Corritore, 7341 ITM 734 Human Factors in Information Systems Ch. 4 & 5: Attention & Short Term...
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Transcript of Corritore, 7341 ITM 734 Human Factors in Information Systems Ch. 4 & 5: Attention & Short Term...
corritore, 7341
ITM 734
Human Factors in Information Systems
Ch. 4 & 5: Attention & Short Term Memory
Fall 2005
Cindy Corritore, Ph.D.
Creighton University
C.L. Corritore2
attention
• examples driving a car -must attend to some
stimuli, ignore others listening to this lecture - attend to slides
and words, ignore other students, physical plant noises
C.L. Corritore3
Broadbent filter theory of attention
• just comes in – filter out 1 msg, this attended one is processed, rest is lost limited capacity to process
• simplistic• contribution
first one to suggest there are a series of processes : theory of information processing system
sensory register > selective filter > STM
C.L. Corritore4
focused auditory attention
• reality: do some processing of unattended messages
• we differentiate between auditory messages using physical characteristics (ie. gender of voice)
C.L. Corritore5
focused visual attention
• flexible
• can focus it
• endogenous vs exogenous process without conscious notice – automatic
shift of attention – more peripheral (exogenous) process when person’s intentions control
(central cues) (endogenous)
• unattended processed but less than attended
C.L. Corritore6
visual attention theories
• spotlight vs. zoom lens both correct in part, likely zoom is more
appropriate (zoom focus in on what’s imp)
• how attention works overall gestalt (salient features), focus
down on objects and components affected by experience (bananas yellow)
C.L. Corritore7
visual search theories
• feature integration get overall gestalt in parallel (objects all
processed together) serial process of object feature analysis
involves focus and experience
• guided search overall gestalt guided by intentions (what
looking for) attention then directed towards objects that
have high importance (activation level)
C.L. Corritore8
divided attention
• doing two things at once
• affected by task similarity – similar how? practice (experience) - automaticity task difficulty – require more resources
than are available?
• what happens: interference
C.L. Corritore9
divided attention theories
• central executive (Kahneman) - limited capacity/resource can do two things at once if don’t exceed resource
• assumptions high arousal increases capacity to a point allocation policy decides on available capacity
enduring disposition (eg. novel, fleeting)intentionsif can finish one task completely if use all resourcelevel of arousal - narrows attentional focus
• so increase effort increases capacity to a point
• perhaps no central executive? – instead many subsystems
• doesn’t explain why …
C.L. Corritore10
divided attention theories
• bottleneck – processing bottleneck do two tasks serially with a short refractory
period between them some support for this although not globally true
• multiple resources – possess pools of resources for multiple stages of processing attention different tasks can be using different resources
(at different stages) potential to multi-task - depends on task
similarity, automaticity, difficulty (drain on resources)
C.L. Corritore11
automaticity
• dramatic improvement with practice• characteristics
prolonged exposure occurs without intention, conscious
awareness/monitoring – always invoked fast does not interfere with other cognitive activities can have processes acting in parallel
• not at conscious level hard to remove or change no processing - just how to react to a stimulus
C.L. Corritore12
automatic processing theories
• controlled processes – require attention, serial processing slower see with varied mapping (ie. not
consistent)
• automatic processes – fast parallel see with consistent mapping
C.L. Corritore13
automatic processing theories
• instance – automaticity is memory retrieval - each time do something, richness of associated memory increases better recall, faster recall until automatic like a past solution is stored that can be
activated• schema’s – organised plans of action
have contention scheduler (selects best automatic response based on context)
have supervisor (makes decisions and troubleshoots, develops new schemas)
C.L. Corritore14
automaticity examples
• Stroop effect (automaticity, divided attention, interference) http://
faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/ready.html
• OK window for file delete - confirms Delete not the file
C.L. Corritore15
action slips
• activate wrong schema
• Norman discusses 6 types of slips - a result of different kinds of automaticity errors we will talk about these (he has 6 of
these) in Ch. 5
C.L. Corritore17
sensory memory/store (multi-store theory)
• buffers for incoming data via senses
• different one for each sense
• types iconic store – visual store; fades rapidly – can
operate on this store echonic store – auditory store -
• short-lived and space-constrained
• persistence (fireworks in vision after the fact)
• some processing even if not attended
C.L. Corritore18
short term memory (multi-store theory)
• selective attention (or else overwhelmed)
• cocktail party phenomenae?
• input from sensory to here via attention
C.L. Corritore19
STM characteristics
• quick access and quick decay (volatile)• limited in size
chunking (experts vs. novices) - phone number402-111-5555
closure - finish something (less errors) - clear out STM
• forgetting time decay? interference with new items? (eg. similarity) attention moves off item?
C.L. Corritore20
STM characteristics
• recency - last few items in list recalled better than middle - holding most recent items in STM negate with interference? visual and auditory channel - no
interference if different channel
• primacy - first few items in list recalled better than middle (more rehearsal)
C.L. Corritore21
STM multistore theory
• STM gateway to sensory and LTM no – eg. conversation direct to LTM
• oversimplified STM is not unitary – nor is LTM
• role of rehearsal exaggerated lots in LTM that is not rehearsed (eg.
snapshot of a birthday celebration)
C.L. Corritore22
STM working memory theory
• all components have limited capacity, temporary storage
• central executive (attentional) controls time-sharing of resources retrieves relevant plans directs selective attention temporary activates LTM as needed likely not unitary
C.L. Corritore23
STM working memory theory
• loops (scratchpads) phonological & articulatory – storage of spoken enters
here, passive store for perception, articulatory process for productionindirect access thru subvocalization (articulatory)for learning new words
visiospatial – storage of spatial and visual info (form, color, movement, spatial data)visual cache (form and color)scribe (spatial and movement; rehearses info from cache)
C.L. Corritore24
levels of processing and retrieval
• retrieval from LTM dependant on processing that occurs at time of learning important:
level or depth of processing – shallow vs. depth perceptual analysis
distinctiveness of the processingamount (elaboration) of processing
deeper levels of processing produce more elaborate, stronger memory traces
differentiate elaborate vs. maintenance rehearsal – elaborate far greater recall success
C.L. Corritore25
a bit about learning
• implicit learning - done without thought language ride a horse
• can’t articulate what you are doing expertise
• characteristics robust (ie fault-tolerant) age & IQ independent low variability between people common to a species different than explicit - may start with explicit, then implicit
strengthens, explicit recedes and get automaticity