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Transcript of Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Big Bang Theory. I CAN Explain key features of OC – Positive...
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Big Bang Theory
I CAN
• Explain key features of OC– Positive Reinforcement– Negative Reinforcement– Omission Training (Negative Punishment)– Punishment (positive punishment)
• Distinguish the Schedules of Reinforcement
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
BehavioristBelieve infants are born with only three
instinctive responses
1. Fear 2. Rage 3. LoveAll others behaviors are developed during life
through learning
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Four Kinds of Consequences
Positive orappetitive
Negative or aversive
STIMULUS
-Remove
NegativeReinforcement
Aspirin curing headache causes more aspirin use
Omission TrainingMissing dinner leads to
less staying out late
+Present
PositiveReinforcement
Bonus for working hard leads to more hard work
PunishmentGetting speeding ticketleads to less speeding
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Why Punishment Doesn’t Work1.The power of punishment usually disappears when
threat of punishment is removed
Punishment…2. …often triggers aggression or escape 3. …may increase apprehension in the learner,
inhibiting the learning new and better responses
4. …is often unfair and applied unequally
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
When Does Punishment Work?
• It must be immediateIt must be immediate• It must be certain and consistent It must be certain and consistent • It should be limited in duration and intensityIt should be limited in duration and intensity• Should be clearly target the behavior, not the Should be clearly target the behavior, not the
personperson• Limited to the situation in which the response Limited to the situation in which the response
occurred occurred • Should not send mixed messages (I can hit you Should not send mixed messages (I can hit you
but you can’t hit othersbut you can’t hit others• Negative punishment is the most effectiveNegative punishment is the most effective
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Alternatives to Punishment• Extinction• Reinforcing preferred activities
–The Premack Principle
• Prompting and shaping
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The Skinner Box
An Operant Chamber…The Skinner BoxA testing device programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers dependent upon an animal’s behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Primary Reinforcers
• Reinforcers that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism
• Food • Sleep• Sex• Air • Water
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Secondary Reinforcers
•Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power by their learned association with primary reinforcers
• Money• Awards• Praise • Grades• Success• Power
Virtually any stimulus can become a secondary
reinforcer
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Premack Principle
• The concept that a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one
• Example: A teacher lets kids run around
(preferred activity) to reinforce a less preferred one (sitting still and listening)
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Reinforcement
Continuous ReinforcementA reinforcement schedule in which all correct
responses are reinforced
Possible Problems:1. Correct responses can be
missed, causing confusion2. Typically loses its reinforcing quality
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Intermittent (or Partial) Reinforcement A reinforcement schedule in which some, but
not all, correct responses are reinforced
Resistant to extinction
ReinforcementReinforcement
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How does this differ from extinction in classical conditioning?
Reinforcement
• Extinction In operant conditioning, a process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
ExtinctionOperant Conditioning• A learned response is
weakened by the removal or absence of reinforcement
• A. If a child has learned that if it cries it will get a toy, withhold the toy
• B. A child cries for attention, simply ignore the child until the crying stops
Classical Conditioning• The CR (dog salivating) is
eliminated by repeated presentations of the CS (bell/tone) without the UCS (food)
• A reversal of a learned response by withholding the UCS
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Shaping Technique where responses similar to desired response are reinforced
Example: Getting a scared child to
slide down a high slideBegin at the bottom, and
gradually go higher up the slide with each turn until the child is at the top.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement• 1. Ratio Schedules
Provide a reward after a certain number of responses (Ratio = number)
• 2. Interval Schedules Provide reward after a certain time interval
Fixed Ratio (FR)Fixed Ratio (FR)
Fixed Interval (FI)Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Ratio (VR)Variable Ratio (VR)
Variable Interval (VI)Variable Interval (VI)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)Fixed Ratio (FR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Variable Interval (VI)
Rewards appear after a certain set number of responses
Example: A factory workers gets paid after every 10 cases of a product are completed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Ratio Variable Ratio (VR)(VR)
Variable Interval (VI)
The number of responses for a reward (reinforcement) varies
Example: Telemarketers never know how many calls it takes to make a sale
slot machine pay-offs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Fixed Interval Fixed Interval (FI)(FI)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Variable Interval (VI)
Time period between rewards remains constant
Example: Weekly paycheck
Quarterly school grades
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Variable Interval Variable Interval (VI)(VI)
Rewards appear after a certain amount of time, but that amount varies
Example: Random visits from the boss who delivers praise
Fishing
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Operant and Classical Conditioning Compared
• Classical Conditioning involves the association of two stimuli (UCS + CS) before the response or behavior
• It is largely a response to past stimulation and ends with the response
• Operant Conditioning involves a reinforcing (reward) or punishing stimulus after a response or behavior
• Is directed at attaining some future reinforcement or avoiding punishment and requires a stimulus that follows the response
CAN I?
• Explain key features of OC– Positive Reinforcement– Negative Reinforcement– Omission Training (Negative Punishment)– Punishment (positive punishment)
• Distinguish the Schedules of Reinforcement