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Transcript of CORESTA Congress 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Reality of Beneficial Aspects
of Smoking and Nicotine
Professor David M. Warburton
(Neil Sherwood)
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
David M.
Warburton
A Retrospective
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
US Surgeon General 1988
“Smokers claim that smoking improves
their performance and mood…”
But this finding effectively ignored for the
remainder of the report!
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
West 1993
Beneficial Effects of Nicotine: Fact or
Fiction?
West says Fiction!
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Parrott 2003
Cigarette-Derived Nicotine is Not a
Medicine
“…cigarette smoking does not provide
mood control benefits, but rather
nicotine dependency is associated with
mood lability…”
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Our Questions Today
Are smokers deluded?
Are the reported improvements in
performance and mood merely due to
relief of nicotine withdrawal?
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Effects of Smoking on
Performance
Warburton DM and Arnell C (1994)
Improvements in performance without nicotine
withdrawal
Psychopharmacology 115, 539-542
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Rapid Visual Information
Processing Test
1 9 4 8 7 2 5 1 3 4 6 5 3 8 2 6 5
_________________|______________|_
- Correct Detections (Hits)
- Latency (Time to Respond)
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking Regimen
Healthy undergraduate students
Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day
Minimally deprived for two hours
Puff-by-puff methodology
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
18 Smokers
Sham Smokers
RVIP – Mean Number of Hits
Time (minutes)
Smoking start
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
RVIP – Mean Reaction Time
18 Smokers
Sham Smokers
Time (minutes)
Smoking start
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Effects of Nicotine on
Performance in Non-smokers
Wesnes K and Warburton DM (1984)
Effects of scopolamine and nicotine on
human rapid visual information processing
Psychopharmacology 82, 147-150
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Effects of Nicotine on Performance
in Alzheimer Patients
Sahakian BJ, Jones GMM, Levy R, Gray JR
and Warburton DM (1989)
Effects of nicotine on attention, information
processing and short-term memory in patients
with dementia of the Alzheimer type
British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 797-800
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Spilich 1993
A review of the effects of smoking and
nicotine upon cognitive performance
"… the effect of nicotine upon cognitive
performance has been conducted with a
very restricted set of tasks …..all of which
involve a rapid response to a simple
perceptual demand."
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Effects of Smoking on Complex
Information Processing
Warburton DM, Skinner A and Martin CD (2001)
Improved incidental memory with nicotine after
semantic processing
Psychopharmacology 153, 258-263
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Task Requirements
DOG - CHICKEN - TAXI - LIGHT
Phonological Task: 1 or 2 syllables?
Semantic Task: Are these alive or not?
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Phonological Processing
Signal
↓
Physical Features
↓
Letters
↓
Syllables (One or Two)
↓
Decision (Press Left or Right)
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Semantic Processing Signal
↓
Physical Features
↓
Letters
↓
Word Recognition
↓
Class (Living or Non-Living)
↓
Decision (Press Left or Right)
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking Regimen
Healthy undergraduate students
Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day
Minimally deprived for two hours
Non-smoker comparison group
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Reaction Time
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Phonological Semantic
Non-smokers Smokers sham Smokers smoking
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Number of Words Remembered
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Phonological Semantic
Non-smokers Smokers sham Smokers smoking
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
A Possible Mechanism
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Effects of Smoking on Mood
Warburton DM (1988)
The Functional Use of Nicotine
In: Nicotine, Smoking and the Low-tar
Programme (Eds. Wald N & Froggatt P)
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Mood Measurement
Psychopharmacology scales for mood
Happy__________|___________Sad
Relaxed __________|___________Tense
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking Regimen
Healthy undergraduate students
Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day
Minimally deprived for two hours
Puff-by-puff methodology
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Stressors and Smoking
Warburton DM (1990)
Psychopharmacological Aspects of Nicotine
In: Nicotine Psychopharmacology (Eds.
Wonnacott S, Russell MAH & Stolerman IP)
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
The Stressors
Lo-Stress situation:
Rapid Visual Information Processing
Hi-Stress situation:
RVIP and “Your performance is being
filmed and will be assessed by a panel of
trained psychologists”
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking Regimen
Healthy undergraduate students
Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day
Minimally deprived for two hours
20 high in Neuroticism (Hi N)
20 low in Neuroticism (Lo N)
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking Behaviour Measures
Puff Number (from video)
Puff Interval (from video)
Butt Nicotine
End-tidal carbon monoxide boost
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Puff Number
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Lo Stress Hi Stress
Lo N
Hi N
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Puff Interval (sec)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lo Stress Hi Stress
Lo N
Hi N
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking Intensity
BUTT NICOTINE
--------------------------------------- X 100
MACHINE-ESTIMATED YIELD
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking Intensity (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Lo Stress Hi Stress
Lo N
Hi N
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
CO Boost (ppm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Lo Stress Hi Stress
Lo N
Hi N
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Lo N - More or Less Calm?
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Lo Stress Hi Stress
No Smoke
Smoke
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Hi N - More or Less Calm?
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Lo Stress Hi Stress
No Smoke
Smoke
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Pathway from Genes to Smoking
Neuroticism Genes
Prone to Anxiety Prone to Depression
Self-Medication by Smoking
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
The Functional Model
Smoking has functions for the
smoker
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Smoking is Purposive and
Rational
•Individuals control their psychological state
•Coping with problems and enhancing function
•Satisfies everyday psychological needs and so is pleasurable
•Enhances quality of life
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Users are a Heterogeneous Group
•Smokers use the product for different reasons
•Mood changing, performance enhancement or
sensory pleasure
•May have different functions for a person on
different occasions
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Motivation
•Both exogenous and endogenous motives
•Use determined by the interaction of the person and the situation
•Reasons can predate commencement
•People will vary their consumption and smoking behaviour depending on the situation
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Quitting
•Experiences vary, because the functions differ
for individuals
•Not a stereotyped withdrawal syndrome
•Unhappiness due to both loss of functions and
to the loss of personal control over their
psychological state
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Resumption of Smoking
•As a result of abstinence experiences,
individuals may choose to return to smoking
•Decision to resume may be countered by
– Family Pressure
– Societal Pressure
– Health Considerations
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CORESTA Kyoto 2004
Thanks to:
Gemma Jones
Neena Kochhar
Giovanna Mancuso
Andy Revell
Dewi Thompson
Anne Walters