Costs of Learning Learning: Alters Behavior, Functional Efficiency Takes Advantage of Predictability...
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Costs of Learning Learning: Alters Behavior, Functional Efficiency Takes Advantage of Predictability Within- Generation When Uncertainty Among Generations Fitness Benefits Well Understood Plasticity, Match Behavior to Environment Vertebrates & Invertebrates Advances Survival & Reproduction
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Transcript of Costs of Learning Learning: Alters Behavior, Functional Efficiency Takes Advantage of Predictability...
Costs of Learning
Learning: Alters Behavior, Functional Efficiency
Takes Advantage of Predictability Within-Generation
When Uncertainty Among Generations
Fitness Benefits Well Understood
Plasticity, Match Behavior to Environment
Vertebrates & Invertebrates
Advances Survival & Reproduction
Social Learning (Cultural Transmission)
Fitness Benefit: Predator Recognition
Boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata)
Tadpoles: Naïve
Woodfrog (Rana sylvatica)
Tadpoles: Models
Tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
Odor: Predator on tadpoles
Ferrari & Chivers (2008) Animal Behaviour 75:1921.
Costs of Learning
Nature: Learning Capacities Common
Selectively Favored
If Select for Increased Learning, Improves
Rats, Bees & Several Dipterans
If Learning Advantageous, Why Doesn’t Natural Selection Favor Increase?
Selection for Intermediate Learning Capacities?
Improvement Costly?
Costs of Learning
Dichotomize Costs
Constitutive (Genetic) Costs
Capacity Costly, Even if Not Used
Operating Costs
Processes of Collecting, Storing & Recalling Information Costly
Constitutive Costs
Develop & Maintain Sensory/Nervous Systems
Neural Tissue Metabolically Expensive
Pleiotropic Costs: Energy/Resource Allocation
to Sensory/Nervous Functions Might
Reduce Life-History Traits
~Independent of Use
Operating Costs
Paid When Animal Learns
Energy, Metabolic Resources
Time, “Attention”
Pleiotropic Costs to Other Traits
Operating Costs
Well Studied, e.g.:
Mice: Reduced Immunity
Barnard et al. 2006. Behav. Process. 72:74.
Fruit Flies: Loss Larval Competitive Ability
Mery & Kawecki. 2003. Proc. R. Soc. B270:2465.
Mery & Kawecki. 2005. Science 308:1148.
Fruit Flies: Reduced Fecundity
Mery & Kawecki. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68:589.
Mery & Kawecki. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68:589.
Drosophila Lines
Artificially Selected for High Learning
Low Learning (No Learning Selection)
Quinine Aversion During Oviposition (1 Sex!)
Selected Lines: Faster Learning & Longer Memory
Mery & Kawecki. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68:589.
Selected vs Unselected: Constitutive Costs
In Selected Lines
No Conditioning vs Repeated Conditioning: Operating Costs in High-Learning Line
Mery & Kawecki. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68:589.
Conditioning
Cycles
No Conditioning
High-Learning
LineConstitutive Cost
Constitutive +
Operating Costs:
Lower
Operating
Costs
Low-Learning
Line
Lower
Constitutive
Costs
Lower
Constitutive
Costs
Mery & Kawecki. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68:589.
Correct Oviposition:
High-Learning LineAdvantaged,Given Chanceto Learn
Does AdvantageImply OperatingCost?
Mery & Kawecki. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68:589.
Egg Laying:
Conditioning Affects High-Learning Only
Reduced Fecundity in
Later Cycles
No Cost in High-
Learning Without
Conditioning
Burger et al. 2008. Evolution 62:1294.
Drosophila Lines
Artificially Selected for High Learning
Low Learning (No Learning Selection)
Separate Lines Selected for Longevity
Burger et al. 2008. Evolution 62:1294.
Drosophila Lines
Artificially Selected for High Learning
Low Learning (No Learning Selection)
Separate Lines Selected for Longevity:
Focus on Constitutive Costs of Learning
Burger et al. 2008. Evolution 62:1294.
Selection for Learning
Effective
Costs?
Burger et al. 2008. Evolution 62:1294.
Cohort Survival: High-Learning vs Control
Learning: Both Sexes Significantly Shorter Lifespan
Burger et al. 2008. Evolution 62:1294.
Select for
Longevity:
Works; Median
Lifespan Extended
By 18 Days
Learning Impaired?
Burger et al. 2008. Evolution 62:1294.
Pleitropic Cost:
Longevity Impairs
Learning, 1 Hour
Memory Task
(Avoidance of
Mechanical Shock
Via Odor Association)
