Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Each of the major sections within this briefing provides...

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1

Each of the major sections within this briefing provides optional material that is

stand-alone from the other sections as well as the entire book

Technology Briefing - Foundations of Information Systems Infrastructure


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Technology Briefing Learning Objectives

Foundational Topics in IS Hardware• Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.

Foundational Topics in IS Software• Describe foundational topics related to system software as well as those of various

types of programming languages and application development environments.

Foundational Topics in Networking• Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.

Foundational Topics in Database Management• Explain foundational database management concepts.


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Foundational Topics in IS Hardware

Foundational Topics in IS HardwareDiscuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.

Foundational Topics in IS SoftwareDescribe foundational topics related to system software as well as those of various types of programming languages and application development environments.

Foundational Topics in NetworkingDescribe foundational networking and Internet concepts.

Foundational Topics in Database ManagementExplain foundational database management concepts.


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Input Technologies


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Input Technologies: Common

• Well known input technologies– Pointing Devices• Mice• Track pads• Touchscreens

– Keyboards– Barcode and RFID scanners– Fingerprint readers– Eye-tracking devices for the disabled


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Input Technologies: Batch Data

• Large amounts of routing data often resides in paper forms, such as insurance claim forms– To enable automated computer processing, it

needs to be entered into computer systems– Bulk scanning and upload of these forms is the

standard process for entering them into computer systems

– Entering a large quantity of data into a computer system and processing it all at one time is “Batch Processing”


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Input Technologies: Specialized Scanners

Scanner Description

Optical mark recognition

Used to scan questionnaires and test answer forms (“bubble sheets”) where answer choices are marked by filling in circles using pencil or pen

Optical character recognition

Used to read and digitize typewritten, computer-printed, and even handwritten characters such as patient information in hospitals, or the address on a piece of postal mail

Bar code reader Used mostly in grocery stores and other retail businesses to read bar code data at the checkout counter; also used by libraries, banks, hospitals, utility companies, and so on

Magnetic ink character recognition

Used by the banking industry to read data, account numbers, bank codes, and check numbers on preprinted checks

Biometric scanner Used to scan human body characteristics of users to enable everything from access control to payment procurement


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Input Technologies: Audio and Video

• Audio Input– Microphones for voice input– Other forms• Electronic keyboards• Digital audio recorders

• Video Input– Webcams– Digital cameras– Digital camcorders


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Processing: Transforming Inputs into Outputs


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How a Computer Works: The Motherboard


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How a Computer Works: Storage

• Primary storage– The internal storage a computer uses to hold software

and data while operating and processing• Secondary storage– Permanent storage, such as a hard drive, used to store

software and data both when the computer is in use and between uses

• Removable storage media– Storage that can be removed from the computer, either

for safekeeping to hold and transport data to other computers


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How a Computer Works: Ports

• Computers can connect to networks and other external devices through ports; over the years, many different port types have emerged to meet changing user needs

• Common ports include – Analog, digital, and HDMI video ports– Ethernet network ports– Parallel printer ports (now often replaced by USB ports)– Older data ports such as serial, mouse, keyboard, MIDI, and

modem ports (now often replaced by USB ports)– Newer high speed data ports such as USB, Firewire, and

Thunderbolt


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How a Computer Works: Power Supplies

• Computers typically need 12 volt and 5 or 3.3 volt power to function correctly, so they have a built-in power supply to provide this

• The power supply in computers has an efficiency rating, and high efficiency supplies cost more but waste less power as heat when converting it

• Power supplies are often plugged into surge protectors to protect computers from external power spikes


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Output Technologies

• Monitors– Originally used cathode ray tubes (CRT)• Bulky and heavy glass tubes, Power intensive

– Newer technologies are thinner, lighter, and use much less power to operate• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) lit by fluorescent tubes or

light emitting diodes (LEDs)• Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)• Electronic paper (e-paper)

• Printers


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Foundational Topics in IS Software






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System Software

• System software tasks– Booting (or starting) your computer– Reading programs into memory and managing memory

allocation– Managing where programs and files are located in

secondary storage– Maintaining the structure of directories and

subdirectories– Formatting disks– Controlling the computer monitor– Sending documents to the printer


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System Software: Common Operating Systems

Operating System Description

z/OS A proprietary operating system for large IBM mainframe systems

Unix A multiuser, multitasking operating system; commonly used because of its superior security

Windows By far the most popular in the world

Mac OS The first commercial graphical-based operating system, making its debut in 1984; the operating system of Apple computers

Linux An open source operating system designed in 1991 by a Finnish student; Linux powers about one-third of all Web servers

Android Google’s Linux-based operating system for mobile devices

iOS Apple’s mobile operating system, previously named iPhone OS; also used on the iPod Touch and iPad


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Programming Languages

Language Application Description

Basic General Purpose Easy-to-learn language

C/C++ General Purpose Complex general purpose languages

COBOL Business Transaction processing on mainframes

FORTRAN Scientific FORmula TRANslator; designed for scientific, math, and engineering

Java World Wide Web Highly portable language

.NET Framework World Wide Web Variety of Microsoft languages

LISP Artificial Intelligence Fast AI language

PERL World Wide Web Scripting language

Objective-C App Development Evolved from C, used to program Apps for Apple devices


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Development Environments


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Common HTML Tags

Tag Description

<html>…</html> Delineates an HTML document

<head>…</head> Sets off the title and other information that is not displayed on the Web page itself

<body>…</body> Sets off the visible portion of the document

<b>…</b> Creates bold text

<a href=“URL”>…</a> Creates a hyperlink

<a href=mailto:EMAIL>…</a> Creates a link creating a new e-mail message

<p>…</p> Creates a new paragraph

<table>…</table> Creates a table


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Open Source Software

• The source code is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification

• People around the world contribute time and expertise

• The Linux operating system is a good example of an open source program

• Large projects often have a core group that verifies updates should be implemented


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Foundational Topics in Networking






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Evolution of Computer Networking: Centralized Computing


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Evolution of Computer Networking: Distributed Computing


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Evolution of Computer Networking: Collaborative Computing


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Types of Networks: PBX


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Types of Networks: LAN


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Types of Networks: WAN

• Metropolitan Area Networks

• Enterprise WANs• Value-Added Networks• Global Networks


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Types of Networks: Personal Area Network (PAN)


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Packet Switching

• Most data networks use packet switching• Messages are broken up into packets which

are sent individually to the destination• The receiving computer assembles the packets

back into the message• This allows packets from different messages to

be intermingled on the network


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Network Standards and Protocols

• Standards are critical to the success of the Internet, everyone plays by the same rules

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)– The Internet’s standard communication language, dictates

how messages are broken into packets and later reassembled

• Ethernet– LAN protocol developed by Xerox in 1976, allows multiple

types of data (including IP datagrams) to flow over the LAN


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Network Topologies


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Network Technologies: Hardware

Networking Hardware Description

Switch A switch is used to connect multiple computers, servers, or printers to create a network.

Router A router is an intelligent device used to connect two or more individual networks. When a router receives a data packet, it looks at the network address and passes the packet on to the appropriate network. Routers are commonly used to connect a LAN to a WAN, such as the Internet.

Wireless access point A wireless access point transmits and receives wireless (Wi-Fi) signals to allow wireless devices to connect to the network.

Wireless controller A wireless controller manages multiple access points and can be used to manage transmission power and channel allocation throughout a building.


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Network Technologies: Cable Media

• Twisted Pair

• Coaxial

• Fiber Optic


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Network Technologies: Wireless Media

• Infrared Line of Sight• High-Frequency Radio• Microwave Transmission– Terrestrial– Satellite


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Network Technologies: Satellite Orbits

Name Distance from Earth

Characteristics/Common Application

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

400–1,000 miles

Mapping mineral deposits; monitoring ice caps, coastlines, volcanoes, and rain forests; researching plant changes; monitoring wildlife habitats and changes; search and rescue; research projects in astronomy and physics

Medium Earth Orbit(MEO)

1,000–22,300 miles

Primarily used in geographical positioning systems (such as the Global Positioning System)

Geosynchronous EarthOrbit (GEO)

22,300 miles Fixed in space in relation to the rotation of the earth. Because it is fixed in space, transmission is simplified. Transmission of high-speed data for television, weather information, remote Internet connections, etc.


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The Internet: How Did it get Started?

• U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1960s– Studied ways to interconnect networks– Created the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

(ARPANET) linking universities and research centers• U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) 1986

– development of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)

– Tied into ARPANET• Other networks then connected to the growing

Internet


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The Internet: Connecting Networks


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The Internet: Connecting Networks With a Wide Area Backbone


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The Internet: The Internet Backbone


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Foundational Topics in Database Management






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Relational Database Design: Associations


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Relational Database Design: Entity-Relationship Diagramming


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Relational Database Design: The Relational Model


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Relational Database Design: Normalization

• Normalization – Each table contains only attributes related to the

entity• Attributes are fields such as phone number, name,

address• Information unrelated to the entity might be the phone

number of the professor who taught a course, that information can be in another table, for faculty, where it is only listed once

– normalization helps to eliminate data duplication


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Relational Database Design: Normalization: Un-Normalized Table

Student Student Phone

Course Term Grade Instructor Instructor Phone

Lauren Fernell 555-7771 MIS 350 F12 A Hess 555-2222

Lauren Fernell 555-7771 MIS 372 F12 B Sarker 555-2224

Lauren Fernell 555-7771 MIS 426 F12 A Fuller 555-2227

Lauren Fernell 555-7771 MIS 375 F12 B+ Wells 555-2228

Brigit Schnieder 555-2215 MIS 350 F12 A Hess 555-2222

Brigit Schnieder 555-2215 MIS 375 F12 B+ Wells 555-2228

Brigit Schnieder 555-2215 MIS 372 F12 A Sarker 555-2224

Brigit Schnieder 555-2215 MIS 374 F12 B Clay 555-2221

Jackie Judson 555-1245 MIS 350 F12 A Hess 555-2222

Jackie Judson 555-1245 MIS 372 F12 B+ Sarker 555-2224


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Relational Database Design: Normalization: Normalized Tables

SID Student Student Phone

A121 Lauren Fernell 555-7771

A124 Brigit Schnieder 555-2215

A126 Jackie Judson 555-1245

Inst. ID

Instructor Instructor Phone

I215 Hess 555-2222

I007 Sarker 555-2224

I001 Fuller 555-2227

I235 Wells 555-2228

I221 Clay 555-2221

Course Term Inst. ID

MIS 350 F12 I215

MIS 372 F12 I007

MIS 426 F12 I001

MIS 375 F12 I235

MIS 374 F12 I221

SID Course Term Grade

A121 MIS 350 F12 A

A121 MIS 372 F12 B

A121 MIS 426 F12 A

A121 MIS 375 F12 B+

A124 MIS 350 F12 A

A124 MIS 375 F12 B+

A124 MIS 372 F12 A

A124 MIS 374 F12 B

A126 MIS 350 F12 A

A126 MIS 372 F12 B+

Enrolled Table Teaching Table Instructors Table

Students Table


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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Each of the major sections within this briefing provides...

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