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Session 3Session 3

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Chapter 9– Arguments of Chapter 9– Arguments of DefinitionDefinition

Formal DefinitionsFormal Definitions Operational DefinitionsOperational Definitions Definitions by ExampleDefinitions by Example

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Chapter 10 – Chapter 10 – EvaluationsEvaluations

Quantitative EvaluationsQuantitative Evaluations Qualitative EvaluationsQualitative Evaluations

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Chapter 11 – Chapter 11 – Causal ArgumentsCausal Arguments

Understanding Causal ArgumentsUnderstanding Causal Arguments States a cause and then examines its States a cause and then examines its

effectseffects State an effect then traces to its causeState an effect then traces to its cause Moves through series of linksMoves through series of links Characterizing Causal ArgumentsCharacterizing Causal Arguments

Always complexAlways complex Often definition basedOften definition based Yields probable rather than absolute Yields probable rather than absolute

conclusionsconclusions

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Causal Arguments (Cont)Causal Arguments (Cont) Key Features Key Features

Question every cause-effect Question every cause-effect relationshiprelationship

Show high probabilityShow high probability Assess any linksAssess any links Causal chains accurateCausal chains accurate Consider multiple causes or effectsConsider multiple causes or effects

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Chapter 16 – What Counts as Chapter 16 – What Counts as Firsthand EvidenceFirsthand Evidence

ObservationsObservations InterviewsInterviews Surveys and QuestionnairesSurveys and Questionnaires ExperimentsExperiments Personal ExperiencePersonal Experience

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Chapter 16 – What Counts as Chapter 16 – What Counts as Secondhand EvidenceSecondhand Evidence

Library SourcesLibrary Sources Library databasesLibrary databases Subject headings and keywordsSubject headings and keywords Library cataloguesLibrary catalogues Non-print mediaNon-print media

Online SourcesOnline Sources CategoriesCategories KeywordsKeywords