Description of English Description of English ConsonantsConsonants

Describing Speech SoundsDescribing Speech Sounds

MVPMVP MannerManner

– way the airstream is modifiedway the airstream is modified VoicingVoicing

– whether or not the vocal folds are vibratingwhether or not the vocal folds are vibrating PlacePlace

– where the constriction is locatedwhere the constriction is located

PlacePlace BilabialBilabial LabiodentalLabiodental InterdentalInterdental AlveolarAlveolar PalatalPalatal VelarVelar

MannerManner Stops (plosives)Stops (plosives) FricativesFricatives AffricatesAffricates NasalsNasals GlidesGlides LiquidsLiquids

Voicing

•Voiced

•Voiceless

English ConsonantsEnglish Consonants No differenceNo differencep, bp, bt, dt, dk, gk, gm, nm, nf, vf, vs, zs, zhhwwll

New ones to learnNew ones to learn

StopsStops Complete obstruction of the airstreamComplete obstruction of the airstream Stops are PAIRED by PLACE Stops are PAIRED by PLACE (with a voiced and (with a voiced and

voiceless partner)voiceless partner)

– p,bp,b– t,dt,d– k,gk,g

cognates = _______________ that differ cognates = _______________ that differ only in voicingonly in voicing

/p/ voiceless bilabial stop-plosive/p/ voiceless bilabial stop-plosive

pigspigs

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/p/ voiceless bilabial stop-plosive/p/ voiceless bilabial stop-plosive

Pigs /pPigs /p/ /

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/b/ voiced bilabial stop-plosive/b/ voiced bilabial stop-plosive

stubbornstubborn

//ΓΓ//

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Buy me a blue beeBuy me a blue bee

/b/ voiced bilabial stop-plosive/b/ voiced bilabial stop-plosive

Stubborn /stStubborn /stΓΓ//

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Buy me a blue bee /bBuy me a blue bee /b//

/t/ voiceless alveolar stop/t/ voiceless alveolar stop

tastetaste lookedlooked

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// | | //

/t/ voiceless alveolar stop/t/ voiceless alveolar stop

tastetaste /t/t// looked /llooked /l//

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// | | //

/d/ voiced alveolar stop/d/ voiced alveolar stop DoeDoe

/ / //

//ΓΓ//

Dave kept his den heatedDave kept his den heated

/d/ voiced alveolar stop/d/ voiced alveolar stop Doe /doDoe /do//

/ / //

//ΓΓ//

Dave kept his den heatedDave kept his den heated /de/de//

/k/ voiceless velar stop/k/ voiceless velar stop likelike clockclock catcat

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//ΓΓ//

He could come for coffee He could come for coffee

/k/ voiceless velar stop/k/ voiceless velar stop likelike clockclock catcat /l/l/ /kl/ /kl/ /k/ /k// ////

////

//ΓΓ//

He could come for coffee He could come for coffee /hi k/hi kΓΓ//

/g/ voiced velar stop/g/ voiced velar stop gonegone ghostghost

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Give a goat gum Give a goat gum

/g/ voiced velar stop/g/ voiced velar stop gonegone /g/g// ghost /go ghost /go//

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Give a goat gum /gGive a goat gum /gooΓΓ//

/// voiceless glottal stop/ voiceless glottal stop May occur as an allophone of /t/May occur as an allophone of /t/ Release occurs in the vocal folds instead of the Release occurs in the vocal folds instead of the

oral cavityoral cavity

mountainmountain kittenkitten AnnaAnna

Little bit of teaLittle bit of tea

****this phoneme is often an error in young children****this phoneme is often an error in young children

/// voiced alveolar flap (tap)/ voiced alveolar flap (tap)

/t/ and /d/ may be articulated as flaps when they /t/ and /d/ may be articulated as flaps when they occur occur between two vowelsbetween two vowels, the second of which is , the second of which is unstressedunstressed**think of it as less power than a true /t/ or /d/**think of it as less power than a true /t/ or /d/

citycity

ladylady

latter/ladderlatter/ladder

Oral vs. Nasal ConsonantsOral vs. Nasal Consonants

Oral sounds exit through the mouth; the Oral sounds exit through the mouth; the ______________________________________________________________

Nasal sounds exit through the nose; the velum is Nasal sounds exit through the nose; the velum is loweredlowered

mm

nn

/m/ (voiced) bilabial nasal/m/ (voiced) bilabial nasal

menmen hammerhammer

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//ΓΓ//

Meg and Matt swam homeMeg and Matt swam home

/m/ (voiced) bilabial nasal/m/ (voiced) bilabial nasal

Men /mMen /m// hammer /hhammer /h//

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//ΓΓ//

Meg and Matt swam homeMeg and Matt swam home

/m/m//

/n/ (voiced) alveolar nasal/n/ (voiced) alveolar nasal nicenice dinnerdinner

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Ben moved to PanamaBen moved to Panama

/n/ (voiced) alveolar nasal/n/ (voiced) alveolar nasal nicenice /n/n// dinner /ddinner /d//

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Ben moved to PanamaBen moved to Panama /b/b//

/// (voiced) velar nasal/ (voiced) velar nasal Cannot be used at the beginning of words in Cannot be used at the beginning of words in

EnglishEnglish

campingcamping singsing bingobingo

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Stop banging, laughing, and clapping so loudStop banging, laughing, and clapping so loud

/// (voiced) velar nasal/ (voiced) velar nasal Cannot be used at the beginning of words in Cannot be used at the beginning of words in

EnglishEnglish

campingcamping singsing bingobingo /k/k/ /s/ /s/ /b/ /b// ////

Stop banging, laughing, and clapping so loudStop banging, laughing, and clapping so loud/st/st//

Syllabic nasals [Syllabic nasals [] [] []] Nasals closing unstressed syllables may become Nasals closing unstressed syllables may become

syllabicsyllabic When a When a stop and a homorganic nasalstop and a homorganic nasal occur in the occur in the

same word, _________________________ same word, _________________________ __________________________________ of the __________________________________ of the next unstressed syllable without the aid of a full next unstressed syllable without the aid of a full vowelvowel

hiddenhidden /h/h/ /s/ /s/ /

homorganic soundshomorganic sounds

produced in the same PLACE of produced in the same PLACE of articulationarticulation– examples of homorganic soundsexamples of homorganic sounds

» p,b,mp,b,m» t,d,n,s,z t,d,n,s,z » k,g,k,g,

FricativesFricatives ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

sibilants are the more sibilants are the more intense higher intense higher frequency fricativesfrequency fricatives

fanfan vanvan

thinkthink thethe

sinksink zoozoo

pushpush beigebeige

/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative

fixfix toughtough phonephone

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Find fantastic and fascinating food Find fantastic and fascinating food

/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative

fixfix toughtough phonephone /f/f/ /t/ /tΓΓ/ /fo/ /fo// ////

Find fantastic and fascinating food Find fantastic and fascinating food /f/f//

/v/ voiced labiodental fricative/v/ voiced labiodental fricative votevote ofof Stephen(*not syllabic Stephen(*not syllabic

because /v/ and /n/ because /v/ and /n/ are not are not

homorganic) /homorganic) ///

//ΓΓ//

Twelve students vote never to give upTwelve students vote never to give up

/v/ voiced labiodental fricative/v/ voiced labiodental fricative votevote ofof Stephen(*not syllabic Stephen(*not syllabic because /v/ because /v/

and /n/ and /n/ are not homorganic) /voare not homorganic) /vo/ / //ΓΓ/ /stiv/ /stiv/ /

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//ΓΓ//

Twelve students vote never to give upTwelve students vote never to give up /tw/twΓΓ//

/// voiceless interdental fricative/ voiceless interdental fricative teethteeth thingthing

////

//ΓΓ//

He did not think to thank herHe did not think to thank her

/// voiceless interdental fricative/ voiceless interdental fricative

teethteeth thingthing /ti/ti/ // // or // or // **p. 123-4 / **p. 123-4 ////

//ΓΓ//

He did not think to thank herHe did not think to thank her /hi d/hi d//

/// voiced interdental fricative/ voiced interdental fricative

fatherfather mothermother clotheclothe

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They like them with those leather nosesThey like them with those leather noses

/// voiced interdental fricative/ voiced interdental fricative fatherfather mothermother clotheclothe /f/f/ /m/ /mΓΓ/ /kl/ /kl// ////

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They like them with those leather nosesThey like them with those leather noses////

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative sinksink iceice

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//// or /or ///Six swift spiders seem to be sobbing and sighingSix swift spiders seem to be sobbing and sighing /j//j/

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative sinksink iceice /si/si/ // /// ////

//// or /or ///Six swift spiders seem to be sobbing and sighingSix swift spiders seem to be sobbing and sighing /j//j//s/s//

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative/z/ voiced alveolar fricative zonezone fizzfizz waswas scissorsscissors

////

//ΓΓ//

The blizzard caused delaysThe blizzard caused delays

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative/z/ voiced alveolar fricative zonezone fizzfizz waswas scissorsscissors /z/z/ /f/ /f/ /w/ /w/ or /w/ or /wΓΓ/ /s/ /s// ////

//ΓΓ//

The blizzard caused delaysThe blizzard caused delays / / //

Transcribing plurals, past tense, and Transcribing plurals, past tense, and third personthird person

When the word ends in a voiceless sound, the plural is [s] When the word ends in a voiceless sound, the plural is [s] and the past is [t]and the past is [t]– examples:examples: hitshits walkedwalked

cuffscuffs cuffedcuffedlapslaps moppedmopped

When the words ends in a voiced sound, the plural is [z] When the words ends in a voiced sound, the plural is [z] and the past is [d]and the past is [d]– examplesexamples lidslids pavedpaved

bagsbags sluggedsluggedglobesglobes clubbedclubbed

Why? coarticulationWhy? coarticulation

/// voiceless palatal fricative/ voiceless palatal fricative Technically called palatoalveolar or alveopalatalTechnically called palatoalveolar or alveopalatal shoeshoe sugarsugar

machinemachine anxiousanxious

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Shelly shipped cash to the shopShelly shipped cash to the shop

/// voiceless palatal fricative/ voiceless palatal fricative Technically called palatoalveolar or alveopalatalTechnically called palatoalveolar or alveopalatal shoeshoe sugarsugar /// // /// machinemachine anxiousanxious /m/m/ /ei/ /eikk// ////

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Shelly shipped cash to the shopShelly shipped cash to the shop /// /

/// voiced palatal fricative/ voiced palatal fricative

does not occur word-initially in Englishdoes not occur word-initially in English beigebeige measuremeasure

////

//ΓΓ//

The treasure is in the garage.***The treasure is in the garage.***

/// voiced palatal fricative/ voiced palatal fricative does not occur word-initially in Englishdoes not occur word-initially in English beigebeige measuremeasure /bei/bei/ /m/ /m// ////

//ΓΓ//

The treasure is in the garage.***The treasure is in the garage.***//////ΓΓ/ // // // // /