Corrosion Testing d Rossi Cathodic
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CATHODIC PROTECTIONSYSTEM DESIGN
• Presented ByDENIS L ROSSI P.E.
• CORROSION ENGINEER• New England C P Inc.
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Corrosion Fundamentals
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What is corrosion?
It is defined as the degradation or deterioration of a material,usually a metal, due to a reaction with its environment.
What does that mean???
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Corrosion is a natural process. Metals don’t like being metals, they prefer remaining as ores.In the process of converting ores into metals, energy is added in the form of heat, this places the metal into a high-energy state.It is this energy that is given off from the metal, as the metal isreturning to an ore, lower-energy state, is what we call corrosion.
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Steel - Rust to Rust
Pipe
Mine Steel Mill
Refining
Bridge
Underground Pipeline
Iron Ore
Rust
IronOxide
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Components of a corrosion cell
• Anode – Metal loss or corrosion occurs at the anode
• Cathode– Little or no corrosion occurs at the cathode
• Return Circuit/Metallic Path– Provides a path for electrons to flow, between the anode and cathode
• Electrolyte– Ionized solution capable of conducting electricity
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Corrosion of Metals
Current Flow
Current FlowCathode Anode
Electrolyte
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Practical corrosion cell
• Anode – bare steel gas service• Cathode – cast iron gas main• Electrolyte – soil that main and service
are buried in• Return path – service tee threaded into
gas main
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WIRE(CONDUCTOR)
CARBON ROD(CATHODE)
+0.30mV
ZINC CASE(ANODE)-1.10mV
MOIST PASTE(ELECTROLYTE)
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Copper Water Line-(Cathode)
Steel Gas Service (Anode)
Steel Gas Main –(Anode)
CI Water Main(Cathode)
Steel Distribution System – No Insulators ( i = Current Flow)
Appliance-(External Connection)
Soil (Electrolyte)
i
i
ii
i
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Copper Water Line
Steel Gas Service
Steel Gas Main
CI Water Main
Steel Distribution System – Insulators
insulator
insulator
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PRACTICAL GALVANIC SERIESMaterial Potential*
Pure Magnesium -1.75
Magnesium Alloy -1.60
Zinc -1.10
Aluminum Alloy -1.00
Cadmium -0.80
Mild Steel (New) -0.70
Mild Steel (Old) -0.50
Cast Iron -0.50
Stainless Steel -0.50 to + 0.10
Copper, Brass, Bronze -0.20
Titanium -0.20
Gold +0.20
Carbon, Graphite, Coke +0.30
* Potentials With Respect to Saturated Cu-CuSO4 Electrode
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Factors causing corrosion on a pipeline
• Dissimilar metals– Galvanic corrosion
• Brass valve or copper pipe connected to carbon steel pipe• Old carbon steel pipe connected to new steel pipe
• Dissimilar Soils– Varying oxygen content– Varying resistivities
• Mechanical Stresses– Bending and Gouges– Cutting of threads
• Stray Currents
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Brass Valve(Cathode)- 300mV
Iron Pipe(Anode)- 500mV
Iron Pipe(Anode)- 500mV
Coupling to Dissimilar Metals
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Corrosion
Steel
Copper
Anodic Area (corrosion)
Cathodic Area (protection)
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Basic Corrosion Cell
Earth (Electrolyte)Corrosion Current
Return PathCorroding Area Protected Area
Anodic Area Cathodic Area
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Oxygen Concentration Corrosion Cell
More Oxygen - Cathodic - Protected
Less Oxygen - Anodic - CorrodingUndisturbed Earth
Corrosion Currents Pipe
Backfill
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Oxygen ConcentrationCorrosion Cell
Corrosion Currents
RockAnodic Area
Cathodic Areas
Anodic Area
Pipe
Wood Bed Block
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Scarred/Damaged Surface Corrosion
Threads, scratches and dents are anodicto undisturbed surfaces along the pipe.
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Dissimilar Soils
Corrosion
Anodic Area Cathodic Area
Soil (Low concentration of Salts)Soil (High concentration of Salts)
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Cathodic Protection Rectifier
Anode Groundbed
Gas Pipeline
Water Pipeline
(-)
(+)
Current Discharge(Corrosion)
Current Discharge(Corrosion)
Stray Current Due to Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System
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Corrosion Current vs Metal Loss
• Metal loss is directly proportional to corrosion current
• 1 amp per year = 20 pounds of steel lost• Larger area of steel exposed - more
current required for cathodic protection• For given current - faster wall
penetration at smaller exposed surface area
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Stray Current
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SummarySummary
•Corrosion Cell*Anode*Cathode*Electrolyte*Metallic Connection
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Rules & Regulations
• Department of Transportation– Part 192
• Operations And Maintenance Manual
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What Has to be Cathodically Protected ?
•All steel pipe installed after 1971 must be protected from external corrosion.
•Regardless of size•Regardless of Length
•What does that mean ? •All new steel pipe MUST have:
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Protective Coating•Applied on a properly applied surface•Have sufficient adhesion to the pipe•Sufficient strength to resist cracking•Have sufficient strength to resist damage due handling and soil stress.
•Compatible with cathodic protection currents•Coatings must also be:
•Inspected for damage prior to lowering in the ditch•Must be protected from damage from adverse ditch conditions.•Precautions must be taken to protect coated pipe that is to be installed by boring.
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Cathodic Protection
• Provide a level of cathodic protection for the entire length of the underground structure.
• Cathodic protection levels must be controlled so as not to damage coatings.
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Electrical Isolation
• Insulating devices must be installed on the steel pipe so as to facilitate electrical isolation.• Mains – @ Tie-ins and crossings with other
utilities• Services - @ the main and the service riser• Casings – insulated from the carrier unless both
carrier and casing are cathodically protected as a single unit.
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Test Leads and Boxes• Test leads must be securely attached and minimize
stress concentration on the pipe.• All test lead connections at the pipe must be
coated.• Test leads must extend out of the test box by at
least 18”.• Test box locations and dimensions will be
indicated on the design drawings.• Test leads will be connected as required.
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Pipe installed prior to 1971
• Bare or coated steel pipe determined to be in areas of continuing corrosion must be cathodically protected.
• Hot Spot Protection.
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Atmospheric Corrosion• Pipelines that are exposed to the atmosphere
must be cleaned and either coated or jacketed with a material suitable for the prevention of atmospheric corrosion.
• Steel service risers and meter installations must be coated to the outlet side of the meter bar.
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Other• Exposed Pipe Inspection
– Further Investigation if additional corrosion is evident.
• Inspect coatings for damage• Inspect bare pipe for pitting and uniform wall loss.
• Internal Pipe inspection• Inspection Data to be kept for the LIFE of
the pipe.
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Cathodic Protection
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Elements of a Corrosion Control System
Coating
Connect to morenegative metal
Limit Area in Contact with Electrolyte
Break electrical pathto what’s not
being protected
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Protection of a Pipeline with a Sacrificial Anode
Pipe Ano
de
Current through WirePipe Coating
tCurrent through Soil
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Black Wire
Lead Seal
Steel Core
Gypsum Powder
MagnesiumBar
ClothSack
SealingCompound
Magnesium Anode
Note: Anodes should be installed 18” below and 18” to the side of the pipe.The anode should be also be soaked with water before backfilling.Do not carry by the wire.
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Sacrificial Magnesium Anode
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R
+
-
Rectifier Groundbed
IJ IJ
Rectifier
Anode Groundbed
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POLE MOUNTED RECTIFIER
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Typical Arrangement of Cathodic Protection For Tanks
Typical Arrangement of Cathodic Protection For Tanks
Rectifier
AnodesTank
Tank
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Tidal Zone Cathodic ProtectionTidal Zone Cathodic Protection
MHW
MLW
Steel Pile
Galvanic or ImpressedCurrent Anodes
Tidal Zone
Structure Section
Cathodic Protection is Afforded to Steel in Tidal Zone During Periods of High Tides.
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Corrosion Testing
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Pipe-to-Soil Potential Test
Test BoxCu/CuSO4 Reference Cell
Multimeter-0.85
Pipe
Pipe Lead
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Corrosion Monitoring
• Mains - Once a Year– Ensure Test Box Availabilty
• Services – Once every Ten Years– Ensure Test Wires are Connected
• Rectifiers and Bonds – 2 Months• Record Keeping – For the life of the pipe.
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Common Corrosion Problems
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Shielding of Cathodic Protection
Wood
Cathodic Protection Current
Corrosion
Anode
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SheetingCurrent Pipe
Shielding Of Protective CurrentsShielding Of Protective Currents
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Pipe Wall
Backfill
Protected
Coating
Cathodic Protection CurrentProtects Exposed Area
Cathodic Protection Current Does Not ProtectArea Under Disbonded Coating
Coating Disbondment & CP Shielding Coating Disbondment & CP Shielding
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Faulty Service Isolators
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Mastic Application
MA
STIC
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Proper Mastic Application
Wire brush damaged areasApply two thin coats (paint)Let dry between coats (15 min)Let dry before backfilling.
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Proper Coating Repairs withCold Applied Tape
Clean pipe with wire brush.Apply primer to clean pipe.Wrap tape around pipe.
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Other• Test Wires not connected to anode.• No dielectric union on service entrance or
service regulator vent.• Underground electrical contact with other
metallic structure.• Isolator installed incorrectly or not at all.• Isolator installed and not indicated.• Test boxes paved over.• Telemetry not isolated.
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Summary
• Corrosion CellAnodeCathodeElectrolyteMetallic Connection
• Corrosion Control SystemCoating - Mastic and Cold Applied TapeIsolation - Insulating JointsCathodic Protection - Magnesium Anode