Coseriu Eugenio- Introduccion a La Linguistica

8/14/2019 Coseriu Eugenio- Introduccion a La Linguistica

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CLRXEB[OOCL D ID

ICLJ_RCOD

K[JKLCE OE_KXC[


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8

lbcok

PXKICGCLDXK_,

C EHMKRE BK ID ICLJ_RCOD

CC KI IKLJ[DMK

CCC KI DORE ICLJ_RCOE

CQ ID IKLJ[D

Q ID XKDICBDB BKI IKLJ[DMK

QC IKLJ[D S _EOCKBDB

QCC _CLOXELD S BCDOXELD

QCCC ID_ OCKLOCD_ ICLJ_RCOD_

C^ AELRCOD

HCHICEJXDAD K_KLOCDI


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PXKICGCLDXK_

LERD BK PXK_KLRDOCL BK ID KBCOCL GKMCODLD.43>?#

Ksrk ichxe bki pxeaksex K{jklce Oeskxc{ a{k p{hicodbe pex

pxcgkxd qk} kl 43;4,4

Rxkclrd des bksp{s) oelskxqd rebe s{

qdiex) oesd sclj{idx kl l{ksrxd peod) pxeoicqk d cgpxeqcsdocelks

d ids xkorcacodocelks e ies xkp{bces oelscj{cklrks, Ie t{k nd

scbe hckl oelokhcbe hckl nkone gdlrcklk s{ ie}dld d rxdqs bk

ies des, Ks ki odse bk ksrd ehxd, Pex kiie) ki Oklrxe bk

Icljsrcod Ncsplcod id xkkbcrd dnexd) oege rksrcgelce bk idqdicbk} bk id beorxcld icljsrcod k~p{ksrd pex K{jklce Oeskxc{

kl s{ klreloks d gdb{xd m{qklr{b, Ks beorxcld ksklocdi) kl

g{ones odses dgpicdbd pxkocsdbd pex ki d{rex kl s{s i{gcleses

rxdhdmes pesrkxcexks,

M[DL G, IEPK HIDLON

4Kl kbcocl gcgkejxacod g{ icgcrdbd) oege pxcgkxd pdxrk bk {l gdl{di bksrcldbe d ies

ksr{bcdlrks bk icljsrcod bki Clsrcr{re bk Pxeaksexks Dxrcjds) bk Gelrkqcbke,


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_EHXK K_RD KBCOCL

4, Nk bkhcbe clscsrcx g{one dlrk Oeskxc{ pdxd t{kacldigklrk dookbckxd d t{k ksrd ehxd sk kbcrk kl oelbcocelks t{k

pkxgcrdl {ld bca{scl gs dgpicd, Ki pext{ bk id qdocidocl bkid{rex ks oidxe= ki ichxe t{k pxksklrdges s{xjc kl 43;4 oel {l

pxepscre g{ gebksre= ki bk k~pelkx ids oesds gs kikgklrdiksbk id ocklocd bki iklj{dmk d ksr{bcdlrks bk pxcgkx de) a{r{xes

pxeaksexks bk klskdl}d gkbcd kl dij{le bk l{ksrxes pdsks6 bks{kxrk t{k ldoc) le pdxd skx p{hicodbe) scle oege gdrkxcdiclrkxle bk {xjklocd pdxd pelkx kl gdxond oel t{ a{kx}d$

ie t{k i{kje sk oelqkxrcxd kl {l jxdl oklrxe bk beoklocd kclqksrcjdocl kl ids bcqkxsds xdgds bk id icljsrcod= ki bk

Gelrkqcbke .bcxcjcbe pex Oeskxc{ bk 43;4 d 431?#, Pkxe)xkoele}ogesie) ksk gercqe le oelsrcr{d dxj{gklre s{acocklrkaxklrk d id odicbdb bk ksrk rk~re .sklociie) pxea{lbe) xcoe kl

s{jkxklocds#, Gk dbnckxe) p{ks) scl xkskxqd d ids dokxrdbdspdidhxds bk pxksklrdocl bki beorex M{dl G, Iepk Hidlon) d

t{ckl kl xkdicbdb bkhkges ki t{k ksrds pjclds bk Oeskxc{) rdlrkgpxdldgklrk gdjcsrxdiks) nddl qcsre id i{} phicod.pxehdhikgklrk oel id gcsgd dorcr{b xkgcsd pex pdxrk bk i

rdghcl dlrk id pxcgkxd kbcocl cgpxksd bk s{ ehxd#, Qdd) p{ks)l{ksrxe djxdbkocgcklre bk id kbcrexcdi ge pxepce di

Oklrxe bk Icljsrcod Ncsplcod bk id [lcqkxscbdb LdoceldiD{rlegd bk G~coe) bcxcjcbe pex ki ci{srxk ncspdlcsrd dlrks

gkloceldbe) pex d{rexc}dxles d ndokx l{kqd kbcocl bki ichxe

oelrxch{cx ds d bcq{ijdx ids sdlds cbkds t{k ie dlcgdl,

8, Rxds gdlkmdx kl oidsk b{xdlrk dij{les des) oel di{gles

bk pxcgkx o{xse) id ehxd bk Oeskxc{ Ikoocelks bk icljsrcod

jklkxdi .kl ksrd gcsgd kbcrexcdi) 43>4#) dbqkxr klskj{cbd) dioeleokx ki rk~re bk Clrxeb{oocl kl s{ kbcocl gkmcodld) t{k sk

rxdrd bk ehxds oegpikgklrdxcds, Xkdigklrk) Ikoocelks) d{lt{koelscbkxdbd pex s{ d{rex oege {ld kspkock bk clrxeb{oocl d id

icljsrcod) le ks) lc g{one gkles) ehxd pdxd pxclocpcdlrks .sdiqet{k ies di{gles o{klrkl oel {l pxeaksex t{k pdxscgelcesdgklrk

qdd k~picolbeid odpr{ie rxds odpr{ie#, Odxorkx bk clcocdocl


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peskk) kl odghce) kl piklcr{b ksrd Clrxeb{oocl) t{k) pex

oelscj{cklrk) p{kbk rdghcl pxkpdxdx ki rkxxkle pdxd {l gkmex

dpxeqkondgcklre bk Ikoocelks, _k oelsrcr{k) p{ks) oel ksrds

bes ehxds) {ld s{kxrk bk rxdrdbe bk rkexd bki iklj{dmk

icljsrcod jklkxdi kl bes pdxrks= {ld sklociid) odsc sclbcaco{irdbks) ksrcg{idlrk) excklrdbexd) erxd g{ bklsd d

pxepcdgklrk {lcqkxscrdxcd kl id clrklocl bk Oeskxc{) t{k

kond skj{xds dloids kl ki odgpe bk id clqksrcjdocl sk pidlrd

bkocbcbdgklrk kl ki oklrxe bk ids klox{ocmdbds bk id ocklocd

icljsrcod,

?, Bksbk ksrk p{lre bk pdxrcbd oegl odhx xkdic}dx kl ki

a{r{xe oerkmes) oeexbcldocelks qdxcds) kro,) klrxk ids bes ehxds )

kl jklkxdi) klrxk ksrk gdl{di clrxeb{orexce ids bkgs

p{hicodocelks bki d{rex) bk gdlkxd t{k o{dit{ckxd bk ies dspkoresrxdrdbes kl i dpdxk}od oel rebds ids xkakxklocds beorxcldiks

hchicejxacods t{k) kl erxes i{jdxks bk s{ ehxd oelm{lrd)

bksdxxeiidl e oegpikrdl ksds cbkds ksklocdiks, _c le sk nd

xkdic}dbe rdi idhex kl id pxksklrk kbcocl) ks) bk {l idbe) pext{k

rebdqd t{kbdl g{ones rxdhdmes pex p{hicodx .dij{les d kl

pxeokse kbcrexcdi# oelqcklk kspkxdx d t{k id ehxd bk Oeskxc{ sk

ndiik kbcrexcdigklrk skbcgklrdbd ) bk erxe) pext{k iikqdx dnexd d

odhe rdi epkxdocl ndhxd xkrxdsdbe oelscbkxdhikgklrk id

p{hicodoclbk ksrd Clrxeb{oocl rdl {xjklrkgklrk lkoksdxcd) d{l

oege clsrx{gklre bcborcoe, Ki ichxe sk xkkbcrd) pex rdlre) sie

oel oexxkoocelks bk bkrdiik .sehxk rebe) bk k~pxkscl#) pkxe scl

lclj{ld gebcacodocl ksklocdi k cloi{se scl dor{dic}docl

hchicejxacod .ids peods clbcodocelks ddbcbds d ksrk xkspkore sk

ndl p{ksre klrxk oexonkrks#,

2, Ksre ircge) rdghcl pex ki clrkxs t{k ki rk~re pxksklrd

pdxd id ncsrexcd xkocklrk bk id bcsocpicld . le sie kl l{ksrxes

pdsks#) pxkocsdgklrk kl id aexgd kl t{k sk p{hicod, Kl kakore) kl

gegklres kl t{k kl id rkexd kpcsrkgeiejd bki iklj{dmk kl

id ncsrexcd bk id icljsrcod sk g{kqkl ids oesds) d qkoks) oel

k~okscqd okikxcbdb axcqeicbdb) les pdxkok pdxrco{idxgklrk

epexr{le pxegeqkx id bcq{ijdocl kl s{ aexgd pxcgkxd excjcldi

bk {ld ehxd a{lbdgklrdi) ksre ks) bk {ld ehxd kl id t{k ies

a{lbdgklres bk {ld ocklocd sk ndiidl k~p{ksres oel klqcbcdhik

oidxcbdb) le xkcbd oel id pxea{lbcbdb) belbk pebkges

kloelrxdx id t{clrdksklocd bk rebe ki o{kxpe beorxcldi t{k s{


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1

d{rex nd qklcbe bksdxxeiidlbe) oel lerdhik oenkxklocd) kl iesg{ones des pesrkxcexks bk rxdhdme scsrkgrcoe, Nk dt{) p{ks)ids xdoks gs sklociids bki pklsdgcklre ocklracoe bk {l jxdlicljcsrd) bk {ld jxdl kso{kid= ki a{loceldicsge xkdicsrd,

Gdbxcb) m{ice bk 43>1,ME_ PEIE


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C

EHMKRE BK ID ICLJ_RCOD

Oelokpres a{lbdgklrdiks= iklj{dmk) iklj{d) dore icljsrcoe, Kioelokpre bk csejiesd Icljsrcod acieiejd, Icljsrcod jklkxdi)

icljsrcod rkxcod) rkexd bki iklj{dmk,

4, Id pxcgkxd rdxkd bk rebd ocklocd ks bkaclxskid s gcsgd)

ks bkocx) bkaclcx s{ ehmkre) s{ diodlok s{s igcrks, Id icljsrcod)

iidgdbd rdghcl ocklocd bki iklj{dmk) jiereiejd e jieseiejd .ax,

iclj{csrct{k e socklok b{ idljdjk) cr, icljcsrcod e jierreiejcd)

dikg, _pxdonzcssklsondar) clji, iclj{csrcos# ) oel gkles

pxepckbdb) rdghcl acieiejd) acieiejd oegpdxdbd) jxdgrcod

oegpdxdbd) ks id ocklocd t{k ksr{bcd bksbk rebes ies p{lres bk

qcsrd peschiks ki iklj{dmk n{gdle dxrco{idbe) kl jklkxdi kl ids

aexgds kspkoacods kl t{k sk xkdic}d) ks bkocx) kl ies dores

icljsrcoes kl ies scsrkgds bk csejiesds t{k) rxdbcoceldigklrke pex oelqklocl) sk iidgdl iklj{ds,

8,4, Nd qdxces p{lres t{k doidxdx kl id bkaclcocl t{k sk

dodhd bk bdx) ie o{di ndxkges g{ pxelre, Ehskxqkges) pex ki

gegklre) t{k bk ksrd bkaclcocl xks{ird) kl pxcgkx i{jdx) t{k id

icljsrcod bk ies icljcsrds) ks bkocx) id icljsrcod oege ocklocd)

le bkhk oela{lbcxsk oel ki oeleocgcklre pxorcoe bk ies cbcegds,

Ki icljcsrd ksr{bcd) scl b{bd) ies cbcegds) pkxe le pdxddpxklbkxies6 ks bkocx t{k ies ksr{bcd ocklracodgklrk= oege

aklgkles) le oege clsrx{gklres, Ds) pdxd skdidx {l odse

igcrk) sk pebxd bkocx t{k {ld pkxseld p{kbk sdhkx {l seie

cbcegd .dt{ki kl t{k s{kik k~pxksdxsk= s{ clsrx{gklre# skx

icljcsrd) gcklrxds t{k erxds p{kbkl sdhkx g{onscges cbcegds

le skx gs t{k peijieres, Kl pdxrco{idx) ki icljcsrd le pxkocsd


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kl dhsei{re sdhkx ndhidx ki cbcegd t{k ksr{bcd bksbk ki p{lre bkqcsrd ocklracoe) d{lt{k d gkl{be ie dpxklbd) pdxd adocicrdxsk id

clqksrcjdocl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) {l icljcsrd t{k le oele}od ki

j{dxdl) pebx) scl b{bd) ksoxchcx {ld jxdgrcod ocklracod bki

j{dxdl) gcklrxds t{k lclj{le bk ies clbcqcb{es t{k ndhidlj{dxdl pebx ndokxie sc le ks icljcsrd, Ksrds bcsrclocelks

p{kbkl pdxkokx rxcqcdiks) pkxe le ie sel sc sk pcklsd kl ids

oela{scelks d t{k ies rxgcles icljcsrd icljsrcod

oeglgklrk sk pxksrdl= d ies icljcsrds sk iks pxkj{lrd g{onds

qkoks t{ o{lres cbcegds sdhkl) gcklrxds t{k id lcod

pxkj{lrd m{srcacodbd skxd kl ki ksr{bce bk t{k cbcegds sk eo{pdl)

sehxk rebe pext{k ies cbcegds bk ies icljcsrds le sel) oege

qkxkges) ies cbcegds bk ies peijieres, T{kbk) p{ks) ksrdhikocbe

t{k id icljsrcod le oeclocbk oel ki oeleocgcklre bk ids iklj{ds

t{k ki icljcsrd le ks {l scgpik oeleokbex bk cbcegds,

8,8,4, Erxd oela{scl d t{k sk pxksrd ki rxgcle icljsrcod

t{k d le ks q{ijdx) lc rdgpeoe clm{srcacodbd ks id

oela{scl oel id acieiejd, Kl ksrk odse) id oela{scl oexxkspelbk

d erxe lcqki sk m{srcacod rdlre pex ids daclcbdbks klrxk ids bes

ocklocds oege pex ki nkone bk t{k d qkoks ki rxgcle acieiejd sk

kgpikd kakorcqdgklrk pdxd bkscjldx ocklocds icljsrcods) d{lt{k

id rklbklocd dor{di skd id bk kicgcldx ksk {se, B{xdlrk g{one

rckgpe) {ld xdgd bk id icljsrcod) id jxdgrcod oegpdxdbd) sk nd

iidgdbe acieiejd oegpdxdbd, Kl pdxrco{idx kl Cljidrkxxd) ksrk

ircge rxgcle .oegpdxdrcqk pncieiej# sk kgpikd rebdqd pdxd

bkscjldx id jxdgrcod oegpdxdbd ) d qkoks) cloi{se pdxd

bkscjldx d rebd id icljsrcod) kl i{jdx bki rxgcle gs dpxepcdbe

iclj{csrcos, Kl Crdicd id icljsrcod sk iidgd gs hckl jierreiejcd

.bki jx, jirrd) iklj{d#) pext{k ds sk iidgd id dscjldr{xd bk

icljsrcod jklkxdi kl ids {lcqkxscbdbks) gs xdxdgklrk

icljcsrcod6 pkxe ids icljsrcods kspkocdiks sk iidgdl d gkl{be

acieiejd) pext{k ds sk oelrcldl iidgdlbe ids oexxkspelbcklrks

gdrkxcds kl ids {lcqkxscbdbks= ds) pex kmkgpie) sk iidgdl

acieiejd xegdl}d acieiejd jkxglcod ids dscjldr{xds bk

icljsrcod xeglcod jkxglcod bk icrkxdr{xds xeglcods

jkxglcods .sehxk rebe) dlrcj{ds#,


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8,8,8, Kl sklrcbe ksrxcore) pex acieiejd sk klrcklbk ne

oeglgklrk id oxrcod bk ies rk~res ) kl {l sklrcbe gs dgpice)

id ocklocd bk rebds ids claexgdocelks t{k sk bkb{okl bk ies

rk~res) kspkocdigklrk dlrcj{es) sehxk id qcbd) id o{ir{xd) idsxkidocelks seocdiks adgcicdxks) koelgcods) peircods

xkicjcesds) kro,) bki dghcklrk kl t{k ies rk~res gcsges sk

ksoxchckxel e d t{k sk xkackxkl,

Ks bkocx t{k) gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd oelscbkxd

jklkxdigklrk ies rk~res sie oege nkones icljsrcoes) oege

aklgkles bk iklj{dmk) di aciieje ies rk~res ik clrkxksdl oege

beo{gklres bk o{ir{xd k ncsrexcd, Kl ksrk sklrcbe) id acieiejd ks

{ld ocklocd d{~cicdx bk id ncsrexcd bk id ncsrexcd icrkxdxcd) d

qkoks oeclocbk oel ksrd ircgd) sehxk rebe sc sk oelscbkxd {ldncsrexcd icrkxdxcd t{k cjlexk ki oxcrkxce ksrrcoe e t{k sk eo{pk bk

rk~res odxklrks bk qdiex icrkxdxce, Pkxe ks rdghcl ocklocd d{~cicdx

bk id icljsrcod) d t{k pxepexoceld d srd rebds dt{kiids

claexgdocelks t{k le sk p{kbkl bkb{ocx k~oi{scqdgklrk bki

dspkore icljsrcoe bk ies rk~res t{k) kl odghce) sel

clbcspklsdhiks pdxd id clrkxpxkrdocl k~dord bk ksk dspkore, Ds)

pex kmkgpie) sc sk bkso{hxk {l rk~re clbcre) ki aciieje

ksrdhikokx s{ akond) m{}jdx s{ d{rklrcocbdb s{ ksrdbe bk

dirkxdocl) oelscbkxdx s{s kqklr{diks qdxcdlrks) kro,) )

kqklr{digklrk) bkb{ocx bk i claexgdocl dokxod bk id ncsrexcd

bki jx{pe n{gdle kl t{k ki rk~re sk pxeb{me e di t{k ki gcsge sk

xkackxk) gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd) m{}jdlbe ki dspkore p{xdgklrk

icljsrcoe) le claexgdrcqe e beo{gklrdi) bki rk~re) rklcklbe

kl o{klrd ies bdres t{k ik nd pxepexoceldbe ki aciieje)

oelscbkxdx ki rk~re kl id ncsrexcd bk id iklj{d kl t{k ksr ksoxcre

) kqklr{digklrk) kl ki gdxoe jklkxdi bki iklj{dmk e) pex ie

gkles) kl ki gdxoe bk id adgcicd icljsrcod d id t{k id iklj{d

bki rk~re pkxrklkok,

8,8,?, Id bcsrclocl p{kbk pdxkokx) kl ksrk odse) g{ s{rci

) pex erxd pdxrk) nd t{k dbqkxrcx t{k le sckgpxk ks kakorcqd) d

t{k g{onds qkoks ki aciieje rklbx t{k xko{xxcx d ies nkones

icljsrcoes pdxd pebkx o{gpicx oel s{ rdxkd .pex kmkgpie) pdxd

ksrdhikokx id akond e id d{rklrcocbdb bk {l rk~re# ) pex s{ pdxrk)


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ki icljcsrd pebx bkb{ocx bk ies nkones icljsrcoes bdres k

claexgdocelks dokxod bk id ncsrexcd seocdi o{ir{xdi t{k ki rk~re

le pxepexoceld k~piocrdgklrk, Ks bkocx t{k) lexgdigklrk) id

icljsrcod ks) d s{ qk}) ocklocd d{~cicdx bk id acieiejd t{k) ds

oege ki aciieje rcklk t{k skx {l peoe icljcsrd) ki icljcsrd rcklkt{k skx {l peoe aciieje= kl s{s igcrks) icljsrcod acieiejd d

gkl{be sk oela{lbkl,

Pkxe id oela{scl le ks jxdqk) p{ksre t{k le s{hscsrk gs

dii bk ksd }eld clrkxgkbcd) px~cgd d id ilkd bk bkgdxodocl,

Kl kakore) ki aciieje sk eo{pd) pex ie oegl) bk {ld seid iklj{d)

gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd rcklk jklkxdigklrk kl o{klrd ki oxcrkxce

oegpdxdrcqe6 ki aciieje drcklbk di dspkore beo{gklrdi bk ies

rk~res) gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd sk eo{pd bk s{ dspkore

icljsrcoe6 ki aciieje sk eo{pd) lexgdigklrk) bk rk~res bk ockxrddlrcjkbdb) gcklrxds t{k di icljcsrd p{kbk clrkxksdxik o{dit{ckx

rk~re ) sehxk rebe) le ik clrkxksdl sie ies rk~res ksoxcres scle

rdghcl id iklj{d ndhidbd6 di aciieje ik clrkxksdl sie ies rk~res

t{k p{kbdl pxepexoceldx dij{ld claexgdocl) gcklrxds t{k di

icljcsrd p{kbk clrkxksdxik o{dit{ckx rk~re kl s gcsge) d{lt{k)

kqklr{digklrk) odxk}od bk rebe qdiex claexgdrcqe, Dbkgs) ki

aciieje le sk eo{pd kl ids ocklocds icljsrcods kspkocdiks

.aelrcod) jxdgrcod) skglrcod) kro,#6 gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd

le sk eo{pd kspkoacodgklrk kl id acieiejd oege ncsrexcd

peircod) seocdi) o{ir{xdi) kro,) sdiqe kl id gkbcbd kl t{k s{s

claexgdocelks p{kbkl doidxdxik ies nkones icljsrcoes, Kl

oeloi{scl= id acieiejd) d{l hdslbesk kl rk~res t{k p{kbkl

rklkx rdghcl clrkxs icljsrcoe) sk eo{pd) kl jklkxdi) bk nkones

bk ncsrexcd) kspkocdigklrk dlrcj{d kspkocdigklrk seocdi

o{ir{xdi .icrkxdxcd#) gcklrxds t{k id icljsrcod sk eo{pd bk nkones

bk iklj{d e) gs hckl) bk iklj{dmk,

8,8,2, Nd t{k ehskxqdx) scl kghdxje) t{k id bcsrclocl t{k

nkges nkone sk ndok oeglgklrk) pkxe le sk ndok sckgpxk= le

id ndok id icljsrcod cbkdicsrd .pex km, Qessikx#) t{k cbklrcacod ki

iklj{dmk oel id peksd ) pex rdlre) id icljsrcod oel id acieiejd,


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44

?,4, Nkges bcone t{k id icljsrcod ks id ocklocd bki

iklj{dmk, Pdxd oelrcl{dx) rklkges) p{ks) t{k bdx {ld bkaclcocl)

pex ki gegklre pxeqcsceldi) bki rxgcle iklj{dmk, _k iidgd

iklj{dmk o{dit{ckx scsrkgd bk scjles scghicoes kgpikdbes

pdxd id clrkxoeg{lcodocl seocdi) ks bkocx) o{dit{ckx scsrkgd bkscjles t{k scxqd pdxd k~pxksdx oeg{lcodx cbkds sklrcgcklres)

e skd) oelrklcbes bk id oelocklocd, _k p{kbk oelokhcx) pex rdlre)

{ld icljsrcod g{ dgpicd) oege ocklocd bk rebe iklj{dmk

peschik, Pkxe le ks srd id icljsrcod pxepcdgklrk bcond= skxd

gs hckl id ocklocd iidgdbd pex A, bk _d{ss{xk skgceiejd) qdik

bkocx) ocklocd jklkxdi bk ies scjles e bk rebes ies iklj{dmks

scghicoes) bk id o{di id icljsrcod skxd sie {ld pdxrk, Kl

kakore) id icljsrcod) kl sklrcbe ksrxcore) sk eo{pd sie kl ki

ksr{bce bki iklj{dmk kl t{k ies scjles sel pdidhxds

oelsrcr{cbds pex selcbes) ks bkocx) bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe,

?,8,4, Kl ki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe bcsrclj{cges bes xkdicbdbks

hscods= ki dore icljsrcoe id iklj{d) e skd) ki scsrkgd di t{k ki

dore oexxkspelbk, Kl kakore) ki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe sk oelscbkxd

oege scsrkgd lcoe bk scjles seidgklrk bk {ld gdlkxd cbkdi)

p{ksre t{k kl xkdicbdb nd g{onscges scsrkgds bk scjles

.iklj{ds#) skjl ies bcsrclres pdsks ids oeg{lcbdbks seocdiks {

erxes jx{pes bk ndhidlrks, Id xkdicbdb oeloxkrd bki iklj{dmk ks ki

dore icljsrcoe) t{k ks ki dore bk kgpikdx pdxd id oeg{lcodocl

{le e gs scjles bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe= {ld pdidhxd) {ld axdsk

kakorcqdgklrk bcond) sel dores icljsrcoes, Ies dores

icljsrcoes) oege qkxkges) le sel l{lod klrkxdgklrk cblrcoes)

scle t{k qdxdl bk clbcqcb{e d clbcqcb{e) k cloi{se kl ki gcsge

clbcqcb{e) skjl ids ocxo{lsrdlocds) rdlre kl ie t{k oelockxlk d

s{ aexgd gdrkxcdi oege pex ie t{k drdk d s{ scjlcacodbe e)

gkmex) oelrklcbe, _cl kghdxje) pdxd t{k skd peschik id

oeg{lcodocl) t{k ks id acldicbdb bki iklj{dmk) ks pxkocse t{k ies

scjles e sgheies) kl {ld bkrkxgcldbd oeg{lcbdb icljsrcod)

rkljdl gs e gkles id gcsgd aexgd gs e gkles ki gcsge

scjlcacodbe, Pex kiie) oel ockxrd dpxe~cgdocl oel lerdhik

jxdbe bk dhsrxdoocl) sk p{kbk ndhidx bk id cbklrcbdb bk ies

scjles t{k kloelrxdges kl ies dores icljsrcoes bk {ld

oeg{lcbdb) oelscbkxdbes kl ki kspdoce .jkejxacodgklrk# e kl ki

rckgpe .ncsrxcodgklrk#) e rdghcl kl s{ ksrxdrcacodocl seocdi


12/114

48

o{ir{xdi, Ksrd dhsrxdoocl) t{k le ks k~okscqd p{ksre t{k ies

dores icljsrcoes) sc le cblrcoes) sel pex ie gkles g{

skgkmdlrks bklrxe bk id gcsgd oeg{lcbdb kl {l gegklre

bdbe) ks m{srdgklrk id t{k les pkxgcrk bkaclcx id iklj{d oege

oelm{lre bk ies dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks .csejiesds# bk {ldoeg{lcbdb bk clbcqcb{es ndhidlrks) ks bkocx) bk ies dores

icljsrcoes s{acocklrkgklrk skgkmdlrks oege pdxd skx

oelscbkxdbes cblrcoes t{k sk oegpx{khdl kl ids k~pxkscelks bk

{l bkrkxgcldbe lgkxe bk clbcqcb{es, Ki rxgcle csejiesd)

clrxeb{ocbe kl id ocklocd bki iklj{dmk pex id jkejxdad icljsrcod)

bkscjld kl pxcgkx i{jdx id ilkd cbkdi t{k dhdxod ies dores

icljsrcoes oeg{lks bk ockxre rkxxcrexce) pkxe ki gcsge oelokpre

sk p{kbk oelscbkxdx dhsrxdordgklrk) ks bkocx) rdghcl kl ki

rckgpe) oege ilkd cbkdi t{k dhdxt{k ies dores icljsrcoes

oeg{lks bk ockxrd peod e bk bes e gs peods) rdghcl a{kxdbk {l kspdoce jkejxacodgklrk bkrkxgcldbe) e skd) oege ilkd)

cbkdi t{k dhdxt{k ies dspkores oeg{lks bk ies dores icljsrcoes

clbcqcb{diks, Id iklj{d ks) p{ks) {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds

oegpxehdbe kl {ld oeg{lcbdb bk ndhidlrks6 scsrkgd t{k p{kbk

skx gs dgpice e gs icgcrdbe) skjl ki lgkxe bk clbcqcb{es bk

t{k sk oegpelk id oeg{lcbdb skjl ki gdex e gklex kspdoce

e rckgpe oelscbkxdbes, Rdi scsrkgd le k~csrk sie oeloxkrdgklrk)

ks bkocx) oege scsrkgd bk dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks

kakorcqdgklrk xkjcsrxdbes) scle rdghcl qcxr{digklrk) kl id

oelocklocd bk ies ndhidlrks pkxrklkocklrks d {ld oeg{lcbdb)

oege gkgexcd bk dores icljsrcoes pxkokbklrks peschcicbdb bk

pxeb{ocx skjl s{ gebkie l{kqes dores icljsrcoes gs e gkles

cblrcoes) e skd) oegpxklschiks bklrxe bk id gcsgd oeg{lcbdb,

?,8,8, Id ocklocd t{k ksr{bcd ki iklj{dmk kl s{ ksklocd kl

s{s dspkores jklkxdiks) scl xkakxklocd d {ld iklj{d bkrkxgcldbd)

sk iidgd icljsrcod jklkxdi) d qkoks sk cbklrcacod oel ie t{k sk

iidgd gs pxepcdgklrk aciesead bki iklj{dmk, _cl kghdxje) sk

rxdrd bk {ld cbklrcacodocl t{k ks gkmex kqcrdx) p{ksre t{k ids bes

bcsocpiclds dbeprdl p{lres bk qcsrd bcsrclres, Id aciesead bki

iklj{dmk le ksr{bcd ki iklj{dmk kl s pex s) scle kl xkidocl oel

erxds dorcqcbdbks n{gdlds kl pxcgkx i{jdx) kl xkidocl oel ki

pklsdgcklre .pex ie o{di sk eo{pd g{ kspkocdigklrk kl

skglrcod e ocklocd bk ies scjlcacodbes#) rxdrdlbe bk ksrdhikokx


13/114

4?

s{ ksklocd s{ i{jdx klrxk ies aklgkles t{k gdlcacksrdl id

ksklocd bki neghxk, Ki pxehikgd a{lbdgklrdi bk id aciesead bki

iklj{dmk ks oelrksrdx d id pxkj{lrd t{ ks ki iklj{dmk5)

pxehikgd bcakxklrk bki ehmkre pxepce bk id icljsrcod) t{k

clqksrcjd le rdlre ie t{k ki iklj{dmk ks kl s{ ksklocd oege gshckl id gdlkxd oege ki iklj{dmk sk gdlcacksrd kl s{s aexgds

ncsrxcods t{k sel ids iklj{ds, Pdxd dghds ocklocds .icljsrcod

jklkxdi aciesead bki iklj{dmk# ids iklj{ds ies dores

icljsrcoes oelsrcr{kl sie gdrkxcdi bk kmkgpicacodocl) pkxe

bksbk p{lres bk qcsrd bcsrclres, Id aciesead bki iklj{dmk sk a{lbd

sehxk {ld oelokpocl aciesacod bkrkxgcldbd) sie kl xkidocl

oel ksrd oelokpocl sk xkackxk d ies aklgkles icljsrcoes

oeloxkres6 pex rdlre) le rcklk lclj{ld acldicbdb bksoxcprcqd e bk

scsrkgdrc}docl bk ies nkones icljsrcoes kgpxcodgklrk

oegpxehdbes, Id icljsrcod jklkxdi) kl odghce) sk g{kqk kl idbcxkoocl oelrxdxcd) ks bkocx t{k pdxrk bk ies aklgkles

icljsrcoes oeloxkres rxdrd bk ksrdhikokx s{s odxdorkxsrcods

jklkxdiks) bksp{s bk ndhkxies scsrkgdrc}dbe) kspkocdigklrk

sehxk id hdsk bk id clqksrcjdocl d xkdic}dbd pex ids icljsrcods

pdxrco{idxks) ksre ks) ids icljsrcods t{k ksr{bcdl) kl odbd odse)

{ld iklj{d bkrkxgcldbd e {l bkrkxgcldbe jx{pe bk iklj{ds,

?,8,?, G{ones icljcsrds pxkackxkl iidgdx d id icljsrcod

jklkxdi icljsrcod rkxcod e rkexd bki iklj{dmk) pdxd bksrdodx ki

odxorkx kspkocdigklrk rkxcoe gkrebeijcoe bk ksrd ocklocd)

id epelkl d id icljsrcod kgpxcod) ks bkocx) di ksr{bce pdxrco{idx

bk bkrkxgcldbds iklj{ds6 dij{les xkskxqdl ki leghxk bk

icljsrcod jklkxdi pdxd {ld ocklocd gs dgpicd) t{k dhdxod id

icljsrcod rkxcod ) di gcsge rckgpe) rebe ki oelm{lre bk

ocklocds icljsrcods jklkxdiks t{k ksr{bcdl ies6 qdxces

dspkores bki iklj{dmk .aelrcod) skglrcod) jxdgrcod jklkxdi)

ksrcisrcod) kro,#) scl xkakxklocd d {ld iklj{d bkrkxgcldbd,


14/114

42

CC

KI IKLJ[DMK

Ies oelokpres bk scjle sgheie, Odxdorkxsrcods bki iklj{dmkdxrco{idbe,

4,4, Nkges bcone t{k sk p{kbk iidgdx iklj{dmk o{dit{ckx

scsrkgd bk scjles t{k scxqd pdxd id clrkxoeg{lcodocl) ks bkocx)pdxd oeg{lcodx cbkds e ksrdbes pst{coes klrxk bes e gs

clbcqcb{es, S d gkl{be sk iidgd iklj{dmk o{dit{ckx rcpe bk

oeg{lcodocl klrxk skxks odpdoks bk k~pxkscl) skdl kiies

neghxks e dlcgdiks, Kl kakore) nkones bk k~pxkscl sk ndl

oegpxehdbe rdghcl klrxk ies dlcgdiks, Ds) pex kmkgpie) sk ndl

xkdic}dbe ksr{bces sehxk ki iklj{dmk bk ids dhkmds6 ) sehxk rebe)

ies pscoiejes ndl ksr{bcdbe rdghcl erxds k~pxkscelks

scjlcacodrcqds xkjcsrxdbds kl erxes dlcgdiks) oege odhdiies)

pkxxes) kro, _cl kghdxje) ies icljcsrds le dokprdl ki iklj{dmk

dlcgdi oege ehmkre bk id clqksrcjdocl icljsrcod) pex le

xkoeleokxik ids odxdorkxsrcods ksklocdiks bki iklj{dmk n{gdle,

Kl kakore) di oelscbkxdx ids k~pxkscelks dlcgdiks oege

iklj{dmks) ks bkocx) oege scsrkgds bk scjles) sk drxch{k d ksk

ircge rxgcle .scjle# {l scjlcacodbe g{ dgpice ) kl pdxrk)

bcso{rchik, Ie t{k klrklbkges oeglgklrk pex scjle ks {l

clsrx{gklre t{k ksr pex {ld cbkd) {l oelokpre e {l

sklrcgcklre) oel ies o{diks ki scjle gcsge le oeclocbk= {l

clsrx{gklre t{k kqeod) kl pdxrco{idx) {l oelokpre kl qcxr{b bk

{ld oelqklocl bk do{kxbe oel {ld rxdbcocl bkrkxgcldbd)

pkxe t{k le rcklk oel ki oelokpre kqeodbe lclj{ld xkidocl

lkoksdxcd bk od{sd d kakore e qcokqkxsd, Ies pscoiejes) ) klrxk

kiies) kl pdxrco{idx ies hkndqcexcsrds) t{k iidgdl oelrk~re d

o{dit{ckx oelm{lre bk nkones t{k sk klo{klrxdl oeglgklrk kl

{ld q xkidocl lkoksdxcd e) pex ie gkles) ndhcr{di) oelscbkxdl

oege scjles ies nkones gcsges bk {l oelrk~re) kl id

gkbcbd kl t{k ki pxksklrdxsk bk {le bk kiies xkoidgd e cgpicod id


15/114

4;

peschcicbdb e lkokscbdb bk t{k sk pxksklrk.l# rdghcl erxe.s#

nkone.s# pkxrklkocklrk.s# di gcsge oelrk~re, Dpicodlbe ksrkp{lre bk qcsrd di iklj{dmk n{gdle) ies ksr{bceses di{bcbes

oelscbkxdl ies scjles bk srk .ids pdidhxds# oege {ld kspkock bk

ksrg{ies d ies t{k oexxkspelbkxdl oege xkdoocelksbkrkxgcldbds cgjklks, Ksrd oelokpocl rcklk) scl b{bd) s{s

skxces a{lbdgklres bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd pscoeijcoe) pkxe lep{kbk k~picodx kl aexgd sdrcsadorexcd ki sdire bki scjle nkone

di scjle s{srcr{ocl e clsrx{gklre oelqkloceldi kikgklre bko{ir{xd pkxrklkocklrk d {ld bkrkxgcldbd oeg{lcbdb,

4,8, Pex erxd pdxrk) d{l dbgcrcklbe oege m{srcacodbd id

dldiejd klrxk kses bes rcpes bk scjles) pebkges bkocx

scgpikgklrk t{k id icljsrcod rxdrd sie bki skj{lbe rcpe) ks

bkocx) sie bk ies scjles t{k rcklkl qdiex scghicoe) e skd) bk iest{k sel rdghcl) d{lt{k le k~oi{scqdgklrk) sgheies, Ks

epexr{le xkoexbdx) d ksrk pxepscre) id odxdorkxc}docl bki scjleicljsrcoe bdbd pex ki ksr{bcese d{srxdoe Fdxi Hnikx kl s{

Rkexd bki iklj{dmk V_pxdonrnkexck) Mkld) 43?2= rx, ksp,) Gdbxcb)43;0W= ki scjle icljsrcoe ks slregd oege k~pxkscl bki

ndhidlrk) ks bkocx) kl o{dlre gdlcacksrd dije dokxod bk t{ckl iepxeb{ok6 ks skdi kl xkidocl oel ki eklrk) e skd) oel s{xkokprex6 ks sgheie kl xkidocl oel s{ scjlcacodbe xkdi) ks

bkocx) kl o{dlre bkscjld d rxdqs bk {l oelokpre .e) bksbk kip{lre bk qcsrd pscoeijcoe) d rxdqs bk {ld cgdjkl# dije t{k

pkxrklkok d {ld xkdicbdb t{k ks) e pex ie gkles sk oelscbkxd)clbkpklbcklrk rdlre bki ndhidlrk oege bki eklrk, _c dbgcrcgesid qdicbk} bk ksrk oelokpre bk scjle) d le pebkges iidgdx

pxepcdgklrk scjles d ids k~pxkscelks bki iklj{dmk dlcgdi= klkakore) ki iklj{dmk dlcgdi oexxkspelbk) skjl pdxkok) d {ld

k~ocrdocl ascod e acsceijcod) d {ld xkdoocl qcrdi bk odxorkx

kikgklrdi t{k le cgpicod lclj{ld epkxdocl scgheic}dlrk, Kiiklj{dmk dlcgdi skxd) pex oelscj{cklrk) {l psk{beiklj{dmk) sk

bcsrclj{cxd a{lbdgklrdigklrk bki iklj{dmk bki neghxk pex lerklkx s{s scjles ki qdiex scghicoe oelqkloceldi t{k rcklkl

ies scjles bk ies iklj{dmks n{gdles= ies scjles dlcgdiksoexxkspelbkxdl gs hckl d ids xkdoocelks kikgklrdiks t{k kl ids

gdlcaksrdocelks n{gdlds sel ies jxcres t{k le oelsrcr{kl

pxepcdgklrk k~pxkscl icljsrcod,


16/114

41

4,?, _k nd oegpxehdbe) dbkgs) t{k d{l ies jxcres bki

neghxk) kl s{ aexgd gs kidhexdbd) xkpxksklrdbd pex ids

clrkxmkoocelks) rcklkl sckgpxk odxorkx oelqkloceldi

rxdbcoceldi) ks bkocx) odxorkx bk sgheies oelqkloceldigklrk

dokprdbes pex {ld oeg{lcbdb, Kl kakore) clrkxmkoocelksalcodgklrk cblrcods p{kbkl gdlcaksrdx oesds bcsrclrds) ks bkocx)

rklkx bcsrclrd scjlcacodocl) kl bcsrclrds oeg{lcbdbks icljsrcods,

Ie gcsge odhk bkocx bk ids elegdrepkds) t{k kl ki iklj{dmk

n{gdle cgcrdl e rxdrdl bk xkpxeb{ocx x{cbes ldr{xdiks e qeoks bk

dlcgdiks, Kl kakore) ksr oegpxehdbe t{k ki skx n{gdle le

xkpxeb{ok l{lod k~dordgklrk kses x{cbes ksds qeoks= kl id

iidgdbd xkpxeb{oocl nd sckgpxk {l dspkore scghicoe

oelqkloceldi) e skd) dije t{k pkxrklkok d {ld rxdbcocl

icljsrcod) ie o{di les xkqkid t{k ies selcbes ldr{xdiks) gs hckl

t{k xkpxeb{ocxsk) sk clrkxpxkrdl oelqkloceldigklrk) bk gdlkxdbcsrclrd) skjl ids bcsrclrds oeg{lcbdbks icljsrcods, Ds) id qe}

bki pdre) pdxd bdx {l seie kmkgpie) sk cgcrd bk gebe d qkoks

rerdigklrk bcakxklrk kl ies bcsrclres cbcegds= ksp, o{d'o{d) odrdi,

gkon'gkon) ax, oe{cl'oe{cl) cr, t{do't{do) x{g, gdo'gdo) dikg,

t{cof't{dof) bdls xdp'xdp, Oege sk qk) ie lcoe t{k t{kbd

oelsrdlrk ks id cbkd hdsrdlrk qdjd bk {l gelesidhe xkpkrcbe,

8,4, T{kbd) p{ks) ksrdhikocbe t{k ies scjles bki iklj{dmk

n{gdle rcklkl sckgpxk qdiex scghicoe) ks bkocx) {l qdiex t{k le

xkscbk kl ies scjles gdrkxcdiks oege rdiks di t{k sres sie sk

xkackxkl, Pkxe) d{l ds) id bkaclcocl bki iklj{dmk scj{k scklbe

bkgdscdbe dgpicd sc t{kxkges xkakxcxid di iklj{dmk t{k

oelsrcr{k ki ehmkre pxepce bk id icljsrcod, Kl kakore) ies

scsrkgds bk scjles scghicoes t{k id n{gdlcbdb kgpikd sel

hdsrdlrk l{gkxeses= dbkgs bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe) sk p{kbkl

oelscbkxdx oege iklj{dmks rebes ies scsrkgds bk skdidgcklre

.oel hdlbkxcrds) oel skdiks i{gclesds) kro,# o{dit{ckx erxe

scsrkgd t{k k~pxksk e oeg{lct{k dije scghicod

oelqkloceldigklrk, Ksre doelrkok) pex kmkgpie) oel ki dxrk hdme

rebes s{s dspkores) bksbk id gscod ndsrd id bdl}d) oel ies

jksres) id ksoxcr{xd ies qdxces iklj{dmks scghicoes

oelqkloceldiks) bksbk ki bk ids aiexks e ki bk ies ldcpks ndsrd

ki bk ids skdiks bki rxacoe, _cl kghdxje) nd t{k ehskxqdx t{k

g{ones bk ksres iklj{dmks sel rxdb{ochiks di iklj{dmk

dxrco{idbe= ks bkocx t{k s{s scjles sk p{kbkl rxdb{ocx

k~dordgklrk gkbcdlrk pdidhxds) e scgpikgklrk xkpxksklrdl


17/114

4:

pdidhxds e axdsks, Ds) pex kmkgpie) id ksoxcr{xd) kl s{s dspkores

gs oeg{lks) ks scgpikgklrk {l scsrkgd bk scjles scghicoes

pdxdikie di iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe) d t{k xkpxeb{ok d srk pex gkbce

bk erxes scjles, Le rebd ksoxcr{xd) pex s{p{ksre) d t{k id

ksoxcr{xd pcorejxacod) {sdbd pex g{ones p{khies pxcgcrcqes)le rxdb{ok pdxdikidgklrk axdsks pdidhxds6 rdgpeoe ie ndok

pxepcdgklrk id ksoxcr{xd cbkejxacod) pex kmkgpie) id bk ies

oncles) t{k le xkpxksklrd pdidhxds alcods scle cbkds) oelokpres)

oelsrcr{k pex rdlre {l scsrkgd kl jxdl pdxrk d{rlege) t{k sk

p{kbk ikkx scl pdidhxds sk pebxd clrkxpxkrdx) le sie kl

oncle) scle rdghcl kl o{dit{ckx erxe cbcegd, Pkxe ids ksoxcr{xds

gs {s{diks) oege id scihcod id aelrcod) xkpxeb{okl

kakorcqdgklrk) oel gdex e gklex k~dorcr{b) ki ndhid dxrco{idbd,

_cl kghdxje) le ks rdi ki odse bk erxes bk ies iklj{dmks

gkloceldbes) pex kmkgpie) bk ies scsrkgds clrkxldoceldiks bkskdiks) bk ies jksres ) g{ kl pdxrco{idx) bki dxrk) t{k le sk

rxdb{ok pxepcdgklrk) scle t{k sie p{kbk clrkxpxkrdxsk pex

gkbce bki iklj{dmk ndhidbe) oel ki o{di) kl xcjex) le pxksklrd

pdxdikicsge lclj{le, [l o{dbxe) pex kmkgpie) p{kbk skx

clrkxpxkrdbe bk bcsrclrds gdlkxds kl o{dit{ckx cbcegd e)

rdghcl) pex gkbce bk erxes scsrkgds bk sgheies= pex

kmkgpie) gkbcdlrk erxes iklj{dmks dxrsrcoes) oege id gscod,

8,8, Id icljsrcod le p{kbk skx) pex rdlre ocklocd jklkxdi

bk ies iklj{dmks t{k oelsrcr{kl gs hckl ki ehmkre bk id

iidgdbd skgceiejd) scle t{k rxdrd k~oi{scqdgklrk) kl pxcgkx

i{jdx) bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe ) kl skj{lbe i{jdx) bk ies bkgs

scsrkgds t{k sie xkpxeb{okl d srk,


18/114

4>

CCC

KI DORE ICLJ_RCOE

_{ odxorkx bk oxkdocl clbcrd s{s igcrks,

4, Nkges qcsre t{k) kl aexgd oeloxkrd) le k~csrkl iklj{ds)

scle sie dores icljsrcoes bk k~pxkscl oeg{lcodocl)bcsrclres bk {l clbcqcb{e d erxe bcsrclres) rdghcl) kl ki gcsge

clbcqcb{e) skjl ids ocxo{lsrdlocds, Lcljl scjle icljsrcoe

rcklk k~dordgklrk id gcsgd aexgd ki gcsge qdiex .scjlcacodbe#

pdxd rebes ies clbcqcb{es t{k ie kgpikdl kl rebes ies

gegklres kl t{k sk kgpikd, Kl ki iklj{dmk k~csrk cbklrcbdb klrxk

clr{cocl k~pxkscl) p{ks odbd clbcqcb{e t{k ndhid k~pxksd

lrkjxdgklrk) pdxd s gcsge) ies oelrklcbes bk s{ oelocklocd)

gds le k~csrk cbklrcbdb klrxk k~pxkscl oeg{lcodocl) klrxk

k~pxkscl xkokpocl) klrxk id k~pxkscl bk {l clbcqcb{e D id

clr{cocl t{k id gcsgd pxeb{ok kl {l clbcqcb{e H, _cklbe

sckgpxk k~pxkscl bk {ld clr{cocl clbcrd lcod) ki dore

icljsrcoe ks dore bk oxkdocl) dore sclj{idx t{k le xkpxeb{ok

k~dordgklrk lcljl dore icljsrcoe dlrkxcex t{k sie pex ies

igcrks t{k ik cgpelk id lkokscbdb bk id clrkxoeg{lcodocl seocdi

sk pdxkok d dores icljsrcoes dlrkxcexks) pkxrklkocklrks d id

k~pkxcklocd bk {ld oeg{lcbdb, Ks bkocx t{k ki dore icljsrcoe

ks) pex s{ ldr{xdik}d) dore kgclklrkgklrk clbcqcb{di) pkxe

qclo{idbe seocdigklrk pex s{ gcsgd acldicbdb) t{k ks id bk

bkocx d erxes dije dokxod bk dije,

8,4, Ki oelokpre bk dore icljsrcoe t{c}s ki gs

cgpexrdlrk bk id icljsrcod gebkxld ks di gcsge rckgpe ki

gs oegpikme ) d pksdx bk oexxkspelbkx d id lcod xkdicbdb

oeloxkrd bki iklj{dmk) nd scbe ki ircge kl skx diodl}dbe pex id

clqksrcjdocl icljsrcod, Bksbk ies jxdgrcoes jxckjes ndsrd ki

scjie ^C^) sk ndhi sckgpxk k~oi{scqdgklrk bk iklj{ds)


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oelscbkxdbds oege scsrkgds xjcbes oege nkones xkdigklrk

k~csrklrks) d pksdx bk t{k ids iklj{ds sie p{kbkl ksrdhikokxsk

ehmkrcqdgklrk sehxk id hdsk) d pdxrcx) bk ies dores oeloxkres bk

ndhidx, Gs dl= kl ki scje ^C^) d oelsko{klocd bki bksdxxeiie bk

ids ocklocds ldr{xdiks bk id dpicodocl bk s{s grebes d idclqksrcjdocl icljsrcod) sk iikj d oelscbkxdx ids iklj{ds oege

exjdlcsges ldr{xdiks clbkpklbcklrks bk ies clbcqcb{es ndhidlrks=

sk dacxg) bk ksrk gebe) id cbkd bk t{k ids iklj{ds) oege ies

exjdlcsges ldr{xdiks) ldokl) oxkokl g{kxkl) id bk iklj{ds

gdbxks iklj{ds ncmds, Cbkds) kqcbklrkgklrk) kt{cqeodbds)

d t{k ids iklj{ds pkxrklkokl d id odrkjexd bk ids a{locelks

seocdiks) bk ids o{diks) kgpikdlbe {ld cgdjkl) sk p{kbk) pex

s{p{ksre) bkocx t{k g{kxkl) pkxe bk lclj{ld gdlkxd t{k

g{kxkl oege ies skxks qcqes, Ids iklj{ds bksdpdxkokl pext{k

bksdpdxkok id oeg{lcbdb t{k ids ndhid e pext{k id oeg{lcbdbgcsgd ids dhdlbeld pdxd dbeprdx erxd iklj{d) pkxe) pex ie

oegl) kqei{oceldl) ks bkocx t{k odghcdl ncsrxcodgklrk)

oege rebds ids a{locelks seocdiks, Ki jxckje gebkxle) pex

kmkgpie) ks id oelrcl{docl bki jxckje dlrcj{e) e skd t{k ks ki

gcsge jxckje dlrcj{e t{k sk nd rxdlsaexgdbe jxdb{digklrk) d ie

idxje bk ies scjies, Ds) rdghcl) o{dlbe bkocges t{k ki idrl ks

{ld iklj{d g{kxrd) id k~pxkscl sk m{srcacod sie kl o{dlre les

xkakxcges) peljdges) di idrl bk Ocokxl) e skd) d {ld iklj{d

oegl icrkxdxcd t{k d le sk kgpikd {s{digklrk) kl o{dlre d

le iidgdges idrl d ies cbcegds xegdloks) t{k xkpxksklrdl s{

oelrcl{docl) ks bkocx) s{ ksrdbe dor{di,

8,8,4, Id qdiexdocl bki dore icljsrcoe oege dspkore

a{lbdgklrdi bki iklj{dmk sk bkhk) kl pxcgkx i{jdx) d Z, qel

N{gheibr) d t{ckl sk oelscbkxd) m{srdgklrk) a{lbdbex bk id

icljsrcod jklkxdi, Kl kakore) N{gheibr) kl id clrxeb{oocl d s{

ehxd sehxk id iklj{d fdzc bk id csid bk Mdqd .p{hicodbd pesr{gd

kl 4>?1#) bcsrclj{c pex pxcgkxd qk} ies bes dspkores

a{lbdgklrdiks bki iklj{dmk= ki iklj{dmk oege klxjkcd) ks bkocx)

oege oelrcl{d oxkdocl bk dores icljsrcoes clbcqcb{diks) oege

dije bclgcoe t{k le ksr nkone bk {ld qk} pex rebds scle t{k sk

ndok oelrcl{dgklrk) ) pex erxd pdxrk) ki iklj{dmk oege kxjel)

qdik bkocx) oege pxeb{ore e oesd nkond) oege scsrkgd

ncsrxcodgklrk xkdic}dbe .iklj{d#, Oel ksrd bcsrclocl)

N{gheibr bce {ld l{kqd excklrdocl d ies ksr{bces icljsrcoes6

pkxe kl s{ rckgpe le sk r{qe g{ond o{klrd bk rebe ie t{k kiid


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80

cgpicodhd ) b{xdlrk odsc rebe ki scjie pdsdbe) id gdex pdxrk bkies icljcsrds scj{ckxel ndhidlbe bk ids iklj{ds oege aklgkles

clbkpklbcklrks bk ies clbcqcb{es,

8,8,8, _ie g{one gs rdxbk) kl s{s o{xses bk icljsrcodjklkxdi bcordbes kl ies pxcgkxes des bk l{ksrxe scjie kl id

[lcqkxscbdb bk Jclkhxd) ki sdhce s{c}e Akxbcldlb bk _d{ss{xk

bksrdo l{kqdgklrk ies bes dspkores ksklocdiks bki iklj{dmk

iidglbeies) xkspkorcqdgklrk) pdxeik .ndhid) dore icljsrcoe#

idlj{k .iklj{d#, Id idlj{k oelsrcr{k) skjl _d{ss{xk) id lexgd)

ki scsrkgd icljsrcoe t{k sk xkdic}d kl ki ndhidx) pkxrklkok d id

seockbdb6 id pdxeik ks id dorcqcbdb bk ndhidx pkxrklkok di

clbcqcb{e, Ehmkre bk id icljsrcod) skjl ki gcsge ksr{bcese) ks

kl pxcgkx i{jdx ki scsrkgd) e skd) id idlj{k6 pkxe) pex erxe idbe) ki

icljcsrd le p{kbk bksoeleokx id pdxeik) d t{k) bk do{kxbe oel{ld rkscs bki pxepce _d{ss{xk) ldbd k~csrk kl id iklj{d t{k le

ndd k~csrcbe dlrks kl ki ndhid, Ids cbkds sesrklcbds pex

_d{ss{xk t{kbdxel pex {l rckgpe kl ki dghcklrk bk s{s di{gles

bk Jclkhxd) p{ksre t{k sie kl 4341 sk p{hico) pesr{ge) s{

Oe{xs bk iclj{csrct{k jklxdik) kidhexdbe pex s{s bcsop{ies

Ondxiks Hdii D, _konkndk, Klrxkrdlre) rdghcl erxes

ksr{bceses bksrdodhdl ki qdiex bki dore icljsrcoe) kl pxcgkx

i{jdx ki dikgl Fdxi Qessikx) t{ckl) hdme id clai{klocd bki

cbkdicsge aciesacoe g{ kl pdxrco{idx bk Hklkbkrre Oxeok)

xkdoocel oelrxd ki pescrcqcsge icljsrcoe oelrxd id

oelscbkxdocl ldr{xdicsrd bki iklj{dmk) xkdl{bdlbe bcxkordgklrk

cbkds bk N{gheibr k clscsrcklbe kl id cgpexrdlocd bki clbcqcb{e

oege oxkdbex bk iklj{dmk) ks bkocx) kl ki dspkore di t{k

N{gheibr ndhd iidgdbe klxjkcd .Pescrqcsg{s {ld Cbkdicsg{s

cl bkx _pxdonzcssklondar) Nkcbkihkxj) 4302 Vrxdb, ksp,) Gdbxcb'

H{kles Dcxks) 4383W#, Bk ksrd gdlkxd) bes icljcsrds bk

aexgdocl rklbklocds oegpikrdgklrk bcsrclrds) {l pescrcqcsrd

._d{ss{xk# {l cbkdicsrd .Qessikx# iikjdhdl) pex qds bcqkxsds) d

ksrdhikokx l{kqdgklrk id bcsrclocl klrxk iklj{d dore

icljsrcoe t{k ne sk xkoeleok oege cgpxksoclbchik,

8,8,?, Dbkgs) Qessikx clscsrd) klrxk erxds oesds) kl id

cgpexrdlocd bk {l adorex ndsrd klreloks odsc cjlexdbe pex ies

icljcsrds= kl ki eklrk, Kl kakore) ki dore icljsrcoe) pex s{

gcsgd acldicbdb) t{k ks id bk oeg{lcodx dije d dij{ckl) cgpicod

sckgpxk) pex ie gkles) bes clbcqcb{es= {l ndhidlrk {l eklrk,


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84

K~csrkl) pex s{p{ksre) dores icljsrcoes t{k) kl ockxre sklrcbe) sk

pebxdl oelscbkxdx p{xdgklrk clbcqcb{diks) oege ki gelieje e

ki ndhidx oelscje gcsge, Pkxe rdiks dores icljsrcoes kspkocdiks

sie les xkqkidl t{k ki iklj{dmk ks {l nhcre) d t{k) di ndhidx

oel leserxes gcsges) ks oege sc les oelscbkxxdgesbksbehidbes= les ndhidges kl id iklj{d bk l{ksrxd oeg{lcbdb)

bk id gcsgd gdlkxd oege oeg{lcodxdges dije d dij{ckl

bcsrclre bk leserxes, Ki gcsge nkone les xkqkid) rdghcl) t{k ki

dore icljsrcoe le pkxrklkok k~oi{scqdgklrk di .7 d {l#

clbcqcb{e) oege dacxgdhd _d{ss{xk) scle t{k ks) di gcsge

rckgpe) {l nkone clbcqcb{di {l nkone seocdi= nkone clbcqcb{di)

kl o{dlre ki clbcqcb{e ndhidlrk k~pxksd bk {ld gdlkxd clbcrd

{ld clr{cocl clbcrd t{k ik pkxrklkok k~oi{scqdgklrk6 nkone

seocdi) kl o{dlre ki clbcqcb{e le oxkd lrkjxdgklrk s{ k~pxkscl

scle t{k gs hckl id xkoxkd bk do{kxbe oel gebkies dlrkxcexks)ks bkocx t{k sk segkrk lkoksdxcdgklrk d ie t{k oelsrcr{k lexgd

kl s{ oeg{lcbdb le sk dikmd bkgdscdbe bk ksd lexgd) se pkld

bk t{kbdx cloegpxklbcbe, Ks qkxbdb t{k l{lod sk p{kbk dacxgdx

t{k {ld k~pxkscl bk {l clbcqcb{e D skd pkxakordgklrk

oegpxklbcbd pex {l clbcqcb{e H) eklrk) e skd) t{k id pkxokpocl

bk {l dore icljsrcoe pxeb{}od kl ki xkokprex k~dordgklrk

dt{kiid gcsgd clr{cocl d id t{k id k~pxkscl oexxkspelbk kl ki

ndhidlrk6 pkxe) pex erxe idbe) rdgpeoe sk p{kbk dacxgdx t{k ndd

dore icljsrcoe oegpikre o{dlbe adird rerdigklrk id

oegpxklscl) t{k ks id acldicbdb gcsgd bki ndhidx,

?, T{kbd) p{ks) ksrdhikocbe t{k ki dore icljsrcoe) oege

dore bk xkidocl klrxk bes clbcqcb{es pex ie gkles) cgpicod

lkoksdxcdgklrk= {ld clr{cocl {ld k~pxkscl bki clbcqcb{e D

{ld pkxokpocl {ld cgdjkl .l{kqd clr{cocl# bk {l clbcqcb{e

H, Ksrd oegpikmcbdb bki dore icljsrcoe xkaikmd id oegpikmcbdb

gcsgd bki iklj{dmk oelsrcr{k) di gcsge rckgpe) id xd}l

lrcgd bki odghce icljsrcoe, Kl kakore) {l dore icljsrcoe bk

l{ksrxe clbcqcb{e D sk oxkd sehxk ki gebkie bk dores icljsrcoes

dlrkxcexks) pkxe le ks l{lod rerdigklrk cblrcoe d sres, _k nd

oegpxehdbe t{k cloi{se {l selcbe rdl scgpik oege ki bki

aelkgd d le sk pxel{locd pxorcodgklrk l{lod k~dordgklrk bk id

gcsgd gdlkxd pex clbcqcb{es bcsrclres lc sct{ckxd pex ki gcsge

clbcqcb{e kl bcsrclrds ocxo{lsrdlocds= ie t{k iidgdges d ks) kl

xkdicbdb) {l oelm{lre bk bcsrclrds xkdic}docelks dosrcods6 {ld

xkdic}docl dosrcod d oelscbkxdbd dcsidbdgklrk le ks scle {l


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kmkgpie bk {ld klrcbdb d dhsrxdord) bk ie t{k iidgdges ki

aelkgd d) e skd) {l kmkgpie bk {ld oidsk, Ds) rdghcl) {ldpdidhxd oeloxkrd pkxxe le ks scle {l kmkgpie bk id oidsk bki doreicljsrcoe pkxxe oelscbkxdbe dhsrxdordgklrk, Ks bkocx t{k ki

clbcqcb{e oxkd s{s dores icljsrcoes sehxk gebkies t{k j{dxbdkl s{ gkgexcd) ksre ks) xkoxkd dores icljsrcoes dlrkxcexgklrkk~pkxcgklrdbes ) di xkoxkdxies) ies gebcacod kl ockxrd gkbcbd kls{ aexgd e kl s{ oelrklcbe) e rdghcl kl dghes dspkores, sre)pex ie t{k oelockxlk di ndhidx, Pex erxe idbe) ie t{k eo{xxk kl kiclbcqcb{e D le sk xkpcrk l{lod bk gdlkxd cblrcod) lc oegepkxokpocl lc oege clr{cocl) kl ki clbcqcb{e H= ks bkocx t{ksckgpxk nd {l gdxjkl) d{lt{k glcge) bk cloegpxklscl, Kiieeo{xxk rdlre pex xd}elks p{xdgklrk ascods .dosrcods# oege pexxd}elks gs cgpexrdlrks) bkhcbds d ids bcsrclrds scr{docelks kl

t{k lkoksdxcdgklrk sk klo{klrxdl ies bes clbcqcb{esoelscbkxdbes) e rdghcl d ids bcsrclrds oelqklocelksicljsrcods kl t{k ki ndhidlrk ki eklrk sk klo{klrxdl e skscrdl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) ies bes clbcqcb{es p{kbkl pkxrklkokx dbcsrclrds odrkjexds seocdiks e o{ir{xdiks) e d bcsrclrdsoeg{lcbdbks xkjceldiks) e p{kbkl scr{dxsk kl {ld oelqkloclp{xdgklrk ijcod) ks bkocx) bk gkxd oeg{lcodocl scghicodehmkrcqd lk{rxd) scl lcljl qdiex dakorcqe) e kl {ldoelqklocl ksrcisrcod) ks bkocx) bk oeg{lcodocl bksklrcgcklres bk cgp{ises bk qei{lrdb) oeg{lcodocl t{ksehxkpdsd id scjlcacodocl p{xdgklrk scghicod bk ies scjleskgpikdbes,


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8?

CQ

ID IKLJ[D

Oxcrkxces pdxd s{ bkicgcrdocl, Iklj{d ldoceldi) oegl) icrkxdxcd,Iklj{ds kspkocdiks, Iklj{d bcdikore,

4,4, Ki rkxokx oelokpre a{lbdgklrdi t{k id icljsrcod rcklk

t{k doidxdx ks ki oelokpre bk iklj{d) d t{k) kl kakore) idxkdic}docl bk id ado{irdb bki iklj{dmk pxepcd bk ies neghxks

le eo{xxk bk gebe {lcaexgk) scle hdme l{gkxesscgds aexgds

ncsrxcods t{k sk iidgdl oeglgklrk iklj{ds,

4,8, Pkxe t{ t{ckxk bkocx iklj{dx5 Le t{kxkges sct{ckxd

xkoexbdx ki sklrcbe gexaeijcoe .dldrgcoe# bk ksrk rxgcle e

s{s l{gkxeses sklrcbes acj{xdbes le oelokxlcklrks di iklj{dmk)

p{ks d s{ kgpike icljsrcoe) ks bkocx) oege bkscjldocl bk {ld

aexgd bki iklj{dmk) xks{ird qdxcdbscge les pidlrkd {l dxb{e

pxehikgd bk bkaclcocl, _k bcok) pex kmkgpie) t{k rdi e o{di

pkxseld sdhk g{onds iklj{ds6 pkxe sk p{kbk bkocx rdghcl= id

iklj{d bk Okxqdlrks) id iklj{d bk Gelrkqcbke) id iklj{d bk

Dlbdi{od) id iklj{d bk ies gdxcles) id iklj{d kspdeid bki _cjie

bk Exe) jxdgrcod bk id iklj{d kspdeid) id iklj{d kspdeid

bksbk ies exjklks ndsrd l{ksrxes bds) kro,) kl odbd {ld bk

ksrds k~pxkscelks ki rxgcle rcklk {l sklrcbe bcsrclre= gs dgpice

e gs icgcrdbe) kl ki rckgpe e kl ki kspdoce,

8,4, Kl xkdicbdb) oege qcges) ki oelokpre jklkxdi bk

iklj{d) e) gkmex) id iklj{d kl jklkxdi ks {ld dhsrxdoocl

l{ksrxd= bk nkone) sk oegpx{khdl sie dores icljsrcoes

clbcqcb{diks gs e gkles skgkmdlrks t{k) pex oegebcbdb

gkrebeijcod) p{kbkl oelscbkxdxsk cblrcoes, [ld iklj{d le ks)

p{ks) scle ki oelm{lre bk ies dores icljsrcoes pxorcodgklrk

cblrcoes bk {ld oeg{lcbdb bk clbcqcb{es) {l scsrkgd bk

csejiesds oelqkloceldigklrk ksrdhikocbe) t{k dhdxod ie oegl


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bk ids k~pxkscelks bk {ld oeg{lcbdb) e rdghcl bk {l seie

clbcqcb{e kl bcsrclrds peods, Dbkgs bk k~csrcx oege oelm{lre

bk dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks oeloxkrdgklrk k~pxksdbes) id

iklj{d k~csrk rdghcl oege oelm{lre bk dores icljsrcoes

oeg{lks qcxr{diks= kl id oelocklocd bk odbd {le bk leserxesk~csrk id iklj{d oege scsrkgd) oege gebkie) ki gcsge gebkie

k~csrk rdghcl) d{lt{k le kl aexgd rerdigklrk cblrcod) kl ids

bkgs pkxselds t{k pkxrklkokl d l{ksrxd oeg{lcbdb, Ds) p{ks)

ies dores icljsrcoes xkjcsrxdbes kl {ld oeg{lcbdb sel sie gs

e gkles oeg{lks) pkxe) pdxd oelscbkxdxies bksbk ki p{lre bk

qcsrd ocklracoe) ndokges dhsrxdoocl bk ies dspkores t{k ies

bcakxklocdl, _k rxdrd bk {ld dhsrxdoocl pkxakordgklrk iocrd t{k

sk kgpikd kl rebds ids ocklocds t{k ksr{bcdl aklgkles

oeloxkres= ks) kl ksklocd) dliejd id dhsrxdoocl t{k ndok) pex

kmkgpie) ki herlcoe di ksr{bcdx ki xhei) bkmdlbe d {l idbe rebdsids pdxrco{idxcbdbks t{k pkxrklkokl d ies xheiks clbcqcb{diks

le di xhei oege oidsk, Xks{ird bk ie bcone) dbkgs) t{k) bksbk

ki p{lre bk qcsrd p{xdgklrk icljsrcoe) ki igcrk klrxk ids

iklj{ds ks oelqkloceldi) oege rdghcl ie ks ki igcrk klrxk ies

bcdikores= bkpklbk bk ids csejiesds t{k sk oelscbkxkl) p{ks odsc

le nd csejiesds t{k oeclocbdl k~dordgklrk kl {l bkrkxgcldbe

rkxxcrexce,

8,8, Id bkaclcocl bk id iklj{d oege scsrkgd bk csejiesds

m{srcacod ies qdxces kgpikes bki rxgcle kl ies kmkgpies t{k sk

ndl db{ocbe gs dxxchd, Ds) pex kmkgpie) iklj{d kspdeid

scjlcacod ki scsrkgd bk csejiesds odxdorkxsrcoe bk ies kspdeiks

bk rebes ies clbcqcb{es t{k pkxrklkokl d id oeg{lcbdb icljsrcod

kspdeid) ks bkocx) o{es dores icljsrcoes sel kl g~cgd pdxrk

ies oeg{lks kl Kspdd, Id iklj{d bk Gelrkqcbke ks ki scsrkgd

bk csejiesds odxdorkxsrcoe bk ksrd oc{bdb) ks bkocx) ki oelm{lre bk

dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks d ies gelrkqcbkdles, Id iklj{d bk ies

gdxcles ks ki scsrkgd bk csejiesds odxdorkxsrcoe bki iklj{dmk

rolcoe bk ies gdxcles) gcklrxds t{k kl id k~pxkscl jxdgrcod bk

id iklj{d kspdeid) ki rxgcle iklj{d bkscjld ockxre scsrkgd bk

csejiesds t{k sk regd oege gebkie bk k~pxkscl

oeg{lcodocl ncsplcod) kl id axdsk id iklj{d kspdeid bksbk

s{s exjklks ndsrd l{ksrxes bds ki gcsge rxgcle bkscjld {l

scsrkgd bk csejiesds oelscbkxdbe kl s{ bksdxxeiie d rxdqs bki

rckgpe) bksbk {l scsrkgd D .idrl# ndsrd {l scsrkgd H .kspdei

dor{di#, Dbkgs) ki oelokpre bk scsrkgd bk csejiesds les pkxgcrk


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8;

kgpikdx ki rxgcle iklj{d d{l xkacxclbeles d {l seie clbcqcb{e=pex kmkgpie) id iklj{d bk Okxqdlrks ks ki scsrkgd odxdorkxsrcoebk csejiesds t{k sk p{kbk bkb{ocx bk ids ehxds bk ksrk ksoxcrex,Kl odbd odse sk rxdrd) p{ks) bk {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds, srd ks)

pex rdlre) id bkaclcocl gs dgpicd gs k~dord bki rxgcleiklj{d,

8,?, Xks{ird gs oidxd dnexd id bcakxklocd klrxk id iklj{d bkies peijieres id iklj{d bk ies icljcsrds= gcklrxds t{k kipeijiere oeleok pxorcodgklrk {l bkrkxgcldbe scsrkgd bkcsejiesds) pkxrklkocklrk d ockxre gegklre ncsrxcoe) di icljcsrdik clrkxksdl rebes ies scsrkgds bk csejiesds t{k sk p{kbkloelsrcr{cx sehxk id hdsk bk {l oelm{lre bk dores icljsrcoes)bklrxe bki kspdoce ki rckgpe) rebes ies scsrkgds bk csejiesds d

t{k sk p{kbkl drxch{cx ksres e dt{kiies dores icljsrcoes, Ds)pex kmkgpie) pebkges oelscbkxdx oege scsrkgd bk csejiesds kindhid pdxrco{idx bk {ld ieodicbdb .Gelrkqcbke#) e bk gsieodicbdbks .ki kspdei xcepidrklsk#) e bk rebds ids aexgds t{kp{kbk ds{gcx ki kspdei) e bk rebes ies cbcegds lkeidrcles.oelscbkxdbes) kl ksrk odse) oege aexgds dor{diks bk id iklj{didrcld#) e bk rebes ies cbcegds clbek{xepkes .oelscbkxdbes oegeaexgds dor{diks bk id iklj{d clbek{xepkd#, Bksbk i{kje) odbdscsrkgd bk csejiesds dhdxod sie ies dores icljsrcoes oeg{lkskl ki oelm{lre oelscbkxdbe ) pex kiie) o{dlre gs dgpice ks kiscsrkgd bk csejiesds oelscbkxdbe kl ki kspdoce e kl ki rckgpe)rdlre gklex ks ki lgkxe bk csejiesds t{k ie oelsrcr{kl) qcokqkxsd, Ds) pex kmkgpie) ki scsrkgd lkeidrcle oelrcklk gklescsejiesds t{k ki scsrkgd kspdei gs t{k ki scsrkgdclbek{xepke, S) d s{ qk}) ki scsrkgd kspdei oelrcklk gklescsejiesds t{k ki scsrkgd xcepidrklsk,

?,4, _cl kghdxje) nd t{k ehskxqdx t{k ies icljcsrds lendhidl oeglgklrk bk {ld iklj{d idrcld dor{di . gkles dl bk{ld iklj{d clbek{xepkd dor{di# scle bksbk {l p{lre bk qcsrdrkxcoe) gcklrxds t{k pxorcodgklrk ndhidl bk iklj{ds lkeidrcldse xeglcods bk iklj{ds clbek{xepkds, Ksre) pext{k) kl idbkicgcrdocl {s{di bk ids iklj{ds oege oelm{lrescbklrcacodhiks d{rleges bk rxdbcocelks bki ndhidx .iklj{dsncsrxcods e cbcegds#) sk rcklkl kl o{klrd le sie oxcrkxcesksrxcordgklrk icljsrcoes) scle rdghcl oxcrkxces ncsrxcoes)peircoes) o{ir{xdiks) kro, Kl kakore) ks peschik ksrdhikokx oel


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oxcrkxces p{xdgklrk jiereijcoes ki igcrk klrxk ockxrds iklj{ds

ncsrxcods) pex kmkgpie) klrxk ki kspdei ki qdsoe) d t{k sk

rxdrd bk scsrkgds bk csejiesds xdbcodigklrk bcakxklrks, Pkxe le ks

cj{digklrk aoci ksrdhikokx ki igcrk klrxk ki kspdei ki axdlos)

klrxk ki axdlos ki crdicdle) e klrxk ki skxqce ki hijdxe,

?,8, [l oxcrkxce {s{di) kl odses oege sres) ks ki bk id

clrkxoegpxklscl, Ksrk oxcrkxce qdik) pex kmkgpie) kl ki odse bk

ids iklj{ds xeglcods .d{lt{k le bk rebes s{s bcdikores#) p{ks)

oeglgklrk) {l kspdei le oegpxklbk d {l axdlos) d {l

crdicdle e d {l x{gdle6 gds le qdik sckgpxk kl ki odse) bk ids

iklj{ds ksidqds e jkxglcods .{l ksieqkle klrcklbk d {l oxedrd

{l bdls d {l s{koe) ndhidlbe odbd {le s{ pxepc cbcegd#)

gkles dl kl ki odse bk ids iklj{ds skgrcods) t{k pxksklrdl {ld

lerdhik negejklkcbdb, S) d qkoks) ksrk oxcrkxce le qdik lcsct{ckxd kl ki ghcre bk id gcsgd iklj{d ncsrxcod= ds) pex

kmkgpie) kl ki scsrkgd crdicdle nd igcrk bk oegpxklscl klrxk

ockxres bcdikores) oege ie nd rdghcl kl ki scsrkgd dikgl,

?,?, Erxe oxcrkxce ks ki bk oelocklocd bki ndhrdlrk=

bkrkxgcldbes dores icljsrcoes pkxrklkokl d ockxrd iklj{d

ncsrxcod sc ki ndhidlrk rcklk id oelocklocd bk ndhidx ksd iklj{d)

ks bkocx) bk t{k s{ ndhid pkxrklkok d ockxre scsrkgd icljsrcoe,

Ks) srk) {l oxcrkxce gs skj{xe t{k ki dlrkxcex) pkxe rdgpeoe ks

{lcqkxsdi) d t{k nd odses kl t{k ksd oelocklocd adiid e pxksklrd

ockxres igcrks, Ds) pex kmkgpie) {l odgpkscle geibdqe bcx t{k

ndhid geibdqe) le x{gdle) {l odgpkscle bk id Gdokbelcd

{jesidqd bcx t{k ndhid gdokbelce .e rdghcl skxqce) e

hijdxe) skjl s{s cbkds peircods) skjl s{ clsrx{oocl) skjl id

rxdbcocl bk s{ adgcicd#) gcklrxds t{k icljsrcodgklrk ks bcaoci

xkoeleokx id k~csrklocd bk {ld iklj{d geibdqd bk {ld

iklj{d gdokbelcd oege bcakxklrks) xkspkorcqdgklrk) bki

x{gdle bki hijdxe,

2,0, Pex kiie) kl ies rxdhdmes bk icljsrcod sk ndhid d

gkl{be le bk iklj{ds scle bk bcdikores scsrkgds bk bcdikores)

d ksres ircges sk iks bd) sc sk t{ckxk) ki leghxk bk iklj{ds)

d{lt{k s{s igcrks le oeclocbdl kl odbd odse oel ies igcrks

rxdbcoceldiks) e peircoes) e o{ir{xdiks,


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8:

2,4, [l bcdikore ks ki scsrkgd bk csejiesds bk {ld xkjcl)bkicgcrdbe sehxk id hdsk bk oxcrkxces p{xdgklrk oelqkloceldiks

.d{lt{k ehmkrcqes#) ks bkocx) rklcklbe kl o{klrd sie ockxres

aklgkles odxdorkxsrcoes, Ki lgkxe bk ies bcdikores kl {l

scsrkgd bk bcdikores .iklj{d# p{kbk) pex rdlre) qdxcdx skjl iesaklgkles ids xkjcelks t{k sk oelscbkxkl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) kl

ki scsrkgd kspdei sk p{kbk bkicgcrdx {l lgkxe o{dit{ckxd bk

bcdikores .odsrkiidle) dlbdi{}) dxdjels) krorkxd#) bklrxe bk ies

bcdikores sk p{kbkl bcsrclj{cx scsrkgds gklexks bk csejiesds)

iidgdbes oelqkloceldigklrk s{hbcdikores e pdrecs .ndhids

ieodiks= reikbdle) oexbehs) skqciidle#) oel oxcrkxces p{xdgklrk

pkxseldiks, K~csrk) scl kghdxje) pex ie gkles pdxd ies scsrkgds

s{acocklrkgklrk ksr{bcdbes) {ld bcqcscl rxdbcoceldi) t{k sk

dokprd oeglgklrk pex oegebcbdb gkrebeijcod bcborcod,

2,8,4, Pkxe oge ksrdhikokges ies igcrks bk {l scsrkgd

bk bcdikores5 D gkl{be sel s{acocklrks ies oxcrkxces icljsrcoes,

Ds) pex kmkgpie) oelscbkxdges oege pexr{j{ksds) le

kspdeids) ids ndhids kl t{k id clcocdi bki idrl sk oelskxqd

sckgpxk .akcre) adidx) aeje) axklrk d nkone) ndhidx) a{kje#) idr, or sk

pxksklrd oeglgklrk oege cr le oege o .ksoxcre on= ecre)

bcxkcre) axklrk d eone) bkxkone#) oi) pi idrcles sk pxksklrdl oege

ksoxcre on le oege i ksoxcre ii .ondqk) oneqkx) axklrk

d iidqk) iieqkx#) kl t{k ies jx{pes t{k oelrcklkl oelseldlrks

ldsdiks pxksklrdl {ld ldsdic}docl qeoicod .cxge) gdln)

axklrk d nkxgdle) gddld#) kl t{k idr, ic sk pxksklrd oege i

ksoxcre in le oege fn ksoxcre m .acine axklrk d ncme#) kro,

2,8,8, Pkxe d qkoks ksres oxcrkxces le sel s{acocklrks, Ds)

pex kmkgpie) le nd lcljl igcrk icljsrcoe lkre klrxk ies

bcdikores ksidqes gkxcbceldiks) bksbk Rxcksrk ndsrd ki Gdx Lkjxe6

_k p{kbkl epelkx ies bcdikores ksieqkles d bcdikores ikmdles)

oege ies hijdxes) pkxe klrxk ies bcdikores okxodles id

bkicgcrdocl ks pxorcodgklrk cgpeschik) d t{k sk pdsd

jxdb{digklrk bk {le d erxe, Kl odses oege srk) ki icljcsrd

rcklk t{k dokprdx oxcrkxces k~rxdjiereijcoes) pex kmkgpie)

oxcrkxces peircoes e o{ir{xdiks, Kl kakore) ki nkone bk t{k kl

ockxrd xkjcl .e ksrdbe# sk kgpikk ockxrd iklj{d oegl e icrkxdxcd)

e ldoceldi) les ndok oelscbkxdx ies qdxces scsrkgds bk csejiesds

bk id gcsgd xkjcl oege bcdikores bk ksd iklj{d oegl sc klrxk

ies bcdikores id iklj{d oegl nd {l lgkxe s{acocklrk bk


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8>

csejiesds oeg{lks) ks bkocx) sc klrxk kses bcdikores ksd iklj{doegl nd gs skgkmdl}d clrxlskod t{k klrxk ies gcsges o{dit{ckx erxd iklj{d oegl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) kl Axdlocdp{kbkl oelscbkxdxsk oege axdloksks ies bcdikores lkeidrcles)

pkxe le ki hxkrl) t{k ks oircoe) lc ki aidgkloe) t{k ksjkxglcoe) lc ki qdsoe) t{k le ks sct{ckxd clbek{xepke, KlCljidrkxxd oelscbkxdges oege cljiksks ies bcdikores t{k rcklklg{onds csejiesds oeg{lks oel ki cljis ldoceldi icrkxdxce) pkxele ki jdicoe ksoeos lc ki jdis) t{k sel oircoes) le jkxglcoes,

2,8,?, Nd t{k dbqkxrcx) scl kghdxje) t{k) icljsrcodgklrk)ies bcdikores oelscbkxdbes le sel bcdikores bk id iklj{d oeglscle bk leghxk) d t{k) lexgdigklrk) le pxeokbkl bk {ldbcqcscl bk ksrd iklj{d) bk id t{k sel gs hckl nkxgdles t{k

ncmes, Kl kakore) id iklj{d oegl le ks kl s{ excjkl scle {lbcdikore oege ies bkgs) bk {ld xkjcl e bk {ld oc{bdb) pkxet{k) pex gercqes peircoes) ncsrxcoes e o{ir{xdiks .icrkxdxces#) ndiikjdbe d skx iklj{d ldoceldi) e skd t{k sk {sd kl rebe kirkxxcrexce oelscbkxdbe oege iklj{d s{pkxbcdikordi) di idbe bk idsndhids ieodiks, Ds) ki kspdei oegl ks) kl s{ excjkl) ki bcdikoreodsrkiidle6 ki axdlos oegl ks ki bcdikore bk id xkjcl ik'bk'Axdlok ) kl pdxrco{idx) bk id oc{bdb bk Pdxs6 ki crdicdle oeglks ki bcdikore resodle) gs pxkocsdgklrk) ki aiexklrcle, D pksdxbk ksre) di dacxgdxsk oege rdi) id iklj{d oegl s{kikbcakxklocdxsk bki bcdikore bki t{k s{xjc) bki o{di xkond}d g{ondsqkoks ids odxdorkxsrcods bkgdscdbe ieodiks) sk oelqckxrk klqkxbdbkxd iklj{d ldoceldi) pex klocgd bk rebes ies bcdikores) dies t{k) pex s{ pxksrcjce) iejxd d qkoks kicgcldx pex oegpikre,Ds) pex kmkgpie) id fecl jxckjd .kl s{ excjkl) ki bcdikore bkircod# kicgcl oel ki rckgpe d rebes ies bkgs bcdikores jxckjes,Kl kakore) skjl pdxkok) lclj{le bk ies bcdikores jxckjesdor{diks .sc sk k~oi{k ki rsdoelce# pxeokbk bk ies bcdikoresdlrcj{es= rebes xkpxksklrdl bksdxxeiies bk id fecl nkiklsrcod, Ksbkocx t{k ies bcdikores jxckjes dor{diks sel kakorcqdgklrkbcdikores s{xjcbes bk {ld iklj{d oegl .bk id dlrcj{d fecl#)pkxe bk lclj{ld gdlkxd bcdikores bk id dor{di iklj{d jxckjdoegl icrkxdxcd) rebdqd kl aexgdocl,

2,?,0, D qkoks) bk {ld lcod iklj{d icljsrcod) ks bkocx)bk {l lcoe scsrkgd bcdikordi) s{xjkl gs iklj{ds oeg{lks eldoceldiks) erxds qkoks d gs scsrkgds bcdikordiks oexxkspelbk


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83

{ld lcod iklj{d oegl, Qdges d bdx dij{les kmkgpies bk kiie,Rklkges ie pxcgkxe kl ki odse bki scsrkgd icljsrcoe dikgl kl ki bki ksidqe gkxcbceldi6 ie skj{lbe) kl Kspdd) kl Axdlocd kl Bcldgdxod Lex{kjd,

2,?,4, Kl kakore) icljsrcodgklrk k~csrk {l scsrkgd bkbcdikores dikgdlks ep{ksre) bklrxe bki scsrkgd bk ids iklj{dsjkxglcods) di axcsl di cljis) pex {l idbe) ) pex erxe) dibdls) s{koe) lex{kje k csidlbs, Kl ksrk scsrkgd sk bcsrclj{klbes jx{pes= ki hdme dikgl .Lckbkxbk{rson e Pidrrbk{rson# kidire dikgl .Neonbk{rson#, i Neonbk{rson sk ndhid kl D{srxcd)kl jxdl pdxrk bk _{c}d kl id Dikgdlcd gkxcbceldi6 kiLckbkxbk{rson) kl id Dikgdlcd skprklrxceldi) kl Neidlbd) kl {ldpdxrk bk Hijcod kl dij{lds }elds bk Axdlocd xkjcl bk Odidcs#,

i dikgl . d{srxdoe# oegl icrkxdxce .ie t{k sk iidgdoeglgklrk iklj{d dikgdld# ks {ld aexgd bki Neonbk{rson)gcklrxds t{k kl Neidlbd ks iklj{d icrkxdxcd oegl {ld aexgdbki Lckbkxbk{rson .ks bkocx) bki gcsge scsrkgd bk id Dikgdlcdskprklrxceldi# ) pxkocsdgklrk) {l bcdikore hdme axdloelce= idiklj{d neidlbksd ks) pex rdlre) icljsrcodgklrk) {l bcdikorehdme dikgl t{k) pex xd}elks peircods o{ir{xdiks) nd diodl}dbeki pxksrcjce bk iklj{d icrkxdxcd ldoceldi, srk gcsge bcdikore.ids bcakxklocds le sel s{hsrdlocdiks# le nd diodl}dbe rebdqd kiksrdbe bk iklj{d oegl .d pksdx bk skx rdghcl iklj{d icrkxdxcd#kl Hijcod kl ids }elds bk Axdlocd belbk sk ndhid) belbk)dbkgs) le sk iidgd neidlbs scle aidgkloe, Pex erxd pdxrk) skpebxd bkocx) kl ockxre sklrcbe) t{k cloi{se ki cljis ks) kl s{excjkl) {l bcdikore hdme dikgl .dljiesdml# rxdsidbdbe dCljidrkxxd,

2,?,8, Kl S{jesidqcd sk bcsrclj{kl icljsrcodgklrk rxksjx{pes bcdikordiks ksidqes= ki ksieqkle) ki skxqce'oxedrd kigdokbelce .t{k sk dokxod gs hckl di hijdxe#, Ki srdr{s bkodbd {le bk ksres jx{pes ks bcsrclre, Kl Ksieqklcd) k~csrk {lksieqkle icrkxdxce oegl .kl ie ksklocdi) id iklj{d bkI{hicdld#) pex klocgd bk ies g{ones bcdikores ieodiks, Kl idsxkjcelks skxqcds oxedrds) sk bcsrclj{kl icljsrcodgklrk rxksbcdikores= srfdqe) ofdqe fmfdqe#) bk ies o{diks {le .kisrfdqe# oelsrcr{k id hdsk bk id iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd bk iesskxqces bk ies oxedrds) d id t{k) pex gercqes bk exj{iieldoceldi) ies oxedrds iidgdl oxedrd .nxqdrsfc mk}cf# ies


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?0

skxqces) skxqce .sxpsfc mk}cf#, _cl kghdxje) nd ockxrds

bcakxklocds, Ies oxedrds kgpikdl ki srfdqe cmfdqe) gcklrxds t{k

ies skxqces kgpikdl ki srfdqe fdqe, Pex oelscj{cklrk) sk p{kbk

bkocx t{k pex peods bcakxklocds aelrcods dij{lds erxds bk

qeodh{idxce) kl ki rkxxcrexce skxqceoxedrd nd bes iklj{dsicrkxdxcds= id skxqcd id oxedrd) s{xjcbds) le sie bki gcsge

jx{pe bcdikordi) scle rdghcl bki gcsge bcdikore, _k pebx) p{ks)

bkocx t{k {l clbcqcb{e ndhid skxqce e oxedrd) le skxqce'

oxedrd) skjl kgpikk oege iklj{d oegl id iklj{d icrkxdxcd bk

Hkijxdbe e id bk ]djxkh, Pkxe ids aexgds bcdikordiks

refqcods skxl skxqcds e oxedrds5 Pdxd ksrdhikokx ksrd

bcsrclocl) d le qdik ki oxcrkxce icljsrcoe .bk do{kxbe oel srk

sel scgpikgklrk skxqceoxedrds# nd t{k xko{xxcx d id

oelocklocd bki ndhidlrk e d {l oxcrkxce oelaksceldi k cloi{se d id

ksoxcr{xd= sk oelscbkxdl oxedrds ies odricoes . rdghcl iesg{s{igdlks#) t{k kgpikdl ki diadhkre idrcle) skxqces) ies

exrebe~es) t{k kgpikdl ki diadhkre ocxicoe, Rebe ksre) kl ie t{k

oelockxlk di rkxxcrexce refqcoe, _k p{kbkl) kl odghce) iidgdx

oxedrds) scl rkgex bk kt{cqeodxsk) ies bcdikores ofdqe

fmfdqe) d t{k ids pehidocelks t{k ies ndhidl sel odsc

klrkxdgklrk odricods, Ks bkocx t{k ies oxedrds ndhidl ies

bcdikores fmfdqe) srfdqe ofdqe {sdl oege iklj{d icrkxdxcd

ki bcdikore _rfdqe cmfdqe .{sdbe) oege bcdikore) rdghcl pex

ockxres skxqces) oege ies gelrklkjxcles#6 ies skxqces ndhidl ki

bcdikore srfdqe {sdl oege iklj{d icrkxdxcd ki bcdikore srfdqe

fdqe bk Hkijxdbe,

2,?,?, Rebdqd gkles bkaclcbd ks id pescocl bki

gdokbelce) t{k ndsrd ndok peoes des k~csrd sie oege jx{pe

bcdikordi pkxrklkocklrk) pex g{ones dspkores) di scsrkgd

icljsrcoe hijdxe, Kl id dor{dicbdb) scl kghdxje) oel id

oelsrcr{ocl) kl id Akbkxdocl {jesidqd) bk {ld Xkphicod

Gdokbelcd) sk ksr aexgdlbe {l gdokbelce oegl icrkxdxce)

t{k) oel ki rckgpe) pebx diodl}dx pxksrcjce bk iklj{d

ldoceldi, [l odse kl jxdl pdxrk dlieje ie kloelrxdges kl ki

scsrkgd x{gdle, Kl ki x{gdle sk bcsrclj{kl o{drxe jx{pes

bcdikordiks= bdoe'x{gdle) gdokbe'x{gdle) gkjikle'x{gdle k

csrxe'x{gdle, Ki x{gdle oegl icrkxdxce ks {ld aexgd bk bdoe'

x{gdle) gs hckl qdidod .kspkocdigklrk) kl ki dspkore aelrcoe#,

Pkxe kl id Xkphicod _eqcrcod Geibdqd .oxkdbd oel id dlk~cl

bk id Hksdxdhcd d id [X__# le sk nd dokprdbe ksrd iklj{d oegl


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icrkxdxcd sk nd t{kxcbe oxkdx erxd) sehxk id hdsk bk id aexgd

bcdikordi geibdqd, Pex oelscj{cklrk) ki geibdqe) t{k bksbk kip{lre bk qcsrd icljsrcoe ks ldbd gs t{k {l s{hbcdikorex{gdle) ks) e pxkrklbk skx) kl id Xkphicod _eqcrcod Geibdqd)

iklj{d icrkxdxcd ldoceldi, Ks bkocx t{k) gcklrxds t{k iesgeibdqes bk id Geibdqcd x{gdld kgpikdl oege iklj{d oeglki x{gdle icrkxdxce) ies geibdqes bk id [lcl _eqcrcod rcklklerxd iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd= {ld aexgd bk s{ gcsge pdrecsieodi,

2,?,2, Kl Axdlocd) sc sk pxksoclbk bki iidgdbe axdloe'pxeqkl}di) nd bes jx{pes bcdikordiks jdiexxeglcoes= iesbcdikores bki lexrk) e axdlos pxepcdgklrk bcone) iesbcdikores bki s{x { eoocrlcoes) iidgdbes d qkoks pxeqkl}diks

.ki rxgcle) kl ksrk odse) le ks dpxepcdbe) d t{k kses bcdikoresdhdxodl {ld }eld g{one gs k~rklsd t{k id Pxeqkl}d#6 jx{pes dies t{k) kl id Kbdb Gkbcd) oexxkspelbdl bes iklj{ds icrkxdxcds e)gkmex bcone) bes rcpes bk iklj{ds icrkxdxcds= id idlj{k beci ididlj{k beo, Dor{digklrk) kl odghce) le nd kl Axdlocd gs t{k{ld seid iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd) t{k ks ki axdlos oegl .iet{k sk iidgd iklj{d axdloksd#) e skd) pxorcodgklrk) ki ndhid bkik'bk'Axdlok .axdlockl e axlocoe#) pdxrco{idxgklrk bk idoc{bdb bk Pdxs, Kgpikdl ksrd gcsgd iklj{d rdghcl iesaxdloksks gkxcbceldiks) t{cklks) pex oelscj{cklrk) rcklkl {ldiklj{d oegl t{k pkxrklkok d erxe scsrkgd bcdikordi le di s{epxepc, S) d pksdx bki xkldocgcklre icrkxdxce t{k ki pxeqkl}dir{qe kl ki scjie pdsdbe oel Gcsrxdi ki Aichxcjk) sk p{kbk bkocxt{k) ne) ies bcdikores bk id idlj{k beo .pxeqkl}di bcdikoresdaclks# sel sie scsrkgds bk ndhids ieodiks le oelsrcr{kl {ldiklj{d, Gs dl= ki gcsge axdlos sk kgpikd oege iklj{doegl rdghcl pex ies hxkrelks) t{k ndhidl bcdikores oircoes)pex ies aidgkloes bki Pds'bk'Odidcs) t{k ndhidl {l bcdikorejkxglcoe) pex ies qdsoes bk ies Pcxclkes) o{es bcdikorespkxrklkokl d {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds dcsidbe) pxkclbek{xepke,

2,?,;, G{ skgkmdlrk d id bki pxeqkl}di ks id scr{doclbki odrdil, Kl id Pklls{id Chxcod rklkges rxks jx{pesbcdikordiks lkeidrcles= ki jdiikje'pexr{j{s) ki kspdei kiodrdil .t{k sk k~rcklbk rdghcl d {ld }eld bk id Axdlocdgkxcbceldi p{kbk skx cloi{cbe kl {l scsrkgd gs dgpice)odrdil'pxeqkl}di#, Kl Pexr{jdi k~csrk {ld seid iklj{d oegl


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icrkxdxcd) ki pexr{j{s) oexxkspelbcklrk d {l lcoe scsrkgdbcdikordi6 kl Kspdd) kl odghce) ki kspdei .odsrkiidle# ksiklj{d oegl bk pehidocelks t{k ndhidl bcdikores pkxrklkocklrksd rxks scsrkgds lkeidrcles .jdiikjes) kspdeiks pxepcdgklrk

bcones ks bkocx) dsr{xcdles) ikelksks) odsrkiidles) dlbdi{oks)dxdjelksks) kro,) odrdidlks# d {l scsrkgd pxkclbek{xepke.qdsoes#, Pkxe g{ones odrdidlks kgpikdl oege iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd ki odrdil, Kl ksrk odse) t{ ks ki odrdil5 [l bcdikoree {ld iklj{d5 Ies odsrkiidlcsrds bcxl t{k ks {l bcdikorekspdei6 ies odrdidlcsrds) t{k ks {ld iklj{d, Bksbk ki p{lrebk qcsrd p{xdgklrk icljsrcoe) dghds dacxgdocelks seldokprdhiks= ki odrdil ks {l bcdikore .scsrkgd xkjceldi bkcsejiesds# ks kspdei .p{ksre t{k sk ndhid kl Kspdd#6 pkxeks rdghcl {ld iklj{d) d t{k iklj{d sk iidgd) e sk p{kbk

iidgdx) o{dit{ckx scsrkgd bk csejiesds, _kjl ki oxcrkxce bk idk~csrklocd bk {ld iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd) kl odghce) ki odrdilncsrxcoe sk klo{klrxd kl ki igcrk klrxk iklj{d bcdikore= kl iesgegklres kl t{k ki odrdil sk dokprd oege iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd bk ids xkjcelks odrdidlds) sk rxdrd bk {ld iklj{drdghcl kl sklrcbe ncsrxcoe'o{ir{xdi6 kl ies gegklres kl t{k kiodrdidlcsge bkodk) kl t{k ies odrdidlks {sdl oege iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd ki kspdei .odsrkiidle#) ki odrdil ks {ld iklj{d siekl ki sklrcbe p{xdgklrk icljsrcoe) e skd) {l jx{pe bcdikordi.d{lt{k le {l bcdikore bki scsrkgd t{k sk iidgd kspdei) gkles dl bki kspdei oegl) t{k ks kl s{ excjkl ki bcdikoreodsrkiidle#, S sk pebxd bkocx rdghcl t{k ki odrdil ks {ldiklj{d pdxd ies odrdidlks t{k ie kgpikdl oege iklj{d {lbcdikore pdxd ies t{k ie kgpikdl oege bcdikore,

2,?,1, Kl Lex{kjd) acldigklrk) sk ndhidl bcdikoresjkxglcoes pkxrklkocklrks d {l scsrkgd hdsrdlrk {lcrdxce) di t{k)bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd sie icljsrcoe) pebkges iidgdx iklj{dlex{kjd, Pkxe kl ki gcsge rkxxcrexce k~csrkl bes iklj{dsicrkxdxcds oeg{lks) bk ids o{diks {ld ks {ld aexgd bki bdls,Kl kakore) pex xd}elks ncsrxcods .bkpklbklocd peircod#) klLex{kjd sk kgpik pex g{one rckgpe) eacocdi icrkxdxcdgklrk) kibdls) t{k) peoe gebcacodbe) oelsrcr{k rebdqd id iklj{d bkixkcle .xcfsgi#, Pkxe kl ki ircge scjie sk nd cbe oelsrcr{klbe)di idbe bki xcfsgi) {ld l{kqd iklj{d icrkxdxcd oegl) hdsdbdsehxk bcdikores ieodiks= ki idlbsgi) ks bkocx) iklj{d bki pds6pex oelscj{cklrk) sk p{kbk bkocx t{k) kl ockxre sklrcbe) rdghcl


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ies lex{kjes sk klo{klrxdl kl id scr{docl bk ies pxeqkl}diks odrdidlks) d t{k pex ie gkles {ld bk s{s bes iklj{ds oeg{lksle pkxrklkokl) kl s{ excjkl) d s{ pxepce scsrkgd bcdikordi, S) bkrebes gebes) ie t{k sk iidgd oeglgklrk iklj{d lex{kjd) le

oeclocbk oel ie t{k ki lex{kje ks bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrdp{xdgklrk icljsrcoe,

;,4, Gs bcaoci rebdqd ks ksrdhikokx ies igcrks bk {ldiklj{d kl ki rckgpe, Kl ockxre sklrcbe) sk p{kbk bkocx t{k {ldiklj{d le s{xjk le bksdpdxkok kl lcljl gegklre pxkocse)scle t{k sie sk bksdxxeiid e kqei{oceld= ki idrl le ks) kl ksrksklrcbe) {ld iklj{d g{kxrd) p{ks scj{k qcqcklbe kl ies cbcegdslkeidrcles) hdme aexgds t{k sk iidgdl jdiikje'pexr{j{s)kspdei) odrdil) eoocrdle) axdlos) crdicdle) xkrexegdlok)

x{gdle, Nd g{kxre) kl odghce) ki idrl oegl icrkxdxce) p{ksret{k d le nd lclj{ld pehidocl t{k ie kgpikk oege rdi, Pexkiie sk p{kbk bkocx) oelqkloceldigklrk) t{k ki idrl oege rdidodhd kl ies scjies Q'QC) ks bkocx) o{dlbe sk t{ckhxdbkaclcrcqdgklrk id {lcbdb bk id iklj{d oegl kl ies pdsksxeglcoes, _cl kghdxje) ndsrd id aexgdocl sc le bkaclcrcqd)pex ie gkles g{ dqdl}dbd bk ids iklj{ds oeg{lks icrkxdxcds.scjies ^CC'^CQ#) bkhkxdges ndhidx) le bk iklj{ds xeglcods)scle bk scsrkgds bcdikordiks xeglcoes, Pkxe) kl ki aelbe) ksds{lre bk oelqklocl bk oegebcbdb rkxgcleijcod,

;,8, Kl ki gcsge sklrcbe sk p{kbk oelscbkxdx ki odse bk iesndhidxks ncspdledgkxcodles, i dxjklrcle) pex kmkgpie) ks {ldiklj{d e {l bcdikore5 Bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd icljsrcoe) kipxehikgd ks clksklocdi qdle) p{ks ies bes rxgcles seloelqkloceldiks g{onds qkoks p{kbkl skx scllcges, Kl kakore)icljsrcodgklrk sk p{kbk ndhidx bk {ld iklj{d dxjklrcld d{lbk {ld iklj{d pexrkd= ki dxjklrcle ks) icljsrcodgklrk) {ljx{pe bcdikordi) e {ld iklj{d .scsrkgd bk csejiesds#) t{k aexgdpdxrk bk id iklj{d kspdeid oegl) t{k d s{ qk} ks {ld aexgd bkid iklj{d kspdeid oege scsrkgd bk bcdikores kspdeiks) t{kpkxrklkok di scsrkgd bk csejiesds lkeidrcle) kro, Kl odghce)bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd k~rxdicljsrcoe) ki dxjklrcle le k~csrkoege iklj{d) d t{k ki kspdei oegl scj{k oelskxqdlbe s{{lcbdb6 d pksdx bk ids bcakxklocds ieodiks) ki cbcegd eacocdi scj{kscklbe ki kspdei {l kspdei odsc cblrcoe di bk Kspdd .leehsrdlrk ids bcakxklocds bk pxel{locdocl# ies ksoxcrexks


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?2

dxjklrcles oelrcldl ksoxchcklbe kl kspdei oelscbkxdlbeoege gebkie ki kspdei odsrc}e, Pkxe ki dxjklrcle pebxdiikjdx d skx {ld iklj{d sc sk dikmdsk lerdhikgklrk bk id {lcbdbkspdeid) sc ki Ksrdbe dxjklrcle iikjdsk d {sdx oege iklj{d

eacocdi ki ndhid ieodi sc ies ksoxcrexks dxjklrcles sk bkocbckskl dksoxchcx kl dxjklrcle bkmdskl bk ksoxchcx kl kspdei jklkxdi,

S ks h{kle ehskxqdx t{k rebe ksre le rcklk ldbd t{k qkxoel id k~csrklocd bk {ld xd}d e bk {ld ldoceldicbdb) t{k seloelokpres) xkspkorcqdgklrk) hceijcoe peircoe) leicljsrcoes= p{kbk k~csrcx {ld ldoceldicbdb dxjklrcld scl t{kk~csrd {ld iklj{d dxjklrcld) ds oege k~csrk {ld ldoceldicbdbs{c}d scl t{k k~csrd {ld iklj{d s{c}d, Bki gcsge gebe) k~csrk{ld xd}d bclxcod scl t{k k~csrd {ld iklj{d bclxcod )

qcokqkxsd) k~csrk {ld iklj{d dikgdld scl t{k k~csrd {ld xd}ddikgdld,

1,4, Oege qkges) ki scjlcacodbe bki rxgcle iklj{d ksg{onds qkoks qdxcdbe kl ki {se oegl bkpklbk bk qdxcesoxcrkxces gs e gkles dpicodhiks ) kl ircge dlicscs) bkoelqklocelks, Pex rdlre) scklbe ki {se bk ksrk rxgcle) kl kiaelbe) e ids gs bk ids qkoks) oelqkloceldi) skx h{kle pxkocsdxki sklrcbe t{k sk ik t{ckxk bdx odbd qk} t{k sk ie kgpikd, Ds) pexkmkgpie) kl {ld ehxd jxdgdrcodi) skx epexr{le pxkocsdx sc kirxgcle iklj{d t{ckxk bkocx scsrkgd bk bcdikores .e skd) sc sk rxdrdbki ksr{bce ocklracoe bk {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds) oel rebes ieskqklr{diks scsrkgds gklexks t{k dhdxt{k# e scgpikgklrk iklj{doegl e icrkxdxcd .ks bkocx) sc sk rxdrd bk {l lcoe scsrkgd bkcsejiesds) regdbe oege gebkie#, S) pdxd kicgcldx oela{scelks)sk pebxd) pex kmkgpie) kqcrdx kl ockxres odses ki rxgcle iklj{dkl ies ksr{bces icljsrcoes) bcocklbe) pex kmkgpie) jxdgrcodkspdeid e jxdgrcod bki kspdei) sc sk rxdrd bk {ld jxdgrcod bkrebes ies bcdikores kspdeiks) jxdgrcod bk id iklj{d kspdeidsc sk rxdrd bk {ld jxdgrcod bki kspdei oegl) iklj{d eacocdi)ldoceldi icrkxdxcd, srd) d s{ qk}) le skxd scle {ld oelqklocl)t{k ndhxd t{k m{srcacodx pxkocsdx,

1,8,0, Bk rebes gebes) skxd {ld oelqklocl epexr{ld) dt{k) kl id icljsrcod) ki rxgcle iklj{d pxksklrd rdghcl g{oneskgpikes kspkoacoes) oege kl ids k~pxkscelks= iklj{ds


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?;

kspkocdiks) iklj{ds dxrcacocdiks) iklj{ds oxceiids) iklj{ds axdlods)

kro,

1,8,4, _k iidgdl iklj{ds kspkocdiks ids ndhids

odxdorkxsrcods bk jx{pes seocdiks e pxeaksceldiks) oege rdghclies iklj{dmks rolcoes .pex kmkgpie) id iklj{d bk ies gdxcles) idiklj{d bk ies pksodbexks) id iklj{d bk ies ksr{bcdlrks) id iklj{dbk ies cljklckxes) id iklj{d bk ies ehxkxes gkrdixjcoes) kro,#)t{k k~csrkl) di idbe bk ies bcdikores bk ids iklj{ds oeg{lks)oege aexgds kspkocdiks bk srds t{k d gkl{be sk iidgdlrdghcl dxjers) d{lt{k ksrk rxgcle sk xkskxqk pex g{ones pdxdids ndhids bk ies gdinkonexks ) kl jklkxdi) pdxd ies scsrkgdsicljsrcoes kgpikdbes) kl ki gdxoe bk id gcsgd iklj{d oegl)oel ki pxepscre bk t{k xks{irkl cloegpxklschiks d ies t{k le

pkxrklkokl d {ld bkrkxgcldbd oeg{lcbdb) e skd) oege iklj{dsskoxkrds,

1,8,8, Iklj{ds dxrcacocdiks sel ies scsrkgds icljsrcoesoelsrx{cbes pex {le e gs clbcqcb{es) sehxk id hdsk bk iklj{dsncsrxcodgklrk k~csrklrks) oel ki pxepscre bk {ld bca{scl{lcqkxsdi) ks bkocx) oege peschiks clsrx{gklres bk oegpxklsclclrkxldoceldi) pex klocgd bk ies cbcegds ldoceldiks, Rdiks sel)pex kmkgpie) ki kspkxdlre) ki cbe) ki qeidpf) id clrkxiclj{d) kihdsco kljicsn) kro,

1,8,?, Ids iklj{ds oxceiids sel iklj{ds oeg{lkscls{acocklrkgklrk dpxklbcbds pex pehidocelks clbjklds)kspkocdigklrk kl rkxxcrexces bk oeielc}docl) t{k oelskxqdlaexgds) pdidhxds oelsrx{oocelks bk ids iklj{ds d ids t{ks{srcr{kl .pex kmkgpie) ki axdlos bk ies lkjxes bk Ndcr)kspkocdigklrk bk ids oidsks clakxcexks6 ki pexr{j{s {sdbe pexockxrds pehidocelks daxcodlds) kro,#,

1,8,2, Ids iklj{ds axdlods sel ndhids t{k p{kbklpkxrklkokx e le d {ld oeg{lcbdb) oege bcdikore e oege iklj{dldoceldi) pkxe t{k sk {sdl pex pehidocelks bk bcsrclrdsldoceldicbdbks iklj{ds) kspkocdigklrk kl s{s xkidocelksoegkxocdiks kl erxds xkidocelks oel k~rxdlmkxes6 ds) pexkmkgpie) ki s{dnkic) {ld iklj{d hdlr) sk kgpikd oege iklj{daxdlod kl ki axcod oklrxeexcklrdi6 ki pcbjcl'kljicsn .t{k rcklkrdghcl odxdorkxsrcods bk iklj{d oxceiid) scklbe {l cljis oel


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?1

aelrcod oelsrx{oocl kl jxdl pdxrk onclds#) sk kgpikd oege

iklj{d axdlod kl ki Dscd s{bexcklrdi) kro,

1,8,;, _el) rebds ksrds iklj{ds) scsrkgds t{k clrkxksdl sie

icgcrdbdgklrk d ids icljsrcods pdxrco{idxks .oelokxlcklrks dadgcicds bk iklj{ds# d id icljsrcod ncsrxcod .d t{k d

gkl{be pkxgdlkokl a{kxd bki bksdxxeiie lexgdi bk ids iklj{ds) epxksklrdl bksdxxeiies pko{icdxks#) pkxe t{k p{kbkl pxepexoceldx

rciks s{jkxklocds kmkgpies d id icljsrcod jklkxdi, Bk rebesgebes) rdghcl kl ksres odses qdik id bkaclcocl bk iklj{d oegescsrkgd bk csejiesds,


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?:

Q

ID XKDICBDB BKI IKLJ[DMK

_{ i{jdx klrxk ids dorcqcbdbks bki neghxk, Iklj{dmk pklsdgcklre,

Iklj{dmk dakorcqcbdb, Dspkore clbcqcb{di dspkore seocdi bki iklj{dmk,

Iklj{dmk o{ir{xd,

4,4,0, Pdxd iikjdx d oegpxklbkx ids bcsrclrds pescocelks t{kkloelrxdges kl id icljsrcod kl id rkexd bki iklj{dmk) rklkges

t{k k~dgcldx hxkqkgklrk dij{les pxehikgds t{k drdkl d id

ksklocd gcsgd bki iklj{dmk) pxehikgds g{ bkhdrcbes t{k

oexxkspelbkl d erxds rdlrds gdlkxds bk klodxdx ki aklgkle

icljsrcoe, Kl kakore) ki iklj{dmk ks {l aklgkle s{gdgklrk

oegpikme= pxksklrd dspkores p{xdgklrk ascoes .selcbes#

dspkores acsceijcoes) dspkores pst{coes dspkores ijcoes)

dspkores clbcqcb{diks dspkores seocdiks, Pex oelscj{cklrk)

skjl id excklrdocl aciesacod .k~piocrd e cgpiocrd# bk ies

icljcsrds bk ies rkxcoes bki iklj{dmk) sk bksrdodl {les { erxes

dspkores) t{k d gkl{be sk oelscbkxdl pxkbegcldlrks) kl

pkxm{coce bk ies xksrdlrks,

4,4,4, Ies ijcoes t{k sk eo{pdl bki iklj{dmk ies

icljcsrds bk excklrdocl iejcocsrd drcklbkl sehxk rebe d ie t{k

iidgdl ki dspkore ijcoe bki iklj{dmk) ks bkocx) di dspkore bk

p{xd oeg{lcodocl scghicod bk oelokpres= qdlsk) pex kmkgpie)

ies qdxces ksr{bces t{k d pxehikgds icljsrcoes nd bkbcodbe

Hkxrxdlb X{sskii, Id cbkd a{lbdgklrdi bk ies iejcocsrds t{k) klockxre sklrcbe) oexxkspelbk d ie t{k kloelrxdges d kl

N{gheibr) oel ki leghxk bk aexgd clrkxcex .cllkxk _pxdonaexg#)

pkxe d {ld aexgd clrkxcex klrklbcbd oege {lcqkxsdi) ks id bk

{ld dxgd}l cbkdi pxcgdxcd d pxcexc t{k rebe cbcegd kakorcqe

xkiikldxd xkqksrcxd bk gdrkxcdi kgpxcoe bk gebe bcsrclre)


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ehkbkocklbe) d d gercqes jklkxdiks n{gdles) d d gercqeskgpxcoes doocbklrdiks odghcdlrks .N{sskxi#, Pex rdlre) ies

ijcoes drcklbkl) kl pxcgkx i{jdx) d {l iklj{dmk dhsrxdore le di

iklj{dmk oege aklgkle ncsrxcoe6 sk eo{pdl) oel pxepscres

lexgdrcqes) kl ki ksr{bce bk {l iklj{dmk ocklracodgklrk rci)ks bkocx) ie gs dbko{dbe peschik pdxd id k~pxkscl bk cbkds .le

kl ki bk {l iklj{dmk oeloxkre) bki t{k rxdrdl ies icljcsrds#)

ksr{bcdl sehxk rebe ki iklj{dmk kl xkidocl oel id xkdicbdb oel

ies nkones bk oeleocgcklre) g{one gkles kl xkidocl oel ki

clbcqcb{e ndhidlrk, [le bk ies pxclocpdiks oklrxes bk clrkxs bk

ies iejcocsrds ks ki bk id oeloexbdlocd klrxk jxdgrcod ijcod) ks

bkocx) klrxk id ijcod bki iklj{dmk id ijcod oege rdi,

4,4,8, Id rklbklocd iejcocsrd sk p{kbk kloelrxdx) gs e

gkles drkl{dbd) kl id oelokpocl bk qdxces icljcsrds) cloi{se klies t{k) pex erxd pdxrk) dbgcrkl ndokl pxkqdikokx cbkds

pscoeiejcsrds) oege Nkxgdll Pdi .Pxclocpckl bkx

_pxdonjksonconrk VIkcp}cj) 4>>0W# e Ondxiks Hdii .Iclj{csrct{k

jklxdik kr iclj{csrct{k axdlodcsk VHkxld) 43?8W) ks

pxorcodgklrk id rklbklocd pxkbegcldlrk kl id jxdgrcod

rxdbcoceldi) t{k ks kl jxdl pdxrk {ld jxdgrcod ijcod) hdsdbd

ksklocdigklrk kl id cbkd bk id oexxkspelbklocd e kt{cqdiklocd

klrxk ids odrkjexds ijcods ids odrkjexds jxdgdrcodiks,

4,8, Kl ki peie ep{ksre sk klo{klrxdl ies pscoeiejcsrds) t{k

d gkl{be oelscbkxdl ki iklj{dmk oege oelm{lre bk nkones

p{xdgklrk pst{coes, K~csrk rebd {ld qdsrd ocklocd iidgdbd

pscoeiejd bki iklj{dmk) o{ircqdbd pex ksr{bceses ci{srxks oege

N, Bkidoxec~ e Fdxi Hnikx) o{e ehmkre ie oelsrcr{kl rebes

dt{kiies dspkores t{k kl ki iklj{dmk p{kbkl oelscbkxdxsk nkones

pst{coes) oege sel cgjklks) clr{cocelks pkxokpocelks

qkxhdiks, Ies xks{irdbes diodl}dbes pex id pscoeiejd bki iklj{dmk

sel g{ cgpexrdlrks ndl oelrxch{cbe lerdhikgklrk di pxejxkse

bk id icljsrcod, Pkxe nd t{k ehskxqdx t{k) d qkoks) sk qd gs

dii bk ies igcrks bk ksd xd}eldhik lkoksdxcd clqksrcjdocl bk

nkones) iikjlbesk ndsrd dacxgdx {ld ksklocd p{xdgklrk

pst{coedakorcqd bki iklj{dmk sesrklkx t{k ki iklj{dmk ks) kl ie

ksklocdi) gkxd k~pxkscl bk {ld odxjd pst{cod) scl xkidocl oel

id k~pxkscl ijcod bk cbkds, _k gdlcacksrd ksrd rklbklocd

rdghcl kl dij{les icljcsrds) oege Qklbxks ) sehxk rebe)

Mkspkxskl) t{ckl sesrcklk t{k) pex ie gkles kl s{ excjkl) ki


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?3

iklj{dmk ldbd rkld t{k qkx oel id oeg{lcodocl) scklbe

k~pxkscl bki clsrclre bk seocdhcicbdb) gdlcaksrdocl bk {ld odxjd

pst{cod) {ld kspkock bk k~piescl sklrcgklrdi) ks bkocx) {ld

kspkock bk odlre e bk scgpik jxcre) oel ki o{di {l clbcqcb{e

regdhd oelrdore oel erxe clbcqcb{e, Gs ikmes dl iikjd idpscoeiejd hkndqcexcsrd) t{k) pdxrcklbe kl s{ ksr{bce bk id

oelb{ord bk ockxres dlcgdiks s{pkxcexks bk ockxres nkones bk

k~pxkscl t{k klrxk sres sk xkjcsrxdl) iikjd d t{kxkx clrkxpxkrdx

rdghcl id dorcqcbdb scghicod bki neghxk kl {l gdxoe

od{sdicsrd bk oelrk~res bk nkones p{xdgklrk pscoeascoes,

8,0, Lclj{ld bk ksds bes pescocelks sk p{kbk sesrklkx ne)

d id i{} bk {ld qcscl xkdicsrd bki iklj{dmk bk id oelscbkxdocl

ncsrxcod bk ies aklgkles icljsrcoes oege aklgkles seocdiks

bk o{ir{xd, _c dokprdges id bkaclcocl t{k nkges bdbe bki nkoneoeloxkre bk ndhidx) ks bkocx) bki dore icljsrcoe) rklkges t{k

xkoeleokx kl ki iklj{dmk {l dspkore ijcoe {l dspkore pst{coe'

dakorcqe) t{k clrkxackxkl ki {le oel ki erxe p{kbkl pxkqdikokx

dirkxldrcqdgklrk) pkxe scl iikjdx d id k~oi{scl xkopxeod,

8,4,4, Pex ki gcsge nkone bk t{k nkges odxdorkxc}dbe ki

iklj{dmk oege aklgkle t{k lkokscrd pex ie gkles bes

pkxselds) le pebkges d bksoeleokx ki dspkore bk

oeg{lcodocl) t{k p{kbk skx oeg{lcodocl bk sklrcgcklres) pkxe

rdghcl bk cbkds) bk oelokpres) ks bkocx) bk nkones bk

oeleocgcklre xdoceldi, Gs dl= ks clb{bdhik t{k ki iklj{dmk

p{kbk oelscbkxdxsk oege aexgd a{lbdgklrdi bk l{ksrxd dorcqcbdb

oejlesocrcqd, Kl kakore) l{ksrxd k~pkxcklocd bk id xkdicbdb sk

kidhexd gkbcdlrk ids dorcqcbdbks xdoceldiks bki oeleokx bki

bcsrclj{cx) srds sk gdlcacksrdl kl ies scjles icljsrcoes) pex

gkbce bk ies o{diks .d rxdqs bk s{s scjlcacodbes# les xkakxcges d

id xkdicbdb k~rxdicljsrcod oege d dije sdhcbe, Ies scjles

icljsrcoes exjdlc}dl aexgdigklrk l{ksrxe oeleocgcklre bk id

xkdicbdb) p{ksre t{k le sel kikgklres p{xdgklrk gesrxdrcqes

scle scghicoes jklkxdic}dbexks) ks bkocx t{k le bkscjldl

clbcqcb{es) k~pkxcklocds dcsidbds) scle t{k scjlcacodl jlkxes)

oidsks) e skd) oelokpres jklkxdiks kidhexdbes pex id xd}l, Ks {l

nkone cxxka{rdhik ki bk t{k cloi{se ies pdxrco{idxks sk bkscjldl kl

ids iklj{ds gkbcdlrk {lcqkxsdiks .ks bkocx) t{k ies leghxks

oel t{k les xkakxcges d ies clbcqcb{es sel leghxks bk oidsks=

iidgdges d {l ehmkre pdxrco{idx odsd) oel {l leghxk t{k ks ki bk


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s{ oidsk#) pex ie o{di) kl ies dores oeloxkres bk ndhidx)kakor{dges oelsrdlrkgklrk {ld epkxdocl ijcod) t{k ks id bk

dacxgdx cgpiocrdgklrk id cloi{scl bk {l clbcqcb{e kl s{ jlkxe,

Pex ksrd lrcgd oelk~cl t{k k~csrk klrxk iklj{dmk

oeleocgcklre) ks kqcbklrk t{k le ks peschik pxksoclbcx bk idijcod kl ki k~dgkl bki iklj{dmk= ies scjles) kl o{dlre sgheies)

sel pxeb{ore bk {ld dorcqcbdb t{k hckl p{kbk iidgdxsk ijcod)

scxqkl oege clsrx{gklre pdxd erxd dorcqcbdb) rdghcl ijcod,

8,4,8, Pkxe ksre le m{srcacod {ld oelscbkxdocl p{xdgklrk

iejcocsrd bki iklj{dmk lc g{one gkles id dacxgdocl bk {ld

pxkrklbcbd cbklrcbdb klrxk odrkjexds ijcods odrkjexds

jxdgdrcodiks, Kl kakore) ki iklj{dmk le ks dije t{k sk q{kiqk d

ndokx lrkjxdgklrk kl odbd dore oeloxkre bk ndhidx) scle t{k ks

rdghcl nkone rxdbcoceldi) kl jxdl pdxrk d{regdrc}dbe) p{ksret{k id epkxdocl oejlesocrcqd le sk xkpcrk kl s{ rerdicbdb odbd

qk} t{k sk ndhid) scle t{k ies dores icljsrcoes sk oxkdl sehxk

gebkies dlrkxcexks pex dldiejd oel dores icljsrcoes

skgkmdlrks) pkxrklkocklrks di gcsge scsrkgd,

Oelscbkxkges) pex kmkgpie) id odrkjexd jxdgdrcodi bki

jlkxe, Kqcbklrkgklrk) ki jlkxe jxdgdrcodi kl ids iklj{ds kl

t{k k~csrk oexxkspelbk di jlkxe ldr{xdi .sk~e# sie o{dlbe sk

rxdrd bk pkxselds .pxeaksex'pxeaksexd# e) kl jklkxdi) bk skxks

dlcgdbes6 lc sct{ckxd kl ksrk odse id oexxkspelbklocd ks

oelsrdlrk .pex kmkgpie) le nd {l akgklcle bk dxgdbciie#, Bk

rebes gebes) kl odses pdxkocbes) id jxdgrcod ksr gs e gkles

bk do{kxbe oel id ijcod, Pkxe le nd lclj{ld xd}l ijcod dor{di

pdxd bkocx id gksd) oel {l leghxk bk jlkxe akgklcle6 ) kl

kakore) ies dikgdlks ies x{ses bkscjldl ki gcsge ehmkre

gkbcdlrk leghxks gdso{icles .Rcson) srei#, Pxehdhikgklrk)

oege les klskd id icljsrcod clbek{xepkd) n{he dij{ld qk}

xd}elks bk cgdjcldocl e adlrdsd) e gcreijcods) pex ids o{diks

sk rkld {ld leocl bk jlkxe ldr{xdi rdghcl kl ki odse bk

ehmkres le dlcgdbes, Ds) pex kmkgpie) oege dj{bdgklrk

ehskxqd Gkciikr) kl ids iklj{ds clbek{xepkds kloelrxdges) oege

bkscjldocelks bki a{kje) {l rxgcle gs dlrcj{e) gdso{icle .bki

rcpe bki idr, cjlcs#) t{k sk xkgelrd pxehdhikgklrk d {ld peod kl

t{k ki a{kje sk oelokhd oege pxclocpce gdso{icle) oege a{kx}d


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qcxci) erxe rxgcle gs xkocklrk) lk{rxe .bki rcpe bki jx, Px#)

t{k oexxkspelbk d {ld oelokpocl bki a{kje oege aklgkle le

dlcgdbe, Ds) rdghcl) sk p{kbk ehskxqdx t{k ki sei) oelokhcbe

oege ako{lbdbex bk id rckxxd) ks bkocx) oege pxclocpce gdso{icle)

rkld kl ids iklj{ds clbek{xepkds gs dlrcj{ds leghxks bkjlkxe gdso{icle .idr, sei) jx, nkices#) gcklrxds t{k id rckxxd)

oelokhcbd oege kikgklre jklkxdbex ako{lbdbe pex ki sei) rkld

leghxks akgklcles .idr, rkxxd) jx, j#, Pkxe ksrds xd}elks sk ndl

eiqcbdbe odsc rerdigklrk kl id rxdbcocl o{ir{xdi bk ies

clbek{xepkes= ne ki sei rcklk leghxks gdso{icles kl ies

cbcegds xeglcoes .ksp, pexr, sei) cr, sei) ax, seikci) x{g, sedxk#)

gcklrxds t{k ks akgklcle kl dikgl .bck _ellk# lk{rxe) kl ies

cbcegds ksidqes .x{se seilok) skxqce'ox, s{lok#6 id i{ld) pex ki

oelrxdxce) rcklk leghxks akgklcles kl ies cbcegds xeglcoes

leghxk gdso{icle kl dikgl .bkx Geld#, Dbkgs) sc ks peschikndokx ksrd clqksrcjdocl pex ie t{k oelockxlk d {lds peods

pdidhxds) les ks cgpeschik iikjdx kl rebes ies odses d oegpxklbkx

id xd}l ijcod excjcldxcd) sc ks t{k n{he dij{ld) bki jlkxe

jxdgdrcodi, S) pex erxd pdxrk) sdhkges d t{k) kl ids iklj{ds) ie

t{k cgpexrd ks ki gebkie sehxk ki o{di sk oxkdl ies dores

icljsrcoes l{kqes) p{ksre t{k ids pdidhxds) kl {l scsrkgd

icljsrcoe) le sk pxksklrdl dcsidbds) scle xk{lcbds kl odrkjexds

dldijcods) o{d oelsrcr{ocl g{onds qkoks le bkpklbk bk s{

scjlcacodbe scle bk dspkores p{xdgklrk gexaeijcoes, Ds) pex

kmkgpie) dxgdbciie ks bk jlkxe gdso{icle pext{k klrxd kl id

odrkjexd bk ies s{hsrdlrcqes kl e) t{k rcklk jklkxdigklrk ksrk

jlkxe kl kspdei) gcklrxds t{k erxe leghxk bki gcsge dlcgdi)

g{icrd) ks bk jlkxe akgklcle) pext{k pkxrklkok d id odrkjexd bk

ies s{hsrdlrcqes kl d6 {l leghxk bk aexgdocl xkidrcqdgklrk

xkocklrk) oege heghdxbke) ks bk jlkxe gdso{icle oege ies

bkgs leghxks kl ke) gcklrxds t{k oerc}docl) d pksdx bk skx bki

gcsge rcpe scjlcacodrcqe) ks akgklcle) pex pxksklrdx {ld

bksclklocd rpcodgklrk akgklcld, Pkxe le nd b{bd bk t{k) scl

t{k sk gebcact{k s{ scjlcacodbe) ies gcsges leghxks odghcdxdl

bk jlkxe sc odghcdxdl bk bksclklocd) sc) pex kmkgpie) sk bcmkxd

heghdxbcocl oerc}dgcklre, Pex xd}elks dliejds) kl dikgl)

belbk rebes ies bcgcl{rcqes .t{k rkxgcldl kl 'onkl 'ikcl# sel

lk{rxes) ndsrd oelokpres kgclklrkgklrk akgklcles oege

skexcrd g{ondond sk leghxdl gkbcdlrk lk{rxes

.Axd{ikcl) Gdbonkl#) scgpikgklrk pex rxdrdxsk bk bcgcl{rcqes,

_k bkb{ok bk rebe ksre t{k id iklj{d) d{l xkaikmdlbe


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kqcbklrkgklrk ki pklsdgcklre) le scj{k s{s gcsgds ikks) kl

pdxrk pex s{ dspkore bk scsrkgd rxdbcoceldi kl pdxrk pex s{dspkore dakorcqe) ksrcisrcoe) t{k ks d gkl{be gkrdaxcoe= {l

kmkgpie oege ki bk ies qkxses bk Jekrnk ocrdbes pex Qessikx

Jxcs,,, ks rebd rkexd) pkxe ks qkxbk ki xhei bexdbe bk idqcbd p{kbk skx ijcodgklrk dhs{xbe) pkxe icljsrcodgklrk

ks oexxkore sk m{srcacod pikldgklrk) bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd

percoe) pex s{ odxorkx gkrdaxcoe,

8,8,4, Rdghcl id pescocl pscoeiejcsrd lkokscrd qdxcds

oexxkoocelks, Kl pxcgkx i{jdx) pex skx ki iklj{dmk aexgd bk {l

oelrklcbe oejlesocrcqe) oelsrcr{cbe gkbcdlrk epkxdocelks

ijcods6 kl skj{lbe i{jdx) pex skx ki iklj{dmk {ld a{locl

seocdi, Kl kakore) d{lt{k) cloi{se oege aklgkle bk

oeleocgcklre) ki iklj{dmk p{kbk skx clrkxpxkrdbepscoeijcodgklrk .p{ksre t{k rebe dore oejlesocrcqe cgpicod {l

pxeokse pst{coe#) bk lclj{ld gdlkxd sk p{kbk dacxgdx t{k ki

kikgklre oelsrdlrkgklrk pxkbegcldlrk kl ki iklj{dmk ks ki

adorex dakorcqe) oel ki o{di id xd}l ldbd rklbxd t{k qkx,

Clb{bdhikgklrk) di ndhidx) k~pxksdges rdghcl nkones dakorcqes6

sk p{kbk cloi{se dbgcrcx id k~csrklocd bk {ld oelqklocl

dakorcqd e ksrcisrcod) bk {l iklj{dmk kgercqe bcsrclre bki

iklj{dmk p{xdgklrk kl{locdrcqe, Pkxe rdghcl ki iklj{dmk

kgercqe sk k~pxksd kl sgheies t{k sel pxeb{ores bk {ld

epkxdocl ijcod pxeb{ok) d s{ qk}) sgheies t{k) qdocdbes bk

rebd odxjd kgercqd) pdsdl di iklj{dmk kl{locdrcqe) bk p{xd

oeg{lcodocl, Pex skx ki iklj{dmk {l nkone seocdi pdxd ki o{di sk

lkokscrdl pex ie gkles bes clbcqcb{es) o{d oelbcocl pxcgkxd

ks id oeg{lcodocl) bk lclj{ld gdlkxd pebkges dokprdx t{k ksr

oelsrcr{cbe pex scgpiks gdlcaksrdocelks bk odxjds pst{cods

ksrxcordgklrk clbcqcb{diks= d{l di k~pxksdx rdiks odxjds) le

pebkges ndokxie oel sgheies pkxseldiks) p{ksre t{k ies

sgheies) pdxd skx oeg{lcodhiks) rcklkl t{k dbdprdxsk d {ld

lexgd t{k xks{irk dokprdhik rdghcl pdxd ies bkgs clbcqcb{es

bk l{ksrxd oeg{lcbdb) d t{cklks ndhidges, Ks oelbcocl

cgpxksocl

Coseriu Eugenio- Introduccion a La Linguistica

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Transcript of Coseriu Eugenio- Introduccion a La Linguistica