Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Chapter 11...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders

STUDENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

Chapter 11

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

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Development of the Field

Leo Kanner, 1943, first described autism

Asperger syndrome named for Hans Asperger

Early belief in “refrigerator mothers” 1981 – Lorna Wing distinguished

autism and Asperger syndrome 1990 – autism category added to

IDEA


Characteristics Diffi culty interacting with others, including

lack of eye contactVerbal and nonverbal communication deficits

including limited vocabulary, echolalia, echopraxia, and neologisms

Rigid and restrictive behavioral repertoire and imaginative skills

Repetitive and stereotypic behaviorsReduced sensitivity to pain

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What Disorders are Included in Autism Spectrum Disorders?

Autistic Disorder (Autism)Asperger SyndromePervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

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What is the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders?

1 in 88 children today are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders.

Autism is the most rapidly growing disorderGreater awarenessImproved identificationAwareness that it exists across all IQ levels

5:1 males to females have autism9:1 males to females have Asperger

Syndrome

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Autistic Savant Dr. Bernard Rimland introduces

terminology About 10% of the population with

autism have splintering skills in areas such as Mathematical calculations Memory feats Artistic and musical abilities Reading

Hyperlexia– ability to read without formal instruction


Common Characteristics

Difficulty relating to others

Wide range of language and communication disorders

Insistence on environmental sameness

Stereotypic, repetitive, self-stimulatory behaviors


Cognitive and Academic Characteristics

Cognitive abilities vary widely

Over-reliance on rote memory

Lacking a theory of mind

Problem solving challenges

(Figure 11.1)

Example of a Visual Processing Task



Social and Emotional Characteristics

Language disorders

Problems with communicative intent

Asperger language problems

Immaturity


Behavior Characteristics

Stimulus overselectivity

Self-stimulatory behaviors

Generalization difficulties

Sensory issues


Assessment Intellectual

75 % of individuals with autism have mental retardation; IQ norms between 35-50

Behavioral Behavior screening examples

Childhood Autism Rating Scale; Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI)

Functional behavior assessment Required by IDEA

Functional Assessment Measures skills needed for independent living

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum DisordersCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Causes

Biological Brain-Based Environmental

May be inherited Abnormalities in cerebellum

Controversy over

immunizationHigher frequency of siblings with

autism

Abnormalities in frontal and

temporal lobesNo single gene

responsible

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Causation


Early Childhood Education

Typical Programs Often Include:

Intervention prior to age 3

20 – 45 hours of intervention weekly

Active family involvement

Focus on communication and development

Individualized interventions


What are Considerations for the Instructional Environment?Provide structure and routine.Eventually give child choices.Organize materials and areas of the room for specific skills to be taught.Help child prepare for transitions.Use visual schedules to predict and improve communication.Plan for peer/group work.



Recommended Educational Practices

Environmental supports Visual supports Home base

Assistive technology Instructional practices

Priming - familiarize students with academic material ahead of time

Discrete trial training (DDT) - highly specialized approach to teaching skills

Prompting - providing physical or verbal cues to specific behaviors


InterventionsApplied Behavior Analysis

(Lovaas)

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

(1) Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - the trainer's command

(2) the child's response(3) the consequence (reward)(4) a short pause between the

consequence and the next instruction (between interval trials).


InterventionsPsychological and Medical Services

Floor time (Greenspan) Sensory Perception Programs address issues of

tactile defensiveness or extreme reaction to auditory stimulus

Medications used to alleviate symptoms such as aggression, anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD

Facilitated Communication (not effective)


Technology Manual sign language PECS: Picture Exchange

Communication System


Social Skills Supports Instruction in social

skills Social stories SOCCSS

Situation Options Consequences Choices Strategies Simulation


Planning for the Transition to Adulthood

Teach work skills Teach self-help skills Teach play, leisure and recreation

skills Teach social skills Teach sex education Teach home management skills

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Chapter 11...

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