CORE: Cognitive Organization for Requirements Elicitation
-
Upload
joanna-wiebe -
Category
Automotive
-
view
118 -
download
1
description
Transcript of CORE: Cognitive Organization for Requirements Elicitation
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
A seven-step methodology using cognitive graphing in a soft systems framework
Scott M. ConferUser Experience ManagerSears Holdings Corporation
Joanna WiebeInformation ArchitectOrbitz Worldwide
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007 http://onemind.wetpaint.com
Download this presentation at:
Fractal image by Digon3
2
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
(Cognitive Organization for Requirements Elicitation)
integrates two analytical methodologies
3 Amigurumi photo by Ashley Ringrose (MrTruffle)
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
CORE characteristics
4
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
CORE has seven steps
5 Amigurumi photo by Ashley Ringrose (MrTruffle)
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Example Mess: late night, guests, need stimulantFirst there is is...
6
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Example Mess: late night, guests, need stimulant
7
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Example Mess: late night, guests, need stimulant
8
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Good requirements are:
9
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
How do we get out of a mess?
10 Coffee cup photo by Zesmerelda, at Leonardo’s in Chicago, IllinoisFractal image by Digon3
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
structure the mess: form your team
problem-solver
investigator subject matter expert
customer/client
problem-owner
11 Amigurumi by anapaulaoli and others
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
What is this thing?
What’s happening? What to do? Where is it?
Where can I find out more?
Where can I find out more?
Information
What to do?
Goal / Action
What to do?
Goal
What to do?
Style
Where is it?
Location
What’s happening?
State
What’s happening?
Event
What is this thing?
Concept
What to do?
What does a person do after _____?
What to do?
What states of events cause or enable a person to _____?
What to do?
How does a person _____?
What to do?
What does a person do before _____?
What to do?
What prevents you from being able to _____?
What to do?
What are the consequences of _____?
What to do?
Why does a person _____?
What to do?
What happens if you do not _____?
What to do?
How _____?
What to do?
What causes or enables _____?
What to do?
What are the consequences of _____?
What to do?
What happens if not _____?
Where is it?
Where is _____?
Where is it?
What is above _____?
Where is it?
What is below _____?
Where is it?
What is to the left of _____?
Where is it?
What is to the right of _____?
Where is it?
What contains _____?
Where can I find out more?
Is there anyone else who I should talk to about _____?
Where can I find out more?
Where can I find out more about _____?
Where can I find out more?
Can you recommend any books?
Where can I find out more?
Can you recommend any web sites?
Where can I find out more?
Are there any journals dealing with _____?
Where can I find out more?
Is there a manual dealing with _____?
What is this thing?
What is _____?
What is this thing?
What are the parts of _____?
What is this thing?
What are the types of _____?
What is this thing?
What are the properties of _____ that distinguish it from _____?
What is this thing?
What are specific instances or examples of _____?
What’s happening?
What causes of enables _____?
What’s happening?
Why does _____ occur?
What’s happening?
What happens before _____?
What’s happening?
What happens after _____?
What’s happening?
What are the consequences of _____ occurring?
What’s happening?
Why does _____ occur?
What’s happening?
What happens before _____?
What’s happening?
What happens after _____?
What’s happening?
What are the consequences of _____ occurring?
What to do?
What happens before having the goal of _____?
What to do?
What happens after having the goal of _____?
What to do?
How is the goal of _____ attained?
What to do?
What state or event initiates the goal of _____?
What to do?
What is the outcome of _____?
What to do?
What is the goal of _____?
structure the mess: question methodically
Questions from: (Gordon et al.) Image Source: San Diego State University http://coe.sdsu.edu/EDTEC544/Images/probes.gif12
What is this thing?
What’s happening? What to do? Where is it?
Where can I find out more?
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
What is this thing?
What’s happening? What to do? Where is it?
Where can I find out more?
Where can I find out more?
Information
What to do?
Goal / Action
What to do?
Goal
What to do?
Style
Where is it?
Location
What’s happening?
State
What’s happening?
Event
What is this thing?
Concept
What to do?
What does a person do after _____?
What to do?
What states of events cause or enable a person to _____?
What to do?
How does a person _____?
What to do?
What does a person do before _____?
What to do?
What prevents you from being able to _____?
What to do?
What are the consequences of _____?
What to do?
Why does a person _____?
What to do?
What happens if you do not _____?
What to do?
How _____?
What to do?
What causes or enables _____?
What to do?
What are the consequences of _____?
What to do?
What happens if not _____?
Where is it?
Where is _____?
Where is it?
What is above _____?
Where is it?
What is below _____?
Where is it?
What is to the left of _____?
Where is it?
What is to the right of _____?
Where is it?
What contains _____?
Where can I find out more?
Is there anyone else who I should talk to about _____?
Where can I find out more?
Where can I find out more about _____?
Where can I find out more?
Can you recommend any books?
Where can I find out more?
Can you recommend any web sites?
Where can I find out more?
Are there any journals dealing with _____?
Where can I find out more?
Is there a manual dealing with _____?
What is this thing?
What is _____?
What is this thing?
What are the parts of _____?
What is this thing?
What are the types of _____?
What is this thing?
What are the properties of _____ that distinguish it from _____?
What is this thing?
What are specific instances or examples of _____?
What’s happening?
What causes of enables _____?
What’s happening?
Why does _____ occur?
What’s happening?
What happens before _____?
What’s happening?
What happens after _____?
What’s happening?
What are the consequences of _____ occurring?
What’s happening?
Why does _____ occur?
What’s happening?
What happens before _____?
What’s happening?
What happens after _____?
What’s happening?
What are the consequences of _____ occurring?
What to do?
What happens before having the goal of _____?
What to do?
What happens after having the goal of _____?
What to do?
How is the goal of _____ attained?
What to do?
What state or event initiates the goal of _____?
What to do?
What is the outcome of _____?
What to do?
What is the goal of _____?
structure the mess: question methodically
Questions from: (Gordon et al.) Image Source: San Diego State University http://coe.sdsu.edu/EDTEC544/Images/probes.gif13
What is this thing?
What’s happening? What to do? Where is it?
Where can I find out more?
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
2
draw a Rich Picture
Example: Rich Picture for making coffee
14
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007 P.J. Lewis, 'Rich Picture building in the SSM,' European Journal of Information Systems
Rich Picture example
15
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Rich Picture example
16
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
define the system . . .
17 Coffee cup photo by Zesmerelda, at Leonardo’s in Chicago, Illinois
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
building understanding of user decisions
18
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
conceptualize the problem space . . .
19
Event: Need stimulant Initiates
Goal: stay awake Concept: CoffeeRefers-to
Goal - Action: Decide to make your
own
Means
Reason
Goal: Brewcoffee
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007 20
1 2
3
theyrule.net Network Diagrams of ConspiracyMark Lombardi
Internet SearchDubberly Design Office
4
The Budget GraphJesse Bachman
example network diagrams of concepts
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007 21
closeup network diagram: no grammar
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
conceptual graphs don’t have to be fancy
22
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Initiates Refers-to
Or
Initiates
Initiates
Mea
ns
Rea
son
Event:Invited to
CGS presentatio
n
Goal: Learn how to read and create
CGS
Concept::Conceptual
Graph Structure
Event: Ask about CG
State: See some
concept graphs
Goal/Action: Learn basics
Goal/Action: Watch
Presentation
During
MeansReason
Goal/Action:
Creating a CGS
Rea
son
Mea
nsBefore
Goal: Understand
why use CGS
Means
State: Become
familiar with CGS
grammar
Has
Consequence Has C
onsequence
Concept: Diagram
Concept: Task
Analysis Artifact
Is-aIs-a
Concept:Arcs
Concept:Nodes
Goal: Do Cognitive
Task Analysis
Goal: Decision Making (user)
Goal: Support Travel
Commerce
Mea
ns
Refers-to
State: Refined
Requirements
Concept: Task
Analysis Definition
Refe
rs-to
Concept: substructur
es
Has Part
Has Part
Concept:Templates
Refers-to
Concept:Visio .VSS
Stencil
Refers-to
Concept: many T.A. methods
Refers-
to
Concept: CG
approach to CTA Refers-to
Concept:Cheat sheet
Ref
ers-
to
Has Property
Ref
ers-
to
Goal: Specify
Software Requireme
nts
Means
Concept: Problem of
the unobservab
le
Refers-to
Initiates
Concept:information
Concept:timing
Concept:User
concerns
Concept:options
Refers-toRefers-toRefers-to
Refers-to
Refers-to
Refers-to
Refer
s-to
Ref
ers-
to
Goal/Action: Perform
Document Analysis
Refers-to
Refers-to
Concept: Business
Requirements
Concept: Functional Requireme
nts Before
Refers-to
Means
Has
Conseque
nce
State: Vetted
Refers-to
Refers-to
Concept: Explicitly
stated
Goal: Specify
Information
Architecture
Concept: Implicitly
stated
Has Property Has Property
Concept: Mental ModelsRefers-to
Concept: Mental
Process
Is-a
Equivalent-to
Concept: Overall Map
structureHas Property
Goal/Action: Sell
Travel
Goal/Action: Buy
Travel
Refers-to
Refers-to
Concept: Map DetailsHas Property
Goal: Define
procedures
Goal: Organize concepts
Goal: Discover
Goal: Innovate solutions
Means
Mea
ns
Refers-to
Concept: conflicts
Refers-to
Refers-to
Means
Refers-to
Initiates
Concept: Brand
Promise
Concept: Faster
Concept: Easier
Goal/Action: Create Screen Maps
Goal/Action: Create
Wireframes
Goal/Action: Create
Views for interaction
Has
Propert
y Has Property
Goal: Deliver on
Brand Promise
Means
Refe
rs-to
Concept: inconsisten
cies
Concept: gaps
Refers-to
Refers-to
Concept: dependenci
es
Concept: constraints
Refers-
to
Refe
rs-to
Refer
s-to
Concept: New vs. Existing
function / UI
Refers-to
Refers-to
Goal/Action: Create
functionals for
interaction
Refers-to
Refers-
to
MeansMeans
Goal/Action:
ConceptingAfter
Refe
rs-to
Goal/Action:
Consider & Discuss
requirementsRefers-to
Goal: Use Checklist / Roadmap
Means
Means
State: Written Implies
Refers-to
Concept: SDLC
Refers-to
Goal/Action: Use
CGS for doc
analysis on Rqmts
Refers-to
Concept: Goal
HierarchyConcept:
TaxonomyConcept: Causal Net Concept:
Spatial Relations
Has Par
t
Has
Part
Concept: Procedure
s for Creating
CGS (secret sauce)
Refers-to
Has Part
Has PartHas Part
Ref
ers-
to
Concept: Legal
Node-Arc-Node
triplets
Refe
rs-
to
Refers-to
Refers-toConcept: Layout
Concept: Examples
Refers-to
Refe
rs-to
Concept: Declarative Knowledge
Concept: Procedural Knowledge
Refers-to
Refers-
to
Concept:18 types
Concept:6 types
Has Propert
y
Has Property
Concept:Question Probes
Refers-to
Concept: Concepts,
Ideas, nouns
Concept: Goals &
Relationships
Refers-to
Refers-to
23
a CGS of the CGS process
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
a diagram of nodes connected by arcs
24
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
FamilyOrbitz requirementssources
Budget CalculatorBR13
Shopping CartBR12
Recommendation EngineBR11
Trip BuilderBR10
Road Trip ToolBR9
Community BuildingBR8
CareBR7
Enhanced FilteringBR6
Enhanced MappingBR5
Exclusive Family ContentBR4
Family Travel DealsBR3
Purchase TravelBR2
GeneralBR1
Area of FocusID
Budget CalculatorBR13
Shopping CartBR12
Recommendation EngineBR11
Trip BuilderBR10
Road Trip ToolBR9
Community BuildingBR8
CareBR7
Enhanced FilteringBR6
Enhanced MappingBR5
Exclusive Family ContentBR4
Family Travel DealsBR3
Purchase TravelBR2
GeneralBR1
Area of FocusID
Family Orbitz requirements sources
25
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Family Orbitz conceptual graph structure
26
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Family Orbitz visual layout concept
27
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Concept: registered user role
Concept: unregistered user
role
State: temp profile created for
unregistered role
Has consequence
Goal: Manage event travel
Concept: customer service agent role
Goal: Confirm traveler itinerary
Goal - Action: Apply travel policy
Means
Means
Concept: Third party event site
Concept: Travel Arranger role
Has co n se qu e nc e
Event: User data enters system
State: registered role profile
prepopulated
Has consequence
Goal - Action: Create participant
types
Goal - Action: Create policy
Before
After
Conceptual Graph Structure
Meeting Site IntegrationCustomer perspective: A system to enable customers to book and manage travel online at the same time that they register for meetings, without having to make a second login.
Relevant system
Taxonomy Goal hierarchyCausal network
Has property
Has part
Has part
Has pa
rt
Has part
Concept: Email address
Refers-to
Concept: Third party database
Goal: Display traveler itinerary
Before
State: data validated
Has
consequence
Has part
Concept: Archived policy
Goal - Action: Single sign on
Concept: RolesHas part
V. 1.0V. 2.0
Version
Style: behind the scenes
Manner
Event: user passed to
system Initiates
Refers-to
Has consequence
Another Orbitz Worldwide project
28
Spatial relations
Concept: Payment module
Concept: Service feesHas
part
Concept: Reservation page Has part
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007 29
back to the coffee example: goal hierarchy
Event: need stimulant Initiates
Goal - Action: Decide to make
your own
Means
Goal: Brew hot coffee
Before
State: SleepyOr
Initiates
Goal - Action: Get stimulant
Goal: stay awake
Event: want to be stimulated
Initiates
Reason MeansReason
Goal - Action: Drink coffee
MeansReason
During Before
Goal hierarchy
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007 30
Event: need stimulant Initiates
Goal - Action: Decide to make
your own
Means
Goal: Brew hot coffee
Before
State: SleepyOr
Initiates
Goal - Action: Get stimulant
Goal: stay awake
Event: want to be stimulated
Initiates
Reason MeansReason
Goal - Action: Drink coffee
MeansReason
During Before
Goal hierarchy Taxonomic networkConcept: Coffee
Refers-to
Concept: stimulating drink
Is-a
Concept: brewed coffee
Has-instance-of
Concept: espresso
Has-instance-of
Concept: Food
Is-a
Concept: water
Concept: Coffee grounds
Has-part
Has-part
back to the coffee example: taxonomic network
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Event: need stimulant Initiates
Goal - Action: Decide to make
your own
Means
Goal: Brew hot coffee
Before
State: SleepyOr
Initiates
Goal - Action: Get stimulant
Goal: stay awake
Event: want to be stimulated
Initiates
Reason MeansReason
Goal - Action: Drink coffee
MeansReason
During Before
Goal hierarchy Taxonomic networkConcept: Coffee
Refers-to
Concept: stimulating drink
Is-a
Concept: brewed coffee
Has-instance-of
Concept: espresso
Has-instance-of
Concept: Food
Is-a
Concept: water
Concept: Coffee grounds
Has-part
Has-part
back to the coffee example: more detailed goals
Goal hierarchy: more detailed level goal
Event: decide to make own coffee Initiates
Event: coffee used up
State: coffee grounds left in
makerOr
Goal - Action: empty out old
coffee and grounds
Initiates
Initiates
Means
Goal - Action: make fresh pot with new water and groundsBefore
Means
Goal - Action: start brew
Means
Before
31
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Event:
Goal - Action:
State:
Concept:
Style:
Goal:
NODE TYPE DEFINITION
A goal node indicates a circumstance, situation, state of affairs or event desired by a person or an agent (such as a software application). It does not indicate how the goal is accomplished.
A goal-action node indicates either: - action(s) performed by the person or agent to attain a goal, or- a mix of both goal and activity/activities of a person or agent toward a goal.
An event node indicates a condition of transition between one stable state and another stable state.
A concept node indicates a single entity, idea or construct, with a single name, which can be a word or phrase.
A state node indicates a relatively stable situation, circumstance, manner or condition of being.
A style node indicates:- a quality of a goal-action, such as duration or speed, or- an instrumentality of a goal-action (what agent or person does it?)
Event:Coffee brews
Goal - Action:Make coffee
State:Hot coffee ready
Concept:Stimulating
drink
Style:Home-brewed
Goal: Stay awake
EXAMPLES
nodes
From: (Gordon et al.) 32
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
ARC TYPE DEFINITION
Reason
Means
Before
During
After
Initiates
Has-consequence
Refers-to
And
Or
Manner
Is-a
Equivalent-to
Has-instance-of
Has-property
Has-part
Implies
Spatial relations
Why or how something is done.
How something is done, or the action by which a goal or goal-action is performed.
Something happens or exists before something else.
Two things happen or exist simultaneously; neither happens or exists before the other.
Something happens or exists after something else.
Something starts, cues, or causes an agent to acquire a goal or perform an action.
Indicates an action has had some result.
Indicate that a node is composed of at least one other concept.
Two things co-occur, order not important, and a temporal relationship between the nodes does NOT exist.
Indicates that only one of a group of things, usually two, occurs, but NOT both.
A specific way in which something is done.
A concept is one in a group of similar concepts that are types or kinds of another broader based concept.
A concept is functionally the same as another concept, and differs only name.
Indicates that there is a specific, concrete example or illustration of a concept.
The presence of particular characteristics or dynamic features of a concept.
A concept is one in a group of physical or conceptual pieces, or components, of another concept.
When the presence of a particular state, event, or style infers another is present, but is not caused by the first.
on, contains, above, below, left-of, right-of, etc. for common locations
arcs
From: (Gordon et al.)
33
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
Goal hierarchy substructureSOURCE NODE ARC TYPE
Means
Initiates
Reason
During
Before
AfterGoal -Action:
Goal:
TERMINAL NODE
Goal -Action:
Goal:
Goal -Action:
Goal:
Goal -Action:
Event:
State:
Style:
Goal -Action:
Goal:
Manner
Has-consequence
AndOr
Goal -Action:
Goal -Action:
Style:
Event:
State:
Style:
Goal -Action:
TERMINAL NODE
Is-a
Equivalent-to
Has-instance-of
Has-property
Taxonomy substructure
Concept: Concept:
Concept: Concept:
Event: Event:
State: State:
Concept:
Event:
State:
Goal -Action:
Goal:
SOURCE NODE ARC TYPE
Has-part
Causal network substructure
Event:
State:
Style:
Implies
Has-consequence
And
Or
Event:Manner
Event:
Style:
Style:Style:Manner
Event:
State:
Before
During
After
Event:
State:
Event:
State:
Style:
Refers-toConcept:
SOURCE NODE ARC TYPE TERMINAL NODE
Event:
State:
Style:
Spatial relations substructure
Concept: Concept:< any spatial relation >
SOURCE NODE ARC TYPE TERMINAL NODEGoal -
Action:
Concept:
Goal:
legal combinations
Download Visio smartstencils and viewexamples of Cognitive Graph Structures at http://onemind.wetpaint.com
TM
From: (Gordon et al.) 34
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
context
how to make
35 Amigurumi book by Weenah3
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
how to make
36
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
write requirements
agree on requirements
implement into information architecture
2037
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
CORE works in all design contexts
37 Photo by papixulooo38
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
by Amy Clampitt
Scott M. ConferUser Experience ManagerSears Holdings [email protected]
Key references
Checkland, P.B. (1981). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Gordon, S. E. & Gill, R. T. (1997). Cognitive Task Analysis. In C. Zsambok & G. Klein, (Eds.), Naturalistic Decision Making (pp. 131-140). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gordon, S.E., Schmierer, K.A., & Gill, R. T. (1993). Conceptual graph analysis: Knowledge acquisition for instructional system design. Human Factors, 35, 459-481.
FREE downloads
Joanna WiebeInformation ArchitectOrbitz [email protected]
http://onemind.wetpaint.com
20
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
TM
Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007
by Amy Clampitt