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cottage industry

Definition

 Anindustry where the creation ofproducts andservices is

home-based, rather than factory-based. While products and

services created by cottage industry are often unique and

distinctive given thefact that they are usually not mass-

produced,producers in this sector often face numerous

disadvantages when trying to compete with much larger

factory-basedcompanies.

Cottage Industry is a specialized form of small scale industry

 where the production of the commodity takes place in the

homes and the labor is supplied by the family members only.

 The machineries or means utilized for the production of the

commodities generally are the common ones used at homes.

 The basic characteristic feature of Cottage Industry is that it is

 basically unorganized in nature and come under the group of

small scale industry type.

 The commodities that are being produced by these industries

are basically consumable ones and are produced through the

utilization of the traditional techniques.Cottage Industry

especially started its function in the country sides of a country

 where unemployment along with under-employment are

prevalent. Thus, this industry helps the economy by absorbing

a huge amount of surplus labor of the rural economy. Another

glaring feature of Cottage Industry is that it is not a mass

producer of commodities.

 The main risk that is being faced by this industry is from the

factory based medium or large industries which are again

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capital intensive in nature. This is because of the fact that

these large industries utilize all sorts of cost effective

technologies which enable them to supply the products at low

price. On the other hand, theCottage Industry is basically

labor intensive and utilizes traditional techniques in

production process which are generally not cost effective in

nature which escalates the price of their product. The

products supplied by the Cottage Industry thus face risk of

extinction if they don't receive enough financial or other form

of support from the government.

Cottage Industry is often characterized by its enormous

potential for employment generation and the person getting

employed is basically regarded as a self-employed one.

It has been empirically found out that Cottage Industry has

given economic independence to the women in the developing

as well as developed countries.

 The most common form of support extended by the

governments towards this industry is through forwarding of

capital subsidies.

Objective of the Study

Existing problem identification of goals and objectives, and

finding out their appropriate reason will serve as fundamental

factor for selecting strategies and investigating the prospects of

their applicability. The specific objectives for the study are

given below:• To explore the existing situation of TAT industries in the

study area.

• To identify the barriers of this industries.

• To provide some suggestions to overcome the barriers

and increase the potentialities of this sector.

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Project Detailed Report

Cottage industry

 Acottage industry is anindustry —primarilymanufacturing

 —which includes many producers, working from theirhomes,

typicallypart time. The term originally referred to home

 workers who were engaged in a task such assewing,lace-

making orhousehold manufacturing. Some industries which

are usually operated from large centralized factories were

cottage industries before theIndustrial Revolution. Business

operators would travel around, buyingraw materials,delivering them to people who would work on them, and then

collecting the finished goods to sell, or typically to ship to

another market. One of the factors which allowed the

Industrial Revolution to take place in WesternEurope was the

presence of these business people who had the ability to

expand the scale of their operations. Cottage industries were

 very common in the time when a large proportion of the

population was engaged inagriculture, because thefarmers (and their families) often had both the time and the desire to

earn additional income during the part of the year (winter)

 when there was little farming work to do.

 The use of the term has expanded, and is used to refer to any

event which allows a large number of people to work part time.

For example,eBay is said to have spawned a cottage industry

of people who buy surplus merchandise, and sell it on their

auction system.

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History of cottage industries

19th c. ox powered double carding machine

Reine Berthe instructing girls to spin flax on spindles using distaffs

Hand loom at Hjerl Hede,Denmark, showing grayish warp

threads (back) and cloth woven with red filling yarn (front).

Cottage industries were the precursor to the factories that

 would characterize theIndustrial Revolution. Their formation

 was prompted largely by the enclosing of thecommon lands.

Common lands were lands set aside for the common people on

 which to garden or graze theirlivestock. Over time the rich

aristocrats enclosed the common lands, largely without

censure or punishment of any kind, leaving the poor people in

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a major predicament. Bear in mind that if one was not a land

owner, highly skilled, or highly educated there were few

opportunities to make a good living. Cottage industries were

the solution that solved this problem and saved many of the

common people. Most of the work was carried out in the home

and was often combined withfarming. There were three main

stages to making cloth:carding,spinning and weaving. Most

cloth was made from either wool orcotton, but other materials

such assilk andflax were also used. The woven cloth was sold

to merchants calledclothiers who visited the village with their

trains of pack-horses. Some of the cloth was made into clothes

for people living in the same area. However, a large amount of

cloth was exported.

 The process of the cottage industry involved the entire family

as most work performed in the 18th century did. In fact the

entire process moved from child to the mother then to the

father. First was the process calledcarding. Carding was

usually done by children. This involved using a hand-card that

removed and untangled the short fibres from the mass. Hand

cards were essentially wooden blocks fitted with handles andcovered with short metal spikes. The spikes were angled and

set in leather. The fibres were worked between the spikes and,

 by reversing the cards, scrapped off in rolls (cardings) about

12 inches long and just under an inch thick.

 The second process was known asspinning and this was

performed by the mothers. The spinning of wool, cotton or flax

 was originally done by the spindle and distaff. Thedistaff, a

stick about 3 ft long, was held under the left arm, and the

fibres of wool drawn from it were twisted spirally by the

forefinger and thumb of the right hand. As the thread was

spun, it was wound on the spindle. Thespinning wheel was

invented inNuremberg in the 1530s. It consisted of a revolving

 wheel operated bytreadle and a drivingspindle. This slow

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process of spinning was a tedious process that remained

unaltered until the invention of James Hargreaves who

invented what is known as theSpinning Jenny. It is claimed

that one day his daughter Jenny, accidentally knocked over

the family spinning wheel. The spindle continued to revolve

and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles

could be worked off one wheel. The machine used eight

spindles onto which the thread was spun from a

corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel, the

operator could now spin eight threads at once.

 The last process was performed by the fathers or the men of

the household, this process was called the weaving. The weaving was done on a machine known as thehandloom 

 weaver so weaving was also referred to as handlooming. The

handloom was devised about 2,000 years ago and was brought

to Britain by theRomans. The process consisted of interlacing

one set of threads of yarn (the warp) with another (the weft).

 The warp threads are stretched lengthwise in the weaving

loom. The weft, the cross-threads, are woven into the warp to

make the cloth. Like the process of spinning, weavingremained unchanged for a great period of time. Then the

twelfth child of a Yeoman farmer, John Kay invented theflying

shuttle, which enabled a weaver to knock the shuttle across

the loom and back again using one hand only. The speed of

 weaving was doubled; and a single weaver could make cloths

of any width, whereas previously two men had sat together at

a loom to make broad cloth. Unfortunately John Kay had to

fight for the royalties of his invention his whole life and died a

poor man.

Recently cottage industries have been encouraged by

environmental groups to preserve areas of the rainforest by

aiding the local tribes in a sustainable way. TheMaisin tribe

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and others in Papua New Guinea is a notable example to

sustain the rainforest for future generations.

Handicraft and Cottage Industry Puri

 The economy of Puri is largely dependent on the Handicraft

and Cottage Industry, Puri. Many of these industries in Puri

flourished because of the tourism industry that revolves

primarily around the Lord Jagannath Temple. The temple has

also encouraged the art and craft of Puri, and the Puri

handicraft and cottage industries are no exception in this

regard.

One of the most important cottage industries in Puri includes

the textile manufacturers. Kotki, Bomkai and several other

traditional saris and dress materials, in silk and cotton, are

renowned all over the country. Applique work of Puri is also

reminiscent of the temple art where small pieces of colored

clothes and tiny mirrors are shaped and stitched together in various motives. These make wonderful umbrellas, canopies,

 bags, lamp shades, wall hangings and other utility items.

 The traditional Patta painting is also unique to Puri city and is

a product of the cottage industry of Puri. Animals,

mythological figures, flowers and trees are brightly painted on

a specially treated surface or patta.

 The traditional set of 96 circular playing cards with paintings

is done by etching palm leaves and stitching together in rows.

 These cards known as Ganjappa are fine examples of the

traditional handicrafts of Puri. Puri handicraft is also known

for the delicate filigree works in silver. Exquisite jewelry boxes,

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cigar boxes, decorative trays and other items of silver filigree

are among the best in the world. Laquer work, bone carving,

 bamboo work, stone carving and artifacts made with sea shells

are popular products of the Handicraft and Cottage Industry of

Puri.

Recommendation and Suggestion

It is clear from the present scenario that Tat industries are demolishing

from this region day by day. The people engaged with this occupation are

 becoming unemployed and it becomes very difficult for them to survive. It

is not possible to stop this industry because most of the people engaged

 with this occupation are unskilled in all other occupations. Again, it isalso not preferable to provide surplus for surviving this industry. There

are many barriers to survive the Tatiees well. By overcoming these

 barriers properly, the Tatiees could survive well and Tat industries of this

region would not demolish. The following suggestions would be a

practical guideline for surviving Tatiees.

1.Some businesspersons buy a huge amount of Lungi in low price

during off-peak period and store for peak period. As a result the

demand of Lungi fall down in the peak period and the Tatiees

cannot sell their according to the actual demand of market, and

they are compelled to sell their Lungi in low price during peak

period. By protecting this dishonest motivation, Tatiees can survive

 well.

2.Most of the Tatiees have no primary capital to buy raw material

like Yarn, arrowroot etc. Therefore, all they do borrow money from

Mohajon and they are compelled to sell their products to them in a

low price. However, there are a few numbers of Tatiees who take

credit from NGOs and Banks can avoid this situation. If the initialcapital can be provided by micro credit programme, they can get

rid of this vicious circle.

3. The price of Yarn drastically changed between on a few months and

 become higher and higher. Some Tatiees claimed that it is not

sometime available also. So, by taking national policy if the

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production and supply of Yarn can be increased, then the price will

 be more stable and this sector can be more benefited.

4. This sector may not survive if it continue by small scale of

production. It may not compete with the products of other areas, where they go in mass production. Therefore, by adopting modern

technology and with the help of various organizations,

stakeholders and government, the situation can be improved.

5. Tatiees are usually unskilled in all other occupation. Again, the

present condition of Tat industries in this region is not suitable for

the Tatiees to survive. If this industry is stopped, Tatiees could be

shifted to another occupation. To shift Tatiees into another

occupation Government, NGOs, and the private sector could

launch job oriented programmes like – training, education,protection etc.

Conclusion

 The Lungi of Rohitpur is famous in all over the country. However, it is

now at the diminishing stage. The barriers identified in this study are the

main cause for the situation. More over some businessperson and Tatiees

are also responsible. They are marketing low quality products using thelabel of this famous product. It destroys the believe of the users. An

overall infrastructural development as well as financial support can make

this industry alive. Not a desktop planning approach, but a participatory

planning approach is very much needed to run this industry towards its

own way and bring the fame of the Lungi of Rohitpur.

References

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1991; Community Series : Dhaka Zila,Ministry of Planning,

Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, April 1993.

http://www.answers.com/library/Dictionary-cid-967628726 (Accessed

October 20, 2006)

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