Costa Rica Summer 2006 rainforest ecology and the natural history of costa rica.
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Transcript of Costa Rica Summer 2006 rainforest ecology and the natural history of costa rica.
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Costa Rica Summer 2006
rainforest ecology and the natural history of costa rica
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Aims and Objectives1) Engage with the natural environment of
Costa Rica
2) Study sustainability through the use of composting toilets
3) Experience the rich culture of Costa Rica
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Natural Environment• Take exploratory
hikes in both the day and night
• Observe and identify plant and animal life
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Rich Culture• Participate in a
homestay• Interact with the
locals
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Sustainability• Gain a basic
understanding of how composting toilets work
• Understand the significance and ecological impacts of the composting toilets at Rancho Mastatal
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Stop. Think. Recycle…
Sustainability through the Use of Composting Toilets
human feces?
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“The idea of waste, of something unusable, reveals an incomplete
understanding of how things work. Nature admits no waste.
Nothing is left over; everything is joined in the spiral of life.”
- Sim Van der Ryn
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A new way to recycle?• “Waste” → a resource • Human urine and feces decomposes
naturally into a nutrient-rich soil additive called humus
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Or something so ancient and natural?
• The Food Cycle• Humanure and Asian Farmers• Humanure and Rancho Mastatal
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On-Site Study• To explore the purpose and use of
the composting toilets at Rancho Mastatal
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Methodology
1. Interview with Tim– To understand the history and
philosophy behind the use of composting toilets at Rancho Mastatal
– To understand how the toilets function– Comprised of 32 questions
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2. Toilet Use Tally– To measure when and why either
composting or flush toilets were used at Rancho Mastatal
3. Toilet Preference Survey– To gain a sense of subject’s reactions to
and thoughts on using the composting toilets
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Toilet Use Tally• Location
– Jeannie’s House or the Main House• Type of Toilet
– Composting or Flush• Purpose of Use
– #1 = urination; #2 = defecation or both• Time of Day of Use
– Daytime or Nighttime• Amount of Flushes
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Finalized Tally Sheet
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Research Question
Does the purpose of use or the time of day of use affect what sort of toilet is used?
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Results
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Location
1 2 3 4 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Usag
e
Day
Graph 1.3 - Total Toilet Usage by Location
Jeannie's House (2 toilets)
Main House (2 toilets)
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Type
1 2 3 4 5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Usag
e
Day
Graph 1.4 - Total Toilet Usage by Type
Composting (2 toilets)
Flush (2 toilets)
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Purpose of Use
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Usage
1 2 3 4 5
Day
Graph 2.3A - #1 Toilet Usage
Flush
Composting
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Graph 2.3B - #2 Toilet Usage
Flush
Composting
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Time of Day of Use
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Usage
1 2 3 4 5
Day
Graph 3.3A - Daytime Toilet Usage
Flush
Composting
0
5
10
15
20
25
Usage
1 2 3 4 5
Day
Graph 3.3B - Nighttime Toilet Usage
Flush
Composting
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Amount of Flushes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Usage
1 2 3 4 5
Day
Graph 4A - Toilet Uses and Flushes for #1 Use
Uses
Flushes
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Usage
1 2 3 4 5
Day
Graph 4B - Toilet Uses and Flushes for #2 Use
Uses
Flushes
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Relevant Conclusions• Overall, flush toilets were frequented
more often than composting toilets• So flush toilets win? Not exactly…
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Purpose of Use• Composting toilets were preferred
over flush toilets for defecation, while flush toilets were the most frequented option for urination
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Possible Explanations• Composting Toilet Preference
– Stink factor– Toilet paper disposal– Sound privacy
• Flush Toilet Preference– Frequency of urination– Lesser need to flush
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Time of Day of Use• The difference in usage between the
two types of toilets during the day was minimal
• At night, however, the difference is large, with composting toilets barely used and flush toilets used more often
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Possible Explanations• Composting Toilets
– Scenic during the day– Dangerous at night
• Dark• Slippery trails• Less protected from the elements ( rain, creepy
crawlies)• Flush Toilets
– Convenient at all times– Safer at night
• Well-lit• Protected from rain• Easy to access, especially for middle-of-the-night uses
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Weaknesses• Inconsistent tally sheets• Certain terms undefined
(daytime/nighttime, #1/#2)• Subject non-participation• Shifting subject pools• Assumed no other ways of relief• Non-statistical analysis of data
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Future• Additional research needed
– Statistical analysis– Other factors (type and design of the
composting toilets)• Possible considerations for future
composting toilets– Location relative to the houses– Safety and convenience of access
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Composting toilets make sense
But are they practical?
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“It is possible to quit putting our so-called bodily wastes where they don’t
belong (in the water) and to start putting them where they do belong (on the land). When waste is used, a liability becomes an asset, and the very concept of waste disappears.”
- Sim Van der Ryn
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