Costs, rewards and social reciprocity: teachers' motivations for networked learning

Networked Learning Conference 2014

Antoine van den Beemt Evelien Ketelaar, Isabelle Diepstraten, Maarten de Laat

Costs, rewards and social reciprocity

•  Study: teachers' considerations for networked learning

•  (respondents vision on) Networked learning

•  Considerations: exchange

•  Persona's

•  Implications for theory and practice

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 1

Study: teachers' motivations for networked learning

•  secondary education

•  teacher professionalisation

•  reasons for underutilisation

•  structured interviews among 25 teachers (NL)

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 2

Main conclusion

•  Motives for participation related to exchange

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 3

Main conclusion

•  Motives for participation related to exchange

•  Theory:

–  rational exchange theory

–  symbolic interactionism

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 4

Main conclusion

•  Motives for participation related to exchange

•  Theory:

–  rational exchange theory

–  symbolic interactionism

•  Practice:

–  costs and rewards vs social reciprocity

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 5

Networked learning

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 6

Open Universiteit Maarten de Laat 2012 3

Om dit probleem van onzichtbaarheid nader toe te lichten is het handig om het beeld van een ijsberg op te roepen.

Zoals ik heb gezegd zijn veel professionaliseringsactiviteiten gericht op planmatige en gecontroleerde processen. Dit zijn de zichtbare processen in de organisatie waar het management direct invloed op heeft en deze natuurlijk ook wenst aan te sturen. Echter dit is slechts het topje van de ijsberg. Onder water bestaat een nog veel grotere werkelijkheid. Een werkelijkheid die onzichtbaar is en één die zichzelf organiseert. Om deze te zien moeten we naar de ‘onderkant’ van de organisatie. Dit kan door een kijkje onder water te gaan nemen.

‘Onder water kijken’ – dat is ook een bekend begrip voor de inmiddels wat ouderen en oudere jongeren onder ons – die nog gewerkt hebben met Word Perfect. Door onder water te kijken kreeg je namelijk toegang tot een verborgen werkelijkheid.

Networked learning

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 7

Open Universiteit Maarten de Laat 2012 3

Om dit probleem van onzichtbaarheid nader toe te lichten is het handig om het beeld van een ijsberg op te roepen.

Zoals ik heb gezegd zijn veel professionaliseringsactiviteiten gericht op planmatige en gecontroleerde processen. Dit zijn de zichtbare processen in de organisatie waar het management direct invloed op heeft en deze natuurlijk ook wenst aan te sturen. Echter dit is slechts het topje van de ijsberg. Onder water bestaat een nog veel grotere werkelijkheid. Een werkelijkheid die onzichtbaar is en één die zichzelf organiseert. Om deze te zien moeten we naar de ‘onderkant’ van de organisatie. Dit kan door een kijkje onder water te gaan nemen.

‘Onder water kijken’ – dat is ook een bekend begrip voor de inmiddels wat ouderen en oudere jongeren onder ons – die nog gewerkt hebben met Word Perfect. Door onder water te kijken kreeg je namelijk toegang tot een verborgen werkelijkheid.

Formal - informal

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(respondents vision on) Networked learning

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 9

(respondents vision on) Networked learning

"Networked learning is about sharing, and to avoid reinventing the wheel"

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 10

(respondents vision on) Networked learning

"Networked learning is about sharing, and to avoid reinventing the wheel"

"Being in contact with others on a structural basis"

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 11

(respondents vision on) Networked learning

"Networked learning is about sharing, and to avoid reinventing the wheel"

"Being in contact with others on a structural basis"

"Learning networks are based on trust"

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 12

(respondents vision on) Networked learning

"Networked learning is about sharing, and to avoid reinventing the wheel"

"Being in contact with others on a structural basis"

"Learning networks are based on trust"

"Networks are organized around shared themes or interest"

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 13

(respondents vision on) Networked learning

"Networked learning is about sharing, and to avoid reinventing the wheel"

"Being in contact with others on a structural basis"

"Learning networks are based on trust"

"Networks are organized around shared themes or interest"

"Often start face-to-face, and can develop online"

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 14

(respondents vision on) Networked learning

"Learning that promotes collaborative or cooperative connections between learners and learning resources, often supported by ICT" (Goodyear, Banks, Hodgson, & McConnell, 2004)

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Considerations: exchange

•  Considerations for active participation in learning networks?

•  Costs – rewards; self-interest

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Considerations: exchange

•  Rational exchange theory (Homans, 1958)

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Considerations: exchange

•  Rational exchange theory (Homans, 1958)

•  Costs = time and self-efficacy

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Considerations: exchange

•  Rational exchange theory (Homans, 1958)

•  Costs = time and self-efficacy

•  Rewards = altruism, reputation

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Considerations: social interaction

•  Symbolic interactionism (G.H. Mead, 1934)

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Considerations: social interaction

•  Symbolic interactionism (G.H. Mead, 1934)

•  action based on social or moral motives

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Considerations: social interaction

•  Symbolic interactionism (G.H. Mead, 1934)

•  action based on social or moral motives

•  identification, rituals representing societal values, common habit, collective consciousness, meaning-giving

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Persona's

•  Active participating teacher:

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 23

Persona's

•  Active participating teacher:

–  networks reaching beyond the school

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 24

Persona's

•  Active participating teacher:

–  networks reaching beyond the school

–  motivated networker, not focused on exchanges, relates his identity to the community,

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 25

Persona's

•  Active participating teacher:

–  networks reaching beyond the school

–  motivated networker, not focused on exchanges, relates his identity to the community,

–  time is both cost and reward, but will never outbalance the joy of networking; contacts, rituals, norms in the community

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Persona's

•  Reward focused teacher:

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Persona's

•  Reward focused teacher:

–  Networks are local

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Persona's

•  Reward focused teacher:

–  Networks are local

–  Time and efficacy are no longer barriers.

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Persona's

•  Reward focused teacher:

–  Networks are local

–  Time and efficacy are no longer barriers.

–  Yet networking with a rational perspective

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 Pagina 30

Persona's

•  Non-participating teacher:

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 31//19

Persona's

•  Non-participating teacher:

–  inclined to share,

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 32//19

Persona's

•  Non-participating teacher:

–  inclined to share,

–  refrains because of insecurity, self-efficacy

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 33//19

Persona's

•  Never-will-participating teacher:

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 34//19

Persona's

•  Never-will-participating teacher:

–  focus on ROI,

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Persona's

•  Never-will-participating teacher:

–  focus on ROI,

–  rewards will never outbalance costs

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Implications

•  Theory: symbolic interactionism as an addition to investigating considerations for network participation and the relation formal - informal

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 37/19

Implications

•  non participation because of not feeling connected to the community, or not wanting to accept postponed reciprocity

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 38//19

Implications

•  non participation because of not feeling connected to the community, or not wanting to accept postponed reciprocity

•  formal training may be a way to get non- participants connected/involved in school community

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 39//19

Implications

•  non participation because of not feeling connected to the community, or not wanting to accept postponed reciprocity

•  formal training may be a way to get non- participants connected/involved in school community

•  school mgmt: facilitate and stimulate networked learning in a safe/trustful environment

Costs, rewards, social reciprocity - Antoine van den Beemt - NLC 2014 40//19

Costs, rewards & social reciprocity

http://www.slideshare.net/AntoineSlideshare

antoine.vandenbeemt@ou.nl

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Antoine van den Beemt