Copyright: SIPC Reference Data Architecture and Standards An Introduction to ISO15926 Matthew West.

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IPC

Reference Data Architecture and Standards

An Introduction to ISO15926

Matthew West


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Programme

• Introduction to 4 Dimensionalism

• ISO 15926-2 – Lifecycle Integration Schema

– Introduction to the data model


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3D and 4D approaches to ontology

• In principle, there are infinitely many ways in which we can model the world, so it is perhaps surprising that there are two main approaches, with on the whole minor variations, that dominate the literature.We will call these the 3D paradigm and the 4D paradigm, though they are also known as endurantism, and perdurantism.


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4D Ontology

• A 4D ontology treats all individuals – things that exist in space-time - as spatio-temporal extents, i.e. as 4D objects.

The principles of the 4D paradigm are:

1. Individuals exist in a manifold of 4 dimensions, three space and one time. So things in the past and future exist as well as things in the present.

2. The four dimensional extent is viewed from outside time rather than in the present.

3. Individuals (including physical objects) extend in time as well as space and have both temporal parts and spatial parts.

4. When two individuals have the same spatio-temporal extent they are the same thing. (However not all version of 4D insist on this principle).

• Thus a 4D object is not (usually) wholly present at a point in time, but its whole is extended in space as well as time. The object at a point in time is a temporal part of the whole. Change is naturally expressed through a 4 dimensional classical mereology, which Simons: “Parts: A Study in Ontology” in his seminal work, describes in one page. A good description of, and argument for, the 4D paradigm can be found in Sider: “4 Dimensionalism”.


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3D Ontology

• A 3D ontology treats physical objects (roughly things you can kick) as 3D objects (sometimes called continuants) that pass through time. The principles of the 3D paradigm are:

1. Physical objects are 3-dimensional objects that pass through time and are wholly present at each point in time.

2. Physical objects are viewed from the present. The default is that statements are true now.

3. Physical objects do not have temporal parts.

4. Different physical objects may coincide.

5. The object-at-a-point-in-time is the object of primary interest.

• To talk about an object at different times it is necessary to time index statements in some way, e.g. X at t. A 3D ontology also has 4D objects in it. These cover activities, such as:

– a football match - which clearly has temporal parts such as the first half and the second half,

– a living process - a persons life, rather than the physical person passing through time.


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Which paradigm?

• The 3D approach corresponds well with the way that language works. Language has a focus around here, now, you and me as a context, and on the current state of affairs. This leads to efficient communication under the most common circumstances. On the other hand dealing with change is relatively problematic. Simons requires several chapters to explain how objects change over time in a 3D ontology.

• What is clear is that the 3D and 4D paradigms cannot be merged into a single canonical approach, since they are contradictory, with one requiring physical objects to have temporal parts, and the other forbidding them.

• On the other hand, it appears that what can usefully be said using one paradigm can generally be said using the other.

• We chose the 4D paradigm because we found it to be rigorous, and gave a good account of some difficult cases, like replaceable parts.


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ISO15926-2: Integration Model

• Background

– Originally the EPISTLE Core Model

– Started around 1993

– Now at Version 4.5.1

– As ISO 15926-2 became an International Standard in 2003.

– http://www.tc184-sc4.org/wg3ndocs/wg3n1328/lifecycle_integration_schema.html


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Basic Elements

• Thing

– anything, real or abstract

– Note: the supreme supertype

• Possible Individual (Spatio-temporal extent)

– some part(s) of space-time

• Class

– collection of things, possibly infinite, where the order is not significant

• Relationship

– Something one thing has to do with another.


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TIME

3DSPACE

Space time mapA particular spatio temporal extent


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Thing


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Possible Worlds

Past Future

Actual

Possible

Possible

Desired


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TIME

3DSPACE

T > 0

S > 0

Possible Individual


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Plastic blank

Cup Crushed plastic

TIME

Whole Individual


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TIME

3DSPACE

T = 0 T > 0

period of timepoint in time


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TIME

3DSPACE State

Time period

Individual

Possible Individual/State – Temporal whole-part


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3D space

Time

A

B

C

D

event 1 event 2

Materialised Physical Object


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installed

TIME

3DSPACE

removed removedinstalled

pump 1

pump 2

Tag 101

Functional Physical Object/Replaceable Part


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Objects that Overlap

SpaceChairman of Shell

John Jennings

Mark Moody-Stuart


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3Dspace

Time

valveopen

valveclose

tank A

tank B

connected disconnected

hose

start filling end filling

Stream


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Individual


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Activity

3Dspace

Time

Activity

Performer

Input

Output

Input

Output

Performer


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TIME

3DSPACE

T = 0

event

Point in time

Event and Point in Time


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TIME

3DSPACE Sub state

event

point in time

Temporal Boundary


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Activity and Temporal Boundary


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Some approaches to Set Theory

A B C

1 2 3 4 5 6Instances may only be a member of only one set

Only one level


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A B C

1 2 3 4 5 6

M O PN

X Y Z

Instances may only be a member of only one set

Sets hierarchical (model/meta-model etc)


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A B C

1 2 3 4 5 6

M O PN

X Y Z

Instances may only be a member of one or more sets

Sets hierarchical (model/meta-model etc)


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A B C

1 2 3 4 5 6

M O PN

X Y Z


Sets not hierarchical (model/meta-model etc)


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A B C

1 2 3 4 5 6

M O PN

X Y Z


Sets not hierarchical (model/meta-model etc). Loops allowed


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Class


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Class of Individual


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“fundamental” particle

assembly

simple artefact

molecular

atomic

sub-atomic

organisation

organism

time

Organisational Levels


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Cup

Plastic

Hydrocarbonmolecules

atoms

arrangement of

arrangement of

arrangement of


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Organisational Levels


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Information


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Information


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Information


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Summary

• A 4D ontology sees physical objects as extended in time as well as space

• ISO 15926 is a data model that is also a 4D ontology

• It uses a possible worlds approach rather than modal logic

• Sets are defined by extension


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Questions?

Copyright: SIPC Reference Data Architecture and Standards An Introduction to ISO15926 Matthew West.

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