11Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

EmotionEmotion

• Interaction of four components• 1. physiological arousal• 2. subjective feelings• 3. cognitive interpretation• 4. behavioral expression

22Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Core Concept 9-1Core Concept 9-1

• Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others.

33Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Evolution of EmotionsEvolution of Emotions

• Survival value--emotions help in coping with important recurring situations:• approach positive situations or people

(example: love)• avoid negative or dangerous situations or

people (example: fear)

44Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Emotional CommunicationEmotional Communication

• Display rules--permissible ways of expressing emotions in a particular society.

55Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Counting EmotionsCounting Emotions

• more than 500 emotion words in English language• seven or eight basic emotions• complex emotions-blends of

basic emotions

66Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

The Emotion WheelThe Emotion Wheel

77Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Core Concept 9-2Core Concept 9-2

• Two distinct brain pathways connect the biological structures involved in emotions.

88Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Biological Basis of EmotionsBiological Basis of Emotions

• Two emotion processing systems in brain:(1) quick, automatic, unconscious system--deep brain circuits.

(2) slower, more thorough, conscious system--cortex of the brain.

99Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Emotional Arousal and PerformanceEmotional Arousal and Performance

• high and low arousal--low performance• moderate arousal--higher performance• may differ with task difficulty

1010Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence

• Understand one’s own emotions

• Recognize other’s emotions

• Manage one’s own negative feels and curtail impulses

1111Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Cues for Detecting DeceptionCues for Detecting Deception

• Real key--patterns of a person’s behavior over time

• Other cues in verbal and non-verbal behavior

1212Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Guidelines for Detecting deceptionGuidelines for Detecting deception

• False information--pauses in speech and constrained movements.

• Hiding true feelings--postural shifts, speech errors, nervous gestures, shrugging.

• Face is easier to control than the body.• Eye contact--only in a typical truth-teller.

1313Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

PolygraphPolygraph

• Graphs many measures of physical arousal.

• Assumes people will display physical signs of arousal when lying.

1414Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Core Concept 9-3Core Concept 9-3

• Motivation takes many forms, but all involve inferred mental processes that select and direct our behavior.

1515Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

MotivationMotivation

• Processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities.

1616Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

MotivationMotivation

• connects observable behavior to internal states.

• accounts for variability in behavior.

• explains perseverance despite adversity.

• relates biological processes to behavior.

1717Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Intrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Motivation

• Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake--not for some external reward.

1818Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Extrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation

• Desire to engage in an activity to achieve external consequences or rewards.

1919Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Conscious MotivationConscious Motivation

• Being aware of the desire to engage in an activity.

2020Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Unconscious MotivationUnconscious Motivation

• Being consciously unaware of the desire to engage in an activity.

2121Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Instinct TheoryInstinct Theory

• Certain behaviors are completely controlled by innate factors.

• Now called fixed-action patterns.

2222Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Drive TheoryDrive Theory

• Biological needs produce a drive to meet that need--reduce the drive.

• Homeostasis--body’s need to maintain a balanced state.

2323Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Cognitive TheoryCognitive Theory

• Locus of control--beliefs about the ability to control the events in our lives.

• Internal v. external locus of control

2424Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Freud’s Psychodynamic TheoryFreud’s Psychodynamic Theory

• Motivation comes from the id in the unconscious mind.

• Two basic desires• Eros-desire for sex• Thanatos-desire

for aggression

2525Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003

Maslow’s Theory of MotivationMaslow’s Theory of Motivation

• Hierarchy – needs occur in priority order

• most biological needs are most basic