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Transcript of Copyright Aatif Kamal, NIIT (2006-07) 1 Software Project Management Lecture 01 Introduction to SPM...
Copyright Aatif Kamal, NIIT (2006-07)
1
Software Project ManagementLecture 01Lecture 01
Introduction to SPMIntroduction to SPM
Instructor: Aatif Kamal
Dated: Sept 4th , 2006
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Objective Course Introduction (learning objectives) Course Contents & Grading Policy Motivation of Studying SPM What is Project What is Project Management
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Course Objectives Understand the fundamental principles of Software Project
management & will also have a good knowledge of responsibilities of project manager and how to handle these.
Be familiar with the different methods and techniques used for project management.
By the end of this course student will have good knowledge of the issues and challenges faced while doing the Software project Management and will also be able to understand why majority of the software projects fails and how that failure probability can be reduced effectively. Will be able to do the Project Scheduling, tracking, Risk analysis, Quality management and Project Cost estimation using different techniques
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Text Books Text books:
A Guide to theProject Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)By Project Management Institute
Quality Software Project ManagementBy: Robert T. Futrell, Donald ShaferPublisher: Prentice Hall
Reference books: Software Project Management in Practice
By: Pankaj JalotePublisher: Pearson Education
Software Project Management (Third Edition )By: Bob Hughes & Mike Cotterell, Publisher: McGraw-Hill
Software Project ManagementA Unified FrameworkBy: Walker RoycePublisher: Addision-wesely
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Subject Assessments
Quizzes : 10% One Hour Tests : 30% Assignments : 05% Project/Report : 10% Final Test : 45%
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Motivation for Studying Project Management IT Projects have terrible track record
A 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found that only 16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were canceled before completion, costing over 81B$ in US alone
The need for IT Projects keeps increasing In 1998, corporate America issued 200,000 new
application development projects In 2001, there were 300,000 new IT projects In 2003, over 500,000 new IT projects were
started
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SPM Study Topics Project Management - Study Topics
What is project management? Project Selection The role of Project Manager Project Organization Project Costing, Planning, Budgeting, Scheduling Resource Allocation Project Monitoring and Controlling Risk management Software quality assurance plans Quality assurance, Legal issues
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What is a Project Daily, organizations are asked to accomplish tasks
that do not fit neatly into business-as-usual
A software group may be asked to develop an application program that will access Government data on certain commodity prices and generate records on the value of the commodity inventories held by the firm; the software must be available for use on 26 Nov 2004.
The Ministry of Health may require an annually updated census of all Punjab resident children, aged 17 years or younger, living with an illiterate parents; the census must happen in 18 months.
Develop a web page within the next four days that provides information about the departmental timetable to new incoming students.
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Project – Definition In the broadest sense, a project is a specific,
finite task to be accomplished. Any activity that results in a deliverable or a product.
Projects always begin with a problem. The project is to provide the solution to this problem.
When the project is finished it must be evaluated to determine whether it satisfies the objectives and goals.
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Another Definition of Project A project is a temporary endeavor
undertaken to accomplish a unique purpose
Attributes of projects unique purpose temporary require resources, often from various areas should have a primary sponsor and/or customer involve uncertainty
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Example of IT Projects Northwest Airlines developed a new
reservation system called ResNet Many Organizations upgrade hardware,
software and networks via projects Organizations develop new software or
enhance existing systems to perform many business functions
Note: “IT projects” refers to projects involving hardware, software and networks
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What is Management? Management can be defined as all activities and
tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve objectives or complete an activity that could not be achieved by others acting independently. Management functions can be categorized as
Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling
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Management Functions Planning
Predetermining a course of action for accomplishing organizational Objectives
OrganizingArranging the relationships among work units for accomplishment of objectives and the granting of responsibility and authority to obtain those objectives
StaffingSelecting and training people for positions in the organization
DirectingCreating an atmosphere that will assist and motivate people to achieve desired end results
ControllingEstablishing, measuring, and evaluating performance of activities toward planned objectives
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What is Project Management (1) According to *PMI, PMBOK Guide 2003
“The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet project requirements”
* The Project management Institute (PMI) is an independent professional society http://www.pmi.org
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What is Project Management (2) Project management is a system of
management procedures, practices, technologies, skills, and experience
that are necessary to successfully manage a project.
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Software Project Management Concerned with activities involved in ensuring
that software is delivered: on time on schedule in accordance with the requirements of the
organization developing and procuring the software
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Laws of Project Management No major project is ever installed on time, within budget, with the same
staff that started it. Yours will not be the first.
Projects progress quickly until they become 90% complete, then they remain at 90% complete forever.
One advantage of fuzzy project objectives is that they let you avoid the embarrassment of estimating the corresponding costs.
When things are going well, something will go wrong. When things just can’t get any worse, they will When things appear to be going better you have overlooked something
If project content is allowed to change freely, the rate of change will exceed the rate of progress.
No system is ever completely debugged: attempts to debug a system inevitably introduce new bugs that are even harder to find
A carelessly planned project will take three times longer to complete than expected, a planned project will take only twice as long.
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Project Stakeholders Stakeholders are the people involved in or
affected by the project actives Stakeholders include
The project sponsor and project team Support staff Customers Users Suppliers Opponents to the project
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Project Characteristics One clear objective
A well defined set of end results Goal oriented End product or service must result
Finite Fixed timeline, start date, end date, milestone dates
Limited Budget, Resources, Time
Life Cycle Recognizable sequence of phases
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Project Characteristics (cont..)
Interdependences (source of conflict) Cross-functional, cross-project, cross-activity
Uniqueness No practice or rehearsal, one time set of events
A team of people Non trivial number & organizational structure Cross-functional origins, interests & allegiances
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Project Characteristics (cont..)
Divisible into subtasks (called activities) often numerous, essentially unique and non-
repetitive sequenced by precedence relationship require careful co-ordination and monitoring
Change (source of Conflict)
A single point of responsibility (the Project Manager)
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Potential for Conflict Resource conflict
Interdependences Activities, Projects, Projects and Operations
Limited Resources People, Equipment, Time, Money, Facilities
People conflict As a result of resource conflict Resistance to Change
Project Manager Must be a Conflict Manager
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Potential for Conflict (cont..) Client
Max Flexibility, Max Quality at Min Price in Min Time
Organization Max Profit, Min disruption to Operations
Public Obeisance of all relevant Government
Regulations Min Environmental Impact
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Negotiation & Conflict resolutionTwo different types of negotiations win-lose
your savings are other party’s losses
win-win both parties try to understand the other party
needs The win-win approach is a set of principles and
practices which enable a set of Interdependent stakeholders to work out a mutually satisfactory (win-win) set of shared commitments.
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Negotiation & Conflict resolution (cont..) Win-lose Generally Becomes Lose-lose
Proposed Solution
“Winner” “Loser”
Quick, cheap & Sloppy product
Developer & Customer
User
Lots of “Bells & whistles ”
Developer & User
Customer
Driving too hard a bargain
Customer & User
Developer
Actually, nobody wins in these situations
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Win-Lose key concepts Win Condition:
Objective which makes a stakeholder feel like a winner
Issue: Conflict or constraint on a win condition
Option: A way of overcoming an issue
Agreement: Mutual commitment to an option or win condition
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WinWin Negotiation Model
WinWin Equilibrium State All Win Conditions covered by Agreements No outstanding Issues
WinCondition
WinCondition IssueIssue
OptionOptionAgreementAgreement
involves
adopts
addressescovers
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9 Project Management Knowledge Areas Knowledge areas describes the key
competencies that project manager must develop 4 - core knowledge areas lead to specific project
objectives (scope, time, cost and quality) 4 - facilitating areas are the means through which
the project objectives are achieved (human resource, communication, risk and procurement management)
1- knowledge area (project integration management) affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas
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9 PM Knowledge Areas (cont..) Project Integration Management
Describes the processes required to ensure that various elements of the project are properly coordinated. It consist of project plan development, project execution and integrated change control.
Project Scope Management Describes the processes required to ensure that the project
includes all the work required and integrated change control.
Project Time Management Describes the processes required to ensure the timely
completion of the project. It consist of initiation, scope planning, scope definition, scope verification and scope change control.
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9 PM Knowledge Areas (cont..) Project Cost Management
Describes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed within the approved budget. It consist of resource planning, cost estimating, schedule development and schedule control.
Project Quality Management Describes the processes required to ensure that the project
will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. It consists of quality planning, quality assurance and quality control.
Project Human Resource Management Describes the processes required to make the most
effective use of the people involved with the project. It consist of organizational planning, staff acquisition and team development.
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9 PM Knowledge Areas (cont..) Project Communication Management
Describes the processes required to ensure timely and appropriate generation, collection, dissemination, storage and ultimate disposition of project information. It consist of communications planning, information distribution, performance reporting and administrative closure,
Project Risk Management Describes the processes concerned with identifying, analyzing
and responding to project risk. It consist of risk management planning, risk identification, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, risk response planning and risk monitoring and control.
Project Procurement Management Describes the processes required to acquire goods and services
from the outside the performing organization. It consist of procurement planning, solicitation planning, solicitation, source selection, contract administration and contract closeout
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A Hierarchy of ActivitiesWBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
The backbone of any project is WBS. It describes the steps necessary to carry out the project and their relationship to each other, Not easy and straight forward.
System: (IEEE) collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set of function.
Program > Project > Work Package > Task > Work Unit
Program A Group of Related Projects that is managed together, Programs
usually include an Element of Ongoing activity An exceptionally large, long range objective that can be broken
into projects E.g. Govt. of Pakistan Poverty reduction program
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A Hierarchy of Activities (cont..)Program > Project > Work Package > Task > Work Unit
Projects A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique
product or service A specific finite task
Work Package Project major set of activities / Modules Each WP has clear set of Objectives, Task and deliverables Each WP must have WP leader One continuous set of work units with a clearly defined and
observable beginning and end
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A Hierarchy of Activities (cont..)Program > Project > Work Package > Task > Work Unit
Activity An element of work performed during the course of a project. An
activity has an expected duration, cost and resource requirement Any Task, Job or Operation that must be completed to finish a
project Synonym for Task Must Result in a Tangible deliverable
Task A subdivision of an activity Synonym for activity Task must have one or more responsible person
Work Unit Subdivision of a work package Not recognized as a term
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What is Project Management (3) The application of Knowledge, Skills, Tools and
Techniques in order to Meet or Exceed Stakeholder Requirements from a Project Meeting or Exceeding stakeholder requirements means
Balancing (trade-off) competing demands among: Scope, Time, Cost, Quality and other objectives
Primary objectives are: within Budget, on Schedule, to Specification
A Method and a Set of Techniques Based on Accepted Principles of Management used for Planning, Estimating and Controlling Work Activities to reach a desired End Result on Time, within Budget and according to Specification
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The Triple Constraints Every project is constrained in different ways
by its Scope goals Time goals Cost goals
It is the project manager’s duty to balance these three often competing goals
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SPM Primary Objectives
Budget Limit
Cost
Time (Schedule)
Due Date
Performance
Required Performance
Implicit Trade-off Functions
Performance = f (Time, Budget)Time = f (Budget, Perf)Budget = f (Perf, Time)
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PM & SPM
Accepted PM Knowledge & Practices
General Management
Knowledge & PracticesApplication Area
Knowledge & Practices
S/W development
practices
Conceptual Diagram: Intersection is Conceptual Not Proportional
PMBOK
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What is Project Management (4) Project Management focuses the Responsibility and
Authority for the attainment of a Project’s Goals on an Individual or Small Group. The object of the focus is, the Project Manager uses Project Management Methods, Techniques and Tools (& Organizational Structure) to
Co-ordinate and Integrate all Project Activities Be responsive to the Project’s Client Identify and Correct Problems as soon as they become
Visible Make timely decisions about Trade-Offs between
Conflicting Project Goals Prevent Sub-optimization
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What is Project Management (5) Project Management is Interface
Management. The important Interfaces are Personal Interfaces Organizational Interfaces and System Interfaces
The goal of Project Management is Integration of all Project Components to Create
Seamless Interfaces.
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Project Management - Advantages Responsiveness to Clients and the
Environment Ability to make Timely Trade-off Decisions Central Locus of Decisions to insure overall
Project Optimality Better control, better customer relations,
Shorter development time, lower costs, Higher quality and reliability, higher profit margins, better co-ordination, higher morale
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Project Management -Advantages (cont..) Bosses, customers, and other stakeholders do not
like surprises. Good project management (PM) provides assurance and reduces risk
PM provides the tools and environment to plan, monitor, track, and manage schedules, resources, costs, and quality
PM provides a history or metrics base for future planning as well as good documentation
Project members learn and grow by working in a cross functional team environment
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Project Management - Disadvantages Greater Organizational Complexity Lower Personnel Utilization More Managerial Conflicts
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The Project Management Profession A 1996 Fortune article called project management
the “number one career choice”
Other authors and IT Gurus stress that Project managers are who add value to organizations
Professional societies like the Project Management Institute (PMI) have grown tremendously
Average Salaries for Project managers are over 81K US$ per year
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Project Management Certification PMI provides certification as a Project Management
Professional (PMP) A PMP has documented sufficient project
experience, agreed to follow a code of ethics, and passed the PMP exam
The number of people earning PMP certification is increasing quickly, and the certification program department received ISO approval in 1999
Other groups, like the Singapore Computer Society, have their own IT PM Certification programs
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Assignment 01 Define Project, Project Management and
Process Write a note on W5HH Principle