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Y\a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !,* /1H ['T'a

Y\Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 61WM T'T'a

Y[` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l `'T'a

Y[d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1] o3 pM a'T'a

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[T . . . . . . . . . . : - .3 R W1. -) R $ r !_% [qY

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[h . . . . . . . . . . . . . EGRET 4). DO % !* !*H R*@ `qY

[Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *(C -) R 2! 6& % ^& )V :5 aqY

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a` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !

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d

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hY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . _1 +3 R% &. R mE dq`

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g[ . . . :. % + / I A !& R W" I YTqa

g` . . . . . . . . . * K2 % :$e !& nB! X. S.) @ Y`qa

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YY

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6M ! !C . L) # W)M L) # E Ydqa

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Y[[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbc EGRET R% ._ R*5

Y[a . . . *(C L) # × !& !& .. R S.) [Zqa

!*H JE × !& !& X% I . [dqa

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Y[g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *(C L) #

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b(Ns −Nn)/(Ns +Nn)c KORSIKA i R W1. .1$% % 1O l !

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YT

Y`

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gd . . . . . . . . % + ! ASYM ;/2! I K] Zqa

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Y[T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EGRET 4. DO R%!* !*H gqa

)$O ':. f1EBN(O 91E . G. & /1 S1M X3E) <1

5 !B . (% . :. . - JE S1M . 5 R&%

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'; * () G R B1*1 f1EBN(O 91E . R B1*1 O Q "

≡ W .c /C1 R B1 < 3 x 12 12 ^ f1EBN(O ^ 91E

A /2 *H ':. % 2; bE∼ eVc 12 12 ^ b.×− eV

bλ ∼ nm ≡ E ∼ . eVc ? 7 R 1 V S@ :. 21EBN(O 91E ;(% s

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'B2! :1$E R!* K.B ? G.

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G !^ -E /. R *@ B :% !& < 91E M R *H

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Yh

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C1 ! R Ok !* '% 1O 1%& R oB ^& !*H $Ov

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C1 ! 91E ':. b - A $@ c :O /(O <1 )V

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YZ

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BB / 1O <B! /C1 R B1 < C1

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e '% !* 91E :2 % <! <! C K1

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! ! /* , < BH AGASA !* )$O 'B 1 :1! % mk

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4 1oX 12 R 'zh:. !* o 6 91E Ik R k@ A

Ok ! !C ~ u ! :. 5 :. Pierr Auger

Ik Rk@ / B! :. 12 )V % R :WX 'zZ!

1. B!& ) % :$e ! u 1oX R O :$M"GZK

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Super Nova Remnants

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C1 ! !*H R!* Q5 21EBN C1 :WX % G; E /!

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B !& 'B 5 , !2! ;_% )V & R W1.

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VD = πRd ∼ π( pc)( pc) ∼ × cm b`'['Yc

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Y\ 5 _ II s & ; 3 x 'B% !& B C1 !

& >G A -. T\ ! b∼ .cc × cm/s :X. 1%& 45

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'B 15

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, % Pesc !_% S1M R)V - ! ; ':. )V C 1)O)

B ' !& (− Pesc)n !_% $ n f )V / -

C )V B ' !& :. n = ln(E/E)/ ln(+ ξ) C

!& % <1 E

N(> E) ∝ Σ∞m=n(− Pesc)m = (− Pesc)n/Pesc ba'T'Yc

N(≥ E) ∝ (− Pesc)(E/E)−γ 1B1 a'T'Y Rk n @ . f

γ = ln(

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Tcycle Pesc = Tcycle/Tesc k ':. :. ξ Pesc ! u K@

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% 6" >1 B

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A ?1 ;_% )V , % % u ) A !_% 21( ; q[

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% ; ! *# E C1 ! ,B,B ,2! ; !

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Inverse Compton

π Decay

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B2! !

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O d b RBB 5c 1 Br1 (2 A ! fj. '% :@ (×)

Discriminator

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1Br1(2 - ! '% . % 1oB [\ mV 1 R . (CAEN N413A)

1 e Ya\ R B C (CAEN N405) @kB C ( ' 5&

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Logic Unit

Multi Channel Analyzer

Analog to Digital Converter

ZY 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

) CH R A (1(O < < [qa 6(%

% -) 1e Ya\ BC @kB S. Q21. BB -. ! .(% CH

b[Tc bT`c Qb`Yc bPMTc 1x( !u 5& ! 1 ! J3&

'% & R W1.

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! /* xyz L) # ! C :C5 n R()

n = sin θ cosϕi+ sin θ sinϕj + cos θk bY'Y'ac

! 1 T ! J3& 'B2! . .. K1 ϕ θ k

A " .(% . T T ; '1B 9 [T ! 1 T [Y

Z[ 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

'1 $.M n /1. :C5 1 1, ; /2( s3] 7 R

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k& C BC % !?1& : @ )$O 'BB 6 & ! C

$.M 6 !k& @ W 1O) :. 4u DZ f 'B2! 1C. ?1 !.(%

:. !

T =

c d.n+ (T − T) + (τ − τ) + (t − t) b['Y'ac

T =

c d.n+ (T − T) + (τ − τ) + (t − t) bT'Y'ac

GW# 6X % 9W# .. !.(% C R C$5 /1. / !G

Yqa 6(% b d dc .. !.(% 1 R W" bnc C M 1; :C5 W5

4 / G . E :. 1 ! 1&R T T QT ':. , 6X

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B :. /2( .. !.(% 4 ? :#. /H '1B G. % /*

% /2( .. .(% . ! !,. !?1& : :.

D(τ) = D(τ) = D(τ) = D(τ) b`'Y'ac

Dispersion

ZT 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

T T -) /1H

T =d/ cos θ

c+ (T − T) + (τ − τ) ba'Y'ac

T =d/ cos θ

c+ (T − T) + (τ − τ) bh'Y'ac

<1 % V ?1 3 $ / BH! ':. .. !.(% 1 R W" d S

BC % k& > 6X 1! B ':. ( !/1 % -) /1H !!

:. 1!& 1B I5 ! T T @ ; ' 5 / btc C RC$5

T + T = (T − T − T) + (τ − τ − τ) bZ'Y'ac

% Z'Y'a `'Y'a R O

DI(τ) =

DI(T + T) bd'Y'ac

)V 1O) /1. 1 J3& II /1H ':. -) < /1H RB! /* I f

B ':. .. !.(% /( 6@2 C :$e / C RC$5

D(t) = D(t) = D(t) = D(t) bg'Y'ac

:% 1!& % ; xyz y M /1H ;

T =d

csin θ sinϕ+ (T − T) + (τ − τ) + (t − t) bY\'Y'ac

T =d

csin θ sinϕ+ (T − T) + (τ − τ) + (t − t) bYY'Y'ac

:% 1!& g'Y'a `'Y'a u ; o u R O I5

DII(τ) =

DII(T + T) −D(t) bY['Y'ac

Z` 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

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'! /* II I /1H √(T + T) T QT !L mE

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k&c .. !.(% 6(% ! R oGM LM !?1& : !?1&

τ τ Qτ <# :. '% % G. A1(O bLM

1!& :. B Q

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√

DI(T + T) = . ns bYT'Y'ac

LM k& A 1 ( O k& % ! C / 1 . / k &

/1 A $X LM k& bz[ac W$ ! . '% bσ =√σelec + σL.Ec

Light Enclosure

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'% !& ns A1(O k& f ':. . ns .. .(% 6& (

bA1(O k& ! LM k&c τ <# 1B -$ 1)O) 1

$X .. !.(% ( !/1 -) /1H /H :. /2( /1H

!.(% ! !C R ) e !/( O u 4) /1H O B B

B] ':. !/(O % ! !/1 $X % ! BB $X ..

/1 A 1BH! ':%8; !& 1eR ?1 (1(O & ! sG G

C B > .. .(% /1 $X 6) M S& A B:C5 A

'8; 1eR .(% 6& ;%

S.) / ;% <# B1# 1% ^1 6$ u DII(τ) 1# oB

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G. G .. . / 1)O) )V S.) % 1O !C . 1$%

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C

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& `\\ S.) @ k@ ! 6(% ':. % /* aqa 6(% %

/* .. R K2 S.) <# 85 aqaa 6(% '! /* C L) #

:1) 1BH! % . R K2 :1) aqab 6(% Q:. %

C /* !BMB '% C )V " aqac 6(%

% ^#. C 1G X3E) B2! % . 1$% ! !+

':21 .. R 2 Q 1. !C <# qY

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.; BMB A % . 1$% !C !<# ) 8 I hqa 6(%

B 11 C :#] BMB :. %*H @ ':. % + /

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A :. % /* hqa 6(% !. 1$% !<# ) 8 I

) 8> S.) / .; I S.) ':. % + / .; BMB

% hqa 6(% ' :$2 II /1H C )V /1. / √D(τ) !<#

!C X> C R C$5 :#] S.) @ C :. √D(τ) = . ns

':. :. c√D(t) = . m @ % . 1$%

:. Y['Y'a R O T'Y'a -5 5 X3E) :. √D(t) G.

'√DII(τ) = ns

@ % b√DI(τ) = . nsc -) /1H y <# 2@

:. % :. DII(τ) > DI(τ) 1B1 1BH! 'B2! A? ! W1&

Zg 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

-$ 6 R . A? ! .(% R ) ! !C !<

sG ! I /1H ( !/1 1 Q% M Discriminator S.)

'BB > <1

4 6" 1; 6 <! 6 %+1 =! &>8

s ,( d R W" > .. .(% %(% C R 1)O) )V /1. / ;

R)V :C5 % [qa 6(% Q% o J" ?1 C R C$5 DZBM % s

:. R. Rk bnc

sin θ sinϕ =c

d(s − s) bY`'Y'ac

ϕ θ k& :. 'zT[ M /@ A $ @ C1 & :C5

:% " θ k& / B Q:. 2

∆θ =√[(

c

d∆s) +

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A )V 5 R W" /1. / R $.M k& ∆d ∆s ¯cos ϕ = ¯sin ϕ = /

% ∆s =√σi + σsh " ! !C /1. / k& ':. ! C

C )V /1. 11N σsh / <>B. V :1)k 4X σi =√DII(τ) = ns %

/* !<>B. ':. ! C R C$5 :#] % % .. .(% A

" ! C :#] zTTLinsley R O@ -) R O ':. σi < σsh !

5 R ! Q:. B- ! C M .(% R W"

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% 6$ 6(% k

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':. θ R C R 2! r R W" ! C )V n(r, θ) K2 r

J R k R W 1 . % )V O,H /! n(r, θ) ) A .(% A

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% %

∆θ =√(

c

d)[σi + .(+ r/)./n(r)] +

(∆dd

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KOv ! C :#] % k& Qr D? @ ! /* u R O

:#] % k& <1 σi V k& ! C R 2! (? B ':.

W" ,A Ya ) A !.(% 3 x ':. bσshc ! C R C$5

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Q V k& B $X C. ∆θ k& . ':. ∆θ = . @

.. !.(% R K$. Q)e )V ( :1)k 4X ! C RC$5 :#]

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C5) 6 T K2 T *@ Zqa 6(% ' % /* T

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6(% ' !& dqa 6(% % /* " .. R K2 / !& I

Zqa 6(% @W !nB y@ +% % .. I mE dqaa

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Zqa 6(% ! ; ':. n = .± . /1H /C '% <

!sk / 6& y@ +% ?1 ! !C . I 1 1B 12@ !sk

1. C :C5 ' G. T T J3& S@ + ' :.

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i=(lj − ctj) &"#, lj = l − lj 0ctj = c(t − tj) " 6G8 H 034# : I E , %

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Y , X 9: H -" )O!- z = *,$ :## *#$=>

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X = c

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∑αjtj

∑αjβj∑

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∑αj

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αjβj

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∣∣∣∣∣∣∣ K\00aL

Y = c

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∑βjtj

∑αjβj∑

αjtj

∑αj

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣ /∣∣∣∣∣∣∣

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' ?"- # 6$ $ ϕ , θ *, ?": Y , X DP#

θ = tan−(

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Y

X) K\00aL

I dqab 6(% '% 61WM + ! C Y`\\\ X> K1

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/ C 1 2 1E B N / 1 ! G O)R ' :. % . 1 $ % ! !C

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gqa !6(% !I ':. % /* YYqa 6(% % . 1$% !C

% + I Y\qa

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% CB*1 ':. !k& , C G. (1(O ,! R $5 %

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k θh(h) rh(%) k θh(h) rh(%) -

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k θh() rh(%) k θh() rh(%)

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k θh() rh(%) k θh() rh(%) N$?

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R C .. R 61 ) Qϕ . R 2 !B1. / G. q[

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R! ' zYT *(C 1$E ! zY` *(C 1$E ! <# < ':.

(% T\ GeV Y\\ MeU 1 R ; < !*H EGRET

k E B2! *H YZ\ 6% !*H *(C -) !2! B 'z`a:.

R &B% !*H 4) . '* &B% B! 21EBN(O 91E , !<#

Q/5 !& 6% B 'z`h /*(C RMG" (? (EUI) EGRET

i !. QJ !. QbWRc :r 9O !. Qz`ZQ ? 4 !&

':. !*H s , zaTQ a[Q aY & @ Qza\

B2! O; B 6% *(C !X 1 R 1 91] !*H

X !*H 'zaaQ ah % 6$ O,H !. 6$ -. /1W1 h\\ za`

zaZ B% O! 6& *(C !*H :. ( B2! X a\ *(C

6% *(C R &B% !*H ' /*(C ^& &B% !*H

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

UnIdentified EGRET

Young Pulsars

Radio Quied Pulsars

Wolf Rayet stars

Of stars

OB associations

Gould Belt

Y\a 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

zag B.L. Lac 45 Qzad*(C !%& QbAGNc *(C -) !2! Q!3

1& < ?1 <1 ! EGRET !*H -R . 'B% , s

% 1 5 <1 Y\\ TeV <1 ! ; < 'zh\ :. KO5 12 OR.

1 tk. C R ) e )V .(% / zYY BB > ! !C

% +?; ! !C ! , R W1. %8; !+3 'z[h (% !C

'zhdQ h`Q hTQ hZQ h[Q hY :.

<# ! 61WM 4). <# ' 1!& m% !,* /1H 4) <#

'% !& 7 l pM ?1 >B <# '1; . / l 4CH

6)% +%.1 E=>=U

61(* I) A 6(% b× × cmc (1.3 .. .(% CH

! '; :# tk. A !/.. R ! '% [Yqa 6(% :. %

! W& tk. ':. ; . Ya sG ?) W 6(% ! A A /..

R (EMI 9813KB) PMT A bBahmanabadi 1998c % % 1G. n A

!C (1(O mE [Yqa 6(% ':. ; 6(% ! A

.. .(% A )V A 6 ) $X f '! /* % :$e / S.) !

$X )V Q$X R)V :C5 -B,1. R B 'B 1O -B,1. A E PMT

Blazars

Galaxy Clusters

B.L. Lac Objects

Y\h 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

RBB :@ A S.) !PMT 6& 5& ! ':. 2 /.. 6& )V $X 6M

:@ ! A A fj. '% :@ b×c $ A bCAEN N412c O d I.

-@ :. % 1oB mV bCAEN N413Ac O d 1Br1(2 A %

1Br1(2 ! ':. % 1oB 5 Rk@ 1Br1(2 ! R . 'B

':. 6L) bCAEN N455c @kB ?! A C ( 5&

R] ! y% ' ,. b. -) c ! y% -X !

R W" A .. .(% CH 4 ! R)V A :. %

bORTEC 566cbTACc B / -) $ A 1Br1(2 5& 1) 'B $X ns

R% .(% !5& '% . :. % 1oB ns 6 1@ A

TAC3 TAC2 Start ! [ R % .(% 5& TAC1 Start `

Y R% .(% 5& TAC2 Stop T R% .(% 5& '% 6"

-) $ A UE TAC . !5& fj. '% 6" TAC3 TAC1 Stop !

'% . BH O BH ;61WM A fj. (ADC) -1> DO

-) @kB R W1. !TAC B% % ! !.(% R !

1j A R W1. bY[c bT[c QbY`c !.(% ! 1 J3& . %

Discriminator

f" )6 :) " 6 TStopU ; (Start) 7 " gW&- TAC

gW&- )6 W( 8 3 ? ,- F)- b&4 = f" ! ? ns W( 8 TAC =

. V . V A V ,h)- ]") ? &? F 0< " ns ns A ns ,

:? ,-

Analog to Digital Converter

Y\Z 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

EGRET !*H R!* < (1(O < < [Yqa 6(%

:$e ! C A + B '% & T Y K1 - .

';

1oB R ! 'B; < /1H R W1. !,* G K1

' R 1v /2( !,* K1 bEc 1) bEc 1O) !,*

' . m× . m E . m× . m R E

V1(W7 >=>=U

! C ! bGreenwich Mean Timec UWk / !.(% 1 % :$e ! J3&

:$e A1(O 'zhg /! GMT & 1j '% :$e 4& R /BX

6@2 % 1&V !:$e ' :$e A 1e \\aa ! - E 1e Yd[

:$e / J3& . ! ! C A ; ':. ! !C 5 4X 5

Y\d 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

UWk / QG"1v G" !:$e +% < ! s% / B '% !&

! 1!& EW# ! !C !& ' 1!& :. CBC !

R & aTg\Z ! !C 6 E 'B2! ; ! !& C1

' 1e & \Y\Za -) < & nB! S.) B ' 1e a\Y`h\ <

! /* Q I A & U !& 1 ! J3& I

R X YZTZha !& 6 E 'zZ\:. 3 !

' 1 e & \\agdh / & S.) nB! B ' 1 e [g\[daZ <

-$ 6 !& <u ' <u -$ 6 ! ^#. & !

<u B] '% % 5 / !.(% CH 1 & ! B2!

RX> .5 f B ' J8 ?1 <1 .. R !&

5 C % :$e & Y[\TTY `hTT` K1 E E AH

H Q:21 :C5 ! !C A A .B% R /H ' :.

O, 91E !& nB! R2@ % 1 R . B1#

:. ≤ E ≤ TeV R C1

J(E) = .× −E−. + .×

−E−. − .× − bTY'T'ac

@ . :. E TeV E TeV 1 !.

?1 31! J 91E ; ':. YT[ TeV g` TeV K1 < S.) !

Y\g 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

zYY !& :. < h\ TeV `\ TeV 1 !. 1B G.

F (≤ E) ≈ × −

(E

TeV

)−γ &cm.sr.s

bT['T'ac

,! R R W1. % :$e C1 ! !& I >

4). DO !*H !* zh[Q hY ? + B :. ;/2!

'% G. E E< ! + ' EGRET

:. % B . " 61WM 6 R )

+ G. & ! bφc .. bzc . QW)M L) # R $.M qY

'% 4> C L) # !.(% 1 !/ J3& 2 Q)

X C C ! !C .. . !I . q[

'!&

L) # G. & ! bbDecc 61 bRAc ic . L) # R $.M qT

$.M & ! *(C # fj. ' 6) M 1N5 X & ! UWk / QWM)

'% $.M [\\\ -. !. . b*(C bbc X blc -Ec %

k& ! G. EGRET . !*H k& 1# q`

'

! % !C . ! !C ,! I A . 1$% qa

':. % ; o < R% &B% ! 4 . 1$% QC1

DO !*H :1)) ! !*H :1)) ! . qh

:1) C / 1 fj. zZY Li Ma S.) % 7 + G. QEGRET 4) .

YY\ 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

'TeV R EGRET !*H

+B % , %;- GH; +: 8 9-

zTa ) + '(φ).. bzc . B$X W)M L) #

'% K@ :# R MG" A C R C$5 $.M ' G. φ z R $.M

E

tan(z) =

√X + Y

−X − Y , tan(φ) =

Y

XbTT'T'ac

X = c

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∑xojtoj

∑xojyoj

∑yojtoj

∑yoj

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣/

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∑xoj

∑xojyoj

∑xojyoj

∑yoj

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣bT`'T'ac

Y = c

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∑yojtoj

∑xojyoj

∑xojtoj

∑xoj

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣/

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∑xoj

∑xojyoj

∑xojyoj

∑yoj

∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣bTa'T'ac

.(% 1j J3& toj = tj − t− o L) # Doj = Dj − Do = xoj i+ yoj j

C :X. B2! 1)$2 )V /H :. )V :X. ?1 c Q:. I5 .(% :$2

! R2; !C /H '% K@ :X. :. :X. A? W1& W1&

_2 ?1 X 6 ! B% C5) 6 6 <1

' % *H ! C 61WM :. l B

YYY 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

% 8 +B , %0I 6 %+ K"

A ':. ;/2! $@ ! /* ! !C . R I [[qaa 6(%

'% :$2 1 21EBN /1 % !* B5qO% ;/2!

z`` + " I A I

f(φ) = Aφ +Bφ cos(φ− ϕ) + Cφ cos(φ− ϕ) bTh'T'ac

K1 !:e ?1 ϕ ϕ 'B2! Yd` Y[Z\ QY`aYh K1 Cφ Bφ QAφ

'B2!

!C zYY B 11N ) % .. R <? 5 :#] >

':. % /* [[qab 6(% ,2 z @ ) ?1 !

nB! '% Ok E E !< B K1 ;5 E !I

1BH! ':. D? E< B K1 H :. E E ! !C

.. R W12G I 'B 2! ! 1 $% W1& ?1 E E .. I

U E E l + dN = Az sin z cosn zdz I ! R X>

Qn = . Az = G" [ 6(% 'B% ,A & W1&

!< !C .. R S.) @ , oB 'B2! n = . Az =

* B K1 l /H ':. . . K1 E E

8O :1)! ?1 ? @ B2! ! & W1& U ,A 1$% W1&

E R . D? R X> A I5 ! R X>

YY[ 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

I bbzc.. bφc.c W)M L) # % :$e !& I [[qa 6(%

:. % + ]

YYT 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

' :. :. TgTeV

+B % , %.LM, 6 %+ GH; +: 8 9-

(z, φ) W)M L) # R W1. bRA,Decc ! C ! . L) # R $.M W

8 / " (λ) < 4> 6M U1 1N5 X / -X / UWk /

:.

sin(Dec) = sinλ cos z + cos λ sin z cosφ bTZ'T'ac

sin(HA) = − sinφ sin z/ cos(Dec), bTd'T'ac

cos(HA) =cos z − sinλ sin(Dec)

cos λ cos(Dec)bTg'T'ac

LST = LST + α(ZT − ZT), b`\'T'ac

RA = LST −HA b`Y'T'ac

/ Q X . R K 1 LST ZT QHA Qα = . S

R oMO > / 1%& / LST ZT 1BH! ':. 6W)M > / 1%&

Hour Angle

Solar Time

Local Sidereal Time

YY` 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

b × c !& *(C L) # % :$e ! R*@ [Tqa 6(%

:. . L) # G. ?1 *(C L) # 'zha :. < s%

z? % $.M " [\\\ -. !.

sin b = sin(Dec) sin δNGP + cos(Dec) cos(RA− a) b`['T'ac

sin(l − l) = sin(Dec) cos δNGP / cos b, b`T'T'ac

cos(l − l) = cos(Dec) cos(RA− a)/ cos b b``'T'ac

:. I 'zhh :. l = . a = . QδNGP = . S

':. [Tqa 6(% b × !& c *(C L) # ! !C

North Galactic Pole

YYa 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

%.LM, GH; +: % LN =! &:

% $.M k& *(C L) # ! C ! L) # R $.M

/ :1)k 4X 6% :. < k& ! % !k& '1 L) #

? ? .. .(% 1 % 9 R W" '% % :$e ! C ! L) #

BH ?1 .(% ! L) # :) B] ':. × × cm .(% ! R :.

':. ∆d ∼= m ! C ! )e )V ( L) # :) B ':. .

:$e k& A1(O k& QC RC$5 :#] % & ! R% ; / k&

! UWk / k& ':. z`` ∆t ∼= ns -) % k& ':.!& /

!k& ':. 1j ! :$e nB! % :. ∆T = . s % :$e ! C

' 5 S.) . !*H *(C L) # 1)k 4X

:. m% !k& R $.M 6

'2; ! C ! . . QW)M L) # k& R $.M qY

'*H ! R!* k& R $.M q[

Y\\\ <1 4 ' !k& 1 JM S.) / :. qT

' . :% bFOVc /1 R*H

<u !& R W1. % 4> ;5 E E E $.M

'% / C /%R%

Field Of View

YYh 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

:. 1 Y 6(% R.B!

sin z sinφ =c

d(t − t) b`a'T'ac

sin z cosφ =c

d(t − t) b`h'T'ac

I) IW] R d :. .(% ! C ! R% :$e !/ !ti S

':.

:. u u 1; U* R W1. .. . k&

∆z = A∆/ cos z +B∆ tan z b`Z'T'ac

∆φ = A∆/ sin z b`d'T'ac

U * *(C . L) # !k& ':. B∆ = ∆d/d A∆ = c∆t/d

O) I A y ; ':. :. l(RA,Dec) b(RA,Dec) QRa(z, φ,T) QDec(z, φ) 1;

, % T v Qu !

y = y(u, v, T ) , |∆y| =

√(dy

du)∆u + (

dy

dv)∆v + (

dy

dT)∆T b`g'T'ac

R $.M dy/dT = Ra(z, φ,T) R $.M α = . dy/dT = α

':. l(RA,Dec) b(RA,Dec) QDec(z, φ)

s% - k& ∆Ω = cos b∆l *H ! R% !* R k&

! :. k& u 61WM ':. re ∼= √∆Ω/π re

W)M L) # ! !C O '! :. CB ! C &

YYZ 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

4 k& R B ':. % . R *H ! R !C. G

!k& S.) @ fj. Q $.M *H ! y !&

k& R !& R ! > O ' :. 1)O) k& /BX &

? k& R 5 !& 4 S.) B <@ *H R *

S.) @ C '% ; o E R *H k& /BX re s% *H

IW] R /H '% ; o *(C L) # *H ! k& /BX % ;

;5 E *H ! $.M B G E E <

< ! R% <u ! :$2 :. S.) @ % ( E E

> ':. Y -5 % . !*H C k& '% /

S.) @ A JE !?1& : $@ E 9W# !*H !k& !s%

bFOVc /1 R *H bY\\\c?! <1 % V $.M B '

S.) @ 1; o < k& /BX / S.) @ (

' :. re = . ± .

$ O 8LP. 6 Q"$ " &9

*(C L) # ! !C I 9W# !/ /. G !oB K$.

*H ! W)M L) # 11N % oB R *@ 11N ' !# :&B(

< 6 / / uE K$. < 9W# /*(C R ;5 R!* 1BH!

+3 B '% *(C L) # :. ! R *@ &B( K$.

YYd 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

b × c !& *(C L) # % .1$% ! R*@ [`qa 6(%

R >1 ! 4 '1! <! & @ 6X e

1$% A [[qa 6(% % /* 5 ! ; o 61& <

:#] e ] :21 :&A φ I % [`qa 6(% ' .

Yhhhha < R% :$e ! R*@ ':. C 12 9W# .. ?1 5

& 1! @1 G. Oq: + B % :$e &

" !& ' . *(C L) # / R *@ >

_#

' _# G" bzc .. qY

' _# bφc . q[

& \Y\Za E c ! !C :$e nB! ; o / RE X qT

?1 !< q R 22; ! B] ' _# b1e & \\agdh E 1e

YYg 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

'; oB !_#

× ! & :) C S.) R *@ % ( [a\\ )

X *@ 5 X ':. % /* ` 6(% :. *(C L) #

'B2! \\\Y :) @1@

,.$ &; QA 6 EGRET LN %

':. Y\\\\ TeV `\ TeV ! s R W1. % :$e !C R

e t1ML f ':. ;/2! ,! 3 /*(C C1 ! I R

' B% EGRET !*H % B ] < -$ oB

!& !*H ) ' G. I5 /BX z`a EGRET 4). DO

S.) !* 6 !*H .5 'B% R /1 O$ 6

! y R & & fj. % *H ! !& !& Q

B :. `Zgd ! R & +% S.) @ /H '1 !*H 4

Ya <1 R & +% *H gd S@ /1 !* 6 R *H YaY

% 1$% ? + A ' 4> C & !. _# √.

& ! R*@ -) 4 ' ?1 zh[Q hY ?1 3 $ :$) R S.)

@ G" 1v !& RX $@ :. R*@ ' 12@ oB R*@ & &

C5) 6 ?1& : !& O !*H y !& ?> Q Y JE

`Zgd & & 5 R *@ ?1& : !& J8 ' A :$2

Y[\ 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

*(C L) # ; 4> .1$% S.) % t1ML ! R *@ [aqa 6(%

b × c !&

% % t1ML R*@ ' . 4& R% t1ML R*@ K1 ' _]

b:. C !& c % 91] " oB R*@ @EB

!+% 4 R 6X K1 t1ML ':. <1 !?1&

B X Yhhhha < % :$e !& /H ' I5 ! 4& oB R*@

> ' J8 oB R *@ 91] UEB ; !&

'% Yhhhha & W1& :) % t1ML oB R *@ !& I5

\Za\ :. C%% % J8 !& u R . A :)M

/* [aqa 6(% :. % t1ML oB R*@ K1 ' oB R*@ &

':. %

' /* C5) 6 &A *(C L) # :. R *@

. % :$2 ; !*H B 91] !B,!

Y[Y 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

! !C R% t1ML !& 4 ( R *H ! :1)! 1# '

; O !& 6% I5 *H ? re s% 1

'bnsc % % ?1 G" 1v !& @kB 1BH! 'bNonc :. B1 !&

s% @W % t1ML oB R *@ % :$e !& 6 B1 J8

% C G" 1v !& bNoffc % 1 ?1 *H re 5& s% √re W&

zZY% $.M Li Ma + G. *H :1)! 'bnbc %

S =Non − αNoff√Non + αNoff

, α =ns

nb. ba\'T'ac

:. % + " .; A *H gd :1)! I

f(σ) = aσ exp(−(σ − bσ)

cσ) baY'T'ac

Q.± . K1 cσ bσ Qaσ @ + ':. % /* h 6(%

:1)! I . fj. ' :. .± . .± .

C :1)! Q _# EGRET R *H gd * k% O1& R *H gd\\\

1B1 6(% '% [hqa 6(% . C I $.M

:1)! R $.M R ) 'Y\\Y 1 JM \\`` S.) -i I A I

?> :. EGRET R *H gd !:1)! R $.M R ) 1$% W1& O1& R *H gd\\\

, Rk B ] !& 1v !*H .. 'AH G A

zZY G. % 7 1v !*H

Y[[ 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

R *5 gd bac > R *H gd\\\ :1)! K2 !& I [hqa 6(%

bbc EGRET R% ._

Y[T 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

EGRET 4. DO R%!* !*H gqa -5

t t Flux z re () σtot σE σE bd ld ID b l T3EG JU$1√ √ ^@P eY eP ZP YP >Z −@Z >X A −@ZY >X^e^ 0237+1635 >

Y ePX eY >ZX >Y >^X −e >X −XP^ >X^@ 0407+1710

P ^Z eYZ Z ^P >>> −@ >Y −@Y >Y>ZY 0426+1333 @

>e> @Z X>P >Z> >@ >eP @@ >^Y a @^^ >^X> 0808+5114 e√ √ eYX >XZ ee@ >@ >@P >> ^^ >YP A ^XPe >ZZ 1104+3809 X

e> ee>e e^ @e@ >YY e@ Y >e Z@Y >e 1308+8744 ^√ e@> Z e^ >> >XX >X@ e @ A e>PX @X> 1608+1055

>@P >^>Z ee >Z> >^P >PX > ^> P>e ^eZ 1824−3441 Y

YX> YPX X>^ >ZX >^ >PZ −>Y X A −>>Y X^> 2036+1132 Z√ Yee PeP eX >Y^ >^P >eX − Y> A −X^X Y>Y@ 209+2401 >P

0jUTk ' ' B $ ) @ B CASA-MIA 8) JZ " 1 ! ' @ . 6 + $ ) + AGN J0721 7 J0237 +! HS

'j?k ''B "? GeV 8, 9 , : +!HS -@d!, EGRET Y# $)+!HS

S =Non − αNoff√α(Non +Noff )

, α =ns

nb. ba['T'ac

LN .L. %J+ %** %

>25 B Q! /* L&% % R *H 1! oB R% t1ML R *@

2; ! !C ! S.) Ok ! R !*H

R ,22; :. 5 6 ( ) ' G. I5 /BX EGRET 4) . DO

Y\\ MeV EGRET . R ':. R Ok R EGRET

Y[` 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

!*H 1BH >25 B QY\\\\ TeV `\ TeV R :. T\ GeV

EGRET R :. C 91E A !*H 1% 1 /!

! QB.L. Lacertae 45 Q!Blazar 6x B% % . R

G ! !*H > ', ! :&A 91E

A R EGRET R*H ! JE /. /( A @1 55

!*H y . R% 55 !b l '1*; *H -$ 55 bc 5

Y <1 :1)! *H ! JE B '% /* Y -5 EGRET

' _# / :1)! *1 :1) /M × R & d

X B=>=U

%.LM, GH; +: $ & &*

1 / M $k R. 1 G '8; $k R. (? 1 / M

B ':. re *(C L) # R :) S.) AH a $@

R. *(C X -E '% ; o 1 / M /BX $k R. 61WM

':. O% N ?1 /C 1N5 X ':. . . K1 $k

[[qa 6(% ; o ':. $k R . .. 1 R f

$k R. B ' _# 61WM .. R !&

6(% '% [Zqa 6(% % !* .. R !& / JE

Flat-Spectrum radio quazars

Y[a 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

*(C L) # × !& !& .. R S.) [Zqa 6(%

[[qa 6(% ':. !* 6 R @k B C % [[qa

D? l ≈ − (× − ( −)) ≈ AH *(C !-E %

K1 1! 'B2! !* 6 91] E l ≈ + (× − ) ≈

AH !X /1 o 91] R @kB ?1 *(C X

6 91] ?1 b ≈ + ( − ) ≈ D? b ≈ − ( − ) ≈ −

'B2! !*

E 6 EQ"$ 6 R; L LN 8BP

4). DO S.) % +?; !*H /% +?; !*H 55 )

':& 1!& Ya <1 :1)) ! !*H -$ % 7 6$ <# EGRET

a Ya <1 :1)! *H YT /1 . R *H gd K1

Y[h 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

1 % !* ! :1)! K$. '% !* B2! ?1 [ <1 C

!?1& : :. C R>1 O !?1& 1e - :.

E E E !*H 1% 4> *H YT ?1 , :2

E "L# !X> (H K$. 5 ) ' . ;5

C :1)! *H Y\ B ' 5 A <1 !:1)!

!2! !*H X a #$%& ':. Y <1 E E Ya <1 ! s>

'B2! &B% !*H 1)@ O *(C -) R 2! A , ( Q *(C -)

*(C -) !2! C hh EGRET 4). DO R *H [ZY s> :. O

'B2!

S $ &; EGRET LN T 2 +B % , ! K"

*(C L) # × !& !& X% I . o

$@ @kB :*! '% :# R B1 A .; I A " 1$E !*H

R @kB '√/re s% -) R @kB ' 5 *H ! JE 2 !&

, R @W <% K1 1! '√/re 5& s%

√/re W& s% @W 4)

!& !& X%k.) I ' 5 ,A 2 $@ !:2

/* [dqa 6(% Y -5 % +?; R *H Y\ O1& R *H gd\\\ ×

:. " :# I A . .; I A " !I ':. %

f(re) = ar + br exp(−re /cr ) baT'T'ac

Y[Z 9: 7%;$ < = >( /0$0 ?

> !*H JE × !& !& X% I . [dqa 6(%

bbc u :1)! !*H bac

!*H !BMB I + cr br Qar @

Y`\h Q`[a\ 1 BH! \gdYhd \YZ[dT Q``Z`a K1 EGRET !*H

' :. \gaYT

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Sharif University of Technology

Department of Physics

PhD Dissertation

Investigation of Gamma-Rays and

Cosmic-Rays :

Via Extensive Air Showers, using a Small Scintillation

Detector array

by

Mehdi Khakian Ghomi

Supervisor: Prof. Jalal Samimi

Advisor: Dr. Mahmoud Bahmanabadi

2004