Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 29 Safety, Infection...

Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chapter 29

Safety, Infection Control, and Hygiene


Creating a Culture of Client Safety

• National Patient Safety Goals:– Identify patients correctly

– Improve staff communications

– Use medicines safely

– Prevent infection

– Check patient medicines

(continued)


Creating a Culture of Client Safety

• National Patient Safety Goals:– Prevent patients from falling

– Help patients be involved in own care

– Identify patient safety risks

– Watch patients closely for changes

– Prevent errors in surgery


Factors Affecting Safety

• Age

• Lifestyle

• Sensory and perceptual alterations

• Mobility

• Emotional state


Types of Accidents

• Client behavior

• Therapeutic procedure

• Equipment


Potential Occupational Hazards

• Nurses at risk in workplace– Latex allergies

– Work-related musculoskeletal disorders

• OSHA– Enforces safety standards

– Cites and disciplines agencies not in compliance


Infection Control Principles

• Pathogens– Microorganisms that produce disease

• Infection– Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms

– Results in injury

(continued)


Infection Control Principles

• Colonization– Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms

without tissue injury


Chain of Infection

• Agent, host, and environment– Biological agents

– Chemical agents

– Physical agents

– Susceptible host

– Compromised host

(continued)


Chain of Infection

• Modes of transmission– Contact

– Airborne

– Vehicle

– Vector-borne

• Break chain


Normal Defense Mechanisms

• Nonspecific immune defense:– Skin and normal flora

– Mucous membranes and sneeze, cough, and tearing reflexes

– Elimination and acidic environment

– Inflammation

(continued)


Normal Defense Mechanisms

• Specific immune defense:– Humoral immunity

– Acquired immunity• Vaccination


Stages of the Infectious Process

• Infectious responses:– Localized

• Limited to defined area or single organ

– Systemic• Affects entire body and multiple organs

(continued)


Stages of the Infectious Process

• Incubation period

• Prodromal stage

• Illness stage

• Convalescent stage


Emerging Infections

• Tuberculosis

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV)

• Hepatitis

• West Nile virus

• Viral hemorrhagic fevers

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)


Health Care-Associated Infections

• Acquired in hospital or other health care facilities

• Hospitalized clients at risk for nosocomial infections

• Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)


Hygiene

• Factors influencing hygienic practice:– Body image

– Social and cultural practices

– Personal preferences

– Socioeconomic status

– Knowledge


Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Assessment

– Health history• General health perception and management status

– Physical examination• Risk factors

• Client in inpatient setting

• Client in home

(continued)


Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Assessment

– Diagnostic and laboratory data• Blood profile

– Altered clotting

– Anemic conditions

– Leukocytosis

(continued)


Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Diagnosis

– NANDA statements• Risk for injury

• Risk for infection

• Self-care deficits

• Others

(continued)


Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Outcome identification and planning

– Manipulate external environment to reduce risk of injury and infection

– Client and caregiver education• Identification of hazards

• Health promotion practices

(continued)


Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation

– Raise safety awareness and knowledge

– Prevent falls• Restraints

– Physical

– Chemical

• Environment

(continued)



– Prevent fire

– Ensure safe operation of electrical equipment

– Reduce exposure to radiation

– Prevent poisoning

– Reduce noise pollution

(continued)



– Ensure asepsis• Medical

– Reduces number, growth, and spread of microorganisms

– Clean technique

– Hand hygiene

(continued)



– Ensure asepsis• Surgical

– Eliminates microorganisms and spores

– Sterile technique

– Sterile gloves

– Surgical attire

– Surgical hand antisepsis

– Gown and closed glove

(continued)



– Reduce or eliminate infectious agents• Cleansing

• Disinfection

• Sterilization

• Home health care

• Disposal of infectious waste

• Sharps-related hazards

(continued)



– Practice standard and isolation precautions• Contact

• Droplet

• Airborne

(continued)



– Employ alternative therapies• Herbal baths

– Bath for specific body part

– Full body bath

• Herbs for infections

(continued)



– Provide for client bathing needs• Cleaning baths

– Shower

– Tub bath

– Self-help bath

– Complete bed bath

– Partial bath

(continued)



– Provide for client bathing needs• Therapeutic bath

– Hot or warm water tub bath

– Cool or tepid bath

– Sitz bath

(continued)



– Provide clean bed linen• Unoccupied

• Occupied

– Provide skin care• Perineal care

• Back rubs

(continued)



– Provide foot and nail care

– Provide oral care• Fluoride

• Flossing

• Brushing

• Care for unconscious client

(continued)



– Provide hair care• Brushing and combing

• Shampooing

• Shaving

• Mustache and beard care

(continued)



– Provide eye, ear, and nose care• Eyes

– Contact lenses

• Ears– Hearing aids

• Nose

(continued)


Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Evaluation

– Client free from injury

– Client free from infection

– Self-care needs met

Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 29 Safety, Infection...

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