COST 713 Action: UV-B forecasting: UV index for the public · 2016-06-13 · can be measured as an...
Transcript of COST 713 Action: UV-B forecasting: UV index for the public · 2016-06-13 · can be measured as an...
EUR 19226
Index for the Public
EUR 19226
UV- Index for the Public
A guide for publication and interpretation of solar UV Index forecasts for the public prepared by the Working Group 4 of the COST713 Action
'UVB Forecasting'
Karel Vanicek Thomas Frei
Zenobia Litynska Alois Schmalwieser
COST713 Action Brussels, 2000
PARLEMENT EUROPEEN LUXEMBOURG
CENTRE DE DOCUMENTATION
M C. ¿xAtt Λ ^ Ή 6 C L 7
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.lnt).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000
ISBN 92-828-8142-3
© European Communities, 2000 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in Belgium
COST-713 participating countries
Azores
rmany
Swi^ECK
Balearen
Madeira
Cañarían
Acknowledgements 77ie authors are grateful to Mrs. Hana Kujanová, Information Section ofCHMl,for her assistance in graphical design of the publication and to Mr. Paul Eriksen, DMI, for his review of the English text.
Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. UV solar radiation - a basic review 6
Atmospheric ozone Solar elevation Altitude Atmospheric scattering Clouds and haze Ground reflection
3. Definition of the UV Index and its physical explanation 8 UV radiation and action spectra Minimal Erythemal Dose The UV Index - a UV parameter for the public UV Index forecasting
4. Practical use of the UV Index 11 UV Index and its modification by clouds and altitude Skin types Sunburn times Exposed to the sun Protection of the skin Sunscreens and Sun Protection Factor Protection of the eye
5. Estimation of the UV Index climatology - examples 16
6. UV Index in the 21st century 19
Appendix A: 20 key questions and answers about the UV radiation 20 Appendix B: Reference institutions in the COST-713 countries 22 Appendix C: UV Index forecasting systems in the COST-713 countries 24 Appendix D: List of the Internet Web pages with UV information - 1999 26 Appendix E: List of the reference UVI and COST-713 publications 27
1. Introduction
Solar radiation is an important natural factor because it forms the Earth's climate and has a significant influence on the environment. The ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum (UV) plays an important role in many processes in the biosphere. It has several beneficial effects but it may also be very harmful if UV exceeds "safe" limits. If the amount of UV radiation is sufficiently high the self-protection ability of some biological species is exhausted and the subject may be severely damaged. This also concerns the human organism, in particular the skin and the eyes. To avoid damage from high UV exposures, both acute and chronic, people should limit their exposure to solar radiation by using protective measures.
The diurnal and annual variability of solar UV radiation reaching the ground is governed by astronomical and geographical parameters as well as by the atmospheric conditions. Since human activities affect the atmosphere, such as polluting the air and influencing the ozone layer, they also affect the UV radiation reaching the ground. As a consequence, solar UV radiation is a highly variable environmental parameter that differs widely in time and space. The need to reach the public with simple-to-understand information about UV and its possible detrimental effects led scientists to define a parameter that can be used as an indicator of the UV exposures. This parameter is called the UV Index. It is related to the well known ery-themal effects of solar UV radiation on human skin and it has been defined and standardised under the umbrella of several international institutions such as WMO, WHO, UNEP and ICNIRP (see Appendix E).
The UV Index (UVI) is now widely used in many operational weather reports and forecasts. In Europe, for example, there are more than a dozen forecasting centres that release estimated UVI values for countries or regional areas. Different methods are used to predict the UVI and all kinds of information systems and presentations are seen. To co-ordinate these activities and to improve their scientific background an international research project was established under the program "Cooperation in Science and Technology" (COST) of the European Commission. The project titled COST-713 action (UV-B Forecasting) was initiated in 1996. The following European countries participated: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. A list of the participating institutions is given in Appendix A.
The development of efficient methods for dissemination of the UVI forecasts and the improvement of how they are interpreted by the public were key tasks for COST-713. This booklet is one product of the action and is mostly intended for users coming from different professional communities who can assist in a wider use of the UVI. It may also be useful to users who want to know about the details of the physical and biological background.
It is expected that the readers will use this information not only in their professional activities but also for communication to the public. The international and local institutions listed in the booklet (Appendix B) may serve as reference centres for further information and assistance.
The main goal o f t h e publication is to
Present a basic description of solar UV radiation
Define the UV Index and the reasons for its implementation
Describe the methods for UV Index forecasting
Describe how the public can use the UV Index in practice
Inform about the variability of the UV Index in Europe and in the World
Give a list of participants and other reference institutions in the COST-713 countries
Inform about Internet Web pages and other sources with information on the UV Index
2. UV solar radiation - a basic review
Solar radiation includes ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible radiation (light), and infrared (IR) radiation. The radiation is often characterised by its wavelength, usually expressed in nanometers (lnm=109m). When describing biological effects ultraviolet radiation is often subdivided into three spectral bands: UV
C radiation (100280nm), UVB radiation (280315nm) and UVΑ radiation (315400nm). UV radiation can be measured as an irradiance the power incident upon a surface unit area in units of W/m2, or as a radiant exposure, or dose the energy incident upon a surface unit area during a specified period of time in units of J/m2. The most important factors affecting the UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface are described below.
Atmospheric ozone UV radiation is absorbed and scattered in the atmosphere. UVC radiation is completely absorbed in the upper atmosphere by oxygen and ozone molecules. Most of the UVB radiation is absorbed in the strato
sphere by ozone molecules and only a few percent reach the surface of the Earth. Therefore, at the surface of the Earth the solar UV radiation is composed of a large amount of UVΑ radiation and only a very small amount of UVB radiation. UVB radiation is known to be biologically damaging, whereas UVΑ radia
tion is much less damaging but is known for its ability to tan the human skin. As ozone is the main absorber of UVB radiation the UVB intensity at the Earth's surface depends strongly on the total amount of ozone in the atmosphere, thus on the thickness of the ozone layer. A factor, which describes the relation between the sensitivity of the UVB intensity to changes in total ozone, is the socalled Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF). For small changes in the ozone layer thickness the RAF represents the percent change in UVB intensity for a 1percent change in the total column ozone. For CIEweighted irradiance, i.e., for the erythemally effective UV radiation, and for varying solar elevations and ozone, the RAF's are in the range of 1.11.3.
Solar elevation Solar elevation is the angle between the horizon and the direction to the sun. The solar zenith angle (SZA) is often used in place of the solar elevation: it is the angle between the zenith and the direction to the sun. For high solar elevations the UV radiation is more intense because the rays from the sun have a shorter path through the atmosphere and therefore pass through a smaller amount of absorbers. As the UV irradi
ance depends strongly on the solar elevation it changes with latitude, season and time, being highest in the tropics, in summer and at noon.
Altitude The UV irradiance increases with altitude because the amount of absorbers in the overlaying atmosphere decreases with altitude. Measurements show that the UV irradiance increases by 6-8% per 1000 m increase in altitude.
Atmospheric scattering At the surface of the Earth solar radiation is composed of a direct and a scattered (diffuse) components. Solar radiation is scattered on air molecules and on particles such as aerosols and water droplets. The direct component consists of the rays from the sun that has passed directly through the atmosphere without being scattered or absorbed. The diffuse component consists of rays that have been scattered at least once before reaching the ground. Scattering depends strongly on wavelength. The sky looks blue because blue radiation is scattered more than the other components. UV radiation is scattered even more and at the surface of the Earth the UV-B is roughly composed of a 1:1 mixture of direct and diffuse radiation.
Clouds and haze The UV irradiance is higher when the sky is cloudless. Clouds generally reduce the UV irradiance but the attenuation by clouds depends on both the thickness and the type of clouds (optical depth of clouds). Thin or scattered clouds have only a little effect on UV at the ground. At certain conditions and for short times a small amount of clouds may even enhance the UV irradiance comparing the fully clear skies. In hazy conditions UV radiation is absorbed and scattered on water droplets and aerosols and this leads to decreasing of the UV irradiance.
Ground reflection Part of the UV radiation that reaches the ground is absorbed by the Earth's surface and part of it is reflected back to space. The amount of reflected radiation depends on the properties of the surface. Most natural surfaces such as grass, soil and water reflect less than about 10% of the incident UV radiation. Fresh snow, on the other hand, may reflect up to about 80% of the incident UV radiation. During spring and a cloud-free sky the reflection of snow may increase the UV irradiance on inclined surfaces to summer values. This is important at higher altitudes and at higher latitudes. Sand may reflect about 25% of the UV radiation and can increase the UV exposure at the beach. About 95% of the UV radiation penetrate into the water and 50% penetrate to a depth of about 3 m.
3. Definition of the UV Index and its physical explanation
UV radiation and action spectra An action spectrum describes the relative effectiveness of UV radiation at a particular wavelength in producing a particular biological response. The biological response may refer to various detrimental effects on biological subjects including humans, animals or plants. An action spectrum for a given biological effect is used as a wavelength-depending weighting factor to the spectral UV irradiance (280 to 400nm) and then integrating over wavelength to find the actual biologically effective irradiance (in W/m2). The effective UV dose (in J/m2) for a particular exposure period is found by summing (integrating) the effective irradiance over the exposure period. The most important for common use are the erythemal, DNA absorption and non-melanoma skin cancer action spectra.
Minimal Erythemal Dose As sunburn is a frequent detrimental effect on human skin the CIE Erythemal action spectrum is recommended for use in assessing the skin-damaging effect of UV radiation. The "Minimal Erythemal Dose" (MED) is used to describe the erythemal potential of UV radiation and 1 MED is defined as the effective UV dose that causes a perceptible reddening of previously unexposed human skin. However, because human individuals are not equally sensitive to UV radiation due to different self-protection abilities of their skin (pigmentation), 1 MED varies among the European population within the range of between 200 and 500 J/m2. If national studies of the erythemal sensitivity of the population are not available the values of MEDs for different skin types according to DIN-5050 shown in Table 2 may be consulted.
The UV Index - a UV parameter for the public Originally the UV Index was formulated independently in several countries and used in programmes for public information about UV radiation. Its definition has later been standardised and published as a joint recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation (ICNIRP) (see Appendix E). The UV Index is recommended as a vehicle to raise the public awareness about the potential detrimental effects on health from solar UV exposure and to alert people of the need to adopt protective measures. If cloud cover and other relevant environmental variables are accounted for when calculating the UV Index, the modifying factors that are used in the calcula-
tion should be stated. Although the UV Index is defined for an exposed horizontal surface the exposure conditions for an inclined surface may be more relevant to human exposure. If the UV Index is referring to an inclined surface it must be stated.
• ( T O amai Is a unit of measure of UV levels relevant to the effects on human skin (UV induced erythema)
Is defined as the effective irradiance obtained by integrating the spectral irradiance weighted by the CIE (1987) reference action spectrum up to and including 400 nm normalised to 1.0 at 297nm
Is expressed numerically as the equivalent of multiplying the time weighted average effective irradiance (W/m2) by 40
Example: An effective irradiation of 0.2 W/m2 corresponds to a UV Index of 8.0
If daily maxima are reported or forecast a 30-minute time averaged values of the effective irradiance should be used when calculating the UV Index
If real-time observations of the UV Index are presented, it is recommended to use 5-10 minute averages
UV Index forecasting Operational UV Index forecasting has already been implemented in many countries (see Appendix C and D). The forecast methods vary from simple statistical methods used for local areas to more complicated methods with global coverage and with forecast times from a few hours to several days, either for clear sky or all sky conditions. A general forecast approach is described in the diagram shown in Figure 1. The accuracy of UV forecasts is limited mainly by the amount and quality of the input data. In the future, a largescale assimilation of groundbased and satellite observations of ozone, aerosol and clouds may con
siderably improve the accuracy.
Actual input data Ozone, stratospheric temp., pressure
Ground/satellite observations
Predicted input data Temp., pressure, vorticity, clouds, &
Numerical weather models
Τ I Prediction of ozone
Regression or dynamical models
ΐ Í Prediction of the UV radiation for clear sky
Regression or radiative transfer models
r~r Calculation of the predicted UV Index values
CIE weighting, cloud corrections, geograph. distribution
Figure 1: A general approach for forecast the UV Index
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4. Practical use of the UV Index
UV Index and its modification by clouds and altitude As mentioned in section 2 the UV irradiance at any given place is affected by clouds and depends on the altitude above sea level. If, at a certain altitude, UVI0 represents the UV index for a cloudfree sky the fol
lowing equation may be used to calculate the UV index, UVI, for a cloudy sky and at a different altitude:
UVI = UVI0 χ CMFx (1+ 0.08 χ AH)
where CMF is a socalled Cloud Modification Factor (a number between 0 and 1 see Table 1 ) and ΔΗ is the difference in altitude (in km) from where UVIO is referring to. Table 1 shows CMFs for different cloud types and different cloud cover.
Amount of clouds
Octas
High Middle Low Fog Rain
•j &<<,.,
{-^_sK-S^
0 - 2
1.0 1.0 1.0
-
-
Λ Λ
^~-^_y^_^-J
3 4
1.0 1.0 0.8
-
-
y^v W ^ v ^ ^
5 6
1.0 0.8 0.5
-
-
r\
7 - 8
0.9 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.2
Table 1: Cloud Modification Factors for different cloud types and amounts of cloud cover (O octas representing clear sky, 8 octas representing overcast sky)
Skin types The harmful effects of UV radiation depend not only on the received UV dose but also on the sensitivity of the individual. Human skin is often classified into four main groups according to the skin's ability to tan. This classification is shown in Table 2 which also gives the approximate dose (in J/m:) required to obtain a reddening of the skin (1 MED). Thus 1 MED varies for different skin types.
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Skin type
I II III IV
Tan
never sometimes always always
Burn
always sometimes rarely never
Hair colour
red blond brown black
Eye colour
blue blue/green gray/brown brown
1MED
200 J/m2
250 J/m2
350 J/m2
450 J/m2
Table. 2: Definition of basic skin types for the European population
Sunburn times The sunburn time is the maximum time to stay unprotected in the sun without receiving a sunburn. Sunburn times can be calculated for each skin type from the UV Index and the value of 1 MED for each
skin type. As an example, Figure 3 shows the sunburn times in minutes for different UV Index val-
160
140
120
100
c
i 80
60
40
20
Skin type
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 UV Index
ues and MEDs defined by DIN-5050 (shown in Table 2). It is important to point out that the value of 1 MED is not a precisely determined number for each skin type. Dermatological studies have shown that within one of the skin types the value of 1 MED may differ depending on the disposition of individuals. To further describe this phenomenon sophisticated regional studies of the photosensitivity of populations are needed.
Figure 2: Sunburn times in minutes for skin types I, II, III and IV and 1 MED according to DIN-5050 calculated for clear sky days
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Exposed to the sun The skin and the eyes are the organs with the highest exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays. Although hair and nails are well exposed they are less important from a medical point of view. Exposure to solar UV radiation may result in acute and chronic health effects to the skin, the eye and to the immune system. Acute effects of UV exposure include erythema (sunburn) of the skin and photokeratitis (welder's flash, snowblindness) of the eye. Chronic skin effects are skin cancer and premature ageing of the skin while chronic effects to the eye include cataract, pterygium and droplet keratopathy. While UVB radiation main
ly cause erythema and various skin cancers UVΑ radiation has a pronounced effect on the subcutaneous tissue and can alter the structure of collagen and elastin fibres and hence accelerate ageing of the skin. It is important to understand that the skin has a capacity to adapt to UV radiation by producing melanin (tan) that protects against UV exposure. The human eye does not have such a capacity.
Protection of the skin The skin is best protected by clothes. A shirt, a hat and trousers offer the best protection. UVtransparent clothes ought to be marked clearly. Skin parts that are not protected by clothes should be protected with a sunscreen containing UVB and UVΑ filters. During the first exposures to the sun a sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of about 30 is recommended. Particular care should be exercised with babies and small children. Note that the protective effect of sunscreens depend not only on the quality of the sun
screen but also on a correct application of the sunscreen. Most people apply too little and not often enough. A sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 must be generously applied every 2 hours to be protective. It should be applied well before exposure to the sun and it should be reapplied after a swim. If sunscreens are prop
erly used they can protect from sunburn, skin cancer and skin ageing.
How to choose and to use Sunscreens The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) stated on sunscreens indicate how efficient the product is. The higher the SPF, the more efficient the sunscreen. According to the evidence of damage caused to the skin by UVA radiation and because a standardised method to evaluate the UVA filtration of sunscreens does not yet exist, it is also recommended to check the presence of UVA filters in the product, which is generally print
ed on the packaging. In all cases, sunscreens should not be used in order to prolong time of exposure but rather to limit the damage caused by sun exposure. That is why sunscreens should often be applied to parts of the skin that are not covered by clothing, especially to sensitive areas like the nose, the ears, the neck, the upper back, the top of the feet, etc. To choose the most appropriate sunscreen, users could refer to table 3 which indicates the SPF values to the different skin types and to the UV Index levels.
UV Index
1 3 4 6 7 9
10 and over
I 15 30 50 60
Skin types II III 12 9 25 15 40 30 50 40
IV 6 12 20 30
Tabic 3: Sun Protection Factors recommended for different skin types and UV Index values.
Besides of the skin type, possible cutaneous or ocular reactions could modify efficiency of protective measures. Such photosensitivity reactions may be caused by a number of external or internal agents. Some drugs like psoralens, porphyrins, coal tar, antibiotics or various kinds of antiinflammatory agents, antimi
crobial products, fragrances, plants etc. could cause erythema even for lower UV doses.
Protection of the eye The eyes can be protected by sunglasses containing UVB and UVΑ filters. According to the E.C. direc
tive, 89/686/CEE, producersshould put forward the category of protection of the lenses against visible and UV light. For general use a category of 3 is recommended, for risk activities like mountaineering or boat
ing, a category of 4 is recommended. Otherwise, because of the lateral exposure, it is recommended to wear wraparound sunglasses. Such advice is especially important for children because the transmittance of UV radiation through the eye is higher for children than for adults a child's retina is less protected. The rationale is that sunglases without UV protecting filters should not be used.
A simple guide for application of UV protective tools for different values of the UV Index and for the most photosensitive skin (skin type I and babies) and for more tolerant skin type III is given by Table 4. This guide only presents a rough guidance and is an example of how the public could be addressed in a leaflet.
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UV Index Protective Tools
10 + extreme
7 - 9 high
4 - 6 medium
1 - 3 low
10 + extreme
7 - 9 high
4 - 6 medium
1 - 3 low
High photosensitivity - skin type I and babies
Sunburn Times
σο (X) (7Ό
Average photosensitivity - skin type
(TO σο σο
less 15 min.
20 min.
30 min.
over 60 min.
less 30 min.
40 min.
60 min.
over 60 min.
Table 4: A simple guide for application of'UV protective tools
5. Estimation of the UV Index climatology - examples
Operational forecasting of the UV Index gives information about its shortterm changes in given the fore
cast region. However, the temporal and geographical variation of the UVIndex are important for people moving or travelling to different climatic conditions where their home experiences with UV radiation can
not be used. This concerns tourism in subtropical and equatorial regions in particular.
Figures 3 6 give a general overview of how the UV Index varies on clear days during the year and dur
ing the day at different geographical latitudes. The figures have been produced from the model developed at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna using ozone observations from satellites (NASA/EPTOMS, 19961999).
14
12
10 X ο 8 c > 6
4
2
(
Annual courses of the UV Index noon, clear day, latitudes of NH
J_ /
7 /
/
/
50°
60°
70°
80°
\ \ \
\
V
. 0°
,10°
' 20°
30°
-40°
) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4 Day of the year
30
Figure 3: Annual courses of the UV Index for dif
ferent latitudes ofNH at noon on clear days at sea level
161
14
12
Index
00
ι
> 6
4
2
Diurnal courses of the UV Index June, clear days , latitudes of NH
f ^
■If
Λ \ \
-<30°
- 30° -
i 40° !
- 50° I
- 60° !
70° Γ
- 80° j -
o I k ^ 1 1 ^ —i 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00
Time
Figure 4: Diurnal courses of the UV Index for dif
ferent latitudes of Ν Η in June on clear days low amount of aerosol.
16
Figure 5: Estimation of geographical distribution of the UV Index in the European region in June, at noon, for clear days, orography included
17
1 |3|5|7|9|11|13|13
Figure 6: Estimation of global geographical distribution of the UV Index in the summer (July) and winter (January) months at noon, for clear sky
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6. UV Index in the 21st century
The inverse correlation between the total ozone column and the UV-B irradiance has been confirmed by measurements at several locations. These measurements show that long-term changes of the stratospheric ozone layer may modify the UV climatology, particularly at middle and high latitudes. An expected recovery of the ozone layer in the middle of the 21st century should therefore also allow for a stabilisation of the UV-B radiation in the next decades.
The present trends and the behaviour of the ozone layer are strongly influenced by radiative, chemical and dynamical processes in the stratosphere. The significance of these processes may be augmented by human activities (e.g. the "greenhouse effect") and result in higher short-term variations of the ozone layer and the UV-B radiation. The negative impacts on human health could be eliminated by a professional public awareness based on, for example, UV Index information. In any case, the next century brings a challenge for a more active and individual control of UV exposure and protective measures, at least for the large photosensitive part of the population.
Learn to control your exposure to solar UV radiation by using your own experience as well as professional recommendations
Adjust your exposure to solar UV radiation by respecting the changes in UV Index values
Learn to take protective measures and teach the young generation to use them
If you move from your home region adjust your behavior in the sun to the new climatic condition
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Appendix A 20 key questions and answers about the UV radiation
Fact or fiction
You cannot get sunburn on a cloudy day
Too much sun is dangerous no matter your age
Sunscreens protect me so I can sunbathe much longer
■'■ You should avoid the sun i between 11 and 16 h
If I don't feel the heat from staying in the sun I will not get
i sunburn ι
UV radiation not only concerns the skin but also the eyes
Just reaply your sunscreen to stay longer in the sun
People with fair skin and red hair are particularly sensitive to UV radiation
j A tan protects you from an addi
[ tional sunburn i
The negative effects of sun
!" burns are cumulative
Answer
Wrong
Right
Wrong
Right
Wrong
Right
Explanation ~í!Bi£ia?KSs.vS335ça
Although clouds attenuate UV the diffuse sky radiation is sufficiently intense to get a sunburn unless the clouds are low and thick
The human skin and the immune system are sensitive to UV radiation through a whole life cycle
Sunscreens protect you but their efficiency decrease after application you should not stay longer in the sun than the SPF warrants
Due to the highest sun elevation the UV radiation is the strongest during a day at this time
UV radiation can not be sensed by the human because it is absorbed in the outermost skin layers
Sunburn is perhaps the most known effect, but UV radiation may also cause development of cataract
Wrong The sunscreens protects only for a certain length of time. After this any additional UV exposure is harmful
Right The people with this skin and hair type combination is the most sensitive group of the population
Wrong Atan is already a reaction on UV exposure and it only partially protects your skin
Right The ability of the human body to protect and repair UVinduced damages decrease during a lifetime
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Fact or fiction Answer Explanation
-The sun in winter and spring is Wrong not dangerous
Children should be especially Right protected
The darker your skin the more Wrong attractive you are
Reflection of UV radiation by sand Right and water must be considered
It is necessary to stay in the sun Wrong because vitamin D is produced by UV radiation
The shorter your shadow is the Right more dangerous the sun burns
You cannot get a sunburn while Wrong you are in the water
The higher the altitude the more Right the sun burns your skin
It is not important to change your Wrong sun habits
The cheapest and the best sun Right protection is shade
The UV intensity depends also on latitude, altitude and ground reflection like of snow
Because of the high sensitivity of their skin and the cumulative effects of sunburns
This social attitude is changing - just a century ago you were more attractive when you were pale
The direct rays from the sun and the diffuse sky radiation are equally important for UV exposures after reflection at the ground
The time of exposition you need for vitamin D production is so short, that you always get enough without sunbathing
When your shadow is short the sun elevation is high and UV radiation is more intense
Water attenuates UV radiation but you may easily get a sunburn when swimming
The higher the altitude the smaller is the attenuation of UV radiation by the atmosphere
A change of personal habits is a first step in active protection against UV exposure
Shade protects you against the direct rays. However, you should still protect yourself against the diffuse sky radiation
21
Appendix Β Reference institutions in the COST713 countries
Austria Inst, of Med. Physics and Biostatistics
University of Veterinary Medicine Veterinaerplatz 1, A1210 Vienna Mr. Guenther Schauberger Phone: +43125077.43.06 Email: gunther.schauberger@vuwien.ac.at
Central Institute For Meteorology and Geodynamics Hohe Warte 38, A1190 Vienna Mr. Hartwig Dobesch Phone: +43136026.22.02 Email: dobesch©zamg.ac.at
Denmark Danish Meteorological Institute
Lyngbyvej 100, DK2100 Copenhagen Mr. Paul Eriksen Phone: +453915.75.00 Email: [email protected]
Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute
Vuorikatu 24, FIN00100 Helsinki Mr. Tapani Koskela Phone: +33148 97 16 97 Email: solaire@clubinternet.f
ΠBelgium Royal Meteorological Institute
Avenue Circulaire 3, B1180 Bruxelles Mr. Hugo De Backer Phone: +322373.0594 Email: Email: [email protected]
ΠFrance Sécurité Solaire
25 rue Manin, F75019 Paris Mr. Pierre Cesarini Phone: +33148 97 16 97 Email: solaire@clubinternet.fr
Czech Republic Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
Solar and Ozone Observatory Hvezdarna 456, 500 08 Hradec Kralove Mr. Karel Vanicek Phone: +42049526.0352 Email: [email protected]
Germany Meteo. Inst., University Muenchen
Theresienstrasse 37, D80333 Muenchen Mr. Peter Koepke Phone: +49892394.43.67 Email: [email protected]muenchen.de
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German Meteorological Service Stefan-Meier Str. 4, 79104 Freiburg Mr. Henning Staiger Phone: +49-761-28202-59 E-mail: [email protected]
Federal Office for Radiation Protection Institute for Radiation Hygiene Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Oberschleissheim Mr. Manfred Steinmetz Phone: +49-89-31603-0 E-mail: [email protected]
Greece Laboratory of Atm. Physics
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GR-54006 Thessaloniki Mr. Alkiviadis Bais Phone: +30-31-998.184 E-mail: [email protected]
Π Italy CNR-IATA LAMMA
Via G. Caproni 8, 1-50144 Firenze Mr. Gaetano Zipoli Mr.Daniele Grifoni Phone: +39-55-301.422 E-mail: zipoli @ lamma.rete.toscana.it
Poland Institute for Meteorology and Water Management
Zegrzynska 38, 05-119 Legionowo Mrs. Zenobia Litynska Phone: +48-22-774 2741 E-mail: [email protected]
Portugal Portuguese Meteorological Institute
Rua C - Aeroporto de Lisboa, 1700 Lisboa Mr. Diamantino V. Henriques Phone: +351-1-848 39 61 E-mail: [email protected]
Spain Dept. of Astr. and Meteorology
University of Barcelona Avda Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona Mr. Jerónimo Lorente Phone: +34-3-402.1123 E-mail: [email protected]
National Institute of Meteorology C/ San Sebastián 77, 38071 S/C de Tenerife Mr. Emilio Cuevas Phone: +34-922-373878 E-mail: [email protected]
Switzerland Swiss Meteorological Institute
Section of Biometeorology Kraehbuehl Str. 58, POB-514, CH-8044 Zurich Mr. Thomas Frei Phone: +41-1-256.9264 E-mail: [email protected]
Centre météorologique Case postale 176, CH-1215 Geneva Mr. Pierre Eckert Phone: +41-22-717 8219 E-mail: [email protected]
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Appendix C UV Index forecasting systems in the COST-713 countries
Country
Austria
Institution Parameters Schedules Media Cooperation
Inst, of Medical Physics Univ. of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna
UV Index on clear days at noon world wide
Nowcasting and forecasts for 2 days January-December
Internet free
Central Institute for Meteorology
Belgium Royal Meteorological Institute
UV Index on clear days at noon
Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day April-September
TV, press free
Czech Republic
Czech Hydrometeorologlcal Institute
UV Index, sunburn times on clear days at noon
Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day April-September
Internet free TV, press commercial
Public health service Photobiol. Soc.
Denmark Danish Meteorological Institute
UV Index, sunburn times on clear days at noon
Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day May-August
All free
Danish Cancer Soc, Nat. Board of Health
Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute
UV Index, sunburn times on clear April-September
Nowcasting and forecasts for 2 days Protect.
All free
Finnish Cancer Soc, Rad. days Institute
France Association Sécurité Solaire
UV Index, sunburn times on clear and cloudy days, 2 skins
Forecasts for 1 day May - September
Internet, TV, radio, press Minitel, free
National and local health authorities, private/public org.
Germany German Meteorological Service
Federal Agency for Radiation Protection
UV Index, tolerable exp. periods corr. clouds and altitude
UV Index, sunburn times on clear and cloudy days
Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day April-September
Forecasts for 3 days April-September
TV, radio press.online commercial
Online, fax, Internet free
Health services, Fed. Environmet. Agency
German Meteo. Service, Federal Environment. Ag.
24
Country Institution Parameters Schedules Media Cooperation
Greece Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
UV Index, sunburn times on clear days
Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day May-September
TV, radio, press free
Italy ENEA
Laboratory for Meteo, Clim. and Env. Model. Regione Toscana
UV Index on clear days
UV Index on clear days at noon
Forecasts for 1 day May-September
Forecasts for 2 days April-September
Press, Internet free
Internet free
Ital. Meteo. Serv. University of Thessaloniki
German Meteo. Service
Poland Institute for Meteorology and Water Management
UV Index for clear days at noon
Nowcasting, forecasts for 1-3 days May - August
Internet free radio, TV press com.
State Insp. for Env. Protection Pubi, health auth.
Portugal Portuguese Meteorological Service
UV Index, sunburn times, UV-B irrad, at noon, clear days
Nowcasting for actual days April-October
TV, radio, press free
Public health authorities
Spain University of Barcelona UV-B eryth. doses, sunburn times on clear days
Forecasts for 1 day Press free
Switzerland Swiss Meteorological Institute
UV Index corrected for altitude and cloudiness
Forecasts for 1 day May-September
TV, radio, fax, online free
Public health authorities Cancer League
25
Appendix D List of the www pages with UV information 1999
COST-713 countries
Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany
Greece Italy Poland Portugal Spain
Switzerland
Others Argentina Australia Canada France Japan New Zealand Sweden Taiwan USA
Projects COST-713 SUVDAMA WMO-WOUDC WMO-UVB SC
http://www.med-physik.vu-wien.ac.at/uv/uv_online.htm http://www.meteo.oma.be/IRM-KMI/ozone/uvindex.html http://www.chmi.cz/meteo/ozon/o3uvb-e.html http://www.dmi. dk/f+u/ http://www.ozone.fmi.fi/o3group/o3home.html http://www.securite-solaire.org http://www.dwd.de/services/gfm/uv_index/ http://www.bfs.de/uvi/index.htm http://www.lap.physics.auth.gr/uvindex/ http://www.lamma.rete.toscana.it/uvweb/index.html http://www.imgw.pl http://www.meteo.pt/uv/uvindex.htm http://www.infomet.fcr.es http://www.solysalud.org/sys/indiceUV/indiceuv.html http://www.admin.ch/bag/strahlen/nichtion/uv/d/index.htm http ://www.admin.ch/bag/strahlen/nichtion/uv/f/index.htm
http://www.conae.gov.ar/caratula.html http://www.bom.gov.au/info/about_uvb.shtml http://www.weather.ec.gc.ca/text/fpcn48.wao.htm http://www.club-internet.fr/securite-solaire/ http://www.shiseido.co.Jp/e/e9708uvi/html http://www.niwa.cri.nz/lauder/homepage.htm http://www.smhi.se/egmain/index.htm http://www.envi.org.tw/Foundation6/English/home.html http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/index.html http://www.times-union.com/weather/ http://weathercenter.com/updates/tampcast.htm
http://159.213.57.69/uvweb/wwwcost.html http://www.ozone.fmi.fi/SUVDAMA/ http://www.tor.ec.gc.ca/woudc/woudc.html http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/UV
26
Appendix E List of the reference UVI and COST-713 publications
International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection, Global Solar UVlndex WHG7WMO/INCIRP recommendation, INCIRP publication No.1/95, Oberschleissheim, 1995.
:
Koepke, P., A. Bais, D. Balis, M. Buchwitz, H. De Backer, X. de Cabo, P. Eckert, P. Eriksen, D. Gillotay, A. Heikkilä, T. Koskela, Β. Lapeta, Ζ. Litynska, J. Lorente, Β. Mayer, Α. Renaud, Α. Ruggaber, G. Schauberger, G. Seckmeyer, P. Seifert, A. Schmalwieser, Η. Schwander, Κ. Vanicek and M. Weber, (1998): Comparison of models used for UV Index calculations, Photochemistry and Photobiology 67 (6) 657662.
WMO, Report of the WMO Meeting of Experts on UVB Measurements, Data Quality and Standardization of UV Indices (Les Diablerets, 2528 July, 1994). GAW, Report No.95, Geneva, 1995.
WMO, Report of the WMOWHO Meeting of Experts on Standardization of UV Indices and their Dissemination to the Public (Les Diablerets, 2124 July, 1997). GAW, Report No.127, Geneva, 1998.
WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. No. 44, Geneva 1998.
27
European Commission
EUR-COST713 Action
UV-B forecasting - UV index for the public
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
2000 27 pp. 21 χ 20.6 cm
ISBN 9282881423
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: EUR 7
Solar radiation is an important natural factor in the life of the Earth. The ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum, more commonly know as UV radiation, plays an important role in many processes in the biosphere but it could be very harmful if its quantity exceeds safe limits. To avoid damage from high UV exposures the human being should limit their exposures to solar radiation. Solar UV radiation is a highly variable of environmental parameter that changes widely in time and space. Using ttie results of worldwide meteorological observation, measurements and fore
casting technique a simpletounderstand parameter has been developed. The UV Index (UVI) is now widely used in many operational weather reports and forecasts. Different methods are used to predict the UVI. To coor
dinate these activities and improve their scientific background a COST Action; titled 'UVB Forecasting' was initi
ated in 1996. This booklet/brochure facing the UV problems, its physical and biological background help the understanding of UVI forecast and promote the protection activity against the harmful radiation.
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