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Transcript of Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 9 Psychological...
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Psychological Development
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• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
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Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology
Developmental psychology –The study of how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences
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How Do PsychologistsHow Do PsychologistsExplain Development?Explain Development?
Development is a process of growth and change brought about by an interaction of
heredity and the environment
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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction
Nature-nurture issue –Long-standing discussion over relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes
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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction
Twin studies – Developmental investigations in which twins, especially identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects
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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction
Identical twins– A pair who started life as a single fertilized egg which later split into two distinct individuals
Fraternal twins– A pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb
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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction
Adoption studies – Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological family and the adoptive family
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Gradual versus Abrupt ChangeGradual versus Abrupt Change
Continuity view vs. Discontinuity view
Age
Per
form
ance
Continuity view
Discontinuity view
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Gradual versus Abrupt ChangeGradual versus Abrupt Change
Developmental stages – Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning
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Psychological Traits in Your GenesPsychological Traits in Your Genes
While psychological traits are formed by interaction of heredity and the environment, many traits have a strong genetic influence
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What Capabilities Does theWhat Capabilities Does theChild Possess?Child Possess?
Newborns have innate abilities for finding
nourishment, interacting with others, and avoiding harmful
situations; the developing abilities of infants and
children rely on learning
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Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development
Prenatal period –The developmental period before birth• Zygote• Embryo• Fetus
Placenta –An organ that developsbetween the embryo/fetusand the mother
Teratogens –Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism
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Neonatal PeriodNeonatal Period(from birth to one month)(from birth to one month)
Sensory abilities
Motor abilitiesPostural reflex
Grasping reflex
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AttachmentAttachment
The most important social construct an infant must develop is attachment (a bond with a caregiver).
Lorenz discovered that some animals form attachment through imprinting.
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AttachmentAttachment
Harry Harlow and his monkeys.
Harry showed that monkeys needed touch to form attachment.
Click the monkey to see a video of Harlow’s experiment.
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AttachmentAttachment
Critical Periods: the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.
Those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming attachment when they are older.
Click on the monkey to see what a baby monkey does when he HAS attachment and imagine what it is like when he does not (like above).
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Types of AttachmentTypes of Attachment
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation.
Three types of attachment:
1.Secure
2.Avoidant
3.Anxious/ambivalent
Click picture to see clip of Ainsworth’s experiment.
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InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)
Babies learn through classical conditioning
Humans apparently have an inborn need for attachment • Secure attachment• Anxious-ambivalent attachment• Avoidant attachment
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InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)
Maturation –The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
BirthBirth
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Responds to soundResponds to sound
Becomes quiet when picked upBecomes quiet when picked up
Vocalizes occasionallyVocalizes occasionally
Birth 1 mo.1 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Smiles sociallySmiles socially
Recognizes motherRecognizes mother
Rolls from side to backRolls from side to back
Lifts head and holds it erect and Lifts head and holds it erect and steadysteady
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo.2 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Vocalizes to the smiles and talk Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adultof an adult
Searches for source of soundSearches for source of sound
Sits with support, head steadySits with support, head steady
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo.3 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across tablespoon, and ball moved across table
Sits with slight supportSits with slight support
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo.4 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Discriminates strangers from familiar Discriminates strangers from familiar personspersons
Turns from back to sideTurns from back to side
Makes distinctive vocalizationsMakes distinctive vocalizations
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo.5 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Lifts cup and bangs itLifts cup and bangs it
Smiles at mirror imageSmiles at mirror image
Reaches for small objectReaches for small object
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.6 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Makes playful responses to Makes playful responses to mirrormirror
Sits alone steadilySits alone steadily
CrawlsCrawls
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo.7 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Vocalizes up to four different Vocalizes up to four different syllablessyllables
Listens selectively to familiar Listens selectively to familiar wordswords
Pulls to standing positionPulls to standing position
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo.8 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo.9 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Plays pat-a-cakePlays pat-a-cake
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo.10 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Stands aloneStands alone
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo.11 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Walks aloneWalks alone
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo. 1 year1 year
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What Are theWhat Are theDevelopmental Tasks ofDevelopmental Tasks ofInfancy and Childhood?Infancy and Childhood?
Infants and children face especially important
developmental tasks in the areas of cognition and social
relationships – tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in
adolescence and adulthood
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Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Cognitive development –The process by which thinking changes over time
Schemas –Mental structures orprograms that guide adeveloping child’s thoughts
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Accommodation –Mental process thatrestructures existingschemes so that newinformation is better understood
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Assimilation – Mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existingschemes
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Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
It was thought that kids were just stupid versions of adults.
Then came along Jean Piaget
Kids learn differently than adults
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SchemasSchemas
Children view the world through schemas (as do adults for the most part).
Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us.
It is basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.
Right now in your head, picture a model.
These 3 probably fit into your concept (schema) of a model.
But does this one?
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AssimilationAssimilation
Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
If I teach my 3 year that an animal with 4 legs and a tail is a dog….
What would he call this?
Or this?
What schema would you assimilate this into?
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Assimilation in High SchoolAssimilation in High School
When you first meet somebody, you will assimilate them into a schema that you already have.
If you see two guys dressed like this, what schema would you assimilate them into?•Would you always be right?
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AccommodationAccommodation
Changing an existing schema to adopt to new information. If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their
schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
SensorimotorSensorimotor
PreoperationalPreoperational
Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational
Formal Formal OperationalOperational
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
SensorimotorSensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
• Birth to about age 2
• Child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli
• Sensorimotor intelligence
• Mental representations
• Object permanence
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Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentStages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
Experience the world through our senses.
Do NOT have object permanence.
0-2
Click Mom to see a baby with no object permanence.
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensorimotor
PreoperationalPreoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
• About age 2 to age 6 or 7
• Marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language
• Egocentrism
• Animalistic thinking
• Centration
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Preoperational StagePreoperational Stage
2-7
Have object permanence
Begin to use language to represent objects and ideas
Egocentric: cannot look at the world through anyone’s eyes but their own.
Do NOT understand concepts of conservation.
Click the boy to see kids with egocentrism.
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational
Formal Operational
• About age 7 to about age 11
• Child understands conservation but is incapable of abstract thought
• Conservation
• Mental operations
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ConservationConservation
Conservation refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.
Click the boy to see kids trying to grasp conservation.
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Concrete Operational StageConcrete Operational Stage
Can demonstrate concept of conservation.
Learn to think logically
Click the penguin to see kids try to grasp concrete logic.
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Formal OperationalOperational
• From about age 12 on
• Abstract thought appears
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Formal Operational StageFormal Operational Stage
What would the world look like with no light?
Picture god
What way do you best learn?
Abstract reasoning
Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them
Hypothesis testing
Trial and Error
Metacognition
Not every adult gets to this stage
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Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development
Theory of Mind –An awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own
Temperament –An individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reaction
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Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development
Zone of proximal development –The difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance
Socialization –The lifelong process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes and motives to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society
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Parenting StylesParenting Styles
Authoritarian Parents
Authoritative Parents
Permissive Parents
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1. Authoritarian parents
2. Authoritative parents
3. Permissive parents
4. Uninvolved parents
Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development
Most approaches to child rearing fall into one of the following four styles:
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Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development
Other factors influencing a child’s development may include:• Effects of day care• School influences• Leisure influences
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Erikson’s Psychosocial StagesErikson’s Psychosocial StagesAge/PeriodAge/Period Principal ChallengePrincipal Challenge
0 to 1 1/2 years0 to 1 1/2 years Trust vs. Mistrust
1 1/2 to 3 years1 1/2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. Self doubt
3 to 6 years3 to 6 years Initiative vs. Guilt
6 years to puberty6 years to puberty Confidence vs. Inferiority
AdolescenceAdolescence Identity vs. Role confusion
Early adulthoodEarly adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle adulthoodMiddle adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation
Late adulthoodLate adulthood Ego-integrity vs. Despair
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What Changes Mark theWhat Changes Mark theTransition of Adolescence?Transition of Adolescence?
Adolescence offers new developmental challenges
growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socioemotional changes
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The Transitions of AdolescenceThe Transitions of Adolescence
Adolescence – Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood
Rites of passage – Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood
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Physical Maturation in AdolescencePhysical Maturation in Adolescence
Puberty – Onset of sexual maturity
Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness
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Cognitive Development in Cognitive Development in AdolescenceAdolescence
Formal operational stage – Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought)
Hormones rise to high levels
The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel”
This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex
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The increasing influence of peers
Common social problems in adolescence
Delinquency
Social Identity in AdolescenceSocial Identity in Adolescence
Identity crisis
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• Masturbation
• Same-sex orientation
• Heterosexual behavior
Sexual Issues in AdolescenceSexual Issues in Adolescence
Sexual issues in adolescence often include the following:
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning
I. Preconventional moralityStage 1: Pleasure/pain orientation
Stage 2: Cost/benefit orientation; reciprocity
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II. Conventional morality
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning
• Stage 3: “Good child” orientation• Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation
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III. Postconventional (principled) morality
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning
• Stage 5: Social contract orientation• Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningKohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Culture and morality
Gender and morality
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What DevelopmentalWhat DevelopmentalChallenges Do Adults Face?Challenges Do Adults Face?
Nature and nurture continue to produce changes throughout life, but in
adulthood these changes include both growth and
decline
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The Developmental Challenges of The Developmental Challenges of AdulthoodAdulthood
Love and workIntimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Generativity –A process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations
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The Last Developmental Problems The Last Developmental Problems You Will FaceYou Will Face
Ego-identity –The ability to look back on life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness
According to Erikson, the final crisis involves ego-identity vs. despair
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The Last Developmental Problems The Last Developmental Problems You Will FaceYou Will Face
Some of the most obvious changes that occur with age affect physical abilities such as• Vision• Hearing• Thinking, learning, and problem solving• Memory• Sexual functioning• Social interaction• Emotions
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End of Chapter 9End of Chapter 9