Cost Optimal Analysis - housing.gov.ie · Two reference buildings for each category were considered...

Report on the Development of

Cost Optimal Calculations and

Gap Analysis for Buildings in

Ireland under Directive

2010/31/EU on the Energy

Performance of Buildings

(RECAST)

Section 2- Non-Residential

Buildings

Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government Final Report Revised 07/04/2020

05 April 2018

Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019

Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government

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Quality information

Prepared by Checked by Approved by

Pratima Washan David Ross David Ross



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Prepared for:

Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government

Prepared by:

AECOM Limited

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London

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© 2019 AECOM Limited. All Rights Reserved.

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Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Reference Buildings ...................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 New Buildings ..................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Existing Buildings.............................................................................................................. 17

3. Measures and Packages ............................................................................................................ 24

3.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 24

3.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental analysis ........................................................................... 29

3.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ....................................................................... 30

4. Calculation of Primary Energy Demand for the Measures ......................................................... 39

4.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 39

4.2 Existing Buildings.............................................................................................................. 47

5. Global Cost Calculation .............................................................................................................. 54

5.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 54

5.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ........................................................................... 92

5.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ..................................................................... 133

6. Cost Optimal Level for Reference Buildings ............................................................................. 155

6.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................. 155

6.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ......................................................................... 163


7. Comparison of Current Building Regulations and Cost Optimal Level ..................................... 169

7.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................. 169

7.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ......................................................................... 170


Appendix 1 – Current Component Level Minimum Performance Requirements ................................ 175

Appendix 2 – Cost Optimal Curves, Existing Buildings – Elemental .................................................. 176

Addendum to Section 2 – Non-domestic buildings ............................................................................. 195

Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 1


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Executive Summary

This report details work undertaken for the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government.

It describes cost-optimal calculations and gap analysis for non-residential buildings in accordance

with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010

on the energy performance of buildings (recast). The report has been developed in accordance with

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive

2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings

(hereinafter referred to as the Cost-Optimal Regulation) and the associated Guidelines accompanying

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012.

Energy Performance Assessment and modelling

The following reference buildings were selected for new and existing non-domestic buildings.

New building typologies Construction type

Masonry

cavity wall Light metal

frame

Light metal

frame with

curtain wall

Office – 2 Floors (Natural Ventilation) *

Office – 2 Floors (Air- conditioned) *

Office – 6 Floors (Natural Ventilation) * *

Office – 6 Floors (Air-conditioned) * *

Primary School (Natural Ventilation) *

Secondary School (Natural Ventilation) *

Hotel (Air-conditioned) * *

Retail Warehouse (Air- conditioned) *

Mixed use (Natural Ventilation) *

CNU (Natural Ventilation) *

Existing building typologies Construction type

Masonry

cavity wall Light metal

frame

Office – 2 Floors (Natural Ventilation) *

Office – 2 Floors (Air- conditioned) *

Primary School (Natural Ventilation) *

Hotel (Air-conditioned) *

Mixed use (Natural Ventilation) *

CNU (Natural Ventilation) *

In order to model the energy performance of buildings other than dwellings to a cost optimal level, the

Non-domestic Energy Assessment Procedure (NEAP) as published by Sustainable Energy Authority

of Ireland (SEAI) was used. NEAP is Ireland’s calculation methodology and software to the

requirements of the EPBD (recast) Annex I and EN 13790 for calculating the energy performance of

buildings.

Capital Costs and Lifecycle Costs

Capital and maintenance costs for measures were developed by independent economic consultants

Currie and Brown. New build cost data was based on current construction projects in the Dublin

region.

Discount rates used took account of public sector rates used by the Department of Public Expenditure

and Reform and financial rates used by the financial sector. Future energy prices were derived from

SEAI forecasts. Sensitivities were modelled to allow for different energy prices, discount rates, and

capital and operational costs.



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Models were run from both a societal and investor perspective. The societal model included the cost

of carbon and used lower discount rates. The investor model excluded the cost of carbon and used

higher discount rates.

Results and Gap Analysis

As the reduction of carbon emissions is a societal challenge, the societal perspective, which includes

the price of carbon, has been used to perform the gap analysis. The lower societal discount rates

used places a higher value on future energy savings and sets a more ambitious target for Part L of

the Building Regulations Conservation of Fuel and Energy performance requirements than the

investor perspective.

The result of the gap analysis from a societal perspective is described below. The results are based

on a macro economic analysis, using a 5% discount rate and a central energy price.

For this version of the cost optimal report, the cost optimal level has been compared to 2017 Part L of

the Building Regulations performance requirements. This regulation introduces Nearly Zero Energy

Building performance requirements and Major Renovation provisions into Ireland’s Building

Regulations for buildings other than dwellings.

New Buildings

The 2017 Part L performance requirements for all new buildings meet the cost optimal

performance level with the exception of the retail warehouse and the 2 floor naturally ventilated

and air-conditioned offices. The performance requirement for offices is based on 6 floors as this is

the more typical design for new office buildings. There is no gap between the current regulation

performance requirements and the average cost optimal level for new buildings. The gap between

the performance requirement for the retail warehouse and the cost optimal level will be reviewed

in the next full review of Part L for non-domestic buildings.

Existing Buildings - Elemental replacement

The gap between current requirements and cost optimal is greater than 15% for ground floors,

walls and roofs. The current requirements are at the cost optimal level insofar as they are

technically or functionally feasible. Therefore, there are no plans to review the performance

requirements for these elements. There is also a gap of greater than 15% for lighting and in the

specification for air handling units, and it is proposed to review this requirement in the next full

review of Part L. A 93% efficient gas boiler is the cost optimal solution for all but one of the

building types modelled (the exception being the Hotel). CHP is specific to building types and

requires maintenance. It may not be functionally or technically feasible for certain buildings. The

performance requirements will be further assessed in the next full review of Part L of the Building

Regulations for Buildings other than Dwellings.

Existing Buildings - Major Renovation

There is no gap between the current regulation performance requirements and the average cost

optimal level. The performance requirement for specific building types will be reviewed in the next

full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than Dwellings.



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1. Introduction

This report details work undertaken for the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government.

It describes cost-optimal calculations and a gap analysis for non-residential buildings in accordance

with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010

on the energy performance of buildings (recast). The report has been developed in accordance with

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive

2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings

(hereinafter referred to as the Cost-Optimal Regulation) and the associated Guidelines accompanying

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012.

The format of this report is based upon the reporting template provided in Annex 3 of the Cost-

Optimal Regulation. This report is in a similar format to the 2013 Cost Optimal Report for Ireland.

The 2017 Part L Regulations gave due regard to the cost-optimal levels of minimum energy

performance identified in the 2013 Cost Optimal Study. Where a gap is identified in this report the

next review of the Part L Regulations will take steps to significantly reduce this gap and adjust the

minimum energy performance requirements.



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2. Reference Buildings

2.1 New Buildings

According to Annex 1 of the Cost Optimal Regulation, member states should establish at least one

reference building for office buildings and also establish reference buildings for other non-residential

building categories listed in Annex I of the recast EPBD for which specific energy performance

requirements exist. We note that in Ireland, energy performance requirements are set for all non-

residential buildings. Hence, we have considered the wider list of non-residential buildings included in

the recast EPBD.

We have selected reference buildings based on the following building categories.

1. Office buildings

2. Educational buildings

3. Hospitals

4. Hotels and restaurants

5. Wholesale and retail services buildings (Retail warehouses; Mixed-use office and retail

buildings)

In addition, sport facilities are included in Annex I of the recast EPBD. We have chosen not to analyse

such buildings in this work. The main reason for not doing so is that the other buildings in the list

above encompass a wide range of servicing strategies and are representative of the majority of the

non-residential building stock. Hence, this would provide a sufficient understanding of the gap

between current Regulations and the Cost Optimal Level. In addition, restricting the number of

buildings allows for a more detailed analysis, so that a greater number of measures can be included

in the cost-optimal calculations.

For the offices, educational buildings, hotel and restaurants, and wholesale and retail services

buildings, we have used the building models from the 2013 cost optimal study. These (with the

exception of educational buildings) were based on building models used to develop Building

Regulations for energy performance requirements within the UK. These typical building models (not

actual buildings) have previously been agreed as being appropriate. Given the similar types of

building construction in Ireland and the UK, we had adopted similar building models for Ireland.

However, we have amended these buildings such that their building floor area and construction reflect

Irish data. The SEAI Building Energy Rating (BER) data for new buildings was tabulated (Table 2.1).

This table only shows buildings relevant for this analysis.

The final floor area for these buildings is shown in Table 2.2. These are broadly in line with the floor

area distribution shown in Table 2.1.



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Table 2.1: SEAI Building Energy Rating (BER) Database

Mean Area

(m²)

25th

Percentile

Area (m²)

75th

Percentile

Area (m²)

Office building 1,921 139 1,475

Primary school 1,926 375 2,752

Secondary school 5,666 3,311 8,466

Hotel 2,440 667 3,451

Retail warehouse 1,556 371 1,719

For the school building, we have used both a primary school and a secondary school building. The

school models are based on exemplar buildings provided by the Department of Education and Skills -

http://www.education.ie/en/School-Design/Exemplars-Template-Designs/Exemplars-and-Template-

Designs.html. The Community Nursing Unit (CNU) model is based on drawings provided by the

Health Service Executive.

A summary of the buildings, construction type and servicing strategy are shown in Table 2.2. In total

ten Reference Buildings have been considered. Both naturally ventilated and air-conditioned buildings

have been considered – and both types of office buildings have been included. Furthermore, both

cavity wall and steel frame construction have been considered with the most appropriate construction

type selected for each building category. This should provide a good estimate of the difference

between national regulations and cost optimal levels.

Table 2.2: New Building Models

Building Category Construction type

Masonry

cavity wall

Light metal

frame*

Light metal

frame with

curtain wall

Office – 2 Floors (Naturally Ventilated) 1,440m²

Office – 2 Floors (Air-conditioned) 1,440m2

Office – 6 Floors (Naturally Ventilated) 4,320m2 4,320m2

Office – 6 Floors (Air-conditioned) 4,320m2 4,320m2

Primary School (Naturally Ventilated) 2,311m²

Secondary School (Naturally

Ventilated) 8,502m2

Hotel (Air-conditioned) 3,622m2 3,622m2

Retail Warehouse (Air-conditioned) 1,250m2

Mixed use (Naturally Ventilated) 988m2

CNU (Naturally Ventilated) 6,804m2

* Assumed to be light metal frame with rainscreen cladding and windows

Please note that the floor areas are calculated by taking linear measurements between the finished

internal faces of the walls.

For the purpose of this work, it has been assumed that the buildings will be constructed in Dublin. This

area is the focus of current construction activities. Hence, we have considered climate and cost data

relevant for the Dublin geographical area.

Table 2.3 provides a more detailed summary of the Reference Buildings using the template provided

with the Cost Optimal Regulation. The component level requirements that set the minimum

performance standards for new non-residential buildings are outlined in Appendix A.

http://www.education.ie/en/School-Design/Exemplars-Template-Designs/Exemplars-and-Template-Designs.html

http://www.education.ie/en/School-Design/Exemplars-Template-Designs/Exemplars-and-Template-Designs.html



AECOM

Table 2.3: New Build Reference Buildings

Building Category

Building Geometry

Share of window area

on the building envelope

and windows with no

solar access

Floor

area m2

as used

in

building

code

Typical energy

performance

kWh/m2/yr

Component

level

requirements

Area of N/W/S/E facade

(m²)

Volume

(m³)

Ratio of window area

over total building

envelope area

separately for N/W/S/E

facades

Primary

energy for

each building

model

according to

current

national

regulations

These are

minimum

requirements for

different

elemental

components

Office – 2 Floors

(Natural

Ventilation)

280 / 126 / 280 / 126 5040 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 1440 58

See Appendix 1

Office – 2 Floors

(Air- conditioned) 280 / 126 / 280 / 126 5040 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 1440 87

Office – 6 Floors

(Natural

Ventilation)

980 / 441 / 980 / 441 15120 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 4320 44

Office – 6 Floors

(Air-conditioned) 980 / 441 / 980 / 441 15120 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 4320 71

Primary School

(Natural

Ventilation)

413 / 339 / 392 / 331 8,700 0.23 / 0.31 / 0.3 / 0 2311 44

Secondary School

(Natural

Ventilation)

1094 / 1553 / 1126 / 1425 37547 0.25 / 0.35 / 0.3 / 0.33 8502 45

Hotel (Air-

conditioned) 1496 / 1439 / 1474 / 1463 12678 0.1 / 0.14 / 0.13 / 0.14 3622 305

Retail Warehouse

(Air- conditioned) 200 / 100 / 200 / 100 4902

0 / 0 / 0 / 0.6

Rooflight 0.1 1250 142

Mixed use (Natural

Ventilation) 260 / 134 / 260 / 134 3484 0.18 / 0 / 0.4 / 0 988 103

CNU (Natural

Ventilation) 713 / 1059 / 722 / 1065 24919 0.2 / 0.15 / 0.19 / 0.24 6804 176

Tables 2.4a - 2.4j provide a summary of the relevant energy performance data used in the modelling

for each of the ten reference buildings.



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Table 2.4a: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 2 Floors, Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

Calculation

Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h

Primary energy conversion

factors (averaged over

calculation period):

Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88

On-site Generated Electricity 1.88

Climate

Location Dublin

Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file

Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.

Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 40 x 18 x 7 m

Systems

Ventilation system Air changes per hour - 1/hr

Heat recovery efficiency - %

Heating system

Generation 91 %

Distribution as per SBEM

assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules

Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC

Summer - ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.

Energy Use

Energy contribution of main

passive strategies

Natural ventilation These energy savings are not

reported separately. Daylight lighting control

Heating energy 21 kWh/m²/yr

Cooling energy 0 kWh/m²/yr

DHW energy 10 kWh/m²/yr

Lighting energy 18 kWh/m²/yr

Auxiliary energy 2 kWh/m²/yr

Energy

Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels

Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy

Fossil fuel 31 kWh/m²/yr

Electricity 20 kWh/m²/yr

Other 0 kWh/m²/yr

Primary energy 58 kWh/m²/yr



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Table 2.4b: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 2 Floors, Air-conditioned

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




Systems

Ventilation system Air changes per hour 1.2 1/hr


Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 450 %

Distribution 80 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer 23 ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




AECOM

Table 2.4c: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 6 Floors, Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




Systems



Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer - ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy

Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.

Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




AECOM

Table 2.4d: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 6 Floors, Air-conditioned

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




Systems

Ventilation system Air changes per hour 1.2 1/hr


Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 450 %

Distribution 80 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer 23 ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




AECOM

Table 2.4e: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Primary School, Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin



Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 42 x 58 x 9

(variable) m

Systems



Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer - ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




AECOM

Table 2.4f: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Secondary School, Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




(variable) m

Systems



Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer - ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




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Table 2.4g: Energy Performance Data, New build – Hotel, Air-conditioned

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin



Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 32 x 43 x 21 (L -

shaped) m

Systems

Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr

Heat recovery efficiency 0 %

Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 450 %

Distribution 80 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer 23 ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




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Table 2.4h: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Retail warehouse, Air-conditioned

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




Systems



Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 450 %

Distribution 80 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer 23 ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




AECOM

Table 2.4i: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Mixed use, air-conditioned retail space, naturally

ventilated offices

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




(variable) m

Systems



Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 450 %

Distribution 80 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer 23 ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




AECOM

Table 2.4j: Energy Performance Data, New Build – CNU (healthcare), Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




(variable) m

Systems



Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer - ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr




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2.2 Existing Buildings

Table 2.5 provides a summary of the reference buildings using the template provided in the Cost

Optimal Regulation. We have omitted information on the building geometry, window area and floor

area, which are already provided in Table 2.3.

Two reference buildings for each category were considered in the 2013 cost optimal analysis (defined

as Energy Efficiency Level 1 and 2 i.e. EE1 and EE2). EE1 and EE2 were determined by using the

energy end-uses recorded for existing non-residential buildings in the Building Energy Rating (BER)

certificate database. This data is used to produce energy performance certificates for existing

buildings required under Article 7 of the original Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. To derive

EE1 for each building type, the energy end uses from a building with the median primary energy

consumption were taken. To derive EE2, the energy end uses from a building with the 75th percentile

primary energy consumption were taken. The BER database also allowed us to identify approximate

building specifications (fabric u-values, service efficiencies) associated with EE1 and EE2 levels.

These initial building specifications were modified to provide the exact EE1 and EE2 levels.

The 2013 report however showed that the impact of these two alternative reference buildings on the

cost optimal levels was limited (i.e. the cost optimal level retrofit option was generally independent of

the current state of the existing buildings within the scope of this analysis). The analysis for this report

therefore uses the EE1 reference building for each of the six selected building types.

The six building types modelled represent the majority of the existing building stock. We have chosen

to adopt the same building models used for new build (i.e. same size and geometry). The principal

reason for this is that it provides a useful comparison with the new-build results. Furthermore, it would

be expected that the new-build floor areas selected are not significantly different to existing building

floor areas.

Tables 2.6a - 2.6f provides a summary of the energy performance data for each of the reference

buildings. Again, we have omitted information on the buildings themselves, which is provided in Table

2.3 and Tables 2.4a - 2.4j.



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Table 2.5: Reference Buildings for Existing Buildings

Building Category Energy Efficiency

Level

Construction type Typical energy

performance

kWh/m2/yr

Component level

requirements

Office (Natural

Ventilation)

EE1 Masonry cavity wall 213

Refer to appendix 1

Office (Air-

conditioned)

EE1 Light metal frame 265

School (Primary –

Natural Ventilation)


Hotel (Air-

conditioned)


Mixed- use (Air-

conditioned retail

space on ground

floor, naturally

ventilated offices on

upper floors)


Healthcare (CNU –

natural ventilation)


Table 2.6a: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Office, Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

EE1

Systems



Heating system

Generation 74 %

Distribution 95 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 50 %

Distribution 90 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Building

Elements

Average U-value

Walls 0.55 W/m²K

Roof 0.61 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Windows 3.6 W/m²K

Average g-value of glazing 0.7 -

Air permeability 15 m³/m².hr

Lighting

Efficacy 25 llm/cW

Daylight controls N -

Occupancy controls N -

Energy Use


passive strategies










AECOM

Table 2.6b: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Office, Air-conditioned

Quantity Unit

EE1

Systems



Heating system

Generation 78 %

Distribution 95 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 220 %

Distribution 66 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 60 %

Distribution 90 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Building

Elements

Average U-value

Walls 0.45 W/m²K

Roof 0.25 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Windows 2.2 W/m²K



Lighting

Efficacy 45 llm/cW



Energy Use


passive strategies










AECOM

Table 2.6c: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Primary School, Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

EE1

Systems



Heating system

Generation 74 %

Distribution 95 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 50 %

Distribution 90 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Building

Elements

Average U-value

Walls 0.45 W/m²K

Roof 0.50 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Windows 3.6 W/m²K



Lighting

Efficacy 30 llm/cW



Energy Use


passive strategies










AECOM

Table 2.6d: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Hotel, Air-conditioned

Quantity Unit

EE1

Systems



Heating system

Generation 80 %

Distribution 95 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 200 %

Distribution 66 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 60 %

Distribution 90 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Building

Elements

Average U-value

Walls 0.45 W/m²K

Roof 0.25 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Windows 3.1 W/m²K



Lighting

Efficacy 15 llm/cW



Energy Use


passive strategies










AECOM

Table 2.6e: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Mixed use, air-conditioned retail space,

naturally ventilated offices

Quantity Unit

EE1

Systems



Heating system

Generation 74 %

Distribution 95 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 200 %

Distribution 66 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 50 %

Distribution 90 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Building

Elements

Average U-value

Walls 0.55 W/m²K

Roof 0.61 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Windows 3.6 W/m²K



Lighting

Efficacy 25 llm/cW



Display lighting efficacy 15 llm/cW

Energy Use


passive strategies










AECOM

Table 2.6f: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – CNU (healthcare), Naturally Ventilated

Quantity Unit

EE1

Systems



Heating system

Generation 74 %

Distribution 95 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation - %

Distribution - %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system

Generation 50 %

Distribution 90 %

Emission - %

Control - %

Building

Elements

Average U-value

Walls 0.55 W/m²K

Roof 0.61 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Windows 3.6 W/m²K



Lighting

Efficacy 25 llm/cW



Energy Use


passive strategies










AECOM

3. Measures and Packages

3.1 New Buildings

A list of potential measures has been compiled using the EU Commission Cost Optimal Guidelines

document and design experience. Since it is impractical to evaluate every permutation of the selected

measures, we have grouped the measures into packages. These packages are listed in Tables 3.1a

and 3.1b.

The packages represent four different components of a building design (fabric, services, heating,

renewable technology), so that selecting one package from each component forms a complete

building design. In total, we have considered 108 packages for each reference building. The values

selected for each of the measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and building services efficiencies) within

the packages have been chosen to give a large spread of primary energies and lifecycle costs. This

helps to obtain a clear cost optimal curve and identification of the optimum point. It includes solutions

that together might comprise a building model that performs more poorly than the primary energy

target set under current regulations.

It should be noted that some possible measures have been omitted from these packages. There are a

number of reasons for this:

Site specific measures: Various measures are particularly dependant on site constraints. For

example, building orientation and feasibility of wind turbines are all likely to depend on the site

and the surrounding context. Our assumption is that the cost optimal point should be based on

measures that any designer can typically adopt, if not the cost optimal point may be unrealistic

to achieve in many real cases.

Design measures: Some measures impact on design constraints that are not incorporated in

the building primary energy requirement. In particular, our concern is that by modifying the

percentage of glazing or introducing shading to optimise primary energy, it may result in

inadequate daylight levels. Furthermore, this is building dependent – a particular percentage of

glazing may provide appropriate day lighting in one building design but not another. Therefore,

we have not considered these two measures in the list of packages.

Default measures: There are other measures that are likely to be included in new buildings by

default, for example, monitoring and metering, variable speed pumps and power factor

correction. These have not been treated as options - they are simply added to the base building

models assumed in all cases. Since these measures do not vary, there is no need to identify

costs separately for them.

Table 3.1c gives the thermal bridging psi values for the different construction types. In addition, Table

3.1d shows an example compliant specification to meet current national regulations for all building

types. As the national regulation is performance-based, a building may comply by adopting alternative

measures and/or specifications.



AECOM

Table 3.1a: Measures to be included in analysis – New Buildings – Naturally ventilated

Fabric (3 options)

Building element A B C

Wall U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.18 0.15

Roof U-Value (W/m²K) 0.20 0.15 0.11

Floor U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.15 0.15

Window U-Value (W/m²K) 1.40 0.9 0.90

G-value 0.6 0.4 0.4

Light transmittance 70% 60% 60%

Curtain Wall 1.8 1.4 1.1

Air tightness

5 3

2 with mechanical ventilation (fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and SFP of 0.9W/l/s CO2 sensor speed control)

Services (3 options)

1 2 3

Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 65 80 95

Daylight lighting control Yes

(Single zone daylight dimming)

Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²

Yes



Yes

(Single zone daylight dimming including back sensor)

Parasitic Power 3% of lighting power or 0.1W/m2 whichever is

lower

Occupancy Lighting Control Yes (manual on auto off)


Yes (manual on auto off)



Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2 (note: parasitic power only

applied once as sensors could be combined)

Display Lighting (with time switching)

22 22 65

Heating (4 options)

1 2 3 4

Heating Source Gas Boiler

(93% Efficiency)

Gas CHP

(50% heat efficiency; 30% electrical efficiency)

(to provide 60% of space heating demand and 100% of hot water demand)

GSHP (office, hotel, CNU, hospital )

(SCoP 4.5; DHW efficiency 2.2)

ASHP (retail warehouse, mixed use and school)


District Heating CHP

(Emission factor 0.11kgCO2/kWhheat; Primary Energy Factor 1.2; Renewable PEF is 0.6)

Controls Variable speed drive with multiple pressure

sensors

Variable speed drive with multiple pressure

sensors


sensors


sensors



AECOM

BACS/ Metering BACS/ Metering BACS/ Metering BACS/ Metering

Hot Water Distribution 8W/m 8W/m 8W/m 8W/m

Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated 50mm Factory Insulated 50mm Factory Insulated 50mm Factory Insulated

Renewable technologies (3 options)

1 2 3

Photovoltaics (% of building footprint)

0% 20% 40%

Table 3.1b: Measures to be included in analysis – New Buildings – Air-conditioned

Fabric (3 options)

Building elements A B C

Wall U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.18 0.15

Roof U-Value (W/m²K) 0.20 0.15 0.11

Floor U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.15 0.15

Window U-Value (W/m²K) 1.40 0.9 0.90

G-value 0.6 0.4 0.4

Light transmittance 70% 60% 60%

Curtain Wall 1.80 1.40 1.10

Air tightness 5 3 2


1 2 3

Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 65 80 95

Daylight lighting control Yes



Yes



Yes

(Single zone daylight dimming) including back sensor)

Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2

Occupancy Lighting Control Yes (manual on auto off)





Parasitic Power 3% of lighting power or 0.1W/m2 whichever is

lower (note: parasitic power only applied once as sensors

could be combined)

Display Lighting (with time switching)

22 22 65

Heat Recovery No Yes (efficiency of 75%) Yes (efficiency of 80%)

SEER 3.5 4.5 5.5

SSEER based on



AECOM

Office Fan Coil Chilled Beam Chilled Beam with Mixed Mode

Hotel Split System Fan Coil Fan Coil with Mixed Mode

Hospital specialist areas Terminal Reheat Terminal Reheat Terminal Reheat

Hospital non-specialist areas Terminal Reheat VAV (Variable Air Volume) Passive Chilled Beam

Retail Warehouse Split System Fan Coil Fan Coil

Mixed Use Retail (only) Split System Split System Fan Coil

AHU SFP (W/l/s) 1.8 1.6 1.6

Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) 0.3 0.3 0.3

Demand Control Ventilation Yes

(CO2 sensor speed control)

Yes


Yes


Duct Leakage Class C Class C Class D

AHU Leakage Class L2 Class L2 Class L1

Heating (4 options)


(93% Efficiency)

Gas CHP


(to provide 60% of space heating demand and 100% of hot water demand)

GSHP (office, hotel, CNU, hospital )


ASHP (retail warehouse, mixed use and school)


District Heating CHP

(Emission factor 0.11kgCO2/kWhheat; Primary Energy Factor 1.2; Renewable PEF is 0.6)

Controls Variable speed drive with multiple pressure

sensors BACS/ Metering








Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated

50mm Factory Insulated




1 2 3


0% 20% 40%



AECOM

Table 3.1c: Thermal bridging details – New Buildings

Type of junction Involving metal cladding

(W/mK)

Not involving metal- cladding

(W/mK)

Curtain Walling

Roof to wall 0.28 0.12 0.28

Wall to ground floor 1.0 0.16 1.00

Wall to wall (corner) 0.2 0.09 0.20

Wall to floor (not ground floor) 0.0 0.07 0.00

Lintel above window or door 1.0 0.30 0.00

Sill below window 0.95 0.04 0.00

Jamb at window or door 0.95 0.05 0.00

Table 3.1d: Example compliant specification to meet current national regulations – New Build

Fabric

Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.18

Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.15

Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.15

Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.4 (10% FF) (for side lit or unlit buildings)

1.6 (30% FF) (for top lit buildings)

G-value (%) 40

Light Transmittance (%) 71

Thermal Bridging (W/mK) length x psi value

Involving metal cladding Not involving metal cladding

Roof to wall 0.28 0.12

Wall to ground floor 1.0 0.16

Wall to wall (corner) 0.2 0.09

Wall to floor (not ground floor) 0.0 0.07

Lintel above window or door 1.0 0.30

Sill below window 0.95 0.04

Jamb at window or door 0.95 0.05

Air Tightness (m³/m².hr @ 50 Pa) 5 (Gross internal area < 250 m2)

3((Gross internal area > 250 m2)

Services (including heating)

Lighting (luminaire lm/circuit watt) 65

Daylight Control Yes (photo-electric dimming without back sensor control)

Occupancy Control Yes (Manual-On-Auto-Off)

Maintenance factor for lighting 0.8

Heating system & efficiency (heating and hot water)% Gas boiler; 91

Central ventilation SFP (W/l/s) 1.8

Terminal unit SFP 0.3

Cooling (where applicable; air-conditioned) SEER/SSEER 4.5/3.6

Cooling (where applicable; mixed mode) SEER/SSEER 2.7

Variable speed control of fans & pumps controlled via multiple

sensors Yes

Demand Control (mechanical ventilation only)

Variable speed control of fans via CO2 sensors Yes

PV

Renewable Energy Ratio (RER) provided by photovoltaics 0.2



AECOM

3.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental analysis

A list of potential measures has been compiled using the EU Commission Cost Optimal Guidelines

document and design experience. For the elemental analysis, each measure has been assessed

separately. The measures which have been assessed are listed in Table 3.2. The measures selected

are those most commonly applied when renovating the building. The values selected for each of the

measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and building services efficiencies) have been chosen to give a

spread of primary energy values and lifecycle costs. It includes some fabric options that might perform

more poorly than the limiting standards set for individual elements under the current regulations.

Table 3.2: Measures included in analysis – Existing Buildings

Renovation Building Types EE1 1 2 3 4 5 6

Floors (W/m²K) All 0.60 0.25 0.20 0.15

Cavity Walls (W/m²K) Office (NV), School, Hotel, Mixed-use, CNU

0.60 0.31 0.19 using

EWI 0.14 using

EWI 0.16 using

EWI 0.10 using

EWI 0.21 using

IWI

Metal frame Walls (W/m²K)1

Office (AC) 0.60 PIR cladding system

0.29 mineral

wool cladding system

0.21 PIR cladding system



0.19 mineral

wool cladding system


Metal frame Roof (W/m²K) Office (AC) 0.35 0.25 0.20 0.15

Pitched Roof (W/m²K) Office (NV), Hotel, School, CNU

0.35 0.25 0.20 0.15

Windows(W/m²K) All 2.20 1.60 1.40 1.00 0.80

Heating System All

Gas Boiler

(84% efficiency)

Gas

(93% efficiency)

Biomass Boiler

(84% efficiency)

Gas (93% efficiency)

+ Solar thermal sized to provide 60% DHW demand

Electric ASHP

(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency of 2.2)

Gas CHP


(to provide 60% space heating and 100% hot water demand)

Cooling Efficiency (SSEER)

Office (AC) Terminal Reheat

Fan Coil Chilled Beam

Chilled Beam with

Mixed Mode

AHU SFP (W/l/s) Office(AC) 3.0 1.8 1.6

Lighting All 55 65 80 95

1 To be based on mineral wool.



AECOM

3.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages

In addition to the elemental analysis, existing building measures were assessed on a package basis

(i.e. with more than one measure implemented at a time). The analysis of packages is carried out in

order to inform the cost optimal performance levels for Major Renovation works.

The measures, which have been assessed for non-residential buildings, are listed in Tables 3.3a -

3.3e. The measures selected are those most commonly applied when renovating the building. The

values selected for each of the measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and building services efficiencies)

have been chosen to give a spread of primary energy values and lifecycle costs. Fabric, services,

heating and renewable technology packages have been tested in combination.



AECOM

Table 3.3a: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Naturally ventilated offices,

Healthcare (CNU)

Fabric (3 options)


Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16

Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.16 0.12 0.12

Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F)

Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.8

G-value = 0.55

Light Transmittance = 70%

1.4

G-value = 0.4


0.9

G-value = 0.4


Air Tightness 5 3 2 with mechanical ventilation

(fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and SFP of 0.9W/l/s CO2 sensor speed

control)


Services EE1 1 2 3

Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 25 65 80 95

Daylight lighting control None Yes



Yes



Yes

(Single zone daylight dimming including back

sensor)


Occupancy Lighting Control Local Manual Switching







Heating (4 options)


(74% Efficiency)

Gas Boiler

(93% Efficiency)

Electric ASHP (incl. replacement of heat emitters)


Gas CHP


(to provide 60% space heating &100% hot water )

Controls Constant speed

BACS/metering


sensors

BACS/ Metering

Variable speed drive with multiple

pressure sensors

BACS/ Metering

Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors

BACS/ Metering







1 2 3


0% 10% 20%



AECOM

Table 3.3b: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Air-conditioned offices

Fabric (3 options)


Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16

Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.20 0.13 0.13

Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F)


G-value = 0.55


1.4

G-value = 0.4


0.9

G-value = 0.4


Air Tightness 5 3 2


Services EE1 1 2 3





Yes



Yes


sensor)





Yes (manual on auto

off)




Heat Recovery None No Yes (efficiency of

75%)

Yes (efficiency of 85%)

Chiller Efficiency (SEER) 2.2 3.5 4.5 5.5

Chiller Efficiency (SSEER) 1.452 Fan Coil 3.37 Chilled Beam 3.60 Chilled Beam with Mixed

Mode 2.70

AHU SFP (W/l/s) 3 1.8 1.6 1.6

Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3

Demand Control Ventilation None Yes


Yes

(CO2 sensor speed

control)

Yes


Duct Leakage Not tested Not tested Class C Class D

AHU Leakage Not tested Class L2 Class L2 Class L1

Heating (4 options)


(74% Efficiency)

Gas Boiler

(93% Efficiency)



Gas CHP





AECOM


BACS/metering


sensors

BACS/ Metering


pressure sensors

BACS/ Metering


BACS/ Metering







1 2 3


0% 10% 20%



AECOM

Table 3.3c: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Primary School

Fabric (3 options)


Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16

Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.16 0.12 0.12

Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.45


G-value = 0.55


1.40

G-value = 0.4


0.90

G-value = 0.4


Air Tightness 5 3 2 with mechanical ventilation

(fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and SFP of

0.9W/l/s with CO2 sensor speed control)


Services EE1 1 2 3





Yes



Yes


sensor)









Heating (4 options)


(74% Efficiency)

Gas Boiler

(93% Efficiency)



Biomass Boiler

(84% efficiency)


BACS/metering


sensors

BACS/ Metering


pressure sensors

BACS/ Metering


BACS/ Metering







1 2 3


0% 10% 20%



AECOM

Table 3.3d: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Hotel

Fabric (3 options)


Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.16

Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.16 0.12 0.12

Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.45


G-value = 0.55


1.40

G-value = 0.40


0.90

G-value = 0.40


Air Tightness 5 3 2


EE1 1 2 3





Yes



Yes


sensor)


Occupancy Lighting Control Local manual switching



Yes (manual on auto

off)




Display Lighting 15 22 (with time switching)

22 (with time

switching)

65 (with time switching)

Heat Recovery None None Yes (efficiency of

75%)

Yes (efficiency of 80%)

Chiller Efficiency (SEER) 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5

Chiller Efficiency (SSEER) Fan Coil 1.32 Split System 3.20 Fan Coil 3.37 Fan Coil with Mixed Mode

2.70

AHU SFP (W/l/s) 3 1.8 1.6 1.6

Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) 0.6 - 0.3 0.3



Yes

(CO2 sensor speed

control)

Yes


Duct Leakage Not tested Class C Class C Class D

AHU Leakage Not tested Class L2 Class L2 Class L1

Heating (5 options)


(80% Efficiency)

Gas Boiler

(93% Efficiency)

Gas Boiler

(91% Efficiency)

+ STHW sized to provide 30% of footprint



Biomass Boiler

(84% efficiency)



AECOM


BACS/metering


BACS/ Metering


BACS/ Metering


BACS/ Metering


BACS/ Metering

Hot Water Distribution 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m







1

Solar Thermal Hot Water system (% of building footprint)

30%



AECOM

Table 3.3e: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Mixed use

Fabric (3 options)


Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16

Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.25 0.13 0.13

Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.45


G-value = 0.55


1.40

G-value = 0.40


0.90

G-value = 0.40


Display Window (W/m2K) 5.60

G-value = 0.87

Light Transmittance 90%

5.60

G-value = 0.87


2.20

G-value = 0.55


Air tightness 5 3 2 with mechanical ventilation

(fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and

SFP of 0.9W/l/s with CO2 sensor speed control)


EE1 1 2 3





Yes



Yes


sensor)


Occupancy Lighting Control Local manual switching



Yes (manual on auto

off)




Display Lighting 15 22 (with time switching)

22 (with time

switching)

65 (with time switching)

Heat Recovery None None None Yes (efficiency of 75%)

Chiller Efficiency (SEER) Mixed use retail only

2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5

Chiller Efficiency (SSEER)

Mixed use retail only

Split System Split System Split System (with

fresh air mechanical

supply)

Split System (with fresh air

mechanical supply)

AHU SFP (W/l/s) - - 1.8 1.8

Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) - - - -



Yes

(CO2 sensor speed

control)

Yes


Duct Leakage n/a n/a Not tested Not tested

AHU Leakage n/a n/a Not tested Not tested



AECOM

Heating (5 options)


(74% Efficiency)

Gas Boiler

(93% Efficiency)



Gas CHP




BACS/metering


sensors

BACS/ Metering


pressure sensors

BACS/ Metering


BACS/ Metering







1 2 3


0% 10% 20%



AECOM

4. Calculation of Primary Energy Demand for the

Measures

4.1 New Buildings

4.1.1 Energy Performance Assessment

This section outlines the procedure for determining the primary energy for each package of measures.

Each of the reference buildings was modelled in SBEMie v.5.5.h, the software provided by the

Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) that implements the Non-domestic Energy

Assessment Procedure (NEAP).

NEAP is Ireland’s calculation methodology and software to the requirements of the EPBD (recast)

Annex I and EN 13790 for calculating the energy performance of buildings. The requirements

regarding conservation of fuel and energy for buildings are laid out in Part L of the Second Schedule

to the Building Regulations 1997 (Statutory Instrument No. 497 of 1997) as amended by the Building

Regulations (Part L Amendment) Regulations 2017 (Statutory Instrument No. 538 of 2017). Part L of

the Building Regulations provides that the energy performance of the building is such as to limit the

calculated primary energy consumption and related carbon dioxide emissions insofar as is reasonably

practicable, when both energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using

NEAP. NEAP calculates whole building energy and carbon emissions performance compliance for the

Irish Building Regulations Part L.

This cost-optimal study identifies the gap (if any) between current whole building energy performance

as defined in Part L of the Building Regulations and the cost optimal level as calculated using NEAP.

To test each package of measures, the SBEM building model input files were updated accordingly

and run through the SBEM calculation engine. The energy end uses (e.g. heating, cooling) were

recorded directly from the SBEM output files. The end use energies were then summed for each

energy carrier to find the delivered energy requirement. Any on-site generated energy was also

determined at this stage. The primary energy factors were then applied to the delivered energy and

on-site generated energy. The latter was subtracted from the former to give the net primary energy.

The energy needs for cooling were calculated for all Non-Residential air-conditioned reference

buildings. These were calculated using approved NCM (National Calculation Methodology) software

to achieve specific temperature set points. All Non-Residential reference buildings, including naturally

ventilated and air-conditioned typologies, were designed to comply with mandatory overheating/

summer comfort criteria in line with the current version of TGD (Technical Guidance Document) L.

This includes compliance with solar overheating requirements in the NEAP (Non-Domestic Energy

Assessment Procedure) software for Non-Residential buildings in line with Paragraph 1.3.5 of TGD L

2017 Conservation of Fuel and Energy – Building other than Dwellings.

Annex 1 of the Cost Optimal Regulation state that “Member States shall use a calculation period of 30

years for residential and public buildings, and a calculation period of 20 years for commercial, non-

residential buildings”. For the purpose of this work, we have assumed a calculation period of 20 years

for all of the buildings with the exception of 30 years for the primary school, secondary school and the

CNU (healthcare building).

4.1.2 Energy Demand Calculation

Tables 4.1a - 4.1m summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-

optimal packages in each of the reference buildings. These tables include the energy breakdown by

end use and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to

calculate the total primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference

case are listed in Tables 2.4a - 2.4j. The delivered energy per carrier has been incorporated into

Tables 4.1a - 4.1m as this allows the values to be seen alongside the primary energy figures rather

than producing separate tables.



AECOM

Table 4.1a: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F NV MCW

Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy

Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas

Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference

kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %

B 3 1 3 15 0 3 9 9 25 12 17 17 71%

B 2 1 3 14 0 3 9 11 24 13 17 19 67%

B 2 4 3 13 0 3 9 11 0 13 17 20 66%

A 3 1 3 21 0 3 9 9 30 11 17 22 61%

A 2 1 3 20 0 3 9 10 30 13 17 25 58%

A 1 1 3 19 0 3 9 14 28 17 17 30 48%

A 2 1 2 20 0 3 9 10 30 13 9 40 31%

A 1 1 2 19 0 3 9 14 28 17 9 46 21%

A 2 1 1 20 0 3 9 10 30 13 0 57 2%

A 1 1 1 19 0 3 9 14 28 17 0 62 -7%

Table 4.1b: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F AC MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


B 3 1 3 14 4 13 9 10 24 27 17 44 49%

C 2 1 3 12 7 13 9 12 21 32 17 51 41%

B 2 1 3 13 7 13 9 12 23 32 17 52 40%

A 2 1 3 19 7 15 9 11 28 34 17 63 28%

C 2 1 2 12 7 13 9 12 21 32 9 67 23%

B 2 1 2 13 7 13 9 12 23 32 9 68 22%

A 2 1 2 19 7 15 9 11 28 34 9 78 10%

B 2 1 1 13 7 13 9 12 23 32 0 85 3%

A 2 1 1 19 7 15 9 11 28 34 0 95 -9%

A 1 1 1 17 11 20 9 15 26 45 0 114 -31%



AECOM

Table 4.1c: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F NV LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


LMFA 2 3a 3 6 0 2 2 13 0 23 5 34 24%

LMFB 3 1 3 27 0 2 4 12 31 14 5 50 -15%

LMFA 3 1 3 30 0 2 4 11 33 13 5 52 -19%

LMFB 2 1 3 26 0 2 4 14 30 16 5 53 -21%

LMFA 2 1 3 29 0 2 4 13 33 15 5 55 -26%

LMFA 3 1 2 30 0 2 4 11 33 13 3 57 -29%

LMFB 2 1 2 26 0 2 4 14 30 16 3 58 -31%

LMFA 2 1 2 29 0 2 4 13 33 15 3 60 -36%

LMFA 2 1 1 29 0 2 4 13 33 15 0 64 -47%

LMFA 1 1 1 27 0 2 4 17 31 19 0 70 -60%

Table 4.1d: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F NV CW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


CWB 2 3a 3 9 0 2 2 13 0 26 5 40 10%

CWA 2 3a 1 12 0 2 2 13 0 28 0 53 -21%

CWB 3 1 3 45 0 2 4 11 49 13 5 70 -59%

CWB 2 1 3 44 0 2 4 13 48 15 5 72 -65%

CWB 2 1 2 44 0 2 4 13 48 15 3 77 -75%

CWB 2 1 1 44 0 2 4 13 48 15 0 82 -86%

CWA 2 1 3 56 0 2 4 13 60 15 5 85 -93%

CWA 2 1 2 56 0 2 4 13 60 15 3 89 -103%

CWA 2 1 1 56 0 2 4 13 60 15 0 94 -114%

CWA 1 1 1 54 0 2 4 17 57 19 0 99 -125%



AECOM

Table 4.1e: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F AC LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


LMFB 2 3a 3 4 4 9 2 14 0 32 3a 51 28%

LMFC 3 1 3 17 2 9 4 12 20 23 1 56 21%

LMFC 2 1 3 17 4 9 4 14 20 27 1 64 10%

LMFB 2 1 3 18 4 9 4 14 21 27 1 65 9%

LMFC 2 1 2 17 4 9 4 14 20 27 1 68 4%

LMFB 2 1 2 18 4 9 4 14 21 27 1 69 2%

LMFA 2 1 3 20 5 11 4 13 24 29 1 72 -2%

LMFA 2 1 2 20 5 11 4 13 24 29 1 77 -8%

LMFA 2 1 1 20 5 11 4 13 24 29 1 81 -15%

LMFA 1 1 1 26 8 15 4 17 30 40 1 108 -52%

Table 4.1f: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F AC CW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


CWB 2 3a 3 7 5 11 2 13 0 38 5 62 12%

CWC 2 1 3 33 4 9 4 14 37 27 5 82 -15%

CWB 2 1 3 36 5 11 4 13 40 29 5 89 -26%

CWB 2 1 2 36 5 11 4 13 40 29 3 94 -32%

CWB 2 1 1 36 5 11 4 13 40 29 0 99 -39%

CWA 2 1 3 48 5 11 4 13 52 29 5 102 -43%

CWA 2 1 2 48 5 11 4 13 52 29 3 106 -50%

CWA 2 1 1 48 5 11 4 13 52 29 0 111 -56%

CWA 1 1 2 51 6 16 4 17 55 40 3 130 -84%

CWA 1 1 1 51 6 16 4 17 55 40 0 135 -90%



AECOM

Table 4.1g: Energy Demand Output Table - Primary School NV MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A 2 3b 3 13 0 1 9 4 0 28 20 15 67%

A 2 3b 2 13 0 1 9 4 0 28 10 33 24%

A 2 2 3 73 0 1 35 4 108 6 45 46 -7%

A 3 1 3 48 0 1 22 4 70 5 20 50 -15%

A 2 1 3 48 0 1 22 4 70 6 20 50 -16%

A 1 1 3 46 0 1 22 6 68 8 20 52 -20%

A 2 1 2 48 0 1 22 4 70 6 10 69 -58%

A 1 1 2 46 0 1 22 6 68 8 10 71 -63%

A 2 1 1 48 0 1 22 4 70 6 0 88 -101%

A 1 1 1 46 0 1 22 6 68 8 0 89 -105%

Table 4.1h: Energy Demand Output Table - Secondary School NV MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A 2 3b 3 5 0 1 10 7 0 23 16 12 73%

A 1 3b 3 5 0 1 10 9 0 24 16 15 67%

B 3 1 3 16 0 1 23 6 39 7 16 26 42%

B 2 1 3 16 0 1 23 7 38 8 16 27 39%

A 2 1 3 18 0 1 23 7 41 8 16 30 33%

A 1 1 3 17 0 1 23 9 40 10 16 33 27%

A 2 1 2 18 0 1 23 7 41 8 8 45 0%

A 1 1 2 17 0 1 23 9 40 10 8 48 -6%

A 2 1 1 18 0 1 23 7 41 8 0 60 -33%

A 1 1 1 17 0 1 23 9 40 10 0 63 -39%



AECOM

Table 4.1i: Energy Demand Output Table - Hotel AC MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A 1 3a 3 38 3 4 96 15 0 156 7 280 8%

A 1 2 3 45 3 4 413 15 420 59 129 330 -8%

A 1 2 2 45 3 4 413 15 420 59 126 337 -10%

A 1 2 1 45 3 4 413 15 420 59 122 343 -12%

C 2 2 3 166 2 30 413 12 579 44 164 410 -34%

B 2 2 3 170 2 30 413 12 583 44 165 413 -35%

A 2 2 3 173 2 32 413 12 586 46 166 420 -38%

A 2 2 2 173 2 32 413 12 586 46 162 426 -40%

A 2 2 1 173 2 32 413 12 586 46 159 433 -42%

A 2 1 1 114 2 32 226 12 340 46 0 461 -51%

Table 4.1j: Energy Demand Output Table - Hotel AC LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


LMFA 1 3a 3 57 2 4 96 15 0 175 7 315 -3%

LMFA 1 3a 1 57 2 4 96 15 0 175 0 328 -8%

LMFC 1 2 3 71 2 4 413 16 430 75 131 367 -20%

LMFA 1 2 3 72 2 4 413 15 430 77 131 370 -21%

LMFA 1 2 2 72 2 4 413 15 430 77 128 376 -23%

LMFA 1 2 1 72 2 4 413 15 430 77 125 383 -26%

LMFA 2 2 3 281 2 36 413 12 693 50 189 500 -64%

LMFA 2 2 2 281 2 36 413 12 693 50 186 506 -66%

LMFA 2 2 1 281 2 36 413 12 693 50 183 513 -68%

LMFA 2 1 1 185 2 36 226 12 411 50 0 546 -79%



AECOM

Table 4.1k: Energy Demand Output Table - Retail Warehouse AC LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


LMFB 3 1 3 26 7 15 12 16 37 38 34 49 66%

LMFA 3 1 3 31 9 17 12 14 43 40 34 59 59%

LMFB 1 1 3 18 16 4 12 30 23 57 34 69 52%

LMFA 1 1 3 20 19 4 12 29 24 60 34 74 48%

LMFC 1 1 2 17 16 4 12 30 22 57 17 99 31%

LMFB 1 1 2 18 16 4 12 30 23 57 17 100 30%

LMFA 1 1 2 20 19 4 12 29 24 60 17 106 26%

LMFB 1 1 1 18 16 4 12 30 23 57 0 133 7%

LMFA 1 1 1 20 19 4 12 29 24 60 0 138 3%

LMFA 2 1 1 30 13 18 12 25 42 56 0 151 -6%

Table 4.1l: Energy Demand Output Table - Mixed Use AC LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


LMFA 3 3b 3 17 2 12 5 22 0 58 18 75 27%

LMFB 2 3b 3 15 3 6 5 32 0 61 18 81 22%

LMFA 2 3b 3 16 3 6 5 31 0 62 18 81 21%

LMFA 2 1 3 45 3 6 12 31 51 46 18 109 -5%

LMFA 2 4 3 42 3 6 11 31 0 46 18 109 -6%

LMFA 2 1 2 45 3 6 12 31 51 46 9 126 -22%

LMFA 2 4 2 42 3 6 11 31 0 46 9 127 -23%

LMFA 2 1 1 45 3 6 12 31 51 46 0 143 -38%

LMFA 2 4 1 42 3 6 11 31 0 46 0 144 -39%

LMFA 1 1 1 44 5 6 12 37 49 56 0 159 -54%



AECOM

Table 4.1m: Energy Demand Output Table - Health - CNU NV MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A 3 3a 3 17 1 7 19 36 0 80 13 124 30%

A 2 3a 3 16 1 7 19 43 0 86 13 135 23%

C 2 1 3 12 1 15 45 43 57 59 13 148 16%

B 3 1 3 76 1 7 45 37 121 44 13 191 -9%

A 3 1 3 81 1 7 45 36 127 44 13 196 -12%

B 2 1 3 73 1 7 45 43 118 51 13 200 -14%

A 2 1 3 78 1 7 45 43 124 51 13 206 -17%

A 2 1 2 78 1 7 45 43 124 51 7 218 -24%

A 2 1 1 78 1 7 45 43 124 51 0 231 -31%

A 1 1 1 74 1 7 45 53 119 61 0 245 -39%



AECOM

4.2 Existing Buildings

4.2.1 Energy Performance Assessment

The same process was followed as for new non-residential buildings outlined in section 4.1.

4.2.2 Energy Demand Calculation – Elemental Analysis

Tables 4.2a - 4.2f summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-

optimal packages in each of the reference buildings. These tables include the energy breakdown by

end use and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to

calculate the total primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference

cases are listed in Tables 2.4a - 2.4j. The delivered energy per carrier has been incorporated into

Tables 4.2a - 4.2f as this allows the values to be seen alongside the primary energy figures rather

than producing separate tables.

Table 4.2a: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F NV

Measure Value

Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy

Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total Reduction


Floor U-value 0.25 50 0 3 21 68 71 71 0 211 -70%

Floor U-value 0.2 50 0 3 21 68 71 71 0 210 -70%

Floor U-value 0.15 49 0 3 21 68 70 71 0 210 -69%

Wall U-value 0.1 45 0 3 21 68 66 71 0 205 -65%

Wall U-value 0.14 45 0 3 21 68 66 71 0 206 -66%

Wall U-value 0.16 46 0 3 21 68 67 71 0 206 -66%

Wall U-value 0.19 46 0 3 21 68 67 71 0 207 -67%

Wall U-value 0.21 46 0 3 21 68 67 71 0 207 -67%

Wall U-value 0.31 48 0 3 21 68 69 71 0 209 -68%

Roof U-value 0.25 44 0 3 21 68 65 71 0 205 -65%

Roof U-value 0.2 43 0 3 21 68 64 71 0 203 -64%

Roof U-value 0.15 42 0 3 21 68 63 71 0 202 -63%

Window U-value 1.6 30 0 3 21 68 51 71 0 189 -52%

Window U-value 1.4 28 0 3 21 68 49 71 0 186 -50%

Window U-value 1 24 0 3 21 68 45 71 0 182 -47%

Window U-value 0.8 22 0 3 21 68 43 71 0 180 -46%

Heat source ASHP 11 0 3 5 68 0 87 H4 163 -31%

Heat source CHP 63 0 3 14 68 77 71 H5 189 -52%

Heat source Gas boiler +

STHW 42 0 3 10 68 52 71 H3 190 -53%

Heat source Gas boiler

(93%) 42 0 3 11 68 53 71 H1 191 -54%

Heat source Biomass boiler 49 0 3 12 68 0 71 H2 200 -62%

Lighting efficacy 65 75 0 3 21 26 96 29 0 160 -29%





AECOM

Table 4.2b: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F AC

Measure Value



Elec.

Gen.



Floor U-value 0.25 57 20 39 17 38 74 97 0 263 -46%

Floor U-value 0.2 56 20 39 17 38 74 97 0 263 -46%

Floor U-value 0.15 56 21 39 17 38 73 97 0 263 -46%

Wall U-value 0.11 54 20 39 17 38 71 96 0 259 -44%

Wall U-value 0.15 54 20 39 17 38 72 96 0 260 -44%

Wall U-value 0.19 55 20 39 17 38 73 96 0 260 -45%

Wall U-value 0.2 55 20 39 17 38 73 96 0 261 -45%

Wall U-value 0.21 55 19 39 17 38 73 96 0 261 -45%

Wall U-value 0.29 57 19 39 17 38 74 96 0 262 -46%

Roof U-value 0.25 59 19 39 17 38 77 96 0 265 -47%

Roof U-value 0.2 58 19 39 17 38 76 96 0 264 -46%

Roof U-value 0.15 57 19 39 17 38 75 96 0 262 -46%

Window U-value 1.6 52 21 39 17 38 70 97 0 259 -44%

Window U-value 1.4 50 21 39 17 38 67 98 0 258 -43%

Window U-value 1 46 22 39 17 38 63 99 0 255 -41%

Window U-value 0.8 43 23 38 17 38 61 99 0 253 -41%


Heat source CHP 76 19 39 14 38 90 96 H5 245 -36%


STHW 50 19 39 10 38 61 96 H3 247 -37%


(93%) 50 19 39 11 38 61 96 H1 248 -38%





Chiller Efficiency 5.5 59 10 39 17 38 77 87 0 248 -38%



AHU SFP 1.8 59 19 35 17 38 77 92 0 257 -43%

AHU SFP 1.6 59 19 34 17 38 77 91 0 256 -42%

Table 4.2c: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – Primary School NV

Measure Value



Elec.

Gen.



Floor U-value 0.25 70 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -160%

Floor U-value 0.2 70 0 1 41 17 110 18 0 155 -159%

Floor U-value 0.15 69 0 1 41 17 110 18 0 155 -158%

Wall U-value 0.1 66 0 1 41 17 107 18 0 151 -152%

Wall U-value 0.14 67 0 1 41 17 107 18 0 152 -154%

Wall U-value 0.16 67 0 1 41 17 108 18 0 153 -154%

Wall U-value 0.19 68 0 1 41 17 108 18 0 153 -155%

Wall U-value 0.21 68 0 1 41 17 109 18 0 153 -156%



AECOM

Wall U-value 0.31 70 0 1 41 17 110 18 0 155 -159%

Roof U-value 0.25 71 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -160%

Roof U-value 0.2 70 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -160%

Roof U-value 0.15 70 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -159%

Window U-value 1.6 59 0 1 41 17 100 18 0 144 -140%

Window U-value 1.4 58 0 1 41 17 99 18 0 142 -137%

Window U-value 1 56 0 1 41 17 96 18 0 140 -133%

Window U-value 0.8 54 0 1 41 17 95 18 0 139 -131%


Heat source CHP 88 0 1 35 17 123 18 H5 117 -95%


STHW 58 0 1 18 17 76 18 H3 117 -95%


(93%) 58 0 1 22 17 80 18 H1 122 -103%





Table 4.2d: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – Hotel AC

Measure Value



Elec.

Gen.



Floor U-value 0.25 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 865 -153%

Floor U-value 0.2 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 865 -153%

Floor U-value 0.15 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 864 -153%

Wall U-value 0.1 168 13 69 355 62 523 144 0 845 -147%

Wall U-value 0.14 170 13 69 355 62 525 144 0 848 -148%

Wall U-value 0.16 171 13 69 355 62 526 144 0 849 -148%

Wall U-value 0.19 172 13 69 355 62 527 144 0 850 -149%

Wall U-value 0.21 173 13 69 355 62 528 144 0 852 -149%

Wall U-value 0.31 178 13 70 355 62 532 144 0 857 -151%

Roof U-value 0.25 184 13 70 355 62 539 145 0 865 -153%

Roof U-value 0.2 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 864 -153%

Roof U-value 0.15 183 13 70 355 62 537 145 0 863 -152%

Window U-value 1.6 153 15 68 355 62 508 144 0 830 -143%

Window U-value 1.4 149 15 68 355 62 504 144 0 826 -141%

Window U-value 1 141 16 67 355 62 496 144 0 817 -139%

Window U-value 0.8 138 16 67 355 62 492 145 0 813 -138%


Heat source CHP 243 13 70 415 62 658 145 H5 669 -96%


STHW 160 13 70 207 62 367 145 H3 676 -98%


(93%) 160 13 70 229 62 389 145 H1 700 -105%







AECOM

Table 4.2e: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – Mixed Use

Measure Value



Elec.

Gen.



Floor U-value 0.25 10 32 2 29 121 37 157 0 337 0%

Floor U-value 0.2 10 33 2 29 121 37 158 0 337 0%

Floor U-value 0.15 10 33 2 29 121 37 158 0 338 0%

Wall U-value 0.19 7 33 2 29 121 34 158 0 334 1%

Wall U-value 0.14 7 33 2 29 121 33 158 0 334 1%

Wall U-value 0.1 7 34 2 29 121 33 158 0 335 1%

Wall U-value 0.31 8 33 2 29 121 34 158 0 335 1%

Wall U-value 0.16 6 34 2 29 121 33 159 0 335 1%

Wall U-value 0.21 6 34 2 29 121 33 159 0 335 1%

Roof U-value 0.25 9 32 2 29 121 35 157 0 334 1%

Roof U-value 0.2 9 32 2 29 121 35 157 0 334 1%

Roof U-value 0.15 8 32 2 29 121 35 157 0 334 1%

Window U-value 1.6 12 31 2 29 121 38 157 0 336 1%

Window U-value 1.4 11 31 2 29 121 37 157 0 335 1%

Window U-value 1.0 10 31 2 29 121 36 157 0 334 1%

Window U-value 0.8 9 31 2 29 121 35 157 0 333 1%

Heat source ASHP 4 31 2 7 121 0 165 0 310 8%

Heat source CHP 13 31 2 17 121 28 157 3 318 6%


STHW 9 31 2 15 121 22 157 0 319 6%


(93%) 9 31 2 15 121 22 157 0 319 6%

Heat source Biomass boiler 11 31 2 17 121 0 157 0 322 5%

Lighting efficacy 65 24 15 2 29 56 48 78 0 199 41%



Table 4.2f: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – CNU (Health) NV

Measure Value



Elec.

Gen.



Floor U-value 0.25 89 1 7 70 174 160 182 0 514 -314%

Floor U-value 0.2 89 1 7 70 174 159 182 0 513 -314%

Floor U-value 0.15 89 1 7 70 174 159 182 0 513 -314%

Wall U-value 0.1 79 1 7 70 174 150 182 0 502 -305%

Wall U-value 0.14 80 1 7 70 174 151 182 0 504 -306%

Wall U-value 0.16 81 1 7 70 174 151 182 0 504 -307%

Wall U-value 0.19 81 1 7 70 174 152 182 0 505 -307%

Wall U-value 0.21 82 1 7 70 174 152 182 0 505 -308%

Wall U-value 0.31 84 1 7 70 174 155 182 0 508 -310%

Roof U-value 0.25 82 1 7 70 174 152 182 0 506 -308%

Roof U-value 0.2 81 1 7 70 174 151 182 0 504 -307%



AECOM

Roof U-value 0.15 80 1 7 70 174 150 182 0 503 -306%

Window U-value 1.6 76 1 7 70 174 146 182 0 499 -302%

Window U-value 1.4 74 1 7 70 174 145 182 0 497 -301%

Window U-value 1 72 1 7 70 174 142 182 0 494 -298%

Window U-value 0.8 70 1 7 70 174 141 182 0 493 -297%



STHW 73 1 7 34 174 107 182 H3 455 -267%

Heat source CHP 111 1 7 76 174 187 182 H5 461 -272%


(93%) 73 1 7 45 174 118 182 H1 468 -278%





4.2.3 Energy Demand Calculation – Analysis of Packages

Tables 4.3a - 4.3f summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-

optimal packages in each of the reference buildings. It includes the energy breakdown by end use

and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to calculate the

total primary energy requirement are listed in Tables 2.4a - 2.4j.

In response to the requirement to set a minimum energy performance level, as outlined under Article

7 of the EPBD Recast Directive 2010/31/EU of 19th May 2010 for buildings which undergo Major

Renovation, the energy performance levels and improvement measures identified in the 2013 Cost

Optimal Study were given due regard in the Part L 2017 Regulations for Major Renovation in setting

the minimum energy performance levels and the package of improvement measures outlined. It is

against these Part L 2017 performance levels that the results of the 2019 cost optimal study have

been compared.

Table 4.3a: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F NV MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A1 2a 1 3 29 0 3 8 11 37 14 9 51 59%

B1 2a EE1 3 31 0 3 21 12 52 14 9 68 45%

A1 3a EE1 3 37 0 3 21 9 58 11 9 69 44%

A1 2a EE1 3 36 0 3 21 11 57 14 9 72 42%

A1 2a EE1 2 36 0 3 21 11 57 14 4 81 35%

A1 2a EE1 1 36 0 3 21 11 57 14 0 89 28%

A1 1a EE1 1 34 0 3 21 16 55 18 0 94 24%

A1 EE1 EE1 3 16 0 3 21 68 37 71 9 158 -27%

A1 EE1 EE1 2 16 0 3 21 68 37 71 4 166 -34%

A1 EE1 EE1 1 16 0 3 21 68 37 71 0 174 -40%



AECOM

Table 4.3b: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F AC LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


C2 2b 1 3 31 4 11 8 12 40 27 9 79 56%

A2 2b 1 3 43 4 13 8 12 52 29 9 95 47%

B2 EE1 2 3 10 16 34 4 38 0 102 9 175 3%

C2 EE1 1 3 31 18 33 8 38 39 89 9 194 -8%

B2 EE1 1 3 38 16 34 8 38 47 88 9 201 -11%

C2 EE1 EE1 3 36 18 33 17 38 53 89 9 210 -16%

B2 EE1 EE1 3 44 16 34 17 38 62 88 9 217 -21%

A2 EE1 EE1 3 48 18 36 17 38 66 92 9 229 -27%

A2 EE1 EE1 2 48 18 36 17 38 66 92 4 238 -32%

A2 EE1 EE1 1 48 18 36 17 38 66 92 0 246 -37%

Table 4.3c: Energy Demand Output Table - School - Primary NV MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A1 2a 2 3 15 0 1 8 5 0 28 10 34 44%

A1 EE1 2 3 12 0 1 8 17 0 38 10 52 14%

A1 EE1 2 2 12 0 1 8 17 0 38 5 61 -2%

A1 EE1 2 1 12 0 1 8 17 0 38 0 70 -17%

A1 EE1 1 3 44 0 1 18 17 62 18 10 84 -40%

A1 EE1 1 2 44 0 1 18 17 62 18 5 94 -56%

A1 EE1 1 1 44 0 1 18 17 62 18 0 103 -71%

A1 EE1 EE1 3 55 0 1 41 17 96 18 10 121 -101%

A1 EE1 EE1 2 55 0 1 41 17 96 18 5 130 -117%

A1 EE1 EE1 1 55 0 1 41 17 96 18 0 139 -132%

Table 4.3d: Energy Demand Output Table - Hotel AC MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A1 1b 2 1 42 3 5 95 16 0 161 0 302 12%

A1 1b 4 1 47 3 5 213 16 219 64 0 362 -6%

B1 1b 1 1 46 2 5 225 16 231 64 0 374 -9%

A1 1b 1 1 47 3 5 225 16 231 64 0 375 -10%

A1 EE1 2 1 35 13 64 95 62 0 269 0 506 -48%

C1 EE1 1 1 114 13 60 225 62 339 135 0 626 -83%

B1 EE1 1 1 130 12 62 225 62 355 136 0 646 -89%

A1 EE1 1 1 131 13 64 225 62 356 139 0 653 -91%

B1 EE1 EE1 1 147 12 62 355 62 502 136 0 808 -136%

A1 EE1 EE1 1 149 13 64 355 62 504 139 0 815 -138%



AECOM

Table 4.3e: Energy Demand Output Table - Mixed Use AC LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A1 3c 1 3 21 3 6 11 22 25 39 9 82 76%

A1 3c EE1 3 25 3 6 29 22 45 39 9 107 68%

A1 3c EE1 2 25 3 6 29 22 45 39 4 116 66%

A1 2c EE1 3 23 4 6 29 31 44 49 9 124 63%

A1 3c EE1 1 25 3 6 29 22 45 39 0 124 63%

A1 2c EE1 2 23 4 6 29 31 44 49 4 133 61%

A1 2c EE1 1 23 4 6 29 31 44 49 0 141 58%

A1 1c EE1 1 20 6 3 29 38 42 54 0 147 56%

A1 EE1 EE1 2 8 31 2 29 121 33 158 4 325 4%

A1 EE1 EE1 1 8 31 2 29 121 33 158 0 333 2%

Table 4.3f: Energy Demand Output Table - Health - CNU NV MCW



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


A1 3a 1 3 89 1 7 41 36 130 44 7 213 -72%

A1 2a 1 3 85 1 7 41 45 126 53 7 224 -81%

A1 2a 1 2 85 1 7 41 45 126 53 3 231 -86%

A1 2a 1 1 85 1 7 41 45 126 53 0 237 -91%

A1 2a EE1 3 105 1 7 70 45 176 53 7 279 -125%

A1 2a EE1 2 105 1 7 70 45 176 53 3 285 -130%

A1 2a EE1 1 105 1 7 70 45 176 53 0 291 -135%

A1 1a EE1 1 99 1 7 70 56 170 64 0 306 -147%

A1 EE1 EE1 2 57 1 7 70 175 127 183 3 474 -282%

A1 EE1 EE1 1 57 1 7 70 175 127 183 0 480 -287%



AECOM

5. Global Cost Calculation

5.1 New Buildings

The following cost data and modelling variables have been used for the analysis.

The capital and maintenance cost data is based on 2019 prices. The costs for the various

measures considered to improve building energy performance are shown in Tables 5.1a - 5.1c.

The costs for each measure include both material and labour costs. For the purpose of this

work, no learning rates have been applied when any of the measures are replaced over the 20

or 30 year analysis period. In practice, some of the newer technologies will reduce in cost over

time. However, given that the calculation period being considered is similar to the lifetime of the

technologies, replacements are limited and any benefits from learning are uncertain and will be

significantly discounted in the Net Present Value (NPV) calculations. Where components have

a lifetime of less than 30 years their replacement costs are included in the global cost

calculation. Residual values are accounted for in accordance with the Cost Optimal Guidance.

A social discount rate of 5% has been assumed for the macroeconomics calculation (as used

for Government policy Impact Assessments in Ireland). A figure of 3% has been used for the

sensitivity analysis as required by the Commission.

A real discount rate of 7% has been used for the financial calculation with 10% for the

sensitivity analysis.

Energy prices used in the analysis are as shown in Table 5.2a. Sensitivity analysis has been

carried out using low and high values of +/- 30% of these prices for gas, biomass and district

heating, and +/- 20% for electricity. As gas is the most significant primary energy source for

electricity, the low scenario has been modelled to include both the low gas and electricity prices

and the high scenario to include both the high gas and electricity prices.

o The central energy prices for electricity and gas are derived from wholesale electricity

prices forecasted for the next 30 years by SEAI using the difference between the

retail price (SEAI, 2018) and the wholesale price in 2018. Current information on retail

energy prices for non-domestic buildings indicates that retail prices vary depending

on consumption bands. The retail prices are set out for six different consumption

bands for electricity and four different bands for gas. For each building, the electricity

and gas retail prices used for the analysis differ depending on the relevant

consumption band.

o The levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is used as proxy to reflect the infrastructure

investment costs and ongoing annual energy costs for district heating. The levelised

costs are taken from UK-specific analysis carried out by Element Energy for the

Committee on Climate Change2. It gives the LCOE for different district heating

generation technologies in 2020. The LCOE associated with low temperature waste

heat and biomass technologies has been used for the analysis, assuming a heat

density of 45GWh/km2. The undiscounted value of the LCOE is assumed to be the

same in future years.

o The biomass price has been provided by SEAI based on a range of prices identified

in a study on the cost benefit analysis of district heating (AECOM and SEAI, 20153).

This is assumed as a fixed price over 30 years.

The primary energy (PE) and CO2 factors for grid supplied electricity are based on projections

provided by SEAI (SEAI, 2016). This gives an average PE factor of 1.88 over the next 20 years

and 1.86 over the next 30 years. This has been developed based on future scenarios of

electricity generation mix. A figure of 1.62 and 1.60 has been used for the sensitivity analysis

for the 20 years and 30 year analysis period respectively. This assumes a move away from

fossil fuel generation in future years. For district heating, a PE factor of 1.2 and a CO2 factor of

0.11kgCO2/kWh have been used as provided by DHPLG.

2 Element Energy; Research on district heating and local approaches to heat decarbonisation – A study for Committee on Climate Change; Nov 2015 3 SEAI, AECOM; Cost Benefit Analysis of the potential for High-Efficiency Cogeneration and Efficient District Heating & Cooling in Ireland; Dec 2015

https://www.seai.ie/resources/publications/Domestic-Fuel-Cost-Comparison.pdf



AECOM

The social cost of carbon for the macroeconomic calculations is shown in Table 5.2b. These

values have been provided by SEAI and are based on projected emissions trading system

(ETS) carbon prices for the traded sector and on carbon taxes for the non-traded sector.

Sensitivity analysis assumes a 2% increase in carbon prices year on year.

In accordance with Annex I of Commission Delegated Regulation No. 244/2012 the global cost

for the macroeconomic calculation of a measure/ package/ variant, i.e. the relevant prices

which have been taken into account, exclude all applicable taxes, VAT, charges and subsidies.

The following tables summarise the results of the cost calculations for the most cost-optimal packages

in each of the reference buildings. Tables 5.3a - 5.3f relate to the macroeconomic calculations and

Tables 5.4a - 5.4d relate to the financial calculations.

Tables 5.3a/ Table 5.4a: Central energy price, central discount factors

Tables 5.3b/ Table 5.4b: Low energy price, central discount factors

Tables 5.3c/ Table 5.4c: High energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.3d: Central energy price, low discount factors.

Table 5.4d: Central energy price, high discount factors.

Table 5.3e: Central energy price, central discount factors, alternative primary emission factors

(macro-economic calculation only)

Table 5.3f: Central energy price, central discount factors, alternative carbon price (macro-

economic calculation only)

The sensitivity analysis shows the following.

Discount rate and Energy Price: Low energy prices and increasing the discount rate, reduce

the cost of energy over the calculation period. The main impact of this is that it makes

solutions with higher primary energy demand relatively more attractive. The reverse is true

when increasing the energy prices and reducing the discount rate. A key impact of this

sensitivity analysis is that, in some cases, it changes the amount of PV in the cost optimal

solution and the curtain wall fabric options for the 6 storey office buildings.

Primary emission factor (PEF): The reduced PEF in the sensitivity case changes the cost

optimum primary energy without changing the optimum technology for the lowest cost

solution.

Price of carbon: The sensitivity case for the price of carbon has minimal impact on the overall

macroeconomic costs and does not impact on the cost optimal level.



AECOM

Table 5.1a: Elemental capital costs per m² of fabric – New build (varying components only)

Building Part Value Cost (EUR/m²)

Roof 0.2 € 143

Roof 0.15 € 147

Roof 0.11 € 157

Masonry cavity wall 0.21 € 146



Metal frame wall 0.21 € 316



Solid Floor 1 Retail 0.21 € 71

Solid Floor 2 Hotel 0.21 € 77

Solid Floor 3

Primary

School 0.21 € 79

Solid Floor 4

Secondary

School 0.21 € 73

Solid Floor 5 Office - 2F 0.21 € 74


Solid Floor 7 Mixed-Use 0.21 € 74

Solid Floor 8 Hospital 0.21 € 71

Solid Floor 9 CNU 0.21 € 71

Solid Floor 1 Retail 0.15 € 78

Solid Floor 2 Hotel 0.15 € 83

Solid Floor 3

Primary

School 0.15 € 86

Solid Floor 4

Secondary

School 0.15 € 80



Solid Floor 7 Mixed-Use 0.15 € 81

Solid Floor 8 Hospital 0.15 € 79

Solid Floor 9 CNU 0.15 € 79

Window 1.4 € 350

Window 0.9 € 410

Curtain Wall 1.8 € 450



Air Permeability (m³/m².hr) @50Pa

EUR/m2 floor area

5 3 1

- €8.5 €10.0



AECOM

Table 5.1b: Elemental Capital Costs for building services – Varying Elements Only (EUR)

Heating system and controls

Gas Boiler

(€/m² floor

area)

Gas CHP + gas

boilers

(€/m² floor)

GSHP

(€/m² floor

area)

ASHP

(€/m² floor

area)

District heating

(€/m² floor

area)

Building Type Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 3 Package 4

Office 2F Nat .Vent € 99 € 144 € 181 € 79

Office 2F AC € 71 € 112 € 173 € 65

Office 6F Nat .Vent € 92 € 125 € 227 € 85

Office 6F AC € 65 € 96 € 176 € 58

Primary School € 90 € 122 € 112 € 86

Secondary School € 85 € 110 € 102 € 80

Hotel € 69 € 104 € 196 € 61

Retail Warehouse € 68 € 112 € 80 € 62

Mixed Use € 89 € 140 € 99 € 78

Health - CNU € 107 € 137 € 247 € 101

Ventilation

Building Type

Package 1

(€/m² floor area)

Package 2


Package 3


Office 2F Nat .Vent MVHR € 204

Office 2F AC AHU € 248 € 256 € 303


Office 6F AC AHU € 249 € 256 € 303

Primary School MVHR € 38

Secondary School MVHR € 50

Hotel AHU € 247 € 266 € 321

Retail Warehouse AHU € 227 € 265 € 275

Mixed Use (retail space only) AHU € 225 € 228 € 279

Mixed Use (office space only) MVHR € 240

Health - CNU MVHR € 178

Lighting

Package 1


Package 2


Package 3


General lighting

Luminaire efficacy

65 lm/cW

Luminaire efficacy

80 lm/cW

Luminaire efficacy

95 lm/cW

€ 40.2 € 54.9 € 67.1

Daylight controls € 20.8 € 20.8 € 25.0

Occupancy controls € 30.6 € 30.6 € 30.6

Photovoltaics

PV

Package 1


Package 2


Package 3


Building Type 0% 20% 40%

Office 2F Nat .Vent € 23.6 € 45.7

Office 2F AC € 23.6 € 45.7


Office 6F AC € 7.9 € 15.2

Primary School € 17.9 € 35.5

Secondary School € 21.1 € 41.9

Hotel € 9.4 € 18.2

Retail Warehouse € 47.4 € 91.8

Mixed Use € 25.4 € 49.3

Health - CNU € 17.6 € 34.7



AECOM

Table 5.1c: Elemental servicing and maintenance costs (€/ annum)

Heating systems

Size (kWth)

Gas Boiler GSHP ASHP Gas CHP Biomass

boiler

District heating (PHEX)

600 € 3,200 € 3,200 € 3,400 € 34,650 € 6,100 € 120

500 € 2,800 € 2,800 € 2,900 € 31,900 € 5,100 € 100

400 € 2,300 € 2,300 € 2,400 € 30,250 € 4,100 € 80

300 € 1,800 € 1,800 € 1,900 € 28,050 € 3,000 € 60

250 € 1,600 €1,600 € 1,700 € 25,850 € 2,500 € 50

200 € 1,300 € 1,300 € 1,400 € 22,000 € 2,000 € 40

175 € 1,200 €1,200 € 1,200 € 20,350 € 1,800 € 35

150 € 1,000 € 1,000 € 1,000 € 18,150 € 1,500 € 30

125 € 800 € 800 € 900 € 16,500 € 1,300 € 25

100 € 700 € 700 € 700 € 14,850 € 1,000 € 20

75 € 500 € 500 € 500 € 12,650 € 1,100 € 15

50 € 300 € 300 € 300 € 10,450 € 900 € 10

25 € 200 € 200 € 200 € 7,700 € 600 € 5

Chiller plant

Standard

Chiller

HE

Standard

Chiller

Turbocor

Chiller

per kW € 2.1 € 2.4 € 2.6

Air handling units

AHU 1.8 AHU 1.6 AHU 1.6 DX AHU

per m3/s € 70.0 € 80.0 € 90.0 € 320.0

Terminal units

FCU VAV Terminal

reheat

Chilled beams

(passive) MVHR

per unit € 75.0 € 75.0 € 75.0 € 3.7 € 75.0

Lighting

Fluorescent

/ halogen

LED

c.50,000

hours

Controls

per fitting € 15.0 € 8.25 € 30.0

Photovoltaic panels (incl. allowance for new inverters)

per kWp € 11.0



AECOM

Table 5.2a: Retail energy Prices

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

Low Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 18.5 18.6 18.3 17.4 18.5 19.1 20.5 22.3 20.0 22.7






Low Gas Band 1 c/kWh 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2

Low Gas Band 2 c/kWh 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7

Low Gas Band 3 c/kWh 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4

Low Gas band 4 c/kWh 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8

Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9

Low District heating c/kWh 7.3 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9

Central Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 23.1 23.2 22.9 21.8 23.1 23.9 25.6 27.8 25.0 28.4






Central Gas Band 1 c/kWh 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5



Central Gas band 4 c/kWh 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6

Central Biomass c/kWh 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

Central District heating c/kWh 10.4 10.8 11.2 11.5 12.0 12.4 12.8 13.3 13.7 14.2

High Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 27.7 27.9 27.4 26.1 27.7 28.6 30.7 33.4 30.0 34.0






High Gas Band 1 c/kWh 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.9



High Gas band 4 c/kWh 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4

High Biomass c/kWh 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2

High District heating c/kWh 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.1 16.6 17.2 17.8 18.5

2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038







Low Gas Band 1 c/kWh 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

Low Gas Band 2 c/kWh 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

Low Gas Band 3 c/kWh 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Low Gas band 4 c/kWh 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9










AECOM



















2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048







Low Gas Band 1 c/kWh 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

Low Gas Band 2 c/kWh 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

Low Gas Band 3 c/kWh 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Low Gas band 4 c/kWh 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9




























AECOM

Table 5.2b: Cost of carbon and sensitivity

Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

Traded sector 13.5 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 24.7 26.9 29.1

Non-traded sector 18.0 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 24.7 26.9 29.1

Uplift in cost for sensitivity analysis (applied to values in row above)

2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

Year 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038

Traded sector 31.3 33.5 35.2 36.9 38.6 40.3 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0

Non-traded sector 31.3 33.5 35.2 36.9 38.6 40.3 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0


22% 24% 26% 28% 30% 32% 34% 36% 38% 40%

Year 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048

Traded sector 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0

Non-traded sector 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0


42% 44% 46% 48% 50% 52% 54% 56% 58% 60%



AECOM

Table 5.3a: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost

Annual Costs Cost of Emissions

Residual Value

Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy

Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc

B 3 1 3 17 598 47 13 2 -84 575

B 2 1 3 19 573 43 19 2 -80 556

B 2 4 3 20 554 33 59 1 -86 560

A 3 1 3 22 569 47 15 2 -78 555

A 2 1 3 25* 545 43 21 2 -74 536

A 1 1 3 30 523 66 32 3 -70 554

A 2 1 2 40 523 41 48 3 -72 543

A 1 1 2 46 501 64 52 4 -67 554

A 2 1 1 57 499 39 75 5 -68 549

A 1 1 1 62 478 62 74 5 -64 554

Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc

B 3 1 3 44 873 62 62 4 -84 916

C 2 1 3 51 811 57 76 4 -83 866

B 2 1 3 52 802 57 77 4 -80 859

A 2 1 3 63* 773 57 88 5 -74 849

C 2 1 2 67 789 55 97 5 -80 866

B 2 1 2 68 780 55 97 5 -77 860

A 2 1 2 78 751 55 108 6 -72 849

B 2 1 1 85 756 53 118 7 -74 860

A 2 1 1 95 728 53 129 7 -68 849

A 1 1 1 114 698 90 165 9 -64 898

Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc

LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 62 2 -65 683

LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 54 4 -74 566

LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 54 4 -69 546

LMFB 2 1 3 53 515 39 60 4 -71 547

LMFA 2 1 3 55 488 39 60 5 -65 526

LMFA 3 1 2 57 505 43 60 5 -68 545

LMFB 2 1 2 58 507 38 65 5 -70 546

LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 66 5 -64 526

LMFA 2 1 1 64* 473 38 72 5 -63 524

LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 84 6 -59 543

Office 6F NV CW - 20 year

calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 72 3 -83 754

CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 91 4 -78 752

CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 66 6 -86 619

CWB 2 1 3 72 566 39 71 6 -83 599

CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 77 6 -82 598

CWB 2 1 1 82* 551 38 83 7 -81 597

CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 79 7 -80 601

CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 85 8 -79 600

CWA 2 1 1 94 541 38 91 8 -78 599

CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 102 8 -74 617

Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc

LMFB 2 3a 3 51 855 72 92 4 -71 953

LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 76 4 -76 884

LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 90 5 -72 825

LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 90 5 -71 822

LMFC 2 1 2 68 742 53 95 5 -71 824

LMFB 2 1 2 69 736 53 96 5 -70 821

LMFA 2 1 3 72 717 53 99 6 -65 810

LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 105 6 -64 809

LMFA 2 1 1 81* 702 52 111 6 -63 808



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 150 8 -59 863

Office 6F AC CW - 20 year

calc

CWB 2 3a 3 62 906 72 111 5 -83 1011

CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 101 7 -91 902

CWB 2 1 3 89 795 53 110 7 -83 882

CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 116 8 -82 882

CWB 2 1 1 99* 779 52 122 8 -81 881

CWA 2 1 3 102 785 53 118 8 -80 884

CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 124 9 -79 883

CWA 2 1 1 111 770 52 130 9 -78 882

CWA 1 1 2 130 749 90 161 10 -75 936

CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 167 11 -74 935

School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 41 1 -23 635

A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 66 2 -23 641

A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -51 5 -23 599

A 3 1 3 50 522 58 9 5 -35 558

A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 11 5 -34 531

A 1 1 3 52 477 82 25 5 -32 557

A 2 1 2 69 479 50 42 6 -34 544

A 1 1 2 71 459 80 49 6 -32 563

A 2 1 1 88 461 48 74 8 -34 557

A 1 1 1 89 441 78 73 8 -32 569

School - Secondary NV MCW -

30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 34 1 -29 694

A 1 3b 3 15 593 105 39 1 -27 711

B 3 1 3 26 631 57 8 3 -42 657

B 2 1 3 27 606 52 11 3 -41 631

A 2 1 3 30 579 52 12 3 -39 607

A 1 1 3 33 559 81 18 3 -37 625

A 2 1 2 45 558 49 32 4 -39 604

A 1 1 2 48 538 79 37 4 -37 622

A 2 1 1 60* 537 47 51 5 -39 602

A 1 1 1 63 517 77 57 5 -37 619

Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc

A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 409 20 -46 1282

A 1 2 3 330 738 148 133 32 -74 977

A 1 2 2 337 729 147 141 32 -73 977

A 1 2 1 343 720 146 150 33 -71 977

C 2 2 3 410 805 122 95 40 -82 982

B 2 2 3 413 797 122 96 41 -79 977

A 2 2 3 420* 772 122 105 41 -75 966

A 2 2 2 426 764 122 113 42 -73 967

A 2 2 1 433 754 121 121 42 -72 967

A 2 1 1 461 669 71 357 40 -45 1092

Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc

LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 460 23 -70 1402

LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 474 24 -68 1400

LMFC 1 2 3 367 864 148 187 35 -105 1128

LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 191 35 -98 1104

LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 199 35 -96 1104

LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 207 36 -95 1104

LMFA 2 2 3 500* 863 122 123 49 -98 1059

LMFA 2 2 2 506 854 122 131 50 -97 1059

LMFA 2 2 1 513 844 121 140 50 -96 1059

LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 411 47 -68 1219

Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20

year calc

LMFB 3 1 3 49 1023 127 67 4 -110 1112

LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 78 5 -103 1104

LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 119 5 -110 1084

LMFA 1 1 3 74* 893 150 127 6 -103 1072



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFC 1 1 2 99 889 146 158 8 -107 1093

LMFB 1 1 2 100 875 146 159 8 -104 1085

LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 167 8 -97 1073

LMFB 1 1 1 133 828 142 201 10 -98 1084

LMFA 1 1 1 138 802 142 210 10 -91 1073

LMFA 2 1 1 151 863 114 210 12 -91 1108

Mixed Use AC LMF - 20

year calc

LMFA 3 3b 3 75 913 127 145 5 -135 1055

LMFB 2 3b 3 81 889 123 153 6 -140 1032

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 155 6 -133 1009

LMFA 2 1 3 109 800 96 140 9 -107 938

LMFA 2 4 3 109 789 82 226 6 -113 991

LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 163 10 -104 939

LMFA 2 4 2 127 765 80 249 8 -110 991

LMFA 2 1 1 143* 751 92 185 11 -100 938

LMFA 2 4 1 144 740 78 271 9 -106 991

LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 216 12 -98 973

Health - CNU NV MCW -

30 year calc

A 3 3a 3 124 884 105 190 9 -48 1140

A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 206 10 -48 1107

C 2 1 3 148 855 83 193 12 -56 1087

B 3 1 3 191 714 63 185 16 -33 945

A 3 1 3 196 691 63 187 17 -31 925

B 2 1 3 200 669 58 205 17 -33 915

A 2 1 3 206 645 58 207 17 -31 896

A 2 1 2 218 628 56 223 18 -31 894

A 2 1 1 231* 611 54 239 19 -31 892

A 1 1 1 245 566 81 271 20 -31 906



AECOM

Table 5.3b: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 3 4 3 17 578 37 37 0 -90 563

B 2 4 3 20 554 33 42 1 -86 542

A 2 1 3 25 545 43 15 2 -74 530

A 2 4 3 25* 525 33 49 1 -81 527

A 1 4 3 30 504 56 57 1 -76 541

B 2 4 2 35 531 31 63 2 -84 543

A 2 1 2 40 523 41 36 3 -72 531

A 1 4 2 46 482 54 73 2 -73 538

A 2 4 1 57 479 29 93 3 -75 530

A 1 4 1 63 458 52 90 4 -70 534


C 2 1 3 51 811 57 60 4 -83 849

B 2 1 3 52 802 57 60 4 -80 843

A 2 1 3 63 773 57 68 5 -74 829

A 2 4 3 63 766 47 102 4 -80 839

B 2 1 2 68 780 55 76 5 -77 839

A 2 1 2 78 751 55 85 6 -72 826

A 2 4 2 79 744 45 118 5 -77 836

B 2 1 1 85 756 53 93 7 -74 835

A 2 1 1 95* 728 53 102 7 -68 821

A 1 1 1 114 698 90 130 9 -64 863


LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 49 2 -65 670

LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 41 4 -74 553

LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 41 4 -69 533

LMFB 2 1 3 53 515 39 46 4 -71 533

LMFA 2 1 3 55 488 39 46 5 -65 512

LMFA 2 4 3 56 481 30 84 3 -72 526

LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 51 5 -64 510

LMFA 2 4 2 60 474 30 89 3 -71 524

LMFA 2 1 1 64* 473 38 55 5 -63 508

LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 65 6 -59 524


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 58 3 -83 739

CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 73 4 -78 734

CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 49 6 -86 602

CWB 2 1 3 72 566 39 54 6 -83 582

CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 58 6 -82 580

CWB 2 1 1 82 551 38 63 7 -81 577

CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 59 7 -80 581

CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 64 8 -79 579

CWA 2 1 1 94* 541 38 69 8 -78 577

CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 78 8 -74 593


LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 60 4 -76 867

LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 70 5 -72 806

LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 71 5 -71 802

LMFB 2 4 3 65 737 45 96 4 -75 806

LMFA 2 1 3 72 717 53 78 6 -65 788

LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 82 6 -64 786

LMFA 2 1 1 81* 702 52 87 6 -63 784

LMFA 2 4 1 82 695 43 116 5 -68 791

LMFA 1 1 2 103 681 90 113 8 -60 833



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 118 8 -59 831


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 62 906 72 89 5 -83 989

CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 78 7 -91 879

CWC 2 1 2 86 824 53 83 7 -90 877

CWB 2 1 3 89 795 53 85 7 -83 858

CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 90 8 -82 856

CWB 2 1 1 99 779 52 95 8 -81 853

CWA 2 1 3 102 785 53 91 8 -80 857

CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 96 9 -79 855

CWA 2 1 1 111* 770 52 100 9 -78 853

CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 130 11 -74 898


A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 33 1 -23 627

A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 52 2 -23 628

A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -47 5 -23 603

A 3 1 3 50 522 58 2 5 -35 551

A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 4 5 -34 524

A 1 1 3 52 477 82 15 5 -32 548

A 2 1 2 69 479 50 29 6 -34 531

A 1 1 2 71 459 80 35 6 -32 549

A 2 1 1 88 461 48 54 8 -34 538

A 1 1 1 89 441 78 54 8 -32 550


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 27 1 -29 687

B 3 1 3 26 631 57 4 3 -42 653

B 2 1 3 27 606 52 6 3 -41 627

A 2 1 3 30 579 52 7 3 -39 602

A 2 4 3 31 566 41 58 1 -44 621

A 1 1 3 33 559 81 12 3 -37 619

A 2 1 2 45 558 49 23 4 -39 596

A 1 1 2 48 538 79 28 4 -37 612

A 2 1 1 60* 537 47 39 5 -39 589

A 1 1 1 63 517 77 43 5 -37 606


A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 328 20 -46 1201

A 1 2 3 330 738 148 82 32 -74 926

A 1 2 2 337 729 147 89 32 -73 925

A 1 2 1 343 720 146 95 33 -71 923

C 2 2 3 410 805 122 43 40 -82 929

B 2 2 3 413 797 122 43 41 -79 924

A 2 2 3 420 772 122 50 41 -75 912

A 2 2 2 426 764 122 57 42 -73 910

A 2 2 1 433* 754 121 63 42 -72 908

A 2 1 1 461 669 71 266 40 -45 1001


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 369 23 -70 1311

LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 380 24 -68 1306

LMFC 1 2 3 367 864 148 124 35 -105 1066

LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 128 35 -98 1041

LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 134 35 -96 1040

LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 141 36 -95 1038

LMFA 2 2 3 500 863 122 58 49 -98 994

LMFA 2 2 2 506 854 122 65 50 -97 993

LMFA 2 2 1 513* 844 121 72 50 -96 991

LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 305 47 -68 1113


year calc

LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 60 5 -103 1086

LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 93 5 -110 1058

LMFA 1 1 3 74 893 150 100 6 -103 1046

LMFA 1 4 3 74 887 139 128 5 -108 1050



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFB 1 4 2 101 869 135 153 7 -109 1054

LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 132 8 -97 1038

LMFA 1 4 2 106 843 135 160 7 -102 1043

LMFA 1 1 1 138* 802 142 166 10 -91 1029

LMFA 1 4 1 139 795 131 194 9 -96 1034

LMFA 2 1 1 151 863 114 165 12 -91 1064


year calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 124 6 -133 978

LMFA 2 3b 2 99 834 121 141 7 -130 974

LMFB 2 1 3 107 830 96 108 9 -113 930

LMFA 2 1 3 109 800 96 109 9 -107 907

LMFA 2 4 3 109 789 82 169 6 -113 933

LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 127 10 -104 903

LMFA 2 4 2 127 765 80 187 8 -110 929

LMFA 2 1 1 143* 751 92 144 11 -100 898

LMFA 2 4 1 144 740 78 204 9 -106 924

LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 169 12 -98 926


30 year calc

A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 166 10 -48 1066

C 2 1 3 148 855 83 151 12 -56 1045

C 2 1 2 160 838 81 164 13 -56 1040

B 3 1 3 191 714 63 141 16 -33 901

A 3 1 3 196 691 63 142 17 -31 881

B 2 1 3 200 669 58 157 17 -33 867

A 2 1 3 206 645 58 158 17 -31 847

A 2 1 2 218 628 56 171 18 -31 842

A 2 1 1 231* 611 54 184 19 -31 837

A 1 1 1 245 566 81 210 20 -31 845



AECOM

Table 5.3c: New build Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



A 2 3a 3 7 627 64 32 1 -74 648

B 3 1 3 17 598 47 17 2 -84 580

B 2 1 3 19 573 43 25 2 -80 562

A 2 1 3 25* 545 43 28 2 -74 543

A 1 1 3 30 523 66 41 3 -70 563

B 2 1 2 35 551 41 56 3 -77 574

A 2 1 2 40 523 41 59 3 -72 554

A 1 1 2 46 501 64 65 4 -67 567

A 2 1 1 57 499 39 92 5 -68 566

A 1 1 1 62 478 62 91 5 -64 571


C 3 1 3 43 882 62 75 3 -86 936

C 2 1 3 51 811 57 93 4 -83 883

B 2 1 3 52 802 57 94 4 -80 877

A 2 1 3 63* 773 57 108 5 -74 868

C 2 1 2 67 789 55 117 5 -80 887

B 2 1 2 68 780 55 118 5 -77 881

A 2 1 2 78 751 55 132 6 -72 873

B 2 1 1 85 756 53 144 7 -74 885

A 2 1 1 95 728 53 157 7 -68 877

A 1 1 1 114 698 90 200 9 -64 933


LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 74 2 -65 695

LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 67 4 -74 579

LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 68 4 -69 559

LMFB 2 1 3 53 515 39 74 4 -71 561

LMFA 2 1 3 55* 488 39 75 5 -65 541

LMFA 3 1 2 57 505 43 75 5 -68 559

LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 82 5 -64 541

LMFA 2 1 1 64 473 38 89 5 -63 541

LMFA 1 1 2 66 459 62 96 5 -60 562

LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 103 6 -59 562


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 87 3 -83 768

CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 110 4 -78 771

CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 82 6 -86 635

CWB 2 1 3 72* 566 39 89 6 -83 617

CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 96 6 -82 617

CWB 2 1 1 82 551 38 103 7 -81 617

CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 99 7 -80 621

CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 106 8 -79 622

CWA 2 1 1 94 541 38 114 8 -78 622

CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 127 8 -74 642


LMFB 2 3a 3 51 855 72 111 4 -71 971

LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 93 4 -76 901

LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 109 5 -72 845

LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 110 5 -71 841

LMFC 2 1 2 68 742 53 116 5 -71 845

LMFB 2 1 2 69 736 53 117 5 -70 841

LMFA 2 1 3 72* 717 53 121 6 -65 831

LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 128 6 -64 832

LMFA 2 1 1 81 702 52 135 6 -63 832



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 183 8 -59 895


calc

CWC 2 3a 3 57 943 72 123 4 -91 1052

CWC 3 1 3 75 903 58 109 6 -94 982

CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 124 7 -91 925

CWB 2 1 3 89* 795 53 135 7 -83 908

CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 142 8 -82 908

CWB 2 1 1 99 779 52 149 8 -81 908

CWA 2 1 3 102 785 53 145 8 -80 912

CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 152 9 -79 912

CWA 2 1 1 111 770 52 160 9 -78 912

CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 205 11 -74 972


A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 50 1 -23 644

A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 79 2 -23 655

A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -54 5 -23 596

A 3 1 3 50 522 58 16 5 -35 565

A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 18 5 -34 539

A 1 1 3 52 477 82 35 5 -32 567

A 2 1 2 69 479 50 56 6 -34 558

A 1 1 2 71 459 80 64 6 -32 578

A 2 1 1 88 461 48 94 8 -34 577

A 1 1 1 89 441 78 93 8 -32 589


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 41 1 -29 700

B 3 1 3 26 631 57 12 3 -42 661

B 2 1 3 27 606 52 15 3 -41 636

A 3 1 3 29 604 57 14 3 -41 637

A 2 1 3 30* 579 52 17 3 -39 612

A 1 1 3 33 559 81 24 3 -37 631

A 2 1 2 45 558 49 41 4 -39 613

A 1 1 2 48 538 79 47 4 -37 632

A 2 1 1 60 537 47 64 5 -39 615

A 1 1 1 63 517 77 71 5 -37 633


A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 491 20 -46 1364

A 1 2 3 330 738 148 187 32 -74 1031

A 1 2 2 337 729 147 196 32 -73 1033

A 1 2 1 343 720 146 207 33 -71 1034

C 2 2 3 410 805 122 152 40 -82 1038

B 2 2 3 413 797 122 153 41 -79 1034

A 2 2 3 420* 772 122 164 41 -75 1025

A 2 2 2 426 764 122 173 42 -73 1027

A 2 2 1 433 754 121 183 42 -72 1029

A 2 1 1 461 669 71 450 40 -45 1185


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 553 23 -70 1494

LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 569 24 -68 1495

LMFC 1 2 3 367 864 148 252 35 -105 1193

LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 257 35 -98 1170

LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 266 35 -96 1172

LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 276 36 -95 1174

LMFA 2 2 3 500* 863 122 193 49 -98 1128

LMFA 2 2 2 506 854 122 202 50 -97 1130

LMFA 2 2 1 513 844 121 212 50 -96 1132

LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 519 47 -68 1328


year calc

LMFB 3 1 3 49 1023 127 84 4 -110 1128

LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 97 5 -103 1123

LMFC 1 1 3 67 933 150 142 5 -113 1117

LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 144 5 -110 1109



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 3 74* 893 150 154 6 -103 1100

LMFC 1 1 2 99 889 146 191 8 -107 1126

LMFB 1 1 2 100 875 146 193 8 -104 1118

LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 203 8 -97 1109

LMFA 1 1 1 138 802 142 253 10 -91 1116

LMFA 2 1 1 151 863 114 255 12 -91 1154


year calc

LMFA 3 3b 3 75 913 127 173 5 -135 1084

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 186 6 -133 1040

LMFB 2 1 3 107 830 96 171 9 -113 993

LMFA 2 1 3 109* 800 96 172 9 -107 970

LMFB 2 1 2 124 807 94 198 10 -110 998

LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 199 10 -104 975

LMFB 2 1 1 142 781 92 224 11 -107 1002

LMFA 2 1 1 143 751 92 226 11 -100 979

LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 262 12 -98 1019

LMFA 1 4 1 160 716 101 369 10 -104 1092


30 year calc

A 3 3a 3 124 884 105 228 9 -48 1178

A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 248 10 -48 1149

C 2 1 3 148 855 83 235 12 -56 1129

B 3 1 3 191 714 63 230 16 -33 989

A 3 1 3 196 691 63 232 17 -31 971

B 2 1 3 200 669 58 254 17 -33 964

A 2 1 3 206* 645 58 256 17 -31 945

A 2 1 2 218 628 56 276 18 -31 947

A 2 1 1 231 611 54 295 19 -31 948

A 1 1 1 245 566 81 333 20 -31 968



AECOM

Table 5.3d: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 3 1 3 17 616 55 16 2 -121 569

B 2 1 3 19 589 50 24 2 -116 550

A 3 1 3 22 587 55 19 3 -112 552

A 2 1 3 25* 560 50 26 3 -107 533

A 1 1 3 30 537 78 40 4 -101 557

B 2 1 2 35 567 48 57 4 -111 565

A 2 1 2 40 538 48 60 5 -103 548

A 1 1 2 46 515 76 66 5 -97 564

A 2 1 1 57 515 46 95 6 -99 563

A 1 1 1 62 491 73 93 7 -92 571


C 3 1 3 43 901 73 77 5 -124 931

C 2 1 3 51 827 67 96 5 -119 876

B 2 1 3 52 818 67 97 6 -116 871

A 2 1 3 63* 789 67 111 7 -107 866

C 2 1 2 67 805 65 122 7 -115 883

B 2 1 2 68 795 65 122 7 -111 878

A 2 1 2 78 767 65 136 8 -103 873

B 2 1 1 85 772 63 149 9 -107 885

A 2 1 1 95 743 63 163 10 -99 880

A 1 1 1 114 712 107 208 11 -92 945


LMFA 2 3a 3 34 639 72 78 3 -94 698

LMFB 3 1 3 50 557 51 68 6 -107 575

LMFA 3 1 3 52 531 51 69 6 -99 557

LMFB 2 1 3 53 530 46 75 6 -102 556

LMFA 2 1 3 55* 504 46 76 6 -94 537

LMFA 3 1 2 57 524 50 76 6 -98 558

LMFB 2 1 2 58 523 45 82 6 -100 557

LMFA 2 1 2 60 496 45 83 6 -93 538

LMFA 2 1 1 64 489 44 91 7 -91 539

LMFA 1 1 1 70 465 72 106 7 -85 565


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 717 72 91 4 -119 764

CWA 2 3a 1 53 692 70 115 5 -113 770

CWB 3 1 3 70 609 51 83 8 -125 625

CWB 2 1 3 72* 582 46 90 8 -119 606

CWB 2 1 2 77 574 45 97 8 -118 607

CWB 2 1 1 82 566 44 105 9 -116 608

CWA 2 1 3 85 572 46 99 10 -116 611

CWA 2 1 2 89 564 45 107 10 -114 612

CWA 2 1 1 94 557 44 114 10 -113 613

CWA 1 1 1 99 533 72 129 11 -107 638


LMFB 2 3a 3 51 871 86 116 5 -102 976

LMFC 3 1 3 56 839 69 96 6 -109 901

LMFC 2 1 3 64 765 63 113 7 -104 844

LMFB 2 1 3 65 759 63 114 7 -102 841

LMFC 2 1 2 68 758 62 120 7 -102 845

LMFB 2 1 2 69 752 62 121 7 -100 842

LMFA 2 1 3 72* 733 63 125 7 -94 834

LMFA 2 1 2 77 725 62 132 8 -93 835

LMFA 2 1 1 81 717 62 140 8 -91 836



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 1 108 687 106 189 11 -85 908


calc

CWC 2 3a 3 57 959 86 129 5 -131 1048

CWC 3 1 3 75 921 69 111 8 -136 973

CWC 2 1 3 82 847 63 127 9 -131 915

CWB 2 1 3 89* 810 63 139 9 -119 902

CWB 2 1 2 94 803 62 146 10 -118 903

CWB 2 1 1 99 795 62 154 10 -116 904

CWA 2 1 3 102 801 63 148 11 -116 907

CWA 2 1 2 106 793 62 156 11 -114 909

CWA 2 1 1 111 785 62 163 12 -113 909

CWA 1 1 1 135 755 106 210 14 -107 979


A 2 3b 3 15 583 97 52 1 -39 694

A 2 3b 2 33 565 94 83 3 -39 706

A 2 2 3 46 599 144 -65 7 -39 645

A 3 1 3 50 567 73 10 6 -62 595

A 2 1 3 50* 538 66 13 6 -59 565

A 1 1 3 52 516 104 31 7 -55 602

A 2 1 2 69 521 64 53 8 -59 587

A 1 1 2 71 498 101 61 8 -55 614

A 2 1 1 88 503 61 92 10 -59 608

A 1 1 1 89 480 99 92 10 -55 626


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 655 95 43 1 -50 743

B 3 1 3 26 675 72 10 3 -74 687

B 2 1 3 27 647 65 13 4 -71 658

A 2 1 3 30* 620 65 15 4 -68 636

A 1 1 3 33 597 103 22 4 -64 662

B 2 1 2 42 626 62 38 5 -71 661

A 2 1 2 45 599 62 40 5 -68 638

A 1 1 2 48 576 100 47 6 -64 664

A 2 1 1 60 578 60 64 7 -68 641

A 1 4 1 63 542 84 166 4 -74 722


B 1 3a 3 278 810 142 512 26 -74 1417

A 1 2 3 330 762 175 166 42 -106 1038

A 1 2 2 337 753 174 176 42 -105 1041

B 1 2 1 341 768 173 183 43 -110 1057

C 2 2 3 410 828 145 118 53 -118 1027

B 2 2 3 413 821 145 119 54 -114 1023

A 2 2 3 420* 796 145 130 54 -108 1017

B 2 2 1 426 802 143 140 55 -111 1029

A 2 2 1 433 778 143 151 56 -104 1023

A 2 1 1 461 675 84 449 52 -64 1196


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 876 142 580 30 -101 1527

LMFA 1 3a 2 321 867 141 589 30 -99 1528

LMFC 1 2 3 367 888 175 234 45 -152 1190

LMFA 1 2 3 370 852 175 239 46 -141 1171

LMFA 1 2 2 376 843 174 249 46 -139 1174

LMFA 1 2 1 383 834 173 260 47 -137 1176

LMFA 2 2 3 500* 886 145 153 65 -142 1106

LMFA 2 2 2 506 877 144 163 65 -140 1109

LMFA 2 2 1 513 868 143 174 66 -138 1112

LMFA 2 1 1 546 766 84 516 62 -99 1329


year calc

LMFB 3 1 3 49 1039 150 85 6 -158 1122

LMFA 3 1 3 59 1013 150 98 7 -149 1120

LMFC 1 1 3 67 945 177 147 7 -163 1114

LMFB 1 1 3 69 931 177 149 7 -158 1107



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 3 74* 905 177 160 8 -149 1101

LMFB 1 1 2 100 887 173 201 10 -150 1122

LMFA 1 1 2 106 861 173 211 11 -140 1115

LMFC 1 1 1 131 853 168 252 13 -146 1141

LMFA 1 1 1 138 814 168 264 14 -131 1129

LMFA 2 1 1 151 877 136 265 15 -131 1161


year calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 889 146 195 8 -192 1046

LMFA 2 3b 2 99 865 143 223 9 -187 1054

LMFA 2 1 3 109* 815 114 177 12 -154 963

LMFA 2 4 3 109 804 97 292 8 -163 1038

LMFA 2 1 2 126 791 111 205 13 -149 971

LMFA 2 4 2 127 780 95 320 10 -158 1046

LMFA 2 1 1 143 766 109 233 15 -144 978

LMFA 2 4 1 144 755 92 348 12 -153 1053

LMFA 3 1 1 153 823 113 215 16 -148 1020

LMFA 1 1 1 159 740 136 272 16 -141 1023


30 year calc

A 3 3a 3 124 985 133 240 12 -85 1284

C 3 1 3 136 975 111 216 14 -98 1220

C 2 1 3 148 922 105 243 16 -98 1188

B 3 1 3 191 790 79 233 21 -58 1065

A 3 1 3 196 766 79 235 22 -55 1047

B 2 1 3 200 736 73 258 22 -58 1031

A 2 1 3 206* 712 73 260 23 -55 1013

A 2 1 2 218 695 71 281 24 -55 1016

A 2 1 1 231 678 68 301 25 -55 1017

A 1 1 1 245 625 102 341 26 -55 1039



AECOM

Table 5.3e: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative PEF,

EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 3 1 3 18 598 47 13 2 -84 575

B 2 1 3 20 573 43 19 2 -80 557

A 2 1 3 26* 545 43 21 2 -74 536

A 2 4 3 26 525 33 70 1 -81 549

A 1 1 3 30 523 66 32 3 -70 554

B 2 1 2 34 551 41 45 3 -77 563

A 2 1 2 39 523 41 48 3 -72 543

A 1 1 2 44 501 64 52 4 -67 554

A 2 1 1 53 499 39 75 4 -68 549

A 1 1 1 58 478 62 74 5 -64 554


C 3 1 3 40 882 62 61 3 -86 922

C 2 1 3 47 811 57 76 4 -83 865

B 2 1 3 49 802 57 77 4 -80 859

A 2 1 3 58* 773 57 88 5 -74 848

C 2 1 2 61 789 55 97 5 -80 866

B 2 1 2 62 780 55 97 5 -77 859

A 2 1 2 72 751 55 108 6 -72 849

B 2 1 1 76 756 53 118 6 -74 859

A 2 1 1 86 728 53 129 7 -68 848

A 1 1 1 102 698 90 165 8 -64 897


LMFA 2 3a 3 29 623 61 62 2 -65 682

LMFB 3 1 3 48 539 43 54 4 -74 566

LMFA 3 1 3 50 513 43 54 4 -69 546

LMFB 2 1 3 51 515 39 60 4 -71 547

LMFA 2 1 3 53 488 39 60 4 -65 526

LMFA 3 1 2 54 505 43 60 5 -68 545

LMFA 2 1 2 56 481 38 66 5 -64 525

LMFA 2 1 1 60* 473 38 72 5 -63 524

LMFA 1 1 2 61 459 62 78 5 -60 544

LMFA 1 1 1 65 452 61 84 5 -59 543


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 34 701 61 72 2 -83 753

CWA 2 3a 1 46 676 59 91 3 -78 752

CWB 3 1 3 68 590 43 66 6 -86 618

CWB 2 1 3 70 566 39 71 6 -83 599

CWB 2 1 2 74 558 38 77 6 -82 598

CWB 2 1 1 78* 551 38 83 7 -81 597

CWA 2 1 3 82 556 39 79 7 -80 601

CWA 2 1 2 86 549 38 85 7 -79 600

CWA 2 1 1 90 541 38 91 8 -78 599

CWA 1 1 1 94 520 61 102 8 -74 617


LMFB 2 3a 3 44 855 72 92 3 -71 952

LMFC 3 1 3 52 820 58 76 4 -76 883

LMFC 2 1 3 58 749 53 90 5 -72 825

LMFB 2 1 3 59 743 53 90 5 -71 821

LMFC 2 1 2 62 742 53 95 5 -71 824

LMFB 2 1 2 63 736 53 96 5 -70 820

LMFA 2 1 3 66 717 53 99 5 -65 809

LMFA 2 1 2 70 710 53 105 5 -64 808



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 2 1 1 74* 702 52 111 6 -63 807

LMFA 1 1 1 97 674 89 150 8 -59 862


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 54 906 72 111 4 -83 1011

CWC 3 1 3 70 903 58 88 6 -94 961

CWC 2 1 3 76 832 53 101 6 -91 901

CWC 2 1 2 80 824 53 107 6 -90 900

CWB 2 1 3 83 795 53 110 7 -83 882

CWB 2 1 2 87 787 53 116 7 -82 881

CWB 2 1 1 91* 779 52 122 7 -81 880

CWA 2 1 2 99 778 53 124 8 -79 883

CWA 2 1 1 103 770 52 130 8 -78 882

CWA 1 1 1 125 742 89 167 10 -74 934


A 2 3b 3 13 539 77 41 1 -23 635

A 2 3b 2 28 521 75 66 2 -23 641

A 2 3b 1 44 503 73 90 3 -23 647

A 3 1 3 54 522 58 9 5 -35 558

A 2 1 3 54* 497 52 11 5 -34 531

A 1 1 3 55 477 82 25 5 -32 558

A 2 1 2 70 479 50 42 6 -34 544

A 1 1 2 71 459 80 49 6 -32 563

A 2 1 1 86 461 48 74 8 -34 557

A 1 1 1 87 441 78 73 8 -32 569


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 10 613 75 34 1 -29 693

A 2 3b 2 23 592 73 53 2 -29 691

B 3 1 3 29 631 57 8 3 -42 657

B 2 1 3 30 606 52 11 3 -41 631

A 2 1 3 32 579 52 12 3 -39 607

A 1 1 3 34 559 81 18 3 -37 625

A 2 1 2 45 558 49 32 4 -39 604

A 1 1 2 47 538 79 37 4 -37 622

A 2 1 1 58* 537 47 51 5 -39 602

A 1 1 1 60 517 77 57 5 -37 619


A 1 3a 3 240 779 120 409 17 -46 1279

A 1 1 3 339 653 98 315 29 -46 1048

A 1 2 3 349 738 148 133 33 -74 978

A 1 2 2 354 729 147 141 33 -73 979

A 1 2 1 360 720 146 150 34 -71 978

C 2 2 3 442 805 122 95 43 -82 984

B 2 2 3 445 797 122 96 43 -79 979

A 2 2 3 451* 772 122 105 44 -75 969

A 2 2 2 457 764 122 113 44 -73 969

A 2 2 1 462 754 121 121 44 -72 969


LMFA 1 3a 3 271 869 120 460 20 -70 1399

LMFA 1 3a 2 276 861 119 467 20 -69 1398

LMFA 1 3a 1 282 851 118 474 20 -68 1396

LMFC 1 2 3 382 864 148 187 36 -105 1129

LMFA 1 2 3 384 828 148 191 36 -98 1105

LMFA 1 2 2 390 820 147 199 36 -96 1105

LMFA 1 2 1 395 810 146 207 37 -95 1105

LMFA 2 2 3 537* 863 122 123 52 -98 1062

LMFA 2 2 2 542 854 122 131 52 -97 1062

LMFA 2 2 1 548 844 121 140 53 -96 1062

Retail Warehouse

LMFB 3 1 3 48 1023 127 67 4 -110 1112

LMFA 3 1 3 57 997 127 78 5 -103 1104

LMFC 1 1 3 61 933 150 117 5 -113 1091



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


AC LMF - 20 year calc

LMFB 1 1 3 62 920 150 119 5 -110 1083

LMFA 1 1 3 67 893 150 127 5 -103 1072

LMFB 1 1 2 90 875 146 159 7 -104 1084

LMFA 1 1 2 95 849 146 167 7 -97 1073

LMFB 1 1 1 118 828 142 201 9 -98 1083

LMFA 1 1 1 123* 802 142 210 9 -91 1072

LMFA 2 1 1 136 863 114 210 11 -91 1107


year calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 70 858 123 155 5 -133 1008

LMFA 2 3b 2 85 834 121 177 6 -130 1009

LMFA 2 1 3 101 800 96 140 8 -107 938

LMFA 2 4 3 102 789 82 226 6 -113 990

LMFA 2 1 2 116 776 94 163 9 -104 938

LMFA 2 4 2 117 765 80 249 7 -110 991

LMFA 2 1 1 131* 751 92 185 10 -100 938

LMFA 2 4 1 132 740 78 271 8 -106 990

LMFA 1 1 1 144 727 115 216 11 -98 972

LMFA 1 4 1 145 716 101 297 9 -104 1020


30 year calc

A 3 3a 3 107 884 105 190 8 -48 1139

A 2 3a 3 116 839 100 206 8 -48 1106

C 2 1 3 136 855 83 193 11 -56 1086

C 2 1 2 147 838 81 209 12 -56 1084

A 3 1 3 188 691 63 187 16 -31 925

B 2 1 3 191 669 58 205 16 -33 915

A 2 1 3 196 645 58 207 17 -31 895

A 2 1 2 207 628 56 223 17 -31 893

A 2 1 1 217* 611 54 239 18 -31 891

A 1 1 1 229 566 81 271 19 -31 905



AECOM

Table 5.3f: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative Cost of

Carbon, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 2 1 3 19 573 43 19 2 -80 557

A 3 1 3 22 569 47 15 3 -78 556

A 2 1 3 25* 545 43 21 3 -74 537

A 1 1 3 30 523 66 32 3 -70 555

B 2 1 2 35 551 41 45 4 -77 564

A 2 1 2 40 523 41 48 4 -72 544

A 1 1 2 46 501 64 52 5 -67 555

B 2 1 1 52 527 39 73 5 -74 571

A 2 1 1 57 499 39 75 6 -68 550

A 1 1 1 62 478 62 74 6 -64 556


C 3 1 3 43 882 62 61 4 -86 923

C 2 1 3 51 811 57 76 5 -83 867

B 2 1 3 52 802 57 77 5 -80 861

A 2 1 3 63* 773 57 88 7 -74 850

B 2 1 2 68 780 55 97 7 -77 861

A 2 1 2 78 751 55 108 8 -72 851

C 2 1 1 83 765 53 118 8 -77 868

B 2 1 1 85 756 53 118 8 -74 862

A 2 1 1 95 728 53 129 10 -68 851

A 1 1 1 114 698 90 165 11 -64 901


LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 62 3 -65 683

LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 54 5 -74 567

LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 54 6 -69 547

LMFA 2 1 3 55 488 39 60 6 -65 528

LMFA 2 4 3 56 481 30 115 4 -72 558

LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 66 6 -64 527

LMFA 2 4 2 60 474 30 121 4 -71 557

LMFA 2 1 1 64* 473 38 72 7 -63 526

LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 84 7 -59 545

LMFA 1 4 1 71 444 52 136 5 -66 572


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 72 4 -83 755

CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 91 5 -78 754

CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 66 8 -86 620

CWB 2 1 3 72 566 39 71 8 -83 601

CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 77 8 -82 600

CWB 2 1 1 82* 551 38 83 9 -81 599

CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 79 9 -80 603

CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 85 10 -79 602

CWA 2 1 1 94 541 38 91 10 -78 601

CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 102 11 -74 620


LMFB 2 3a 3 51 855 72 92 5 -71 954

LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 76 6 -76 885

LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 90 6 -72 827

LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 90 7 -71 823

LMFC 2 4 2 69 735 44 130 6 -76 839

LMFB 2 1 2 69 736 53 96 7 -70 822

LMFA 2 1 3 72 717 53 99 7 -65 811

LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 105 8 -64 811



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 2 1 1 81* 702 52 111 8 -63 810

LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 150 11 -59 865


calc

CWC 2 3a 3 57 943 72 102 5 -91 1032

CWB 2 3a 3 62 906 72 111 6 -83 1013

CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 101 9 -91 904

CWC 2 1 2 86 824 53 107 9 -90 903

CWB 2 1 3 89 795 53 110 9 -83 885

CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 116 10 -82 884

CWB 2 1 1 99* 779 52 122 10 -81 883

CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 124 11 -79 886

CWA 2 1 1 111 770 52 130 12 -78 885

CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 167 14 -74 938


A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 41 1 -23 636

A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 66 3 -23 642

A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -51 7 -23 601

A 3 1 3 50 522 58 9 6 -35 559

A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 11 6 -34 533

A 1 1 3 52 477 82 25 7 -32 559

A 2 1 2 69 479 50 42 8 -34 546

A 1 1 2 71 459 80 49 8 -32 565

A 2 1 1 88 461 48 74 10 -34 560

A 1 1 1 89 441 78 73 10 -32 571


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 34 1 -29 694

B 3 1 3 26 631 57 8 3 -42 657

B 2 1 3 27 606 52 11 3 -41 632

A 2 1 3 30 579 52 12 4 -39 608

A 1 1 3 33 559 81 18 4 -37 625

B 2 1 2 42 586 49 30 5 -41 630

A 2 1 2 45 558 49 32 5 -39 606

A 1 1 2 48 538 79 37 5 -37 623

A 2 1 1 60* 537 47 51 7 -39 603

A 1 1 1 63 517 77 57 7 -37 621


A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 409 26 -46 1288

C 1 2 3 327 771 148 128 41 -81 1007

A 1 2 3 330 738 148 133 41 -74 986

A 1 2 2 337 729 147 141 42 -73 987

A 1 2 1 343 720 146 150 42 -71 987

C 2 2 3 410 805 122 95 52 -82 993

A 2 2 3 420* 772 122 105 53 -75 979

A 2 2 2 426 764 122 113 54 -73 979

A 2 2 1 433 754 121 121 55 -72 979

A 2 1 1 461 669 71 357 51 -45 1103


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 460 29 -70 1409

LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 474 31 -68 1407

LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 191 45 -98 1114

LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 199 46 -96 1115

LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 207 46 -95 1115

LMFA 2 2 3 500* 863 122 123 63 -98 1073

LMFB 2 2 2 503 882 122 127 64 -103 1091

LMFA 2 2 1 513 844 121 140 65 -96 1074

LMFA 2 1 3 533 777 73 394 60 -71 1233

LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 411 61 -68 1233

Retail Warehouse

LMFB 3 1 3 49 1023 127 67 5 -110 1113

LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 78 7 -103 1106

LMFC 1 1 3 67 933 150 117 7 -113 1093



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 119 7 -110 1085

LMFA 1 1 3 74* 893 150 127 7 -103 1074

LMFC 1 1 2 99 889 146 158 10 -107 1095

LMFB 1 1 2 100 875 146 159 10 -104 1087

LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 167 10 -97 1076

LMFB 1 1 1 133 828 142 201 13 -98 1087

LMFA 1 1 1 138 802 142 210 13 -91 1076


year calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 155 8 -133 1011

LMFA 2 3b 2 99 834 121 177 9 -130 1012

LMFB 2 1 3 107 830 96 139 11 -113 964

LMFA 2 1 3 109* 800 96 140 11 -107 941

LMFA 2 4 3 109 789 82 226 8 -113 993

LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 163 13 -104 942

LMFA 2 4 2 127 765 80 249 10 -110 994

LMFA 2 1 1 143 751 92 185 15 -100 942

LMFA 2 4 1 144 740 78 271 11 -106 993

LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 216 16 -98 976


30 year calc

A 3 3a 3 124 884 105 190 12 -48 1142

A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 206 13 -48 1110

C 2 1 3 148 855 83 193 15 -56 1090

B 3 1 3 191 714 63 185 21 -33 949

A 3 1 3 196 691 63 187 21 -31 930

B 2 1 3 200 669 58 205 22 -33 920

A 2 1 3 206 645 58 207 22 -31 901

A 2 1 2 218 628 56 223 23 -31 899

A 2 1 1 231* 611 54 239 25 -31 897

A 1 1 1 245 566 81 271 26 -31 912



AECOM

Table 5.4a: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 3 1 3 17 663 40 12 - -66 648

B 2 4 3 20 615 28 53 - -69 627

A 3 1 3 22 630 40 14 - -62 623

A 2 1 3 25 605 36 20 - -59 602

A 1 1 3 30 582 57 30 - -56 613

B 2 4 2 35 590 27 77 - -66 627

A 2 1 2 40 579 35 44 - -57 602

A 1 1 2 46 557 55 49 - -53 608

A 2 1 1 57 553 33 70 - -54 601

A 1 1 1 62* 530 53 68 - -51 601


C 3 1 3 43 986 53 57 - -68 1027

C 2 1 3 51 907 49 71 - -66 961

C 2 4 3 51 899 40 102 - -70 972

B 2 1 3 52 896 49 71 - -64 953

B 2 4 3 53 889 40 105 - -68 966

A 2 1 3 63 864 49 81 - -59 935

A 2 4 3 63 856 40 123 - -63 957

A 2 1 2 78 839 47 100 - -57 930

A 2 1 1 95* 812 46 120 - -54 923

A 1 1 1 114 781 77 153 - -51 960

Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year

calc

LMFA 2 3a 3 34 694 52 57 - -52 751

LMFB 3 1 3 50 596 37 50 - -59 624

LMFA 3 1 3 52 566 37 51 - -55 599

LMFB 2 1 3 53 570 33 55 - -56 603

LMFA 2 1 3 55 540 33 56 - -52 578

LMFA 3 1 2 57 558 37 56 - -54 596

LMFA 2 1 2 60 532 33 61 - -51 575

LMFA 2 1 1 64* 523 32 67 - -50 572

LMFA 1 1 2 66 510 53 72 - -48 587

LMFA 1 1 1 70 501 52 78 - -47 584


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 782 52 67 - -66 835

CWA 2 3a 1 53 753 51 85 - -62 827

CWB 3 1 3 70 654 37 61 - -69 684

CWB 2 1 3 72 629 33 66 - -66 662

CWB 2 1 2 77 620 33 71 - -65 660

CWB 2 1 1 82 611 32 77 - -64 657

CWA 2 1 3 85 618 33 73 - -64 661

CWA 2 1 2 89 609 33 79 - -63 658

CWA 2 1 1 94* 600 32 84 - -62 655

CWA 1 1 1 99 578 52 95 - -59 667

Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year

calc

LMFB 2 3a 3 51 957 62 85 - -56 1048

LMFC 3 1 3 56 915 50 71 - -60 976

LMFC 2 1 3 64 837 46 83 - -57 908

LMFB 2 1 3 65 830 46 84 - -56 904

LMFC 2 1 2 68 828 45 88 - -56 906

LMFB 2 1 2 69 822 45 89 - -55 901

LMFA 2 1 3 72 800 46 92 - -52 886

LMFA 2 1 2 77 792 45 97 - -51 883

LMFA 2 1 1 81* 783 45 103 - -50 880



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 1 108 753 77 139 - -47 922


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 62 1015 62 103 - -66 1114

CWC 2 1 3 82 930 46 94 - -72 998

CWC 2 1 2 86 922 45 99 - -71 995

CWB 2 1 3 89 888 46 102 - -66 970

CWB 2 1 2 94 880 45 107 - -65 968

CWB 2 1 1 99 871 45 113 - -64 965

CWA 2 1 3 102 877 46 109 - -64 969

CWA 2 1 2 106 869 45 115 - -63 966

CWA 2 1 1 111* 860 45 120 - -62 963

CWA 1 1 1 135 830 77 155 - -59 1003


A 2 3b 3 15 576 62 38 - -15 662

A 2 3b 2 33 556 61 61 - -15 663

A 2 2 3 46 591 92 -47 - -15 622

A 3 1 3 50 557 47 8 - -23 589

A 2 1 3 50* 531 43 10 - -22 562

A 1 1 3 52 511 67 23 - -21 580

A 2 1 2 69 511 41 39 - -22 570

A 1 1 2 71 491 65 46 - -21 581

A 2 1 1 88 491 39 68 - -22 577

A 1 1 1 89 470 64 68 - -21 581

School - Secondary NV

MCW - 30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 661 61 31 - -19 735

B 2 1 3 27 657 42 10 - -27 682

A 3 1 3 29 651 46 9 - -27 679

A 2 1 3 30 625 42 11 - -26 653

A 1 1 3 33 605 66 17 - -24 663

A 3 1 2 44 627 45 27 - -27 672

A 2 1 2 45 602 40 29 - -26 646

A 1 1 2 48 581 64 35 - -24 656

A 2 1 1 60* 578 38 48 - -26 638

A 1 1 1 63 557 63 53 - -24 648


A 1 3a 3 280 878 102 378 - -37 1322

C 1 2 3 327 855 127 120 - -64 1037

A 1 2 3 330 818 127 125 - -59 1010

A 1 2 2 337 808 126 132 - -58 1008

A 1 2 1 343 797 126 140 - -57 1006

A 2 2 3 420 856 105 99 - -59 1001

B 2 2 1 426 864 104 106 - -61 1013

A 2 2 2 426 847 104 106 - -58 999

A 2 2 1 433* 836 104 114 - -57 997

A 2 1 1 461 753 61 332 - -35 1110


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 981 102 426 - -56 1453

LMFC 1 2 3 367 960 127 174 - -84 1178

LMFA 1 2 3 370 920 127 178 - -77 1147

LMFA 1 2 2 376 910 126 185 - -77 1145

LMFA 1 2 1 383 899 126 193 - -76 1143

LMFA 2 2 3 500 959 105 116 - -78 1102

LMFA 2 2 2 506 949 104 124 - -77 1100

LMFA 2 2 1 513* 938 104 132 - -76 1097

LMFA 2 1 3 533 876 62 366 - -56 1248

LMFA 2 1 1 546 855 61 382 - -54 1243

Retail Warehouse


LMFB 3 1 3 49 1147 109 62 - -87 1231

LMFA 3 1 3 59 1117 109 72 - -82 1216

LMFC 1 1 3 67 1048 128 108 - -90 1195

LMFB 1 1 3 69 1033 128 110 - -87 1184



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 3 74 1003 128 117 - -82 1167

LMFB 1 1 2 100 982 125 148 - -82 1173

LMFA 1 1 2 106 953 125 155 - -77 1156

LMFB 1 1 1 133 929 122 187 - -77 1159

LMFA 1 1 1 138* 899 122 194 - -72 1142

LMFA 2 1 1 151 967 98 194 - -72 1187

Mixed Use AC LMF - 20 year

calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 947 106 143 - -105 1091

LMFA 2 3b 2 99 920 104 164 - -103 1085

LMFB 2 1 3 107 929 82 129 - -90 1051

LMFA 2 1 3 109 895 82 130 - -85 1022

LMFA 2 4 3 109 882 70 205 - -90 1068

LMFA 2 1 2 126 867 81 151 - -82 1016

LMFA 2 4 2 127 855 68 226 - -87 1062

LMFA 2 1 1 143* 839 79 171 - -80 1009

LMFA 2 4 1 144 826 67 247 - -84 1055

LMFA 1 1 1 159 814 99 200 - -77 1035

Health - CNU NV MCW - 30

year calc

A 3 3a 3 124 924 85 176 - -32 1153

A 2 3a 3 135 879 82 191 - -32 1120

A 2 3a 2 148 860 80 204 - -32 1112

B 3 1 3 191 750 51 172 - -22 950

A 3 1 3 196 723 51 173 - -21 927

B 2 1 3 200 705 47 190 - -22 921

A 2 1 3 206 679 47 192 - -21 897

A 2 1 2 218 659 46 207 - -21 891

A 2 1 1 231* 639 44 222 - -21 884

A 1 1 1 245 596 66 251 - -21 892



AECOM

Table 5.4b: New build Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 3 4 3 17 640 32 33 - -71 634

B 2 4 3 20 615 28 37 - -69 611

A 2 4 3 25 582 28 44 - -64 590

A 1 4 3 30 560 48 51 - -61 599

B 2 4 2 35 590 27 57 - -66 607

A 2 4 2 41 557 27 64 - -62 586

A 1 4 2 46 535 47 66 - -58 589

B 2 4 1 52 563 25 77 - -64 601

A 2 4 1 57 530 25 84 - -59 580

A 1 4 1 63* 508 45 82 - -56 579


C 3 4 3 43 978 45 66 - -72 1016

C 2 1 3 51 907 49 55 - -66 945

C 2 4 3 51 899 40 77 - -70 947

B 2 1 3 52 896 49 55 - -64 937

B 2 4 3 53 889 40 79 - -68 940

A 2 1 3 63 864 49 63 - -59 917

A 2 1 2 78 839 47 78 - -57 908

A 2 4 2 79 831 39 107 - -61 917

A 2 1 1 95* 812 46 94 - -54 898

A 1 4 1 115 773 69 148 - -55 935


LMFA 2 3a 3 34 694 52 46 - -52 740

LMFB 3 1 3 50 596 37 38 - -59 612

LMFA 3 1 3 52 566 37 38 - -55 587

LMFB 2 1 3 53 570 33 42 - -56 590

LMFA 2 1 3 55 540 33 43 - -52 565

LMFA 2 1 2 60 532 33 47 - -51 561

LMFA 1 1 3 61 518 53 51 - -48 575

LMFA 2 1 1 64* 523 32 51 - -50 557

LMFA 2 4 1 65 515 25 85 - -56 569

LMFA 1 1 1 70 501 52 60 - -47 567


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 782 52 53 - -66 822

CWA 2 3a 1 53 753 51 68 - -62 810

CWB 3 1 3 70 654 37 46 - -69 668

CWB 2 1 3 72 629 33 50 - -66 646

CWB 2 1 2 77 620 33 54 - -65 642

CWB 2 1 1 82 611 32 59 - -64 638

CWA 2 1 3 85 618 33 55 - -64 642

CWA 2 1 2 89 609 33 59 - -63 638

CWA 2 1 1 94* 600 32 64 - -62 634

CWA 1 1 1 99 578 52 72 - -59 644


LMFC 2 3a 3 51 963 62 68 - -57 1036

LMFC 3 1 3 56 915 50 55 - -60 961

LMFC 2 1 3 64 837 46 65 - -57 890

LMFB 2 1 3 65 830 46 66 - -56 885

LMFA 2 1 3 72 800 46 72 - -52 866

LMFA 2 1 2 77 792 45 76 - -51 862

LMFA 2 4 2 77 784 38 101 - -55 868

LMFA 2 1 1 81* 783 45 81 - -50 858

LMFA 2 4 1 82 775 37 106 - -54 864



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 1 108 753 77 110 - -47 892


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 62 1015 62 82 - -66 1094

CWC 2 1 3 82 930 46 73 - -72 977

CWB 2 1 3 89 888 46 79 - -66 947

CWB 2 1 2 94 880 45 83 - -65 944

CWB 2 1 1 99 871 45 88 - -64 939

CWA 2 1 3 102 877 46 84 - -64 944

CWA 2 1 2 106 869 45 89 - -63 940

CWA 2 1 1 111* 860 45 93 - -62 936

CWA 1 1 2 130 839 77 116 - -59 973

CWA 1 1 1 135 830 77 120 - -59 968


A 2 3b 3 15 576 62 31 - -15 654

A 2 3b 2 33 556 61 49 - -15 651

A 2 2 3 46 591 92 -43 - -15 626

A 3 1 3 50 557 47 2 - -23 583

A 2 1 3 50* 531 43 4 - -22 556

A 1 1 3 52 511 67 14 - -21 571

A 2 1 2 69 511 41 27 - -22 557

A 1 1 2 71 491 65 32 - -21 567

A 2 1 1 88 491 39 50 - -22 559

A 1 1 1 89 470 64 50 - -21 564


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 661 61 25 - -19 728

A 1 3b 3 15 641 85 29 - -17 737

B 2 1 3 27 657 42 6 - -27 678

A 3 1 3 29 651 46 5 - -27 675

A 2 1 3 30 625 42 7 - -26 649

A 1 1 3 33 605 66 11 - -24 658

A 2 1 2 45 602 40 21 - -26 638

A 1 1 2 48 581 64 26 - -24 647

A 2 1 1 60* 578 38 36 - -26 627

A 1 1 1 63 557 63 40 - -24 636


A 1 3a 3 280 878 102 303 - -37 1247

A 1 2 3 330 818 127 77 - -59 963

A 1 2 2 337 808 126 83 - -58 959

A 1 2 1 343 797 126 89 - -57 955

C 2 2 3 410 893 105 41 - -65 974

B 2 2 3 413 884 105 41 - -63 968

A 2 2 3 420 856 105 48 - -59 950

A 2 2 2 426 847 104 54 - -58 946

A 2 2 1 433* 836 104 60 - -57 942

A 2 1 1 461 753 61 247 - -35 1025


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 981 102 342 - -56 1369

LMFC 1 2 3 367 960 127 116 - -84 1120

LMFA 1 2 3 370 920 127 119 - -77 1089

LMFA 1 2 2 376 910 126 125 - -77 1085

LMFA 1 2 1 383 899 126 131 - -76 1081

LMFA 2 2 3 500 959 105 56 - -78 1041

LMFA 2 2 2 506 949 104 62 - -77 1038

LMFA 2 2 1 513* 938 104 68 - -76 1034

LMFA 2 1 3 533 876 62 271 - -56 1152

LMFA 2 1 1 546 855 61 283 - -54 1145


year calc

LMFB 3 1 3 49 1147 109 48 - -87 1216

LMFA 3 1 3 59 1117 109 55 - -82 1199

LMFC 1 1 3 67 1048 128 85 - -90 1172

LMFB 1 1 3 69 1033 128 86 - -87 1160



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFB 1 4 3 69 1025 119 110 - -91 1163

LMFA 1 1 3 74 1003 128 92 - -82 1142

LMFA 1 4 3 74 996 119 117 - -86 1145

LMFA 1 1 2 106 953 125 123 - -77 1123

LMFA 1 4 1 139* 892 112 178 - -76 1106

LMFA 2 1 1 151 967 98 153 - -72 1146


year calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 947 106 115 - -105 1062

LMFA 2 3b 2 99 920 104 131 - -103 1052

LMFB 2 1 3 107 929 82 100 - -90 1022

LMFA 2 1 3 109 895 82 101 - -85 993

LMFA 2 4 3 109 882 70 154 - -90 1016

LMFA 2 1 2 126 867 81 117 - -82 983

LMFA 2 4 2 127 855 68 170 - -87 1006

LMFA 2 1 1 143* 839 79 134 - -80 972

LMFA 2 4 1 144 826 67 186 - -84 995

LMFA 1 1 1 159 814 99 157 - -77 992


30 year calc

A 3 3a 3 124 924 85 141 - -32 1118

A 2 3a 3 135 879 82 153 - -32 1082

A 2 3a 2 148 860 80 163 - -32 1072

B 3 1 3 191 750 51 131 - -22 910

A 3 1 3 196 723 51 132 - -21 885

B 2 1 3 200 705 47 146 - -22 876

A 2 1 3 206 679 47 147 - -21 852

A 2 1 2 218 659 46 159 - -21 843

A 2 1 1 231* 639 44 171 - -21 833

A 1 1 1 245 596 66 194 - -21 835



AECOM

Table 5.4c: New build Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 2 1 3 19 637 36 23 - -64 633

A 3 1 3 22 630 40 19 - -62 628

A 2 1 3 25* 605 36 26 - -59 608

A 1 1 3 30 582 57 38 - -56 621

B 2 1 2 35 612 35 52 - -61 638

A 2 1 2 40 579 35 55 - -57 613

A 1 1 2 46 557 55 60 - -53 619

B 2 1 1 52 585 33 83 - -59 643

A 2 1 1 57 553 33 86 - -54 617

A 1 1 1 62 530 53 84 - -51 617


B 3 1 3 44 975 53 70 - -66 1032

C 2 1 3 51 907 49 86 - -66 976

B 2 1 3 52 896 49 87 - -64 969

A 2 1 3 63 864 49 100 - -59 953

C 2 1 2 67 882 47 109 - -63 975

B 2 1 2 68 871 47 109 - -61 967

A 2 1 2 78 839 47 122 - -57 952

B 2 1 1 85 845 46 133 - -59 964

A 2 1 1 95* 812 46 146 - -54 949

A 1 1 1 114 781 77 185 - -51 993


LMFA 3 3a 3 30 719 56 62 - -55 782

LMFA 2 3a 3 34 694 52 68 - -52 762

LMFB 3 1 3 50 596 37 62 - -59 636

LMFA 3 1 3 52 566 37 63 - -55 611

LMFB 2 1 3 53 570 33 69 - -56 616

LMFA 2 1 3 55 540 33 69 - -52 591

LMFA 2 1 2 60 532 33 76 - -51 590

LMFA 2 1 1 64* 523 32 82 - -50 588

LMFA 1 1 1 70 501 52 95 - -47 602

LMFA 1 4 1 71 493 45 155 - -52 640


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 782 52 80 - -66 848

CWA 2 3a 1 53 753 51 102 - -62 844

CWB 3 1 3 70 654 37 77 - -69 699

CWB 2 1 3 72 629 33 83 - -66 679

CWB 2 1 2 77 620 33 89 - -65 677

CWB 2 1 1 82* 611 32 96 - -64 675

CWA 2 1 3 85 618 33 92 - -64 679

CWA 2 1 2 89 609 33 99 - -63 678

CWA 2 1 1 94 600 32 105 - -62 676

CWA 1 1 1 99 578 52 118 - -59 690


LMFB 2 3a 3 51 957 62 102 - -56 1065

LMFC 3 1 3 56 915 50 86 - -60 992

LMFC 2 1 3 64 837 46 101 - -57 926

LMFB 2 1 3 65 830 46 102 - -56 922

LMFC 2 1 2 68 828 45 108 - -56 925

LMFB 2 1 2 69 822 45 108 - -55 920

LMFA 2 1 3 72 800 46 112 - -52 906

LMFA 2 1 2 77 792 45 118 - -51 904

LMFA 2 1 1 81* 783 45 125 - -50 902



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 1 108 753 77 169 - -47 952


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 62 1015 62 124 - -66 1135

CWC 3 1 3 75 1009 50 101 - -75 1085

CWC 2 1 3 82 930 46 115 - -72 1019

CWB 2 1 3 89 888 46 125 - -66 994

CWB 2 1 2 94 880 45 132 - -65 992

CWB 2 1 1 99* 871 45 138 - -64 990

CWA 2 1 2 106 869 45 141 - -63 992

CWA 2 1 1 111 860 45 148 - -62 991

CWA 1 1 2 130 839 77 183 - -59 1040

CWA 1 1 1 135 830 77 190 - -59 1038


A 2 3b 3 15 576 62 46 - -15 670

A 2 3b 2 33 556 61 73 - -15 675

A 2 2 3 46 591 92 -50 - -15 619

A 3 1 3 50 557 47 15 - -23 595

A 2 1 3 50* 531 43 17 - -22 569

A 1 1 3 52 511 67 33 - -21 589

A 2 1 2 69 511 41 52 - -22 582

A 1 1 2 71 491 65 59 - -21 595

A 2 1 1 88 491 39 87 - -22 595

A 1 1 1 89 470 64 86 - -21 600


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 661 61 38 - -19 741

B 3 1 3 26 682 46 11 - -28 712

B 2 1 3 27 657 42 14 - -27 686

A 3 1 3 29 651 46 13 - -27 684

A 2 1 3 30 625 42 16 - -26 658

A 1 1 3 33 605 66 22 - -24 669

A 2 1 2 45 602 40 38 - -26 654

A 1 1 2 48 581 64 44 - -24 665

A 2 1 1 60* 578 38 59 - -26 650

A 1 1 1 63 557 63 66 - -24 661


A 1 3a 3 280 878 102 454 - -37 1398

A 1 2 3 330 818 127 174 - -59 1060

A 1 2 2 337 808 126 183 - -58 1060

A 1 2 1 343 797 126 193 - -57 1059

C 2 2 3 410 893 105 143 - -65 1076

B 2 2 3 413 884 105 144 - -63 1070

A 2 2 3 420 856 105 154 - -59 1056

A 2 2 2 426 847 104 163 - -58 1055

A 2 2 1 433* 836 104 172 - -57 1054

A 2 1 1 461 753 61 418 - -35 1196


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 981 102 512 - -56 1539

LMFC 1 2 3 367 960 127 234 - -84 1238

LMFA 1 2 3 370 920 127 239 - -77 1209

LMFA 1 2 2 376 910 126 248 - -77 1208

LMFA 1 2 1 383 899 126 258 - -76 1207

LMFA 2 2 3 500 959 105 181 - -78 1167

LMFA 2 2 2 506 949 104 190 - -77 1166

LMFA 2 2 1 513* 938 104 199 - -76 1165

LMFA 2 1 3 533 876 62 464 - -56 1345

LMFA 2 1 1 546 855 61 482 - -54 1344


year calc

LMFB 3 1 3 49 1147 109 77 - -87 1246

LMFA 3 1 3 59 1117 109 90 - -82 1234

LMFC 1 1 3 67 1048 128 131 - -90 1218

LMFB 1 1 3 69 1033 128 133 - -87 1207



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 1 1 3 74 1003 128 142 - -82 1192

LMFB 1 1 2 100 982 125 179 - -82 1204

LMFA 1 1 2 106 953 125 188 - -77 1188

LMFB 1 1 1 133 929 122 225 - -77 1198

LMFA 1 1 1 138* 899 122 234 - -72 1183

LMFA 2 1 1 151 967 98 236 - -72 1229


year calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 947 106 172 - -105 1119

LMFA 2 3b 2 99 920 104 196 - -103 1118

LMFA 2 1 3 109 895 82 160 - -85 1052

LMFA 2 4 3 109 882 70 257 - -90 1120

LMFA 2 1 2 126 867 81 184 - -82 1050

LMFA 2 4 2 127 855 68 282 - -87 1119

LMFA 2 1 1 143* 839 79 209 - -80 1047

LMFA 2 4 1 144 826 67 307 - -84 1115

LMFA 3 1 1 153 899 81 195 - -81 1095

LMFA 1 1 1 159 814 99 243 - -77 1078


30 year calc

A 3 3a 3 124 924 85 211 - -32 1189

A 2 3a 3 135 879 82 229 - -32 1159

A 2 3a 2 148 860 80 245 - -32 1153

B 3 2 3 184 809 100 143 - -13 1039

A 3 2 3 189 782 100 143 - -12 1013

A 3 1 3 196 723 51 216 - -21 969

A 2 1 3 206 679 47 237 - -21 942

A 2 1 2 218 659 46 256 - -21 940

A 2 1 1 231* 639 44 274 - -21 936

A 1 1 1 245 596 66 308 - -21 949



AECOM

Table 5.4d: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value



B 2 4 3 20 600 23 39 - -41 621

A 2 1 3 25 590 30 15 - -35 600

A 2 4 3 25 568 23 46 - -38 599

A 1 4 3 30 547 39 53 - -36 603

B 2 4 2 35 575 22 58 - -39 615

A 2 1 2 40 565 28 34 - -34 594

A 2 4 2 41 543 22 65 - -36 593

A 1 4 2 46 522 38 67 - -34 593

A 2 1 1 57 538 27 54 - -32 587

A 1 4 1 63* 495 37 82 - -33 582


B 3 1 3 44 958 43 44 - -39 1006

C 2 1 3 51 892 40 55 - -39 948

C 2 4 3 51 885 33 77 - -41 953

B 2 1 3 52 882 40 55 - -38 939

B 2 4 3 53 874 33 79 - -40 946

A 2 1 3 63 849 40 63 - -35 917

A 2 1 2 78 824 38 77 - -34 906

B 2 1 1 85 830 37 85 - -35 917

A 2 1 1 95* 797 37 93 - -32 895

A 1 1 1 114 768 63 118 - -30 919


LMFA 2 3a 3 34 679 42 44 - -31 734

LMFB 3 1 3 50 579 30 39 - -35 613

LMFA 3 1 3 52 549 30 39 - -32 586

LMFA 2 1 3 55 526 27 43 - -31 565

LMFA 2 1 2 60 517 27 47 - -30 561

LMFA 2 4 2 60 509 21 82 - -33 578

LMFA 2 1 1 64* 508 26 52 - -30 557

LMFA 2 4 1 65 500 20 86 - -33 574

LMFA 1 1 1 70 488 43 60 - -28 563

LMFA 1 4 1 71 480 37 93 - -31 579


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 40 767 42 51 - -39 822

CWA 2 3a 1 53 739 41 65 - -37 809

CWB 3 1 3 70 637 30 47 - -41 674

CWB 2 1 3 72 614 27 51 - -39 653

CWB 2 1 2 77 606 27 55 - -38 649

CWB 2 1 1 82 597 26 60 - -38 645

CWB 1 1 1 87 576 43 68 - -36 651

CWA 2 1 2 89 595 27 61 - -37 645

CWA 2 1 1 94* 586 26 65 - -37 640

CWA 1 1 1 99 565 43 73 - -35 647


LMFC 2 3a 3 51 948 50 65 - -34 1030

LMFB 3 1 3 57 892 40 55 - -35 953

LMFC 2 1 3 64 822 37 64 - -34 889

LMFB 2 1 3 65 815 37 64 - -33 884

LMFB 2 4 3 65 808 31 87 - -35 891

LMFC 2 1 2 68 814 37 68 - -33 885

LMFB 2 1 2 69 807 37 69 - -33 880

LMFA 2 1 3 72 785 37 71 - -31 863

LMFA 2 1 2 77 777 37 75 - -30 859



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFA 2 1 1 81* 768 36 79 - -30 854


calc

CWB 2 3a 3 62 1000 50 79 - -39 1091

CWC 2 1 3 82 916 37 72 - -43 982

CWB 2 1 3 89 874 37 79 - -39 951

CWB 2 1 2 94 865 37 83 - -38 947

CWB 2 1 1 99 856 36 87 - -38 942

CWA 2 1 3 102 863 37 85 - -38 947

CWA 2 1 2 106 854 37 89 - -37 942

CWA 2 1 1 111* 845 36 93 - -37 938

CWA 1 1 2 130 826 63 115 - -35 969

CWA 1 1 1 135 817 62 120 - -35 964


A 2 3b 3 15 540 48 30 - -7 611

A 2 3b 2 33 520 47 47 - -7 607

A 2 2 3 46 554 71 -36 - -7 583

A 3 1 3 50 523 36 7 - -10 555

A 2 1 3 50* 500 33 8 - -10 531

A 1 1 3 52 481 51 18 - -9 541

A 2 1 2 69 480 31 31 - -10 532

A 1 1 2 71 461 50 35 - -9 537

A 2 1 1 88 460 30 53 - -10 533

A 1 1 1 89 441 49 53 - -9 533


30 year calc

A 2 3b 3 12 627 47 24 - -8 689

A 1 3b 3 15 608 65 28 - -8 693

B 2 1 3 27 626 32 8 - -12 654

A 2 1 3 30 594 32 9 - -11 624

A 1 1 3 33 576 51 13 - -11 629

A 2 1 2 45 571 31 23 - -11 613

A 1 1 2 48 552 49 27 - -11 618

A 1 4 2 48 541 43 72 - -12 643

A 2 1 1 60* 547 30 37 - -11 602

A 1 1 1 63 528 48 41 - -11 606


A 1 3a 3 280 871 83 292 - -22 1224

B 1 2 3 328 824 103 95 - -37 985

A 1 2 3 330 796 103 98 - -35 962

A 1 2 2 337 786 102 103 - -34 958

A 1 2 1 343* 775 102 109 - -34 953

B 2 2 3 413 863 85 72 - -37 983

A 2 2 3 420 835 85 78 - -35 963

A 2 2 2 426 825 85 84 - -34 959

A 2 2 1 433 814 84 90 - -34 955

A 2 1 1 461 746 49 257 - -21 1031


LMFA 1 3a 3 315 973 83 328 - -33 1352

LMFC 1 2 3 367 939 103 136 - -49 1128

LMFA 1 2 3 370 898 103 139 - -46 1094

LMFA 1 2 2 376 888 102 144 - -45 1090

LMFA 1 2 1 383 878 102 151 - -45 1085

LMFA 2 2 3 500 937 85 92 - -46 1068

LMFA 2 2 2 506 927 85 98 - -46 1064

LMFA 2 2 1 513* 916 84 104 - -45 1060

LMFA 2 1 3 533 868 50 284 - -33 1169

LMFA 2 1 1 546 848 49 296 - -32 1160


year calc

LMFC 3 1 3 46 1145 88 47 - -53 1227

LMFB 3 1 3 49 1130 88 48 - -51 1214

LMFA 3 1 3 59 1100 88 56 - -48 1196

LMFA 1 3b 3 63 1025 115 97 - -58 1179



AECOM

Building Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial Investment

Cost


Residual Value


LMFC 1 1 3 67 1036 104 83 - -53 1170

LMFB 1 1 3 69 1020 104 85 - -51 1157

LMFA 1 1 3 74 990 104 90 - -48 1136

LMFA 1 1 2 106 940 101 120 - -46 1115

LMFA 1 1 1 138* 886 99 150 - -43 1092

LMFA 2 1 1 151 952 79 150 - -43 1139


year calc

LMFA 2 3b 3 81 918 86 110 - -62 1052

LMFB 2 3b 2 98 926 84 125 - -64 1072

LMFA 2 3b 2 99 891 84 126 - -61 1041

LMFB 2 1 3 107 914 67 100 - -53 1028

LMFA 2 1 3 109 880 67 101 - -50 997

LMFB 2 1 2 124 887 65 116 - -52 1016

LMFA 2 1 2 126 852 65 116 - -49 985

LMFB 2 1 1 142 858 64 131 - -50 1004

LMFA 2 1 1 143* 824 64 132 - -47 973

LMFA 1 1 1 159 801 80 154 - -46 989


30 year calc

B 3 3a 3 123 872 66 134 - -15 1057

A 3 3a 3 124 845 66 136 - -14 1032

A 2 3a 3 135 808 63 147 - -14 1003

A 2 3a 2 148 788 61 157 - -14 993

B 3 1 3 191 688 39 133 - -10 850

A 3 1 3 196 662 39 134 - -9 826

A 2 1 3 206 624 36 148 - -9 799

A 2 1 2 218 605 35 160 - -9 791

A 2 1 1 231* 585 34 171 - -9 781

A 1 1 1 245 549 50 194 - -9 784



AECOM

5.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis

The capital costs for the various measures that we have considered in this work are shown in Tables

5.5a - 5.5b. Maintenance costs are as set out in Table 5.1c. As for new build, the costs for each

measure include both material and labour costs. For the purpose of this work, no learning rates have

been applied when any of the measures are replaced. In practice, some of the newer technologies will

reduce in cost over time. However, given that the calculation period being considered is similar to the

lifetime of the technologies, replacements are limited and any benefits from learning are uncertain and

will be significantly discounted in the calculated Net Present Value (NPV). Note that these costs do

not include the total costs of measures, only the cost of the elements that vary between

measures/packages.

The energy prices, cost of carbon, discount rates and other variables are the same as for new

buildings, as set out in Section 5.1.

Table 5.5a: Elemental capital costs per m² of fabric – Existing build (varying components only)

Building Part Value Cost (EUR/m²)

Pitched roof 0.25 € 16.4





Profiled metal roof 0.25 € 133.9




Flat roof 0.25 € 115.9

Flat roof 0.13 € 131.6

Masonry cavity wall 0.31 € 9.0






Metal frame wall 0.31 € 419.8







Solid Floor 0.34 € 67.6




Window 1.8 € 319.4

Window 1.6 € 335.0

Window 1.4 € 405.0

Window 1 € 455.0

Window 0.9 € 465.0

Window 0.8 € 470.0

Air Permeability (m³/m².hr) @50Pa

EUR/m2 floor area

5 3 1

- €8.5 €10.0



AECOM

Table 5.5b: Elemental Capital Costs for building services – Varying Elements Only (EUR)

Heating system and controls

Gas Boiler

(€/m² floor

area)

ASHP

(€/m² floor

area)

Gas CHP +

gas boilers

(€/m² floor

area)

Biomass boiler

(€/m² floor

area)

Gas boiler +

solar thermal

(€/m² floor

area)

Building Type

Office 2F Nat .Vent € 49 € 113 € 104 € 73 € 44

Office 2F AC € 22 € 53 € 76 € 46 € 19

Primary School € 28 € 91 € 65 € 49 € 26

Hotel € 21 € 56 € 61 € 46 € 86

Mixed Use € 46 € 106 € 116 € 77 € 46

Health - CNU € 27 € 71 € 66 € 56 € 64

Ventilation

Building Type

Package 1


Package 2


Package 3



Office 2F AC AHU € 279 € 309 € 371

Primary School MVHR € 42

Hotel AHU € 255 € 271 € 326

Mixed Use (retail space only) AHU € 166 € 248 € 248

Mixed Use (office space only) MVHR € 249

Health - CNU MVHR € 202

Lighting

Package 1


Package 2


Package 3


General lighting

Luminaire efficacy

65 lm/cW

Luminaire efficacy

80 lm/cW

Luminaire efficacy

95 lm/cW

€ 43.5 € 58.1 € 70.3

Daylight controls € 20.8 € 20.8 € 25.0

Occupancy controls € 30.6 € 30.6 € 30.6

Photovoltaics

PV

Package 1


Package 2


Package 3


Building Type 0% 10% 20%


Office 2F AC € 12.7 € 24.9

Primary School € 9.7 € 19.6

Hotel

Mixed Use € 14.2 € 26.5

Health - CNU € 9.2 € 18.4


in each of the six reference buildings. Tables 5.6a - 5.6f relates to the macroeconomic calculations

and Tables 5.7a - 5.7d relate to the financial calculations.

Table 5.6a/ Table 5.7a: Central energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.6b/ Table 5.7b: Low energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.6c/ Table 5.7c: High energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.6d/ Table 5.7d: Central energy price, alternative discount factors

Table 5.6e: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative primary energy factor



AECOM

Table 5.6f: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative cost of carbon

The sensitivity analysis showed that lower energy prices improved the relative cost-effectiveness of

less energy efficient products and higher energy prices improved the relative cost-effectiveness of

more energy efficient products. Higher discount rates devalued (and thus effectively lowered) the

price of energy over the calculation period and thus tended to favour less energy efficient products.

Table 5.6a: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,

€/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost

Annual Costs Cost of

Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro

Cost Maintenance Energy

Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 279 17 -9 321

Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 278 17 -10 322

Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 278 16 -10 323

Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 275 16 -13 328

Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 275 16 -13 327

Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 275 16 -12 326

Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 276 16 -12 325

Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 276 16 -8 315

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 277 16 -1 296

Roof U-value 0.25 205* 8 0 274 16 -2 296

Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 274 16 -3 297

Roof U-value 0.15 202 11 0 273 16 -3 297

Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 264 15 -10 344

Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 263 14 -12 357

Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 260 14 -14 363

Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 259 14 -14 365

Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 280 12 -30 464

Heat source CHP 189 154 91 245 15 -27 478


+ STHW 190 57 10 265 15 0 347


(93%) 191* 49 10 266 15 0 340

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 73 20 283 10 0 387

Lighting efficacy 65 160 63 43 161 13 -13 267

Lighting efficacy 80 155* 85 19 148 13 -17 247


Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 364 20 -9 410

Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 365 20 -10 412

Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 365 20 -10 414

Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 361 20 -38 486

Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 361 20 -37 486

Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 362 20 -38 489

Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 362 20 -37 486

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 362 20 -37 485

Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 363 20 -37 487



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 364 21 -18 434

Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 363 20 -18 435

Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 363 20 -20 439

Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 363 20 -10 449

Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 363 20 -12 462

Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 363 20 -14 472

Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 363 19 -14 474

Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 369 15 -14 482

Heat source CHP 245 113 91 329 19 -20 532


+ STHW 247 32 10 353 19 0 414


(93%) 248* 22 10 353 19 0 404

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 46 20 373 14 0 453




Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 279 30 335 19 0 663

Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 309 16 307 18 0 650


AHU SFP 1.8 257 20 1 351 20 -4 389

AHU SFP 1.6 256* 23 2 348 20 -4 389

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 126 13 -3 164

Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 126 13 -4 166

Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 126 13 -4 166

Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 124 13 -6 181

Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 124 13 -6 179

Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 125 13 -6 178

Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 125 13 -5 177

Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 125 13 -4 165

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 126 13 0 142

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 127 13 -1 144

Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 127 13 -1 145

Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 126 13 -1 145

Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 120 12 0 168

Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 119 12 0 174

Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 118 12 0 178

Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 117 12 0 178

Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 139 6 0 324

Heat source CHP 117 96 82 66 11 0 255


+ STHW 117 67 14 112 10 -6 197


(93%) 122* 38 14 115 10 -3 174

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 68 19 140 4 -6 225




AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 722 73 -4 805

Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 722 72 -4 805

Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 722 72 -4 806

Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 709 71 -21 839

Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 710 71 -20 837

Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 711 71 -19 836

Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 712 71 -19 835

Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 713 71 -13 819

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 716 72 -1 792

Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 722 73 -1 797

Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 721 72 -1 797

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 720 72 -1 796

Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 701 69 -9 832

Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 699 69 -11 841

Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 694 68 -13 845

Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 692 68 -13 845

Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 772 39 -15 918

Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 440 61 -16 642


+ STHW 676 108 14 617 56 0 795


(93%) 700 21 13 631 58 0 723

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 46 18 784 25 0 874




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 535 25 -10 587

Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 536 25 -10 589

Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 537 25 -11 592

Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 535 25 -22 621

Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 535 25 -23 626

Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 536 25 -25 630

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 535 25 -1 564

Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 536 25 -23 624

Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 537 25 -15 603

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 533 25 -2 564

Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 533 25 -3 566

Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 533 25 -3 566

Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 533 25 -8 608

Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 533 25 -9 618

Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 532 25 -10 624

Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 531 25 -11 626

Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 533 22 -28 720



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Heat source CHP 318 172 133 518 24 -31 816


+ STHW 319 63 15 522 23 0 623


(93%) 319* 46 15 522 23 0 607

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 77 22 529 22 0 649




CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 591 40 -5 670

Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 591 40 -6 672

Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 590 40 -6 673

Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 585 39 -7 673

Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 585 39 -6 671

Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 586 39 -6 670

Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 586 40 -6 669

Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 586 40 -4 655

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 588 40 0 631

Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 586 40 -1 631

Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 586 40 -1 632

Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 585 39 -1 631

Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 582 39 0 663

Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 582 39 0 671

Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 580 39 0 675

Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 579 38 0 676

Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 598 30 0 811


+ STHW 455 131 23 558 35 -12 736

Heat source CHP 461 97 80 517 37 0 731


(93%) 468* 37 23 566 36 -3 659

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 77 31 614 26 -7 741

Lighting efficacy 65 366* 132 48 329 30 0 539

Lighting efficacy 80 351 176 22 331 29 0 558




AECOM

Table 5.6b: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount rate,

€/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 218 17 -9 260

Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 218 17 -10 261

Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 218 16 -10 262

Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 215 16 -13 269

Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 216 16 -13 267

Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 216 16 -12 266

Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 216 16 -12 265

Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 216 16 -8 255

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 217 16 -1 236

Roof U-value 0.25 205* 8 0 215 16 -2 237

Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 215 16 -3 238

Roof U-value 0.15 202 11 0 214 16 -3 238

Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 208 15 -10 288

Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 207 14 -12 301

Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 205 14 -14 308

Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 204 14 -14 310

Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 224 12 -30 408

Heat source CHP 189 154 91 191 15 -27 424


+ STHW 190 57 10 209 15 0 291


(93%) 191* 49 10 209 15 0 283

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 73 20 221 10 0 325




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 287 20 -9 333

Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 287 20 -10 334

Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 287 20 -10 336

Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 284 20 -38 409

Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 284 20 -37 409

Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 285 20 -38 411

Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 285 20 -37 408

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 285 20 -37 408

Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 285 20 -37 410

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 286 21 -18 356

Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 286 20 -18 357

Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 285 20 -20 361

Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 286 20 -10 372

Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 286 20 -12 385

Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 286 20 -14 395

Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 286 19 -14 398

Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 295 15 -14 408



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Heat source CHP 245 113 91 257 19 -20 460


+ STHW 247 32 10 278 19 0 339


(93%) 248* 22 10 279 19 0 330

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 46 20 293 14 0 373







AHU SFP 1.8 257* 20 1 275 20 -4 313

AHU SFP 1.6 256 23 2 274 20 -4 314

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 95 13 -3 133

Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 95 13 -4 134

Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 94 13 -4 135

Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 93 13 -6 150

Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 93 13 -6 148

Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 93 13 -6 147

Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 94 13 -5 146

Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 94 13 -4 133

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 95 13 0 110

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 95 13 -1 113

Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 95 13 -1 113

Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 95 13 -1 113

Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 90 12 0 138

Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 90 12 0 145

Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 89 12 0 149

Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 88 12 0 150

Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 111 6 0 296

Heat source CHP 117 96 82 46 11 0 235


+ STHW 117 67 14 85 10 -6 170


(93%) 122* 38 14 87 10 -3 146

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 68 19 105 4 -6 189




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 547 73 -4 630

Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 547 72 -4 631

Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 547 72 -4 631

Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 538 71 -21 667

Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 539 71 -20 665



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 539 71 -19 664

Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 540 71 -19 663

Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 540 71 -13 647

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 543 72 -1 618

Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 547 73 -1 622

Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 546 72 -1 622

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 546 72 -1 621

Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 532 69 -9 663

Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 531 69 -11 673

Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 527 68 -13 678

Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 526 68 -13 679

Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 619 39 -15 765

Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 314 61 -16 516


+ STHW 676 108 14 473 56 0 651


(93%) 700 21 13 483 58 0 575

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 46 18 593 25 0 682




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 426 25 -10 477

Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 426 25 -10 480

Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 427 25 -11 482

Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 426 25 -22 512

Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 426 25 -23 516

Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 426 25 -25 520

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 425 25 -1 454

Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 427 25 -23 515

Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 427 25 -15 493

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 424 25 -2 455

Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 424 25 -3 457

Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 424 25 -3 457

Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 424 25 -8 499

Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 424 25 -9 509

Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 423 25 -10 515

Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 423 25 -11 517

Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 427 22 -28 614

Heat source CHP 318 172 133 412 24 -31 710


+ STHW 319 63 15 416 23 0 517


(93%) 319* 46 15 416 23 0 501

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 77 22 421 22 0 541





AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 464 40 -5 543

Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 464 40 -6 545

Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 464 40 -6 547

Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 460 39 -7 548

Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 460 39 -6 546

Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 461 39 -6 545

Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 461 40 -6 544

Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 461 40 -4 530

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 462 40 0 505

Roof U-value 0.25 506* 6 0 461 40 -1 506

Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 461 40 -1 507

Roof U-value 0.15 503 8 0 460 39 -1 506

Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 458 39 0 539

Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 458 39 0 547

Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 457 39 0 552

Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 456 38 0 553

Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 480 30 0 693


+ STHW 455 131 23 441 35 -12 619

Heat source CHP 461 97 80 403 37 0 618


(93%) 468* 37 23 446 36 -3 540

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 77 31 481 26 -7 608






AECOM

Table 5.6c: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount rate,

€/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 340 17 -9 382

Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 339 17 -10 383

Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 339 16 -10 383

Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 335 16 -13 388

Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 335 16 -13 387

Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 336 16 -12 386

Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 336 16 -12 385

Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 336 16 -8 375

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 338 16 -1 356

Roof U-value 0.25 205 8 0 334 16 -2 356

Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 333 16 -3 357

Roof U-value 0.15 202* 11 0 332 16 -3 356

Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 321 15 -10 401

Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 319 14 -12 413

Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 316 14 -14 419

Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 314 14 -14 420

Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 336 12 -30 520

Heat source CHP 189 154 91 300 15 -27 533


+ STHW 190 57 10 322 15 0 404


(93%) 191* 49 10 323 15 0 397

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 73 20 345 10 0 449




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 443 20 -9 489

Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 443 20 -10 491

Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 444 20 -10 492

Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 439 20 -38 564

Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 439 20 -37 563

Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 440 20 -38 566

Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 440 20 -37 563

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 440 20 -37 563

Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 441 20 -37 566

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 443 21 -18 512

Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 442 20 -18 513

Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 441 20 -20 517

Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 441 20 -10 527

Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 441 20 -12 540

Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 440 20 -14 549

Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 440 19 -14 551

Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 442 15 -14 556



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Heat source CHP 245 113 91 401 19 -20 605


+ STHW 247 32 10 428 19 0 489


(93%) 248* 22 10 429 19 0 480

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 46 20 455 14 0 534







AHU SFP 1.8 257 20 1 427 20 -4 465

AHU SFP 1.6 256* 23 2 424 20 -4 464

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 159 13 -3 197

Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 158 13 -4 198

Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 158 13 -4 198

Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 156 13 -6 213

Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 156 13 -6 211

Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 156 13 -6 210

Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 157 13 -5 209

Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 157 13 -4 197

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 158 13 0 174

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 159 13 -1 177

Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 159 13 -1 178

Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 159 13 -1 177

Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 150 12 0 198

Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 149 12 0 204

Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 147 12 0 207

Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 146 12 0 208

Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 166 6 0 352

Heat source CHP 117 96 82 87 11 0 276


+ STHW 117 67 14 141 10 -6 225


(93%) 122* 38 14 144 10 -3 203

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 68 19 177 4 -6 261




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 901 73 -4 984

Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 901 72 -4 985

Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 901 72 -4 985

Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 885 71 -21 1015

Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 887 71 -20 1013



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 887 71 -19 1012

Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 889 71 -19 1012

Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 890 71 -13 996

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 894 72 -1 970

Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 901 73 -1 976

Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 900 72 -1 976

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 899 72 -1 975

Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 875 69 -9 1005

Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 871 69 -11 1014

Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 865 68 -13 1016

Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 863 68 -13 1016

Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 927 39 -15 1073

Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 570 61 -16 772


+ STHW 676 108 14 765 56 0 943


(93%) 700 21 13 782 58 0 874

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 46 18 984 25 0 1074




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 645 25 -10 697

Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 646 25 -10 699

Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 647 25 -11 702

Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 645 25 -22 731

Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 645 25 -23 735

Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 645 25 -25 739

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 644 25 -1 673

Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 646 25 -23 734

Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 647 25 -15 713

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 642 25 -2 673

Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 642 25 -3 675

Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 642 25 -3 675

Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 643 25 -8 717

Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 642 25 -9 727

Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 641 25 -10 733

Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 640 25 -11 735

Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 640 22 -28 827

Heat source CHP 318 172 133 623 24 -31 921


+ STHW 319 63 15 628 23 0 729


(93%) 319* 46 15 628 23 0 713

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 77 22 637 22 0 757





AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 720 40 -5 798

Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 719 40 -6 800

Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 719 40 -6 802

Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 712 39 -7 800

Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 712 39 -6 798

Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 713 39 -6 797

Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 713 40 -6 796

Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 714 40 -4 782

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 716 40 0 758

Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 714 40 -1 759

Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 713 40 -1 759

Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 712 39 -1 758

Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 709 39 0 789

Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 708 39 0 797

Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 705 39 0 800

Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 704 38 0 801

Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 718 30 0 931


+ STHW 455 131 23 677 35 -12 855

Heat source CHP 461 97 80 633 37 0 847


(93%) 468* 37 23 687 36 -3 781

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 77 31 750 26 -7 877






AECOM

Table 5.6d: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount rate,

€/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 351 22 -13 394

Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 350 22 -14 395

Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 350 22 -15 395

Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 346 21 -19 399

Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 347 21 -18 398

Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 347 21 -18 397

Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 347 21 -17 396

Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 348 21 -12 388

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 349 22 -1 373

Roof U-value 0.25 205 8 0 346 21 -3 372

Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 345 21 -4 372

Roof U-value 0.15 202* 11 0 344 21 -4 371

Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 333 19 -14 413

Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 331 19 -17 424

Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 328 18 -20 429

Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 326 18 -20 430

Heat source ASHP 163 186 41 353 15 -43 552

Heat source CHP 189 171 108 309 20 -40 567


+ STHW 190 57 12 334 19 0 423


(93%) 191* 49 12 335 19 0 415

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 73 24 356 14 0 467




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 459 27 -13 507

Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 460 27 -14 509

Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 460 27 -15 510

Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 455 26 -54 570

Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 455 26 -54 570

Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 456 26 -55 572

Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 456 27 -53 570

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 456 27 -53 569

Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 457 27 -54 572

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 459 27 -25 527

Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 458 27 -26 528

Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 457 27 -29 531

Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 458 26 -14 545

Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 457 26 -17 557

Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 457 26 -20 566

Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 457 25 -20 569

Heat source ASHP 214 86 40 465 20 -20 591



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Heat source CHP 245 125 108 414 25 -29 643


+ STHW 247 32 12 444 25 0 513


(93%) 248* 22 12 445 25 0 504

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 46 24 470 18 0 558







AHU SFP 1.8 257 22 2 442 26 -5 487

AHU SFP 1.6 256* 25 2 439 26 -6 486

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 159 18 -6 199

Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 159 17 -6 199

Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 158 17 -7 200

Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 156 17 -11 213

Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 156 17 -10 211

Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 157 17 -10 210

Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 157 17 -9 209

Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 157 17 -6 198

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 159 17 -1 178

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 159 18 -1 181

Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 159 18 -1 181

Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 159 18 -1 181

Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 151 16 0 202

Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 150 16 0 209

Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 148 16 0 212

Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 147 16 0 212

Heat source ASHP 80 150 56 175 8 0 388

Heat source CHP 117 107 104 83 14 0 307


+ STHW 117 75 18 141 13 -10 237


(93%) 122* 43 18 145 14 -6 213

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 76 24 176 5 -10 271




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 908 95 -5 1012

Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 908 95 -6 1013

Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 908 95 -6 1013

Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 892 93 -30 1035

Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 894 93 -29 1034



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 895 93 -28 1033

Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 896 94 -27 1033

Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 897 94 -18 1020

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 901 94 -2 999

Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 908 95 -1 1005

Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 907 95 -2 1005

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 906 95 -2 1004

Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 882 91 -13 1030

Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 879 91 -16 1039

Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 874 90 -18 1040

Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 871 89 -19 1040

Heat source ASHP 534 92 46 974 51 -21 1141

Heat source CHP 669* 100 80 552 80 -23 788


+ STHW 676 108 17 777 73 0 975


(93%) 700 21 16 794 76 0 906

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 46 21 985 33 0 1086




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 674 33 -14 730

Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 675 33 -15 732

Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 677 33 -15 735

Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 675 33 -32 759

Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 675 33 -34 763

Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 675 33 -36 766

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 674 33 -2 710

Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 676 33 -33 762

Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 677 33 -21 744

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 671 33 -3 709

Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 672 33 -4 711

Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 672 33 -4 711

Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 672 33 -11 751

Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 671 33 -13 760

Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 670 33 -15 766

Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 670 32 -15 767

Heat source ASHP 310 174 42 673 29 -40 877

Heat source CHP 318 191 157 652 31 -44 987


+ STHW 319 63 17 658 31 0 769


(93%) 319* 46 17 658 31 0 753

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 77 26 666 28 0 798





AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 744 53 -9 832

Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 744 53 -10 834

Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 744 53 -10 835

Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 737 52 -12 832

Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 737 52 -11 830

Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 738 52 -11 829

Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 738 52 -10 829

Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 739 52 -7 817

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 741 52 -1 795

Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 739 52 -1 795

Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 738 52 -2 796

Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 737 52 -2 795

Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 734 51 0 827

Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 733 51 0 834

Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 731 51 0 838

Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 730 51 0 838

Heat source ASHP 410 116 99 754 39 0 1009


+ STHW 455 148 30 704 46 -20 907

Heat source CHP 461 108 101 651 49 0 909


(93%) 468* 42 30 713 48 -6 826

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 86 40 772 35 -12 921






AECOM

Table 5.6e: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,

Alternative PEF, €/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 192* 35 0 279 15 -9 319

Floor U-value 0.2 192 37 0 278 15 -10 321

Floor U-value 0.15 191 38 0 278 15 -10 321

Wall U-value 0.1 187 51 0 275 15 -13 327

Wall U-value 0.14 187 48 0 275 15 -13 325

Wall U-value 0.16 188 46 0 275 15 -12 324

Wall U-value 0.19 188 45 0 276 15 -12 324

Wall U-value 0.21 188 30 0 276 15 -8 313

Wall U-value 0.31 190* 3 0 277 15 -1 294

Roof U-value 0.25 186* 8 0 274 15 -2 295

Roof U-value 0.2 185 10 0 274 15 -3 296

Roof U-value 0.15 184 11 0 273 14 -3 295

Window U-value 1.6 170* 76 0 264 13 -10 343

Window U-value 1.4 168 91 0 263 13 -12 355

Window U-value 1.0 164 103 0 260 13 -14 362

Window U-value 0.8 162 106 0 259 13 -14 364

Heat source ASHP 140 167 34 280 10 -30 462


+ STHW 172 57 10 265 13 0 346


(93%) 173* 49 10 266 13 0 338

Heat source CHP 174 154 91 245 14 -27 477

Heat source Biomass

boiler 182 73 20 283 9 0 385




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 238* 35 0 364 19 -9 409

Floor U-value 0.2 238 37 0 365 19 -10 410

Floor U-value 0.15 237 38 0 365 19 -10 412

Wall U-value 0.11 234 143 0 361 18 -38 484

Wall U-value 0.15 235 141 0 361 18 -37 484

Wall U-value 0.19 235 145 0 362 18 -38 487

Wall U-value 0.2 235 140 0 362 18 -37 484

Wall U-value 0.21 235* 140 0 362 18 -37 483

Wall U-value 0.29 237 142 0 363 19 -37 486

Roof U-value 0.25 239* 67 0 364 19 -18 432

Roof U-value 0.2 238 69 0 363 19 -18 433

Roof U-value 0.15 237 76 0 363 19 -20 437

Window U-value 1.6 234* 76 0 363 18 -10 447

Window U-value 1.4 232 91 0 363 18 -12 460

Window U-value 1.0 229 103 0 363 18 -14 470

Window U-value 0.8 227 106 0 363 18 -14 472

Heat source ASHP 184 78 34 369 13 -14 480



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



+ STHW 222 32 10 353 17 0 412


(93%) 223* 22 10 353 17 0 403

Heat source CHP 224 113 91 329 18 -20 531

Heat source Biomass

boiler 233 46 20 373 12 0 451







AHU SFP 1.8 233 20 1 351 18 -4 387

AHU SFP 1.6 232* 23 2 348 18 -4 387

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 151* 28 0 126 13 -3 164

Floor U-value 0.2 150 30 0 126 13 -4 165

Floor U-value 0.15 150 31 0 126 13 -4 166

Wall U-value 0.1 147 50 0 124 13 -6 181

Wall U-value 0.14 147 47 0 124 13 -6 179

Wall U-value 0.16 148 46 0 125 13 -6 178

Wall U-value 0.19 148 44 0 125 13 -5 177

Wall U-value 0.21 149 30 0 125 13 -4 164

Wall U-value 0.31 151* 3 0 126 13 0 142

Roof U-value 0.25 152* 5 0 127 13 -1 144

Roof U-value 0.2 151 6 0 127 13 -1 145

Roof U-value 0.15 151 6 0 126 13 -1 145

Window U-value 1.6 139* 35 0 120 12 0 167

Window U-value 1.4 138 43 0 119 12 0 174

Window U-value 1.0 135 48 0 118 12 0 177

Window U-value 0.8 134 50 0 117 11 0 178

Heat source ASHP 69 135 44 139 5 0 323


+ STHW 113 67 14 112 10 -6 197


(93%) 117* 38 14 115 10 -3 174

Heat source CHP 120 96 82 66 11 0 255

Heat source Biomass

boiler 130 68 19 140 3 -6 224




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 826* 14 0 722 70 -4 802

Floor U-value 0.2 826 15 0 722 70 -4 803

Floor U-value 0.15 826 15 0 722 70 -4 803

Wall U-value 0.1 808 80 0 709 68 -21 836

Wall U-value 0.14 810 75 0 710 68 -20 834



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.16 811 73 0 711 68 -19 833

Wall U-value 0.19 813 71 0 712 69 -19 833

Wall U-value 0.21 814 48 0 713 69 -13 817

Wall U-value 0.31 819* 5 0 716 69 -1 789

Roof U-value 0.25 827 3 0 722 70 -1 794

Roof U-value 0.2 826 4 0 721 70 -1 794

Roof U-value 0.15 825* 4 0 720 70 -1 793

Window U-value 1.6 792* 70 0 701 67 -9 829

Window U-value 1.4 788 85 0 699 66 -11 839

Window U-value 1.0 779 95 0 694 66 -13 842

Window U-value 0.8 775 98 0 692 65 -13 843

Heat source ASHP 459 83 39 772 33 -15 913


+ STHW 638 108 14 617 53 0 792


(93%) 662 21 13 631 55 0 720

Heat source CHP 677* 90 68 440 61 -16 643

Heat source Biomass

boiler 718 46 18 784 22 0 871




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 295* 37 0 535 22 -10 584

Floor U-value 0.2 296 39 0 536 22 -10 586

Floor U-value 0.15 296 40 0 537 22 -11 589

Wall U-value 0.14 293 89 0 535 22 -23 623

Wall U-value 0.1 293 94 0 536 22 -25 627

Wall U-value 0.19 293 83 0 535 22 -22 618

Wall U-value 0.16 293 86 0 536 22 -23 621

Wall U-value 0.21 293 56 0 537 22 -15 600

Wall U-value 0.31 293* 6 0 535 22 -1 561

Roof U-value 0.25 293* 9 0 533 22 -2 561

Roof U-value 0.2 293 11 0 533 22 -3 563

Roof U-value 0.15 292 11 0 533 22 -3 563

Window U-value 1.6 295* 57 0 533 22 -8 605

Window U-value 1.4 294 69 0 533 22 -9 615

Window U-value 1.0 293 78 0 532 22 -10 621

Window U-value 0.8 292 80 0 531 22 -11 623

Heat source ASHP 267 157 35 533 19 -28 717


+ STHW 277 63 15 522 20 0 620


(93%) 278* 46 15 522 20 0 604

Heat source CHP 278 172 133 518 21 -31 813

Heat source Biomass

boiler 281 77 22 529 19 0 646





AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 466* 44 0 591 37 -5 666

Floor U-value 0.2 466 47 0 591 37 -6 668

Floor U-value 0.15 466 48 0 590 37 -6 670

Wall U-value 0.1 455 56 0 585 36 -7 670

Wall U-value 0.14 456 52 0 585 36 -6 667

Wall U-value 0.16 457 51 0 586 36 -6 666

Wall U-value 0.19 458 49 0 586 36 -6 665

Wall U-value 0.21 458 33 0 586 36 -4 652

Wall U-value 0.31 461* 3 0 588 36 0 627

Roof U-value 0.25 458 6 0 586 36 -1 628

Roof U-value 0.2 457 8 0 586 36 -1 628

Roof U-value 0.15 456* 8 0 585 36 -1 628

Window U-value 1.6 451* 42 0 582 36 0 660

Window U-value 1.4 450 50 0 582 35 0 667

Window U-value 1.0 447 56 0 580 35 0 671

Window U-value 0.8 445 58 0 579 35 0 672

Heat source ASHP 352 105 78 598 26 0 807


+ STHW 408 131 23 558 32 -12 733


(93%) 421* 37 23 566 33 -3 656

Heat source CHP 425 97 80 517 34 0 728

Heat source Biomass

boiler 440 77 31 614 23 -7 738






AECOM

Table 5.6f: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,

Alternative Cost of Carbon, €/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 279 21 -9 326

Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 278 21 -10 327

Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 278 21 -10 327

Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 275 21 -13 333

Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 275 21 -13 331

Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 275 21 -12 330

Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 276 21 -12 330

Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 276 21 -8 319

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 277 21 -1 301

Roof U-value 0.25 205* 8 0 274 21 -2 301

Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 274 21 -3 302

Roof U-value 0.15 202 11 0 273 20 -3 301

Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 264 19 -10 349

Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 263 19 -12 361

Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 260 18 -14 367

Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 259 18 -14 369

Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 280 15 -30 467

Heat source CHP 189 154 91 245 19 -27 483


+ STHW 190 57 10 265 19 0 351


(93%) 191* 49 10 266 19 0 344

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 73 20 283 13 0 390




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 364 26 -9 416

Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 365 26 -10 418

Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 365 26 -10 420

Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 361 26 -38 492

Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 361 26 -37 492

Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 362 26 -38 495

Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 362 26 -37 491

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 362 26 -37 491

Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 363 26 -37 493

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 364 27 -18 440

Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 363 26 -18 441

Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 363 26 -20 445

Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 363 26 -10 455

Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 363 26 -12 468

Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 363 25 -14 477

Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 363 25 -14 480

Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 369 20 -14 486



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Heat source CHP 245 113 91 329 25 -20 538


+ STHW 247 32 10 353 24 0 419


(93%) 248* 22 10 353 25 0 410

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 46 20 373 18 0 457







AHU SFP 1.8 257 20 1 351 26 -4 394

AHU SFP 1.6 256* 23 2 348 26 -4 394

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 126 17 -3 168

Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 126 17 -4 169

Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 126 17 -4 170

Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 124 17 -6 185

Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 124 17 -6 183

Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 125 17 -6 182

Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 125 17 -5 181

Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 125 17 -4 168

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 126 17 0 146

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 127 17 -1 148

Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 127 17 -1 149

Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 126 17 -1 149

Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 120 16 0 171

Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 119 16 0 178

Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 118 15 0 181

Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 117 15 0 182

Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 139 8 0 326

Heat source CHP 117 96 82 66 14 0 258


+ STHW 117 67 14 112 13 -6 200


(93%) 122* 38 14 115 13 -3 177

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 68 19 140 5 -6 226




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 722 94 -4 826

Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 722 94 -4 827

Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 722 94 -4 827

Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 709 92 -21 860

Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 710 92 -20 858



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 711 92 -19 857

Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 712 92 -19 856

Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 713 92 -13 840

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 716 93 -1 813

Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 722 94 -1 818

Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 721 94 -1 818

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 720 94 -1 817

Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 701 90 -9 852

Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 699 89 -11 862

Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 694 88 -13 865

Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 692 88 -13 865

Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 772 50 -15 929

Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 440 78 -16 660


+ STHW 676 108 14 617 72 0 811


(93%) 700 21 13 631 75 0 739

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 46 18 784 32 0 881




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 535 32 -10 594

Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 536 32 -10 597

Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 537 32 -11 599

Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 535 32 -22 628

Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 535 32 -23 633

Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 536 32 -25 637

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 535 32 -1 571

Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 536 32 -23 631

Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 537 32 -15 610

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 533 32 -2 571

Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 533 32 -3 573

Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 533 32 -3 573

Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 533 32 -8 615

Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 533 32 -9 625

Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 532 32 -10 631

Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 531 32 -11 633

Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 533 29 -28 727

Heat source CHP 318 172 133 518 30 -31 823


+ STHW 319 63 15 522 30 0 629


(93%) 319* 46 15 522 30 0 614

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 77 22 529 28 0 655





AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 591 52 -5 681

Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 591 52 -6 683

Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 590 52 -6 685

Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 585 51 -7 684

Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 585 51 -6 682

Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 586 51 -6 681

Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 586 51 -6 680

Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 586 51 -4 667

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 588 51 0 642

Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 586 51 -1 643

Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 586 51 -1 643

Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 585 51 -1 643

Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 582 50 0 674

Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 582 50 0 682

Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 580 50 0 686

Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 579 50 0 687

Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 598 39 0 820


+ STHW 455 131 23 558 45 -12 747

Heat source CHP 461 97 80 517 48 0 742


(93%) 468* 37 23 566 47 -3 670

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 77 31 614 34 -7 749






AECOM

Table 5.7a: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate, €/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 258 - -7 290

Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 258 - -8 292

Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 257 - -8 293

Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 255 - -11 302

Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 255 - -10 299

Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 255 - -10 298

Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 256 - -9 297

Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 256 - -6 284

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 257 - -1 260

Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 254 - -2 262

Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 254 - -2 263

Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 253 - -2 263

Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 245 - -8 323

Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 243 - -10 338

Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 241 - -11 347

Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 240 - -11 349

Heat source ASHP 163 175 30 259 - -24 440

Heat source CHP 189 161 79 227 - -22 445


+ STHW 190 65 9 246 - 0 319


(93%) 191* 55 9 246 - 0 310

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 83 17 262 - 0 363

Lighting efficacy 65 160 66 37 149 - -10 242

Lighting efficacy 80 155* 88 16 137 - -14 228


Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 338 - -7 370

Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 338 - -8 372

Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 338 - -8 374

Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 334 - -30 467

Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 335 - -30 466

Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 335 - -30 469

Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 335 - -29 465

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 335 - -29 465

Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 336 - -30 467

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 337 - -14 399

Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 337 - -14 401

Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 336 - -16 406

Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 337 - -8 414

Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 336 - -10 430

Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 336 - -11 442

Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 336 - -11 445

Heat source ASHP 214 81 29 341 - -11 440

Heat source CHP 245 118 79 305 - -16 485



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



+ STHW 247 36 9 327 - 0 371


(93%) 248* 25 9 327 - 0 361

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 52 17 346 - 0 415




Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 317 25 310 - 0 653

Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 350 14 284 - 0 648


AHU SFP 1.8 257* 21 1 325 - -3 344

AHU SFP 1.6 256 24 1 323 - -3 345

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 117 - -2 147

Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 117 - -2 148

Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 117 - -2 149

Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 115 - -4 168

Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 116 - -4 165

Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 116 - -4 164

Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 116 - -4 163

Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 116 - -2 148

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 117 - 0 120

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 118 - 0 123

Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 117 - 0 124

Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 117 - 0 124

Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 111 - 0 151

Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 111 - 0 159

Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 109 - 0 164

Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 109 - 0 165

Heat source ASHP 80 141 36 128 - 0 306

Heat source CHP 117 100 67 61 - 0 229


+ STHW 117 69 11 104 - -4 181


(93%) 122* 40 11 107 - -2 156

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 70 15 131 - -4 212




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 670 - -3 683

Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 670 - -3 684

Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 670 - -3 684

Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 658 - -17 732

Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 659 - -16 729

Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 660 - -15 727



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 661 - -15 726

Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 662 - -10 706

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 665 - -1 669

Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 670 - -1 673

Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 669 - -1 673

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 669 - -1 672

Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 651 - -7 723

Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 649 - -9 736

Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 644 - -10 742

Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 642 - -10 744

Heat source ASHP 534 87 34 715 - -12 823

Heat source CHP 669* 94 58 409 - -13 549


+ STHW 676 122 12 573 - 0 707


(93%) 700 23 11 585 - 0 620

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 53 15 729 - 0 797




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 495 - -8 529

Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 496 - -8 532

Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 497 - -8 534

Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 496 - -17 572

Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 496 - -19 578

Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 496 - -20 583

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 495 - -1 500

Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 496 - -18 576

Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 497 - -12 549

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 493 - -2 501

Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 493 - -2 503

Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 493 - -2 504

Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 494 - -6 553

Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 493 - -7 565

Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 492 - -8 573

Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 492 - -8 575

Heat source ASHP 310 164 30 494 - -22 666

Heat source CHP 318 180 115 479 - -24 749


+ STHW 319 71 13 483 - 0 567


(93%) 319* 53 13 483 - 0 549

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 87 19 490 - 0 596






AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 547 - -3 594

Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 547 - -4 596

Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 547 - -4 598

Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 542 - -4 600

Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 542 - -4 598

Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 542 - -4 596

Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 543 - -4 595

Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 543 - -3 578

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 545 - 0 548

Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 543 - 0 550

Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 543 - -1 551

Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 542 - -1 550

Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 540 - 0 587

Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 539 - 0 596

Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 537 - 0 601

Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 536 - 0 603

Heat source ASHP 410 109 64 554 - 0 727


+ STHW 455 136 19 517 - -8 665

Heat source CHP 461 102 65 479 - 0 646


(93%) 468* 39 19 524 - -2 580

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 79 26 569 - -4 670

Lighting efficacy 65 366* 128 39 305 - 0 472

Lighting efficacy 80 351 172 18 307 - 0 497




AECOM

Table 5.7b: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate, €/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 202 - -7 234

Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 202 - -8 236

Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 201 - -8 237

Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 200 - -11 247

Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 200 - -10 244

Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 200 - -10 243

Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 200 - -9 242

Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 200 - -6 228

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 201 - -1 204

Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 199 - -2 207

Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 199 - -2 208

Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 198 - -2 208

Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 193 - -8 271

Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 192 - -10 286

Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 190 - -11 296

Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 189 - -11 298

Heat source ASHP 163 175 30 207 - -24 388

Heat source CHP 189 161 79 177 - -22 394


+ STHW 190 65 9 193 - 0 267


(93%) 191* 55 9 194 - 0 258

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 83 17 205 - 0 305




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 265 - -7 298

Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 266 - -8 300

Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 266 - -8 301

Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 263 - -30 395

Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 263 - -30 394

Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 264 - -30 398

Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 264 - -29 394

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 264 - -29 393

Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 264 - -30 395

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 265 - -14 327

Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 265 - -14 328

Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 264 - -16 334

Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 265 - -8 343

Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 265 - -10 359

Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 265 - -11 371

Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 265 - -11 374

Heat source ASHP 214 81 29 273 - -11 372

Heat source CHP 245 118 79 238 - -16 418



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



+ STHW 247 36 9 258 - 0 302


(93%) 248* 25 9 258 - 0 291

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 52 17 271 - 0 341







AHU SFP 1.8 257* 21 1 255 - -3 275

AHU SFP 1.6 256 24 1 253 - -3 275

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 88 - -2 117

Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 88 - -2 119

Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 87 - -2 120

Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 86 - -4 139

Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 87 - -4 137

Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 87 - -4 135

Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 87 - -4 134

Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 87 - -2 119

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 88 - 0 91

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 88 - 0 93

Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 88 - 0 94

Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 88 - 0 94

Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 84 - 0 124

Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 83 - 0 132

Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 82 - 0 137

Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 82 - 0 138

Heat source ASHP 80 141 36 103 - 0 280

Heat source CHP 117 100 67 42 - 0 210


+ STHW 117 69 11 79 - -4 156


(93%) 122* 40 11 80 - -2 129

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 70 15 98 - -4 179




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 508 - -3 520

Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 508 - -3 521

Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 508 - -3 522

Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 499 - -17 573

Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 500 - -16 570

Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 500 - -15 568



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 501 - -15 566

Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 501 - -10 546

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 504 - -1 508

Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 507 - -1 510

Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 507 - -1 511

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 506 - -1 510

Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 494 - -7 566

Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 492 - -9 579

Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 489 - -10 587

Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 488 - -10 589

Heat source ASHP 534 87 34 573 - -12 682

Heat source CHP 669* 94 58 292 - -13 431


+ STHW 676 122 12 439 - 0 573


(93%) 700 23 11 448 - 0 482

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 53 15 551 - 0 619




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 394 - -8 428

Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 395 - -8 430

Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 395 - -8 433

Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 394 - -17 471

Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 395 - -19 477

Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 395 - -20 482

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 394 - -1 399

Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 395 - -18 474

Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 396 - -12 447

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 392 - -2 400

Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 392 - -2 402

Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 393 - -2 403

Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 393 - -6 452

Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 392 - -7 464

Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 392 - -8 472

Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 391 - -8 474

Heat source ASHP 310 164 30 395 - -22 567

Heat source CHP 318 180 115 382 - -24 651


+ STHW 319 71 13 385 - 0 469


(93%) 319* 53 13 385 - 0 451

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 87 19 390 - 0 496






AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 430 - -3 476

Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 430 - -4 479

Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 430 - -4 481

Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 426 - -4 485

Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 426 - -4 482

Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 427 - -4 480

Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 427 - -4 479

Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 427 - -3 462

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 428 - 0 432

Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 427 - 0 433

Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 427 - -1 435

Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 426 - -1 434

Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 425 - 0 472

Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 424 - 0 481

Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 423 - 0 487

Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 422 - 0 488

Heat source ASHP 410 109 64 444 - 0 617


+ STHW 455 136 19 409 - -8 556

Heat source CHP 461 102 65 374 - 0 540


(93%) 468* 39 19 413 - -2 469

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 79 26 446 - -4 546






AECOM

Table 5.7c: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate, €/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 315 - -7 347

Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 314 - -8 348

Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 314 - -8 349

Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 310 - -11 357

Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 311 - -10 355

Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 311 - -10 354

Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 311 - -9 353

Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 312 - -6 340

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 313 - -1 316

Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 310 - -2 317

Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 309 - -2 318

Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 308 - -2 318

Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 297 - -8 375

Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 296 - -10 390

Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 292 - -11 398

Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 291 - -11 400

Heat source ASHP 163 175 30 311 - -24 492

Heat source CHP 189 161 79 278 - -22 496


+ STHW 190 65 9 299 - 0 372


(93%) 191* 55 9 299 - 0 363

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 83 17 320 - 0 421




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 410 - -7 442

Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 411 - -8 445

Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 411 - -8 446

Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 406 - -30 538

Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 407 - -30 538

Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 407 - -30 541

Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 407 - -29 537

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 407 - -29 537

Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 408 - -30 540

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 410 - -14 472

Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 409 - -14 473

Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 408 - -16 478

Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 409 - -8 487

Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 408 - -10 502

Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 408 - -11 514

Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 407 - -11 517

Heat source ASHP 214 81 29 409 - -11 509

Heat source CHP 245 118 79 372 - -16 552



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



+ STHW 247 36 9 396 - 0 441


(93%) 248* 25 9 397 - 0 430

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 52 17 421 - 0 491







AHU SFP 1.8 257 21 1 395 - -3 415

AHU SFP 1.6 256* 24 1 393 - -3 415

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 147 - -2 177

Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 147 - -2 178

Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 147 - -2 179

Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 145 - -4 198

Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 145 - -4 195

Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 145 - -4 194

Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 146 - -4 192

Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 146 - -2 178

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 147 - 0 150

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 148 - 0 153

Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 148 - 0 154

Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 147 - 0 154

Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 139 - 0 180

Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 138 - 0 187

Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 137 - 0 191

Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 136 - 0 192

Heat source ASHP 80 141 36 154 - 0 331

Heat source CHP 117 100 67 81 - 0 248


+ STHW 117 69 11 130 - -4 207


(93%) 122* 40 11 134 - -2 183

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 70 15 165 - -4 247




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 836 - -3 849

Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 836 - -3 850

Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 836 - -3 851

Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 821 - -17 895

Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 823 - -16 892

Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 823 - -15 891



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 825 - -15 890

Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 826 - -10 870

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 830 - -1 834

Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 836 - -1 839

Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 835 - -1 839

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 834 - -1 838

Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 811 - -7 884

Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 808 - -9 896

Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 803 - -10 901

Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 800 - -10 902

Heat source ASHP 534 87 34 858 - -12 967

Heat source CHP 669* 94 58 530 - -13 669


+ STHW 676 122 12 709 - 0 844


(93%) 700 23 11 725 - 0 760

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 53 15 915 - 0 983




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 597 - -8 631

Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 598 - -8 634

Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 599 - -8 636

Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 597 - -17 674

Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 597 - -19 679

Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 597 - -20 685

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 596 - -1 601

Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 598 - -18 677

Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 599 - -12 651

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 594 - -2 602

Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 594 - -2 604

Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 594 - -2 605

Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 595 - -6 654

Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 594 - -7 666

Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 593 - -8 673

Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 593 - -8 676

Heat source ASHP 310 164 30 592 - -22 765

Heat source CHP 318 180 115 577 - -24 847


+ STHW 319 71 13 581 - 0 665


(93%) 319* 53 13 582 - 0 647

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 87 19 590 - 0 696






AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 667 - -3 713

Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 666 - -4 715

Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 666 - -4 717

Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 659 - -4 718

Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 660 - -4 715

Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 660 - -4 714

Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 661 - -4 713

Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 661 - -3 696

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 663 - 0 667

Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 661 - 0 668

Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 660 - -1 668

Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 660 - -1 668

Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 657 - 0 704

Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 655 - 0 712

Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 653 - 0 717

Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 652 - 0 719

Heat source ASHP 410 109 64 665 - 0 838


+ STHW 455 136 19 627 - -8 775

Heat source CHP 461 102 65 586 - 0 753


(93%) 468* 39 19 636 - -2 692

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 79 26 695 - -4 796






AECOM

Table 5.7d: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate, €/m²)

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 199 - -4 234

Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 199 - -5 236

Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 199 - -5 237

Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 196 - -6 248

Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 197 - -6 245

Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 197 - -6 244

Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 197 - -6 242

Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 197 - -4 228

Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 198 - 0 201

Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 196 - -1 204

Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 196 - -1 206

Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 195 - -1 206

Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 189 - -5 270

Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 188 - -6 286

Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 186 - -6 296

Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 185 - -7 299

Heat source ASHP 163 159 24 200 - -14 369

Heat source CHP 189 146 64 175 - -13 373


+ STHW 190 65 7 190 - 0 261


(93%) 191* 55 7 190 - 0 252

Heat source Biomass

boiler 200 83 14 203 - 0 300




Office 2F AC

Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 260 - -4 296

Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 261 - -5 298

Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 261 - -5 300

Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 258 - -18 402

Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 258 - -18 401

Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 259 - -18 405

Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 259 - -17 401

Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 259 - -17 400

Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 259 - -18 403

Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 260 - -8 328

Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 260 - -9 330

Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 259 - -9 336

Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 260 - -5 341

Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 259 - -6 357

Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 259 - -6 370

Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 259 - -7 373

Heat source ASHP 214 74 24 263 - -7 354

Heat source CHP 245 107 64 235 - -9 397



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



+ STHW 247 36 7 252 - 0 295


(93%) 248* 25 7 252 - 0 284

Heat source Biomass

boiler 258 52 14 267 - 0 333







AHU SFP 1.8 257* 19 1 251 - -2 269

AHU SFP 1.6 256 22 1 249 - -2 270

Primary School

Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 91 - -1 122

Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 91 - -1 123

Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 90 - -1 124

Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 89 - -2 144

Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 89 - -2 141

Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 90 - -2 140

Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 90 - -2 138

Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 90 - -1 123

Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 91 - 0 94

Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 91 - 0 96

Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 91 - 0 98

Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 91 - 0 98

Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 86 - 0 126

Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 86 - 0 134

Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 84 - 0 139

Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 84 - 0 140

Heat source ASHP 80 129 28 99 - 0 255

Heat source CHP 117 91 51 48 - 0 190


+ STHW 117 63 9 81 - -2 151


(93%) 122* 36 9 83 - -1 127

Heat source Biomass

boiler 135 64 12 101 - -2 176




Hotel AC

Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 518 - -2 532

Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 518 - -2 533

Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 518 - -2 534

Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 509 - -10 590

Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 510 - -9 586

Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 511 - -9 584



AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 511 - -9 583

Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 512 - -6 560

Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 514 - -1 519

Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 518 - 0 522

Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 518 - -1 522

Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 517 - -1 521

Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 503 - -4 579

Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 502 - -5 592

Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 498 - -6 600

Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 497 - -6 602

Heat source ASHP 534 79 27 551 - -7 650

Heat source CHP 669* 86 47 318 - -8 443


+ STHW 676 122 10 443 - 0 575


(93%) 700 23 9 452 - 0 485

Heat source Biomass

boiler 756 53 12 566 - 0 631




Mixed-use

Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 382 - -5 419

Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 382 - -5 422

Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 383 - -5 424

Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 382 - -10 466

Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 382 - -11 472

Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 382 - -12 478

Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 382 - -1 387

Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 383 - -11 469

Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 383 - -7 440

Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 380 - -1 389

Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 380 - -1 391

Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 380 - -1 392

Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 381 - -4 442

Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 380 - -4 455

Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 380 - -5 463

Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 379 - -5 466

Heat source ASHP 310 149 25 381 - -13 541

Heat source CHP 318 163 93 369 - -14 612


+ STHW 319 71 10 372 - 0 454


(93%) 319* 53 10 373 - 0 435

Heat source Biomass

boiler 322 87 15 378 - 0 480






AECOM

Package Value

PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


CNU (health)

Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 422 - -2 471

Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 422 - -2 473

Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 422 - -2 475

Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 418 - -2 479

Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 418 - -2 476

Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 419 - -2 474

Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 419 - -2 473

Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 419 - -1 456

Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 420 - 0 424

Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 419 - 0 426

Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 419 - 0 427

Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 418 - 0 427

Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 416 - 0 464

Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 416 - 0 473

Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 415 - 0 479

Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 414 - 0 480

Heat source ASHP 410 99 49 427 - 0 575


+ STHW 455 124 15 399 - -3 534

Heat source CHP 461 92 50 370 - 0 512


(93%) 468* 35 15 404 - -1 453

Heat source Biomass

boiler 487 73 20 440 - -2 530




5.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages

The costs and underpinning assumptions are the same as those in Section 5.2.


in each of the six reference buildings. Tables 5.8a - 5.8f relate to the macroeconomic calculations and

Tables 5.9a - 5.9d relate to the financial calculations.

Table 5.8a / Table 5.9a: Central energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.8b / Table 5.9b: Low energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.8c / Table 5.9c: High energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.8d / Table 5.9d: Central energy price, alternative discount factors

Table 5.8e: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative primary energy factor

Table 5.8f: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative cost of carbon

Focussing on the macroeconomic calculations, the sensitivity analysis shows the following:

In all cases, the cost optimal solution includes fabric package A. This is true for both the

central and all the sensitivity scenarios.



AECOM

In all but one cases, the cost optimal package had no service improvement (exception being

service package 2 for Mixed Use building). Improvements to the cost optimal package were

identified for the high energy price scenario and/or the lower discount rate scenario for the

Office (NV), Mixed Use and CNU (Healthcare) buildings.

In all but one cases, the cost optimal package had no heating improvement (exception being

a 93% efficient gas boiler for the Hotel). This did not alter in any of the sensitivity scenarios.

In all but one cases, the cost optimum package included no PV (exception being the primary

school). Improvements to the cost optimal package were identified for the high energy price

scenario and/or the lower discount rate scenario for the Office (NV), Office (AC), and Mixed

Use buildings. Inversely, PV was excluded from all cost optimal packages for the low energy

price scenario and/or high discount rate scenario.



AECOM

Table 5.8a: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro

Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy

Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 50 4 -31 381

B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 62 6 -36 358

A1 3a EE1 3 69 292 35 61 6 -34 360

A1 2a EE1 3 72 268 31 64 6 -31 338

A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 75 7 -29 338

A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 85 7 -28 337

A1 1a EE1 1 94 221 52 97 8 -23 355

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 234 12 -14 334

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 245 13 -12 334

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 75 0 255 13 -10 333

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

C2 2b 1 3 79 857 57 95 6 -95 921

A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 109 8 -86 894

B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 308 13 -89 689

C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 295 15 -77 624

B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 297 15 -75 615

C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 304 16 -77 603

B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 308 17 -75 595

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 308 2 323 18 -68 583

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 334 18 -67 583

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 283 0 345 19 -65 581

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 67 2 -10 519

A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 98 4 -1 341

A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 110 4 -1 343

A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 122 5 -1 343

A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 79 7 -5 201

A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 91 8 -5 202

A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 103 9 -5 203

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 4 93 11 -1 171

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 105 11 -1 173

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 117 12 -1 174

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 520 22 -27 1189

A1 1b 4 1 362 530 122 341 30 -19 1004

B1 1b 1 1 374 488 121 346 31 -17 971

A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 348 31 -12 953

A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 731 37 -25 928

C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 13 642 52 -34 857

B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 656 53 -14 815

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 666 54 -10 807

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 746 68 -14 886

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 756 68 -10 877

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 120 6 -25 526

A1 3c EE1 3 107 327 36 137 9 -25 484

A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 149 9 -23 484

A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 168 10 -24 484

A1 3c EE1 1 124 301 32 159 10 -21 481

A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 180 10 -22 484



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 1 141* 272 28 190 11 -20 480

A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 203 11 -19 494

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 443 24 -18 560

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 452 25 -16 555

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 206 18 -5 739

A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 231 19 -5 715

A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 239 19 -5 712

A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 247 20 -5 710

A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 261 23 -1 695

A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 269 24 -1 692

A1 2a EE1 1 291 356 33 277 24 -1 690

A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 310 25 -1 706

A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 87 2 568 37 -1 692

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 78 0 575 37 -1 688



AECOM

Table 5.8b: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 38 4 -31 369

A1 2a 1 2 60 304 40 47 5 -29 367

B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 46 6 -36 342

A1 3a EE1 3 69 292 35 45 6 -34 344

A1 2a EE1 3 72 268 31 47 6 -31 321

A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 56 7 -29 319

A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 65 7 -28 316

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 184 12 -14 285

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 193 13 -12 283

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 75 0 201 13 -10 280

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 83 8 -86 869

A2 2b EE1 3 111 784 47 91 9 -86 845

B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 247 13 -89 628

C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 233 15 -77 563

B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 234 15 -75 552

C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 240 16 -77 539

B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 242 17 -75 529

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 308 2 254 18 -68 513

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 263 18 -67 511

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 283 0 271 19 -65 508

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 54 2 -10 505

A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 78 4 -1 322

A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 88 4 -1 321

A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 97 5 -1 319

A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 59 7 -5 181

A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 69 8 -5 180

A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 78 9 -5 178

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 66 4 69 11 -1 147

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 79 11 -1 146

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 46 0 88 12 -1 145

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 416 22 -27 1085

B1 1b 1 1 374 488 121 264 31 -17 888

A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 265 31 -12 871

C1 EE1 2 1 489 247 39 566 35 -48 839

B1 EE1 2 1 500 169 39 579 36 -29 794

A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 586 37 -25 783

B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 505 53 -14 664

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 513 54 -10 653

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 568 68 -14 707

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 576 68 -10 697

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 94 6 -25 500

B1 3c EE1 3 104 357 36 105 8 -30 476

A1 3c EE1 3 107 327 36 107 9 -25 454

A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 116 9 -23 451

A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 132 10 -24 448



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 141 10 -22 445

A1 2c EE1 1 141* 272 28 149 11 -20 439

A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 160 11 -19 451

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 353 24 -18 470

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 360 25 -16 463

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 157 18 -5 690

A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 178 19 -5 661

A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 184 19 -5 657

A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 191 20 -5 653

A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 199 23 -1 632

A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 205 24 -1 628

A1 2a EE1 1 291 356 33 212 24 -1 624

A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 238 25 -1 634

A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 87 2 448 37 -1 572

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 78 0 453 37 -1 567



AECOM

Table 5.8c: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 63 4 -31 394

A1 2a 1 2 60 304 40 77 5 -29 396

B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 78 6 -36 375

A1 2a EE1 3 72* 268 31 81 6 -31 355

A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 95 7 -29 358

A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 107 7 -28 358

A1 1a EE1 1 94 221 52 120 8 -23 378

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 283 12 -14 384

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 297 13 -12 386

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174 75 0 309 13 -10 387

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 134 8 -86 920

A2 2b EE1 3 111 784 47 148 9 -86 903

B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 370 13 -89 751

C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 356 15 -77 686

B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 360 15 -75 677

C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 369 16 -77 668

B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 374 17 -75 661

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229* 308 2 393 18 -68 652

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 406 18 -67 654

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246 283 0 418 19 -65 655

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 80 2 -10 532

A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 117 4 -1 361

A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 132 4 -1 365

A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 146 5 -1 368

A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 99 7 -5 221

A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 114 8 -5 225

A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 128 9 -5 228

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 4 118 11 -1 196

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 133 11 -1 200

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 147 12 -1 203

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 624 22 -27 1293

A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 433 31 -12 1038

A1 2b 1 1 476 496 93 461 41 -13 1077

B1 EE1 2 1 500 169 39 867 36 -29 1082

A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 878 37 -25 1074

C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 13 792 52 -34 1008

B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 810 53 -14 969

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 823 54 -10 963

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 928 68 -14 1067

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 940 68 -10 1061

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 146 6 -25 552

A1 3c EE1 3 107* 327 36 168 9 -25 515

A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 182 9 -23 517

A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 205 10 -24 521

A1 3c EE1 1 124 301 32 195 10 -21 516

A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 219 10 -22 523



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 1 141 272 28 232 11 -20 522

A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 247 11 -19 538

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 534 24 -18 651

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 545 25 -16 648

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 3a 3 205 510 124 172 19 -9 815

A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 255 18 -5 788

A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 285 19 -5 769

A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 295 19 -5 768

A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 305 20 -5 767

A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 325 23 -1 758

A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 334 24 -1 757

A1 2a EE1 1 291* 356 33 344 24 -1 757

A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 383 25 -1 778

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 78 0 698 37 -1 812



AECOM

Table 5.8d: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 3 51 333 48 63 6 -44 406

A1 2a 1 2 60 321 47 77 7 -42 409

B1 2a EE1 3 68 312 36 78 8 -51 382

A1 2a EE1 3 72* 284 36 81 8 -44 365

A1 2a EE1 2 81 272 35 95 9 -42 368

A1 2a EE1 1 89 259 34 108 10 -40 371

A1 1a EE1 1 94 235 61 122 10 -33 395

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 294 16 -20 393

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 308 17 -17 397

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174 75 0 321 17 -15 399

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

C2 2b EE1 3 93 851 55 131 10 -136 912

A2 2b EE1 3 111 801 55 150 12 -124 894

C2 EE1 2 3 173 445 42 384 16 -132 756

C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 14 371 19 -112 673

B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 14 374 20 -109 666

C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 384 21 -112 654

B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 388 22 -109 647

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229* 308 2 407 23 -99 642

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 421 24 -96 646

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246 283 0 434 25 -94 648

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 423 97 84 3 -17 591

A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 51 123 5 -3 392

A1 EE1 2 2 61 206 49 139 6 -3 396

A1 EE1 2 1 70 196 46 154 7 -3 400

A1 EE1 1 3 84 109 20 99 10 -8 229

A1 EE1 1 2 94 99 18 115 10 -8 233

A1 EE1 1 1 103 89 15 129 11 -8 237

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 5 117 14 -3 199

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 133 15 -3 203

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 147 16 -3 206

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 543 174 656 29 -39 1363

A1 1b 4 1 362 536 145 429 40 -27 1123

A1 1b 1 1 375 471 144 438 41 -18 1077

A1 2b 1 1 476 502 110 459 54 -19 1107

C1 EE1 4 1 614 249 17 800 66 -58 1074

C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 16 808 68 -49 1027

B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 16 826 70 -21 998

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 16 839 71 -14 994

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 939 89 -21 1093

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 952 90 -14 1090

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 390 60 151 8 -36 574

A1 3c EE1 3 107* 344 43 173 11 -36 535

A1 3c EE1 2 116 332 40 188 12 -33 539

A1 2c EE1 3 124 313 38 212 13 -34 541

A1 3c EE1 1 124 318 38 201 13 -31 539

A1 2c EE1 2 133 300 36 227 14 -32 544



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 1 141 286 33 240 14 -29 544

A1 1c EE1 1 147 260 60 256 15 -28 564

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 558 32 -26 675

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 569 32 -23 673

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 3a 3 205 580 157 166 25 -16 911

B1 3a 1 3 210 548 79 258 23 -10 898

A1 3a 1 3 213 520 79 259 23 -8 874

A1 2a 1 3 224 467 73 291 24 -8 847

A1 2a 1 2 231 458 71 301 25 -8 846

A1 2a 1 1 237 448 68 311 26 -8 846

A1 2a EE1 3 279 424 47 329 31 -2 828

A1 2a EE1 2 285 415 45 339 31 -2 828

A1 2a EE1 1 291* 406 42 349 32 -2 827

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 78 0 724 49 -2 848



AECOM

Table 5.8e: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,

Alternative PEF, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 3 50 317 41 50 4 -31 381

A1 2a 1 2 57 304 40 62 5 -29 381

B1 2a EE1 3 67 296 31 62 6 -36 358

A1 2a EE1 3 71 268 31 64 6 -31 338

A1 2a EE1 2 79 256 30 75 7 -29 338

A1 2a EE1 1 85 243 29 85 7 -28 337

A1 1a EE1 1 89 221 52 97 7 -23 355

A1 EE1 EE1 3 141 100 2 234 11 -14 333

A1 EE1 EE1 2 149 88 1 245 11 -12 333

A1 EE1 EE1 1 155* 75 0 255 12 -10 332

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 90 806 57 109 7 -86 894

A2 2b EE1 3 106 784 47 119 9 -86 873

B2 EE1 2 3 151 422 36 308 11 -89 687

C2 EE1 1 3 173 380 12 295 13 -77 623

B2 EE1 1 3 180 366 12 297 14 -75 613

C2 EE1 EE1 3 188 358 2 304 15 -77 602

B2 EE1 EE1 3 197 344 2 308 15 -75 593

A2 EE1 EE1 3 207 308 2 323 16 -68 581

A2 EE1 EE1 2 215 296 1 334 17 -67 581

A2 EE1 EE1 1 222* 283 0 345 17 -65 580

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 29 382 77 67 2 -10 518

A1 EE1 2 3 44 201 40 98 3 -1 341

A1 EE1 2 2 53 191 39 110 4 -1 342

A1 EE1 2 1 60 181 37 122 4 -1 343

A1 EE1 1 3 82 104 16 79 7 -5 201

A1 EE1 1 2 90 94 14 91 8 -5 202

A1 EE1 1 1 98 84 12 103 8 -5 203

A1 EE1 EE1 3 118* 66 4 93 10 -1 171

A1 EE1 EE1 2 127 56 2 105 11 -1 173

A1 EE1 EE1 1 134 46 0 117 12 -1 173

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 260 527 147 520 19 -27 1186

A1 1b 4 1 345 530 122 341 29 -19 1003

A1 1b 1 1 358 465 121 348 30 -12 952

A1 EE1 2 1 435 146 39 731 31 -25 922

C1 EE1 4 1 579 249 14 635 48 -40 906

C1 EE1 1 1 591 184 13 642 49 -34 855

B1 EE1 1 1 610 107 13 656 51 -14 813

A1 EE1 1 1 617* 83 13 666 51 -10 804

B1 EE1 EE1 1 773 86 0 746 65 -14 883

A1 EE1 EE1 1 779 63 0 756 66 -10 875

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 75 373 51 120 6 -25 525

A1 3c EE1 3 99 327 36 137 8 -25 484

A1 3c EE1 2 107 315 34 149 9 -23 484

A1 2c EE1 3 113 298 32 168 9 -24 483

A1 3c EE1 1 114 301 32 159 9 -21 480

A1 2c EE1 2 121 286 30 180 10 -22 483



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 1 128* 272 28 190 10 -20 480

A1 1c EE1 1 133 248 51 203 10 -19 493

A1 EE1 EE1 2 284 109 2 443 21 -18 557

A1 EE1 EE1 1 291 95 0 452 22 -16 552

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

B1 3a 1 3 200 484 63 205 17 -6 763

A1 3a 1 3 203 457 63 206 17 -5 738

A1 2a 1 3 213 412 58 231 18 -5 714

A1 2a 1 2 218 403 56 239 18 -5 711

A1 2a 1 1 223 393 54 247 19 -5 709

A1 2a EE1 3 267 374 37 261 23 -1 694

A1 2a EE1 2 272 365 35 269 23 -1 691

A1 2a EE1 1 278 356 33 277 23 -1 689

A1 1a EE1 1 289 312 60 310 24 -1 704

A1 EE1 EE1 1 433* 78 0 575 34 -1 685



AECOM

Table 5.8f: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,

Alternative Cost of Carbon, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 50 6 -31 382

A1 2a 1 2 60 304 40 62 6 -29 383

B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 62 8 -36 360

A1 2a EE1 3 72 268 31 64 8 -31 340

A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 75 9 -29 340

A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 85 10 -28 339

A1 1a EE1 1 94 221 52 97 10 -23 357

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 234 16 -14 338

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 245 16 -12 338

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 75 0 255 17 -10 337

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 109 10 -86 896

A2 2b EE1 3 111 784 47 119 12 -86 876

B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 308 16 -89 693

C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 295 19 -77 628

B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 297 20 -75 619

C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 304 21 -77 608

B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 308 22 -75 600

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 308 2 323 23 -68 588

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 334 24 -67 588

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 283 0 345 25 -65 587

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 67 3 -10 519

A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 98 5 -1 342

A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 110 6 -1 344

A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 122 7 -1 345

A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 79 9 -5 203

A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 91 10 -5 205

A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 103 11 -5 206

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 4 93 14 -1 175

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 105 14 -1 176

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 117 15 -1 177

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 520 28 -27 1196

A1 1b 4 1 362 530 122 341 39 -19 1013

A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 348 41 -12 963

A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 731 47 -25 938

C1 EE1 4 1 614 249 14 635 65 -40 924

C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 13 642 67 -34 872

B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 656 69 -14 831

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 666 70 -10 823

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 746 88 -14 905

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 756 88 -10 897

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 120 8 -25 528

A1 3c EE1 3 107 327 36 137 11 -25 487

A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 149 12 -23 487

A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 168 13 -24 487

A1 3c EE1 1 124 301 32 159 13 -21 484

A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 180 13 -22 487



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 1 141* 272 28 190 14 -20 484

A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 203 15 -19 498

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 443 31 -18 567

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 452 32 -16 562

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 3a 3 205 510 124 132 24 -9 781

A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 206 23 -5 744

A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 231 24 -5 720

A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 239 25 -5 718

A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 247 25 -5 716

A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 261 30 -1 702

A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 269 31 -1 699

A1 2a EE1 1 291* 356 33 277 32 -1 697

A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 310 33 -1 713

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 78 0 575 48 -1 699



AECOM

Table 5.9a: Existing Packages Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 3 51 345 35 47 - -24 403

A1 2a 1 2 60 331 34 57 - -23 399

B1 2a EE1 3 68 321 26 57 - -28 377

A1 2a EE1 3 72 290 26 60 - -24 351

A1 2a EE1 2 81 276 25 70 - -23 348

A1 2a EE1 1 89 262 25 79 - -22 344

A1 1a EE1 1 94 239 45 90 - -18 355

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 2 216 - -11 321

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 227 - -10 318

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 236 - -8 313

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 95 901 49 101 - -68 983

A2 2b EE1 3 111 876 40 110 - -68 959

B2 EE1 2 3 175 471 31 285 - -71 717

C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 10 273 - -61 653

B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 10 275 - -60 640

C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 407 2 282 - -61 629

A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 10 289 - -54 619

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 2 299 - -54 596

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 310 - -53 593

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 319 - -52 589

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 401 62 62 - -6 519

A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 33 90 - -1 338

A1 EE1 2 2 61 205 31 102 - -1 337

A1 EE1 2 1 70 193 30 113 - -1 335

A1 EE1 1 3 84 114 13 73 - -3 197

A1 EE1 1 2 94 103 12 85 - -3 196

A1 EE1 1 1 103 92 10 95 - -3 194

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 74 3 86 - -1 163

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 2 98 - -1 162

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 52 0 109 - -1 160

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 585 126 481 - -21 1171

A1 1b 1 1 375 521 104 323 - -10 938

B1 EE1 2 1 500 184 34 669 - -23 863

A1 EE1 2 1 506 158 34 677 - -20 848

C1 EE1 4 1 614 283 12 589 - -32 852

C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 11 595 - -27 789

B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 11 609 - -11 730

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 11 618 - -8 716

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 692 - -11 778

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 71 0 702 - -8 765

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 409 44 111 - -20 544

A1 3c EE1 3 107 356 31 127 - -20 495

A1 3c EE1 2 116 342 29 138 - -18 491

A1 2c EE1 3 124 325 27 156 - -19 489

A1 3c EE1 1 124 326 28 148 - -17 484

A1 2c EE1 2 133 311 26 167 - -18 486



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 1 141* 295 24 176 - -16 479

A1 1c EE1 1 147 270 44 188 - -15 486

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 2 410 - -14 521

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 108 0 418 - -13 513

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 3a 3 205 522 101 123 - -6 740

A1 3a 1 3 213 467 51 191 - -3 706

A1 2a 1 3 224 423 47 214 - -3 681

A1 2a 1 2 231 412 46 222 - -3 677

A1 2a 1 1 237 402 44 229 - -3 672

A1 2a EE1 3 279 384 30 242 - -1 655

A1 2a EE1 2 285 373 29 250 - -1 651

A1 2a EE1 1 291 363 27 257 - -1 647

A1 1a EE1 1 306 320 49 288 - -1 655

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 88 0 532 - -1 620



AECOM

Table 5.9b: Existing Packages Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 2 60 331 34 43 - -23 386

B1 2a EE1 3 68 321 26 43 - -28 362

A1 2a EE1 3 72 290 26 44 - -24 336

A1 1a EE1 3 77 268 46 53 - -21 346

A1 2a EE1 2 81 276 25 52 - -23 331

A1 2a EE1 1 89 262 25 60 - -22 324

A1 1a EE1 1 94 239 45 68 - -18 334

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 2 171 - -11 275

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 179 - -10 270

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 187 - -8 264

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 95 901 49 77 - -68 959

B2 EE1 2 3 175 471 31 228 - -71 660

C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 10 216 - -61 596

B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 10 217 - -60 583

A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 10 228 - -54 559

B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 390 2 224 - -60 556

A2 EE1 1 2 221 361 9 236 - -53 553

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 2 235 - -54 532

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 244 - -53 527

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 251 - -52 521

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 401 62 50 - -6 506

A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 33 72 - -1 320

A1 EE1 2 2 61 205 31 81 - -1 316

A1 EE1 2 1 70 193 30 90 - -1 312

A1 EE1 1 3 84 114 13 55 - -3 179

A1 EE1 1 2 94 103 12 64 - -3 175

A1 EE1 1 1 103 92 10 72 - -3 171

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 74 3 64 - -1 141

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 2 73 - -1 137

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 52 0 82 - -1 133

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 585 126 385 - -21 1074

A1 1b 4 1 362 595 105 241 - -15 926

A1 1b 1 1 375 521 104 246 - -10 861

B1 EE1 2 1 500 184 34 536 - -23 731

A1 EE1 2 1 506 158 34 542 - -20 714

C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 11 458 - -27 652

B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 11 468 - -11 589

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 11 475 - -8 573

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 527 - -11 613

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 71 0 534 - -8 597

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 409 44 87 - -20 520

A1 3c EE1 3 107 356 31 99 - -20 466

A1 3c EE1 2 116 342 29 108 - -18 461

A1 2c EE1 3 124 325 27 122 - -19 455

A1 3c EE1 1 124 326 28 115 - -17 452

A1 2c EE1 2 133 311 26 131 - -18 450

A1 2c EE1 1 141 295 24 138 - -16 441



AECOM

A1 1c EE1 1 147 270 44 148 - -15 446

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 2 327 - -14 438

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333* 108 0 333 - -13 428

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 1 3 213 467 51 146 - -3 661

A1 2a 1 3 224 423 47 165 - -3 631

A1 2a 1 2 231 412 46 171 - -3 625

A1 2a 1 1 237 402 44 177 - -3 620

A1 2a EE1 3 279 384 30 184 - -1 597

A1 2a EE1 2 285 373 29 190 - -1 592

A1 2a EE1 1 291 363 27 196 - -1 586

A1 1a EE1 1 306 320 49 221 - -1 588

A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 99 1 415 - -1 514

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 88 0 420 - -1 507



AECOM

Table 5.9c: Existing Packages Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 2 60 331 34 71 - -23 413

B1 2a EE1 3 68 321 26 73 - -28 392

A1 2a EE1 3 72 290 26 75 - -24 367

A1 1a EE1 3 77 268 46 88 - -21 381

A1 2a EE1 2 81 276 25 88 - -23 366

A1 2a EE1 1 89 262 25 99 - -22 363

A1 1a EE1 1 94 239 45 112 - -18 377

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 2 262 - -11 367

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 275 - -10 366

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 286 - -8 363

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 95 901 49 124 - -68 1006

B2 EE1 2 3 175 471 31 343 - -71 774

C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 10 330 - -61 710

B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 10 333 - -60 699

C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 407 2 342 - -61 689

A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 10 350 - -54 681

B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 390 2 346 - -60 678

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 2 364 - -54 661

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 376 - -53 660

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 388 - -52 657

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 401 62 74 - -6 531

A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 33 108 - -1 356

A1 EE1 2 2 61 205 31 122 - -1 357

A1 EE1 2 1 70 193 30 135 - -1 358

A1 EE1 1 3 84 114 13 92 - -3 216

A1 EE1 1 2 94 103 12 106 - -3 217

A1 EE1 1 1 103 92 10 119 - -3 218

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 74 3 109 - -1 186

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 2 123 - -1 187

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 52 0 136 - -1 187

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 585 126 578 - -21 1267

A1 1b 4 1 362 595 105 393 - -15 1077

A1 1b 1 1 375 521 104 401 - -10 1017

B1 EE1 2 1 500 184 34 803 - -23 998

A1 EE1 2 1 506 158 34 812 - -20 984

C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 11 734 - -27 928

B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 11 752 - -11 873

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 11 763 - -8 861

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 861 - -11 947

A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 71 0 872 - -8 935

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 409 44 135 - -20 567

A1 3c EE1 3 107 356 31 156 - -20 523

A1 3c EE1 2 116 342 29 169 - -18 522

A1 2c EE1 3 124 325 27 190 - -19 523

A1 3c EE1 1 124* 326 28 180 - -17 517

A1 2c EE1 2 133 311 26 203 - -18 522

A1 2c EE1 1 141 295 24 215 - -16 517



AECOM

A1 1c EE1 1 147 270 44 229 - -15 527

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 2 495 - -14 606

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 108 0 504 - -13 599

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 3a 3 205 522 101 160 - -6 777

A1 3a 1 3 213 467 51 237 - -3 752

A1 2a 1 3 224 423 47 265 - -3 731

A1 2a 1 2 231 412 46 274 - -3 728

A1 2a 1 1 237 402 44 283 - -3 726

A1 2a EE1 3 279 384 30 301 - -1 714

A1 2a EE1 2 285 373 29 310 - -1 711

A1 2a EE1 1 291* 363 27 319 - -1 709

A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 99 1 639 - -1 738

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 88 0 647 - -1 734



AECOM

Table 5.9d: Existing Packages Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate,

EUR/m²

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Office 2F NV

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 2a 1 2 60 316 28 44 - -14 374

A1 3a EE1 3 69 298 24 44 - -16 351

A1 2a EE1 3 72 275 21 46 - -14 328

A1 1a EE1 3 77 255 38 54 - -12 334

A1 2a EE1 2 81 261 21 54 - -14 322

A1 2a EE1 1 89 246 20 61 - -13 315

A1 1a EE1 1 94 226 36 69 - -11 321

A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 1 167 - -6 275

A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 175 - -6 270

A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 182 - -5 263

Office 2F AC

LMF - 20 year

calc

A2 2b 1 3 95 886 40 78 - -40 963

A2 2b EE1 3 111 861 33 85 - -40 939

B2 EE1 2 3 175 464 25 220 - -42 667

A2 EE1 2 3 184 424 25 231 - -39 641

C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 8 210 - -36 614

B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 8 212 - -35 600

A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 8 223 - -32 574

A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 1 231 - -32 550

A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 239 - -31 544

A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 246 - -31 537

School -

Primary NV

MCW - 30

year calc

A1 2a 2 3 34 367 48 48 - -3 460

A1 EE1 2 3 52 203 25 70 - 0 297

A1 EE1 2 2 61 192 24 78 - 0 294

A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 23 87 - 0 290

A1 EE1 1 3 84 111 10 57 - -1 176

A1 EE1 1 2 94 99 9 65 - -1 172

A1 EE1 1 1 103 88 8 74 - -1 168

A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 74 2 67 - 0 143

A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 1 76 - 0 140

A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 52 0 84 - 0 136

Hotel AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 1b 2 1 302 570 102 371 - -13 1030

A1 1b 4 1 362 588 85 245 - -9 908

A1 1b 1 1 375 514 84 250 - -6 842

C1 EE1 2 1 489 265 27 504 - -23 773

B1 EE1 2 1 500 177 27 515 - -14 706

A1 EE1 2 1 506 150 27 521 - -12 687

C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 9 460 - -16 663

B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 9 470 - -7 594

A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 9 478 - -5 577

B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 535 - -7 626

Mixed Use AC

MCW - 20

year calc

A1 3c 1 3 82 391 35 86 - -12 500

A1 3c EE1 3 107 338 25 98 - -12 450

A1 3c EE1 2 116 324 24 107 - -11 444

A1 2c EE1 3 124 309 22 120 - -11 441

A1 3c EE1 1 124 308 22 114 - -10 435

A1 2c EE1 2 133 295 21 129 - -10 435



AECOM

A1 2c EE1 1 141 279 19 136 - -10 425

A1 1c EE1 1 147 256 36 145 - -9 428

A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 1 316 - -8 433

A1 EE1 EE1 1 333* 108 0 322 - -8 422

Health - CNU

NV MCW - 30

year calc

A1 3a 1 3 213 414 39 147 - -1 599

A1 2a 1 3 224 377 36 166 - -1 577

A1 2a 1 2 231 366 35 171 - -1 571

A1 2a 1 1 237 356 34 177 - -1 566

A1 2a EE1 3 279 341 23 187 - 0 551

A1 2a EE1 2 285 331 22 193 - 0 546

A1 2a EE1 1 291 320 21 199 - 0 540

A1 1a EE1 1 306 285 37 222 - 0 544

A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 99 1 406 - 0 505

A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 88 0 411 - 0 499



AECOM

6. Cost Optimal Level for Reference Buildings

6.1 New Buildings

We have elected to undertake the gap analysis based on the macro-economic calculations. Macro-

economic analysis is used by the Government for the purpose of evaluating different options for

technical standards for Building Regulations. The analysis has been carried out using a discount rate

of 5% to mirror that used for Government policy analysis.

For completeness, the macro-economic cost optimal curves for each of the reference buildings are

shown in Figures 6.1a – 6.1m. The costs are based on the central energy price and 5% discount rate.

Figure 1a: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 2F NV MCW (Macro-economic costs,

central energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )

Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )

Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)



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Figure 6.1b: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 2F AC MCW (Macro-economic costs,


Figure 6.1c: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F NV LMF (Macro-economic costs,


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 6.1d: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F NV CW (Macro-economic costs,


Figure 6.1e: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 6.1f: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F AC CW (Macro-economic costs,


Figure 6.1g: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Primary School NV MCW (Macro-economic

costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 6.1h: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Secondary School NV MCW (Macro-

economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.1i: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Hotel AC MCW (Macro-economic costs,


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 6.1j: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Hotel AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,


Figure 6.1k: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Retail AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 6.1l: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Mixed Use LMF (Macro-economic costs,


Figure 6.1m: Results of the cost optimal analysis – CNU NV MCW (Macro-economic costs,


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance level in primary energy (kWh/m2/yr) is

shown in Table 6.1.

We have also included a range to cover the changes in cost optimal level for the macro-economic

sensitivity cases investigated in Section 5. Furthermore, to provide some allowance for sensitivity in

the price of the fabric/services/renewable energy measures, we have included those primary energy

values that are within 5% of the lowest macro-economic cost in the central analysis.

Table 6.1: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy

Reference building Construction Type Primary Energy

(kWh/m2/yr)

Sensitivity Range

(kWh/m2/yr)

Office – 2 Floors

(Natural Ventilation)

Masonry cavity wall 25 19 - 62

Office – 2 Floors

(Air- conditioned


Office – 6 Floors


Light metal frame 64 52 - 70

Office – 6 Floors


Light metal frame with

curtain wall

82 70 - 99

Office – 6 Floors

(Air-conditioned)


Office – 6 Floors

(Air-conditioned)

Light metal frame with

curtain wall

99 82 - 111

Primary School



Secondary School



Hotel (Air-

conditioned)


Hotel (Air-

conditioned)


Retail Warehouse

(Air- conditioned)


Mixed use (Natural

Ventilation)


CNU (Natural

Ventilation)




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Again, we have elected to undertake the gap analysis based on the macro-economic calculations.

Furthermore, we have elected to use the discount rate of 5%. There are too many cost optimum

curves to be reproduced in the main report and so have been included in Appendix 2.

From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance level in units of the elemental

component is shown in Tables 6.2a - 6.2f for the six building types respectively.

We have also included a range to cover the sensitivity cases investigated in Section 5. We have not

undertaken a sensitivity analysis on the price of the products as, in general, it is assumed that price

uncertainties would similarly affect all products in any given comparison as the products are

comparable. The only possible exception to this is the analysis of the heating systems, which includes

comparison of different products.

Table 6.2a: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Office (NV))

Reference Building Element Optimal option Sensitivity Range

Office (NV)

Floor U=0.25 W/m2K -

Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -

Roof U=0.25 W/m2K U=0.15 W/m2K

Window U=1.6 W/m2K -

Heating Gas boiler (93%) -

Lighting 80 lm/W -

Table 6.2b: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Office (AC))


Office (AC)


Wall U=0.21 W/m2K -

Roof U=0.25 W/m2K -



Lighting 80 lm/W -

Chiller SEER=4.5

AHU SFP=1.6 W/l/s SFP=1.8 W/l/s

Table 6.2c: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Primary School)


Primary School


Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -

Roof U=0.25 W/m2K -



Lighting 80 lm/W -



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Table 6.2d: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Hotel)


Hotel


Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -

Roof U=0.15 W/m2K -


Heating CHP -

Lighting 80 lm/W -

Table 6.2e: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Mixed-Use)


Mixed-Use


Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -

Roof U=0.25 W/m2K -



Lighting 80 lm/W -

Table 6.2f: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Healthcare)


Healthcare (CNU)


Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -

Roof U=0.15 W/m2K U=0.25 W/m2K



Lighting 65 lm/W -



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6.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages The cost optimal comparison for packages in existing buildings is also based on the macroeconomic cost calculations. The cost optimal curve for each of the reference buildings is shown in Figures 6.3a - 6.3f. The costs are based on the central energy price in Section 5.1 and a discount rate of 5%. For comparison, the current performance level as per the Irish Building Regulations is included.

Figure 6.3a: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Office 2F NV (Macro-economic


Figure 6.3b: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Office 2F AC (Macro-economic


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 6.3c: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Primary School (Macro-economic


Figure 6.3d: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Hotel (Macro-economic costs,


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 6.3e: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Mixed Use (Macro-economic costs,


Figure 6.3f: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing CNU (Macro-economic costs,


From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance levels are shown in Table 6.3. The sensitivity range reflects alternative options on the cost optimum curve either within 5% of the macroeconomic cost in the central case or the optimum solution in other sensitivity analyses.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Ma

cro

eco

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Co

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Table 6.3: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy

Reference building Primary Energy

(kWh/m2/yr)

Sensitivity Range

(kWh/m2/yr)

Office (NV) 174 72 – 174

Office (AC) 246 210 – 246

Primary School 121 121 – 139

Hotel 653 617 – 653

Mixed use 141 107 – 147

CNU 480 224 - 480



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7. Comparison of Current Building Regulations and Cost Optimal Level

7.1 New Buildings Table 7.1 shows the current Building Regulations requirement compared to the cost optimal level described in Section 6. In calculating the overall gap, we have assumed the same weighting for all reference buildings. As can be seen, on average across the different buildings, there is no gap between current regulations and the cost optimal level.

Table 7.1: Comparison Table

Reference building Construction Type Cost Optimal

Level

(kWh/m2/yr)

Current

Requirement

(kWh/m2/yr)

Gap

Office – 2 Floors


Masonry cavity

wall 25 58

The gap between cost optimal

level and the current requirement

is greater than 15%

Office – 2 Floors

(Air- conditioned)

Masonry cavity

wall 63 87



is greater than 15%

Office – 6 Floors


Light metal frame

64 44

There is no gap between cost

optimal level and current

requirements

Office – 6 Floors


Light metal frame

with curtain wall 82 44



requirements

Office – 6 Floors

(Air-conditioned)

Light metal frame

81 71



requirements

Office – 6 Floors

(Air-conditioned)

Light metal frame

with curtain wall 99 71



requirements

Primary School


Masonry cavity

wall 50 44



requirements

Secondary School


Masonry cavity

wall 60 45



requirements

Hotel (Air-

conditioned)

Masonry cavity

wall 420 305



requirements

Hotel (Air-

conditioned)

Light metal frame

500 305



requirements

Retail Warehouse

(Air- conditioned)

Light metal frame

74 142



is greater than 15%

Mixed use (Natural

Ventilation)

Light metal frame

143 103



requirements

CNU (Natural

Ventilation)

Masonry cavity

wall 231 176



requirements

Average 146 115

Plan to address gap between requirements and cost optimal level



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There is no gap between the current regulation performance requirements and the average cost optimal level. The gap between the performance requirement for the retail warehouses and the cost optimal level will be reviewed in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations Buildings other than Dwelling. The performance requirement for offices is based on 6 floors as this is the more typical design for new office buildings.


For each reference building and improvement measure, Tables 7.2a - 7.2h show the current national

regulations compared to the cost optimal solution. In calculating the overall gap, we have assumed the

same weighting for all reference buildings.

Table 7.2a: Comparison Table (Floor)

Reference building Cost Optimal Current

Requirements

Gap

Office (NV) 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K

The gap is

greater than

15%

between

requirements

and cost

optimal

Office (AC) 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K

Primary School 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K

Hotel 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K

Mixed Use 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K

Healthcare (CNU) 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K

Average 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K

Table 7.2b: Comparison Table (Walls)


Requirements

Gap


The gap is

greater than

15%

between

requirements

and cost

optimal









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Table 7.2c: Comparison Table (Roof)


Requirements

Gap


There is no

gap between

cost optimal

level and

current

requirements







Table 7.2d: Comparison Table (Windows)


Requirements

Gap


There is no

gap between

cost optimal

level and

current

requirements







Table 7.2e: Comparison Table (Heating)


Requirements

Gap

Office (NV) Gas boiler

(93%)

As per Table 1B,

Appendix 1

There is no

gap between

cost optimal

level and

current

requirements

Office (AC) Gas boiler

(93%)

Primary School Gas boiler

(93%)

Hotel CHP

Mixed Use Gas boiler

(93%)

Healthcare (CNU) Gas boiler

(93%)



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Table 7.2f: Comparison Table (Lighting)


Requirements

Gap

Office (NV) 80 lm/W 60 lm/W

The gap is

greater than

15%

between

requirements

and cost

optimal

Office (AC) 80 lm/W 60 lm/W

Primary School 80 lm/W 60 lm/W

Hotel 80 lm/W 60 lm/W

Mixed Use 80 lm/W 60 lm/W

Healthcare (CNU) 65 lm/W 60 lm/W

Average 78 lm/W 60 lm/W

Table 7.2g: Comparison Table (Chiller)


Requirements

Gap

Office (AC)

4.5 As per Commission

Regulation (EU)

2016/2281

For air chillers <

400kW – 4.5

For air chillers >

400kW – 5.0

The gap is

less than

15%

between

requirements

and cost

optimal

Average 4.5

Table 7.2h: Comparison Table (AHU)


Requirements

Gap

Office (AC)

1.6 W/l/s 2.2 W/l/s

The gap is

greater than

15%

between

requirements

and cost

optimal Average 1.6 W/l/s


Below are the cases where the gap between current requirements and cost optimal is greater than

15% and an outline of the plan to address these gaps has been set out.

The current standard for ground floor where it is being replaced is U=0.45W/m²K. By

comparison, the cost optimum solution is 0.25W/m²K. In practice, any technical requirement

would need to take account of the impact on usable room volume and available foundation

depth. From a buildability perspective this may restrict the depth of insulation that may be

practically installed. Therefore, it is not technically or functionally feasible to review this

requirement. In most existing non-residential buildings in Ireland the ground floors are ground

bearing. For these floors the depth of foundations and room heights are fixed and it is not



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generally technically feasible to redefine these. The current requirement for exposed floors is

already at the cost optimal level of 0.25W/m2K.

Cavity widths of existing buildings in Ireland are in a range from 50mm -100mm. The current

requirement for renovated cavity walls is 0.55W/m2K, which is equivalent to a fully insulated

50mm cavity. The buildings were modelled with a 100mm cavity and the cost optimal U-value is

0.31W/m2K, which represents a fully filled 100mm cavity. As fully filled cavity insulation provides

significant benefits for a very low capital cost it appears reasonable that for a 50mm cavity the

current standard of 0.55W/m2K is also at cost optimal. Therefore, the current requirement

meets the cost optimal level for a 50mm cavity.

The current standard for pitched roofs with insulation on slope and for flat roofs is

U=0.25W/m²K, and the current standard for pitched roofs with insulation at ceiling level is

0.16W/m²K. By comparison, the cost optimum solution for roofs ranges from U=0.15W/m²K to

0.25W/m²K. In practice, any technical requirement would need to take account of the impact on

the available space in flat roof voids and parapet heights. From a buildability perspective this

may restrict the depth of insulation that may be practically installed and therefore is not

technically or functionally feasible to review. The installation of additional insulation can also

create a condensation risk in the attic space of pitched roofs and a risk assessment is required

to assess if the attic is suitable for increased levels of insulation. Details of this risk assessment

can be found in Annex A1 of National Standard Authority of Ireland S.R. 54 Code of Practice for

the Energy Efficient Retrofit of Dwellings4. Due to this risk it may not always be technically,

functionally or economically feasible to install insulation to the cost optimal level.

The current standard for lighting is 60 lm/W. By comparison, the cost optimum solution is 78

lm/W on average. This is a gap of greater than 15% and it is proposed to review this

requirement in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than

Dwellings.

The current standard for air handling units (AHUs) where providing both heating and cooling is

2.2 W/l/s. By comparison, the cost optimum solution was 1.6 W/l/s for the air-conditioned office

building modelled. This is a gap of greater than 15% and it is proposed to review this

requirement in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than

Dwellings.

The current standard for replacement gas or oil boilers for non-residential buildings is 93% or

86% depending on boiler capacity (refer Appendix 1). A 93% efficient gas boiler is the cost

optimal solution for all but one of the building types modelled (the exception being the Hotel).

Currently SI 243 of 2012 European Union (Energy Performance of Buildings) Regulations 2012

encourages feasibility studies for alternative energies for existing buildings undergoing major

renovation. CHP is specific to building types and requires maintenance. It may not be

functionally or technically feasible for certain buildings. The performance requirements will be

further assessed in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other

than Dwellings.

7.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages Table 7.3 shows the current Building Regulations requirement compared to the cost optimal level described in Section 6. In calculating the overall gap, we have assumed the same weighting for all reference buildings. As can be seen, on average across the different buildings, there is no gap between current regulations and the cost optimal level.

4 https://shop.standards.ie/en-ie/Standards/S-R-54-2014-A1-2019-877610_SAIG_NSAI_NSAI_2749895/



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Table 7.3: Comparison Table

Reference building Cost Optimal

Level

(kWh/m2/yr)

Current

Requirement

(kWh/m2/yr)

Gap

Office (NV) 174 124



requirements

Office (AC) 246 180



requirements

Primary School 121 60



requirements

Hotel 653 342



requirements

Mixed Use 141 338*

There is greater than 15% gap

between cost optimal level and

current requirements

Healthcare (CNU) 480 124**



requirements

Average 303 195



requirements

* This is the required level for “Other Air Conditioned Buildings”. Current regulations do not have a

specific requirement for mixed-use buildings

** This requirement relates to “Other Naturally Ventilated Buildings”. Current regulations do not have a

specific requirement for health buildings


There is no gap between the current regulation performance requirements and the average cost

optimal level.

The performance requirement for specific building types will be reviewed in the next full review of Part

L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than Dwellings.



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Appendix 1 – Current Component Level Minimum Performance

Requirements

Table 1A: Maximum elemental U-value (W/m2K) for new buildings

Fabric elements Area-weighted average elemental U-value (Um)

Average Elemental U-value – individual element or section of

element

Pitched roof - Insulation at ceiling - Insulation on slope

0.16 0.16

0.30

Flat roof 0.20 0.30

Walls 0.21 0.60

Ground floors 0.21 0.60

Oher exposed floors 0.21 0.60

External doors, windows and rooflights

1.60 3.0

Curtain walling 1.8 3.0

Vehicle access and similar large doors

1.5 3.0

High usage entrance door 3.0 3.0

Table 1B: Maximum elemental U-value (W/m2K) for material alterations

Fabric elements Area-weighted average elemental U-value (Um)

Average Elemental U-value – individual element or section of

element

Pitched roof - Insulation at ceiling - Insulation on slope

0.16 0.25

0.35

Flat roof 0.25 0.35

Cavity walls 0.55 0.60

Other walls 0.35 0.60

Curtain walls 1.8 3.0

Ground floors 0.45

Oher exposed floors 0.25 0.60

External doors, windows and rooflights

1.60 3.0

Table 1C: Minimum energy efficiency standards for boiler systems

Gas, oil and biomass-fired boilers Seasonal efficiency (gross)

Natural gas Single or multiple boiler system > 70kW and < 400kW output 93%

Single or multiple boiler system < 70kW and > 400kW output 86%

LPG Single or multiple boiler system > 70kW and < 400kW output 93%


Oil Single or multiple boiler system > 70kW and < 400kW output 93%


Biomass-independent, automatic, pellet/woodchip

Single or multiple boiler system < 20kW output 75%

Single or multiple boiler system > 20kW output 77%



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Appendix 2 – Cost Optimal Curves, Existing Buildings –

Elemental

Office 2F NV

Figure 8.1a: Existing Office 2F NV, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.1b: Existing Office 2F NV, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

208 209 209 210 210 211 211 212 212 213 213

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



293

298

303

308

313

318

323

328

203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 8.1c: Existing Office 2F NV, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.1d: Existing Office 2F NV, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



341

346

351

356

361

366

179 181 183 185 187 189 191

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 8.1e: Existing Office 2F NV, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%

discount rate)

Figure 8.1f: Existing Office 2F NV, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

336

356

376

396

416

436

456

476

161 166 171 176 181 186 191 196 201

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



245

250

255

260

265

270

150 152 154 156 158 160 162

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Office 2F AC

Figure 8.2a: Existing Office 2F AC, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.2b: Existing Office 2F AC, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

406

408

410

412

414

416

418

260 261 262 263 264 265 266

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



480

482

484

486

488

490

492

494

257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 8.2c: Existing Office 2F AC, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.2d: Existing Office 2F AC, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

430

432

434

436

438

440

442

260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



445

450

455

460

465

470

475

250 252 254 256 258 260 262

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 8.2e: Existing Office 2F AC, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%

discount rate)

Figure 8.2f: Existing Office 2F AC, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

212 217 222 227 232 237 242 247 252 257

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



401

406

411

416

421

426

431

224 229 234 239 244

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 8.2g: Existing Office 2F AC, Chiller Efficiency (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%

discount rate)

Figure 8.2h: Existing Office 2F AC, AHU SFP (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

643

653

663

673

683

693

703

225 230 235 240 245 250

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

253 254 255 256 257 258 259

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Primary School NV

Figure 8.3a: Existing Primary School, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

Figure 8.3b: Existing Primary School, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

163

164

164

165

165

166

166

167

167

168

168

153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



141

146

151

156

161

166

171

176

181

150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





AECOM

Figure 8.3c: Existing Primary School, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

Figure 8.3d: Existing Primary School, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

143

144

144

145

145

146

146

147

147

154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



166

168

170

172

174

176

178

180

137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





AECOM

Figure 8.3e: Existing Primary School, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%

discount rate)

Figure 8.3f: Existing Primary School, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

173

193

213

233

253

273

293

313

79 89 99 109 119 129

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



208

213

218

223

228

150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Hotel AC

Figure 8.4a: Existing Hotel AC, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.4b: Existing Hotel AC, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

804

804

804

805

805

805

805

805

806

806

806

864 864 864 864 864 865 865 865 865 865 865

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



784

794

804

814

824

834

844

837 842 847 852 857 862

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





AECOM

Figure 8.4c: Existing Hotel AC, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.4d: Existing Hotel AC, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

795

796

796

797

797

798

798

862 863 863 864 864 865 865 866 866

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



823

828

833

838

843

848

853

805 810 815 820 825 830 835

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





AECOM

Figure 8.4e: Existing Hotel AC, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

Figure 8.4f: Existing Hotel AC, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

578

628

678

728

778

828

878

928

978

481 531 581 631 681 731 781 831

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



772

777

782

787

792

797

802

807

783 788 793 798 803

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





AECOM

Mixed Use

Figure 8.5a: Existing Mixed Use, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.5b: Existing Mixed Use, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

336 336 336 337 337 337 337 337 338 338 338

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



558

568

578

588

598

608

618

628

334 334 334 334 334 335 335 335 335 335 335

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





AECOM

Figure 8.5c: Existing Mixed Use, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.5d: Existing Mixed Use, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

563

564

564

565

565

566

566

333 333 333 334 334 334 334 334 335 335 335

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



602

607

612

617

622

627

632

330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 8.5e: Existing Mixed Use, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%

discount rate)

Figure 8.5f: Existing Mixed Use, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

546

596

646

696

746

796

846

896

279 289 299 309 319 329 339 349

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



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382

387

392

397

402

407

174 179 184 189 194 199

Ma

cro

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mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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CNU (Health) NV

Figure 8.6a: Existing CNU NV, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.6b: Existing CNU NV, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

669

670

670

671

671

672

672

673

673

674

674

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Ma

cro

eco

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mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



624

634

644

654

664

674

497 499 501 503 505 507 509 511 513

Ma

cro

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mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





AECOM

Figure 8.6c: Existing CNU NV, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 8.6d: Existing CNU NV, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

631

631

631

631

631

632

632

632

632

632

632

503 504 504 505 505 506 506

Ma

cro

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no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )



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661

666

671

676

681

488 490 492 494 496 498 500 502 504

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

€ /m

² )





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Figure 8.6e: Existing CNU NV, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount

rate)

Figure 8.6f: Existing CNU NV, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

593

643

693

743

793

843

369 389 409 429 449 469 489 509 529

Ma

cro

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Co

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€ /m

² )



533

538

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553

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563

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578

338 343 348 353 358 363 368

Ma

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st (

€ /m

² )





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Addendum to Section 2 – Non-domestic buildings

Reference buildings

In addition to the new building typologies listed in Table 2.2 of the main report, analysis has also been

carried out for an air-conditioned hospital with light metal frame construction and a floor area of

8,800m2. Details of the reference building are summarised in the table below.

Addendum to Table 2.3: New Build Reference Buildings

Building Category

Building Geometry

Share of window

area on the building

envelope and

windows with no

solar access

Floor area

m2 as

used in

building

code

Typical

energy

performance

kWh/m2/yr

Component level

requirements

Area of N/W/S/E facade

(m²)

Volume

(m³)

Ratio of window

area over total

building envelope

area separately for

N/W/S/E facades

Primary

energy for

each

building

model

according to

current

national

regulations

These are

minimum

requirements for

different

elemental

components

Hospital (Air-

conditioned) 1371 / 1072 / 1373 / 807 35861 0.22 / 0 / 0.22 / 0.02 8971 369 See Appendix 1

Table 2.4k provides a summary of the relevant energy performance data used in the modelling for the

hospital building.

Table 2.4k: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Hospital, Air-conditioned

Quantity Unit

Calculation





Gas 1.10



Climate

Location Dublin




(variable) m

Systems



Heating system

Generation 91 %


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Cooling system

Generation 450 %

Distribution 80 %

Emission - %

Control - %

DHW system Generation 91 %



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Quantity Unit


assumptions %

Emission - %

Control - %

Setpoints and

Schedules


Summer 23 ºC


Energy Use


passive strategies








Energy


Energy

Consumption

Delivered energy



Other 0 kWh/m²/yr


Measures and packages

The measures and packages analysed are as per Table 3.1b and Table 3.1c of the main report.

Calculation of Primary Energy Demand for the Measures

Table 4.1n below summarises the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-

optimal packages for the hospital building. The primary energy factors used to calculate the total

primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference case are as per

Tables 2.4k.

Table 4.1n: Energy Demand Output Table - Health - Hospital AC LMF



Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Total

Reduction

over

Reference


LMFB 3 1 3 27 25 56 93 38 120 118 7 340 8%

LMFA 3 1 1 31 25 61 93 37 124 124 0 367 1%

LMFC 2 1 3 29 34 64 93 45 122 143 7 388 -5%

LMFC 2 1 2 29 34 64 93 45 122 143 3 394 -7%

LMFB 2 1 2 30 34 65 93 45 123 143 3 396 -7%

LMFB 2 1 1 30 34 65 93 45 123 143 0 402 -9%

LMFA 2 1 3 34 35 71 93 45 127 150 7 407 -10%

LMFA 2 1 1 34 35 71 93 45 127 150 0 419 -14%

LMFC 1 1 1 122 56 133 93 56 215 245 0 692 -88%

LMFA 1 1 1 130 56 139 93 56 223 251 0 713 -93%



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Global Cost Calculation

Addendum to Tables 5.3a - 5.3f (macroeconomic calculations) and Tables 5.4a - 5.4d (financial

calculations) below summarise the results of the cost calculations for the hospital building.

Addendum to Table 5.3a: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount

rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 381 27 -77 1598

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 412 29 -75 1594

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 449 30 -73 1586

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 456 31 -73 1583

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 458 31 -72 1580

LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1059 95 464 32 -72 1577

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 471 32 -71 1586

LMFA 2 1 1 419 1039 95 485 33 -71 1581

LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 664 54 -66 1713

LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 683 56 -64 1710

Addendum to Table 5.3b: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount

rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 298 27 -77 1515

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 323 29 -75 1505

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 353 30 -73 1489

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 358 31 -73 1486

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 360 31 -72 1482

LMFB 2 1 1 402 1059 95 365 32 -72 1478

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 370 32 -71 1485

LMFA 2 1 1 419* 1039 95 381 33 -71 1478

LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 519 54 -66 1568

LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 534 56 -64 1561



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Addendum to Table 5.3c: New build Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount

rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 465 27 -77 1682

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 502 29 -75 1685

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 547 30 -73 1683

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 555 31 -73 1683

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 557 31 -72 1679

LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1059 95 565 32 -72 1678

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 574 32 -71 1689

LMFA 2 1 1 419 1039 95 590 33 -71 1687

LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 811 54 -66 1860

LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 834 56 -64 1861

Addendum to Table 5.3d: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount

rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1307 123 480 35 -134 1811

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1271 120 518 38 -131 1817

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1205 122 566 40 -128 1805

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1196 121 574 41 -128 1805

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1190 121 577 41 -127 1802

LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1181 120 585 41 -127 1801

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1179 122 594 42 -123 1814

LMFA 2 1 1 419 1162 120 611 43 -123 1812

LMFC 1 1 1 692 1045 150 837 71 -116 1988

LMFA 1 1 1 713 1019 150 861 74 -111 1993

Addendum to Table 5.3e: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount

rate, Alternative PEF, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 311 1170 97 381 25 -77 1596

LMFB 3 1 1 321 1153 95 394 26 -77 1591

LMFA 3 1 3 324 1150 97 398 26 -75 1597

LMFC 2 1 3 352 1082 97 449 28 -73 1583

LMFB 2 1 3 355 1076 97 451 28 -72 1579

LMFB 2 1 2 360 1067 96 458 28 -72 1577

LMFB 2 1 1 365* 1059 95 464 29 -72 1575

LMFA 2 1 2 375 1048 96 478 30 -71 1581

LMFA 2 1 1 380 1039 95 485 30 -71 1578

LMFA 1 1 1 648 916 119 683 51 -64 1706



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Addendum to Table 5.3f: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount

rate, Alternative Cost of Carbon, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 381 35 -77 1606

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 412 37 -75 1603

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 449 39 -73 1594

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 456 40 -73 1592

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 458 40 -72 1589

LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1059 95 464 41 -72 1586

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 471 41 -71 1595

LMFA 2 1 1 419 1039 95 485 42 -71 1591

LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 664 70 -66 1729

LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 683 72 -64 1727

Addendum to Table 5.4a: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1220 79 353 - -50 1601

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1178 78 381 - -49 1588

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1132 79 416 - -48 1579

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1122 78 422 - -48 1575

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1115 78 424 - -48 1570

LMFB 2 1 1 402 1105 77 430 - -48 1565

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1103 79 437 - -46 1572

LMFA 2 1 1 419* 1083 77 449 - -46 1563

LMFC 1 1 1 692 987 97 616 - -43 1656

LMFA 1 1 1 713 958 97 633 - -42 1646

Addendum to Table 5.4b: New build Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1220 79 276 - -50 1525

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1178 78 299 - -49 1506

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1132 79 327 - -48 1490

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1122 78 332 - -48 1484

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1115 78 333 - -48 1479

LMFB 2 1 1 402 1105 77 338 - -48 1473

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1103 79 343 - -46 1478

LMFA 2 1 1 419* 1083 77 353 - -46 1467

LMFC 1 1 1 692 987 97 481 - -43 1521

LMFA 1 1 1 713 958 97 494 - -42 1507



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Addendum to Table 5.4c: New build Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1220 79 431 - -50 1679

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1178 78 465 - -49 1672

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1132 79 507 - -48 1670

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1122 78 514 - -48 1667

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1115 78 516 - -48 1662

LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1105 77 524 - -48 1659

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1103 79 532 - -46 1667

LMFA 2 1 1 419 1083 77 547 - -46 1661

LMFC 1 1 1 692 987 97 751 - -43 1792

LMFA 1 1 1 713 958 97 773 - -42 1786

Addendum to Table 5.4d: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(KWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Health -

Hospital AC

LMF - 30 year

calc

LMFB 3 1 3 340 1115 61 272 - -23 1425

LMFA 3 1 1 367 1073 60 294 - -22 1405

LMFC 2 1 3 388 1039 61 321 - -22 1399

LMFC 2 1 2 394 1029 60 326 - -22 1393

LMFB 2 1 2 396 1022 60 327 - -21 1388

LMFB 2 1 1 402 1012 59 332 - -21 1382

LMFA 2 1 3 407 1009 61 337 - -21 1386

LMFA 2 1 1 419* 990 59 347 - -21 1375

LMFC 1 1 1 692 908 74 475 - -20 1438

LMFA 1 1 1 713 879 74 489 - -19 1423

Cost Optimal Level

The macro-economic cost optimal curve for the hospital building is shown in Figure 6.1n. The costs are

based on the central energy price and 5% discount rate.

The economic optimal energy performance level in primary energy (kWh/m2/yr) is shown in addendum

to Table 6.1 below. To provide some allowance for sensitivity in the price of the fabric/ services/

renewable energy measures, we have included those primary energy values that are within 5% of the

lowest macro-economic cost in the central analysis.



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Figure 6.1n: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Hospital AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,


Addendum to Table 0.1: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy

Reference building Construction Type Primary Energy

(kWh/m2/yr)

Sensitivity Range

(kWh/m2/yr)

Hospital (Air-

conditioned) Light metal frame 402 340 - 419

Comparison of Current Building Regulations and Cost Optimal Level

The table below shows the current Building Regulations requirement compared to the cost optimal level. As can be seen, there is no gap between current regulations and the cost optimal level for the hospital building.

Addendum to Table 0.2: Comparison Table

Reference building Construction Type Cost Optimal

Level

(kWh/m2/yr)

Current

Requirement

(kWh/m2/yr)

Gap

Hospital (Air-

conditioned) Light metal frame 402 369



requirements. Current requirement

is better than cost optimal level

and within the sensitivity range.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

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AECOM Limited

Aldgate Tower

2 Leman Street

London

E1 8FA

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Cost Optimal Analysis - housing.gov.ie · Two reference buildings for each category were considered...

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