel that they are not what they want to be.

No one a any age, is consistently self reactant, self rejection like self acceptance is greatly influenced by the environment and by the attitudes of the significant people. It is therefore logical that the degree of self rejection the child experiences would vary from time to time, Just as there must be consistency in self acceptance if children are to make good social adjustment, so there must be a degree of consistency in self rejection if there are to become self rejectant they make poor personal and social adjustments.

Danger Signals of Maladjustment in childrenA number of personality trait of an undesirable sort appear in mild form in all children. At first, they appear to be harmless and are frequently allowed to persist , without any real effort to overcome them. No signal trait is enough to cause alarm when viewed by itself. When several are observable in the same child, however and when they seem to fit into a maladjustive personality picture or syndrome, they are significant and may be regarded as danger signals of future trouble. Most children , for example , fidge. Only if their fidgeting is accompanied by other symptoms of maladjustment, however, such as inability to concentrate, impatience , impulsivity, clawing,, or unruliness the hyperactive child syndrome is symptomatic of poor personal social adjustment.

Although one strai is not necessarily a symptom of trouble, it should not be overlooked , nor should one assume that child will automatically out grow it. Instead it should be regarded as fever when otherwise as child seems to be well. It means that unless remedial steps are taken, trouble may break out into the open.

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Two specific example- accident proneness and threat of suicide will suffice to illustrate the danger of ignoring any signal of maladjustment. Studies of accident prone children real that they frequently suffer from repeated and sever frustration and turn their aggressions outward , thus becoming overactive impulsive , adventurous and anxious attention and approval. They often feel insecure and this prompts them to bid for attention by doing foolhardy things which often lead to an accident. Boys who suffer freedom feeling of inadequacy beaus they are sex inappropriate t in apparent are so anxious to prove their sex appropriateness stunting and other bits for attention that they throw caution to wind and have accidents.

Accident proneness should not be ignored not only because an accident may leave a permanent physical scar or even lead to death, but also, as was explained in an earlier discussion of accident proneness because an accident may leave serious psychological scar. Children who have repeated accidents begin to question their adequacy and this intensifies an already existing feeling o incompleteness and inferiority complexes are often intensified b accident proneness.

Persistence of MaladjustmentOnce a pattern of maladjustment behaviour appears , it is likely to persist. Unless minor disturbance are detected and remedial steps are taken to correct them before they become serious problems n maladjustment they are like to persist and develop into handicapping disorders.

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3 rdPART

(Tips for Process of Counseling)

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Note : Third part of this report provides general steps and tips for counseling that should be borne in mind while handling the children.

COUNSELLING is required

When one has MENTAL TENSION

Arising due to ADVERSE LIFE SITUATIONS (STRESSORS) or CONFLICTS (in mind –due to choice to be made between equally important alternatives)

Results into DISTRESSING EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES

Manifested thru

Anxiety, Irritability, Lack Of Concentration, Sleep Disturbances, Disinterest

INTERVENTION MEASURES

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1. Counseling2. Psychotherapy

PROCESS INVOLVES

1. Communicate With The Child In Distress2. Understand The Source Of Problem For The Child3. Utilize Specific Psychological Remedies Suitable To Child

By:

ALLOWING THE CHILD TO SHARE HIS PROBLEM PROVIDING EMOTIONAL SUPPORT PROVIDING BROADER UNDERSTANDING/CONTEXT OF SITUATION PROVIDING NEW DIRECTION/PERSPECTIVE

PROCESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING

Psychotherapy- treatment of emotional and other related bodily problems by psychological means. it facilitate changes in feeling, attitude, behavioral through verbal & emotional communication.

COUNSELINGCounseling is professional assistance given to verity of problems through DISCUSSION & SUGGESTION.

Difference between Psychotherapy and CounselingPsychotherapy- is applied to person with Emotional problemCounseling- is applied to healthy individuals like students, staff

Psycho-targets subconscious mindCounseling- targets conscious mind

EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS- Why do they ariseEmotional problems arise mainly due to external pressures (Stressor) or internal Pressures ( Conflicts) or faulty learning.

Some time events our life are undesirable and warrant adjustments, if not adjusted properly emotional problems occur.

Child’s Life events could be followingFamily/social :Inter personal relationship problem with family members due to lack of time for child, alcoholism or marital discord between parents etc.

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WorkChild interested in specific work ( garage work) parents forcing him into their family occupation like weaving or mason work

FinancialAcute financial crisis at home arising either out of heavy indebtedness or alcoholism in the family.

Sexual abuseThe child may be sexually abused at home

Health

Illness in the family

Education Disinterested in studies, inability to cope with studies

Bereavement : Death of either of the parent, especially mother

Personal Failing to measure up to parent expectation

LegalDetentions of family member

MigrationFrequent migrations

COPING MECHANISMSADOPTED BY CHILD

Coping mechanisms are conscious mental or behavioral strategies that are adopted by people to tackle stressor or mitigate the effect of stressors.

Coping mechanism could be Healthy or Unhealthy

HEALTHY Coping mechanisms.

A. Strategies aimed at Resolving the problem in Hand1. Discussion with family members and friends.2. Consulting advisor- outside family

B. Strategies of Minimizing the effect of stress factor1. Change of environment- away from stressor.2. Physical Activity- like sports for diversion of from their worries

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3. Mental activity : reading , writing ,painting4. Viking places where one gets solace- temples etc5. Seeking support from other- friends, relatives, neighbor etc6. Psychological acceptance- Resigned to the fait, Karma theory, every things happens for

good.

UNHEALTHY COPING MECHANISM- ADOPTED BY STREET CHILDREN1. Avoiding/escaping from difficulties2. Excessively dependent on other3. Drug abuse

In general, People cope with stress factors better if the stress is singe, of a mild nature, if similar stress has been experienced earlier, if adequate preparations has occurred to deal with the stressors and when support from other is available. MENTAL CONFLICTS Conflicts or mental struggle when one is faced with two opposing needs and one has to choose between the two.

Example

A child that has attended the sathi camp is aware of all the ill effects drugs on health. When this child after home placement come across a pack of cigarette is now tempted to smoke one but at the same time he now knows he has taken resolution never to smoke again in the camp.

CONLICT RESOULTION THROUG DEFENCE MECHANISMS

Denial : refuse to accept the reality like death/accident etc. Been drinking nothing will happen

Projection : attributes his deficiency to external world : a bad work man blames tool

Rationalization : failure are justified by statements ; grape sours

Somatization: expressed through physical problems

Dissociation: drastic modification of personality- sprit

Conversion: mother slapping child may complain of paralysis of hand

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Ascetism : Pleasurable aspect of desire are eliminated and gratification derived from renunciation

Humor : expressed without personal discomfort or unpleasant effect on other- Cartoon what goes never comes down- living standard.

Sublimation : The wishes/impulses which are unacceptable are expressed through socially acceptable outlet. For example, a person with aggressive impulses become sports man or joins the military ser

Defense mechanisms are subconscious and employed by all of us.

Some defense mechanism like asceticism, humor, and sublimation are classified as mature defense

FAULTY LEARNING

Sometime emotional disturbance may arise neither stressors or conflict but faulty learning.

Learning ; relatively enduring change in behaviour brought about by practice or experience

There are three principal methods of learning

1. Classical conditioning 2. Oparant conditioning and 3. Social learning.

Classical conditioning: child playing with rabbit without fear. Now experiment every time child approached rapid a loud sound was creating. Child feared sight of rabbit.

Oparant conditioning :also called Instrumental conditioning- experiment-rat accidentally learns that pressing the bar got it a pea nut…over the time learns how to get food. An desired event (food) positively reinforces (increases occurrence of ) response.

Certainly abnormal behaviors can be maintained because they are positive reinforced. Example children may persistent display temper tantrum because eche display it was positively reinforced by fulfilling child’s need. The pathological gambling displayed by some individually may be because they have obtained reinforcement (rewards) from time to time.

Reinforcement is the strategy most frequently employed-Behaviour that is undesirable is not reinforced or negatively reinforced.

Social learning : learning by observation and imitation – aping

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We acquire certain behaviors b imitating our teachers and elder. The has been demonstrated experimentally. A child who observed a model striking a doll repeated the same behaviour ( negatively- bad father / positively -Camp teacher)

HELPING PROCESS

NON VERBAL

Desirable Responses1. eye contact2. Gestures3. Facial expression

Undesirable Responses1. Facial expression2. Gesture/mannerisms

DESIRABLE VERBAL RESPONSE1. Conveying Interest: by name, remembering his details2. Conveying acceptance : acceptance of problem as problem3. Conveying willingness to help :feel free to talk of your problem4. Conveying understanding of problem : it must have been very difficult for you5. Conveying reassurance 6. Directing conversation- bring back to track7. Facilitating flow of speech : you were saying….then what happened

Undesirable verbal Responses1. Avoid exclamations of surprise2. Avoid expression of over concern3. Avoid moralistic judgment4. Avoid cruising child5. Avoid making false promise6. Avoid boasting7. Avoid scolding and threatening8. Avoid sharing of your problem9. Avoid interrupting patient10. Avoid imposing your own values11. Avoid belittling12. Do not reject patient13. Avoid premature interpretation14. Avoid being excessively curious.- I don’t want to share that..15. Avoid taking sides16. Avoid getting angry17. Avoid argument18. Listen more

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STAGES OF COUNSELING

Initial phaseHistory /personal information takingExploration of the problems and stress factors faced by the child

Middle Phase1. Strengthening of relationship with the child2. Further understanding of child situation3. Application of Therapeutic techniques to ameliorate child’s distress

CONSELING TECHNIQUES1. Ventilation- allowing child to talk freely2. Abrecation- Ventilation with sobbing & crying3. Reassurance- 4. Explanation- nature of problem to family members5. Persuasion: to change behaviour6. Reinforcement- verbal appreciation, materialistic reward for child7. Recreation8. Work as therapy9. Relaxation10. Involvement of family member11. Community resources

MISCELLANEOUS COUNSELING TECHNIQUES

Uses of stories-

1. excerpts from epics.2. Use of Proverbs : Bend like a willow and not resist like an oak, The darkest hour comes

before dawn, Earth has no sorrow that heaven cant health, Every cloud has a silver lining, Time is great healer. Make hay while sun shines

3. Use of humor 4. Use of fine arts

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