Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Heteronomous Morality View...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005

Piaget’s Theory ofMoral DevelopmentHeteronomous Morality View rules as handed

down by authorities, permanent, unchangeable, require strict obedience.

Judge wrongness by outcomes, not intentions

Autonomous Morality Rules as socially-

agreed on, changeable

Standard of ideal reciprocity

Judge on outcomes and intentions

PERKEMBANGAN MORAL TEORI ‘PIAGET’HETERONOMOUS

MORALITY Peraturan ditentukan

otoritas, permanen, tdk bisa berubah, harus ditaati secara keras.

Menilai dari hasil or produk. Tidak dari intensi or motivasi.

Cont. Tumpah tinta scr tdk sengaja.

AUTONOMOUS MORALITY

Peratuhan disepakati bersama. Bisa berubah.

Berdasarkan standar timbal balik (win-win solution)

Menilai dari produk dan intensi / motivasi


Eleven-year-old Sabrina said to 16 year-old Louis. She held up a page of large photos showing a 70 year old woman standing in her home. The floor and furniture were piled with stacks of newpapers, cardboard boxes, tin cans, glass containers, food, and clothing.

The headline read: “Loretta Perry: My Life Is None of Their Business”.

“Look what they’re trying to do to this poor lady, they wanna throw her out of her house and tear it down! Those city inspectors must not care about anyone. Why doesn’t someone help her?”


Here it says, ‘Mrs. Perry has devoted much of her life to doing favors for people.’

Louis responded. “Sabrina, you missed the point, Mrs. Perry is violating 30 building code standards. The law says you’re supposed to keep your house clean and in good repair.”

“but Louis, she’s old, and she needs help. She says her life will be over if they destroy her home.”

“the building inspectors aren’t being mean, mrs. Perry is stubborn. She’s refusing to obey the law. And she’s not just a threat to herself-she’s danger to her neighbors, too.


Suppose her house caught on fire. You can’t live around other people and say your life is nobody’s business.”

“you don’t just knock someone’s home down,” sabrina replied angrily, “ why aren’t her friends and neighbors over there fixing up that house? You’re like those building inspectors, Louis, you’ve got no feelings!”


Moral dilemmas – a conflict between two moral values - “Heinz dilemma” In Europe a woman was near death from cancer, there

was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. A druggist in the same town had discovered it, but he was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together half of what it cost. The druggist refused to sell the drug for less or let Heinz pay later. So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. Should Heinz have done that? Why?


It is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not the content of the response (whether to steal or not), that determines moral maturity.

A friend of yours needs help and may even die, and you’re the only person who can save him or her. How important is it for a person (without losing his or her own life) to save the life of a friend?



Kohlberg’s Stages ofMoral Development

Preconventional Level

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience

Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose

Conventional Level

Stage 3: “Good boy-good girl” (Morality of interpersonal cooperation)

Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining

Postconventional

or Principled Level

Stage 5: Social Contract

Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle

The preconventional level


Morality is externally controlled: children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, those that lead to rewards as good.

1.The punishment and obedience orientation. Moral understanding is based on rewards, punishments, and the power of authority figures. Focus on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally.

Pro: if you let your wife die, you will … be blamed…

Anti: you shouldn’t steal because you’ll e caught and sent to jail..


2. The instrumental purpose orientation. They view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors: ‘you do this for me, and I’ll do that for you.’

Pro: if Heinz decides to risk jail to save his wife, it’s his life he’s risking; he can do what he wants with it. And the same goes for the druggist; it’s up to him to decide what he wants to do.”

Anti: Heinz is running more risk than it’s worth (to save a wife who is near death.”

The conventional Level


Individuals continue to regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest. Rather, they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive human relationships and societal order.

3. The “good boy-good girl” orientation, or the morality of interpersonal cooperation.

individuals want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a “good person” – trustworthy, loyal, respectful, helpful, and nice. The ideal reciprocity: a standard of fairness summed up by the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”

Pro: no one will think you’re bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you’re an inhuman husband if you don’t.

Anti: it isn’t just the druggist who will think you’re a criminal, everyone else will too…


4. The social-order-maintaining orientation. Individual takes into account a larger perspective – that of societal laws. Moral choices no longer depend on close ties to others. Each member of society has a personal duty to uphold them. Laws must be obeyed under all circumstances because they are vital for ensuring societal order and cooperation between people.

Pro: Heinz has a duty to protect his wife’s life.. But it’s wrong to steal, so he would have to take the drug with the idea of paying the druggist for it and accepting the penalty for breaking the law later.

Anti: even if his wife is dying, it’s still Heinz’s duty as a citizen to obey the law… if everyone starts breaking the law in a jam, there’d be no civilization, just crime and violence.

The Postconventional or Principled Level. Individual move beyond unquestioning support for

the laws and rules of their own society. They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

5. The social contract orientation. Individuals regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes. When laws are consistent with individual rights and the interests of the majority. Each person follows them because of a social contract orientation – free and willing participation in the system because it brings about more good for people than if it did not exist.


Pro: although there is a law against stealing, the law wasn’t meant to violate a person’s right to life… if Heinz is prosecuted for stealing, the law needs to be reinterpreted to take into account situations in which it goes against people’s natural right to keep on living.

Anti: at this stage, there are no antistealing responses


Realife conflicts, such as whether to continue helping a friend who is taking advantage of you, often elicit moral reasoning below a person’s actual capacity because they involve practical considerations and mix cognition with intense emotion.

It’s a lot easier to be moral when you have nothing to lose…


6. The universal ethical principle orientation. Right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people, regardless of law and social agreement. Such abstract principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.

Pro: it doesn’t make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. People could live together without private property at all. Respect for human life and personality is absolute, and accordingly people have a mutual duty to save one another from dying.



Influences on Moral Reasoning Personality Child-Rearing Practices

Caring, supportive Discuss moral

concerns Schooling Peer Interactions Culture


Religious Involvement and Morality Formal religious involvement declines

in adolescence Religious involvement linked to:

More community service Lower drug & alcohol use Later sex Less delinquency


Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood

Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty

Peer influences

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Heteronomous Morality View...

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