THE THEODORE H. WHITE LECTURE TOM BROKAW - Shorenstein Center
Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc Prepared By: Renee Brokaw University of North...
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Prepared By: Renee BrokawUniversity of North Carolina, Charlotte
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Unit 1
Principles of Communication
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Chapter 4
Understanding Verbal Messages
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Communication Principles of a Lifetime
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Why Focus on Nonverbal Communication?
• Nonverbal communication– Communication other than written or spoken
language– Creates meaning
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Emotional Attitudes
Albert Mehrabian
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Challenge Question
• According to Albert Mehrabian, the most significant nonverbal source of emotional information isA. Vocal cues.
B. The face.
C. Personal space.
D. Emblems.
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Answer
• According to Albert Mehrabian, the most significant nonverbal source of emotional information isA. Vocal cues.
B. The face.
C. Personal space.
D. Emblems.
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Nonverbal Messages are More Believable
Verbal Nonverbal• Delivering a message
claiming you are not upset
• Quivering voice• Shaky knees• Flushed face
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Computer-Mediated Communication
• Conveying emotion
– :-( Depressed or upset– :-l Indifferent– :-o Surprised– :-D Laughing
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Nonverbal Messages are Critical to Successful Relationships
• William Chaplin’s “handshake index”– Strength– Vigor– Completeness of grip– Duration
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Nonverbal Messages Serve Multiple Functions
• Can substitute for verbal messages
• Complement verbal messages
• Regulate our conversation
• Accent or reinforce verbal message
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Nonverbal Communication is Culture- Bound
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Nonverbal Communication is Rule-Bound
• Researcher Judee Burgoon– Expectancy Violations Model– Rules dictated by our:
• Cultural backgrounds• Personal experiences• Knowledge of others
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Nonverbal Messages are Ambiguous
• Perception checking– Observe nonverbal cues– Interpret nonverbal cues– Ask person being observed their opinion– Seek second opinion
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Nonverbal Language is Continuous
• Constantly changing– Facial expressions– Posture– Hand gestures– Eye contact
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Nonverbal Language is Nonlinguistic
• Body Language by Julius Fast– Nonverbal communication was a language
• Pattern• Grammar
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Nonverbal Communication is Multi-channeled
• Messages registered simultaneously
• Messages recognized one at a time
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Appearance
• Body size and shape
• Skin color and texture
• Hairstyle
• Clothing– Artifacts
• Jewelry• Tattoos• Piercings
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Kinesics
– Movement
– Gesture
– Posture
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Emblems
• Nonverbal cue
• Meaning culturally bound
• Substitutes for word or phrase
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Illustrators
• Accompanies verbal behavior– Complements– Contradicts– Accents
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Affect Displays
• Face reflects– Kind of emotion
• Body reflects– How much emotion you are feeling
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Regulators
• Control communication interaction
• Control communication flow
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior: Adaptors
• Satisfy a personal need
• Adapt to the immediate situation
• Quasi-courtship behavior– Courtship readiness– Preening– Positional cues– Appeals to invitation
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Eye Contact
More Likely Less Likely• Physically distant• Discuss impersonal
topics• Have no distractions• Romantically
interested• Female• Cultural values
• Physically close• Discuss intimate
topics• Have distractions• Not interested or
dislike• Male• Cultural values
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Eye Contact
• John F. Kennedy– Appeared comfortable and confident– Made eye contact
• Richard Nixon– Darted eyes nervously– Made less eye contact
• Regarded as shifty, untrustworthy and lacked credibility
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Eye Contact
• Indicators of deception– Rapid eye movement– Diminished eye contact– Rapid blinking
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Facial Expressions
• 250,000 facial expressions
• Ekman and Friesen’s six primary emotions– Happiness– Sadness– Surprise– Fear– Anger– Disgust or contempt
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Touch
• Study of human touch– Haptics
• Individual standard of appropriate touching– Touch ethic
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:The Voice
• Paralanguage or Vocalics– Pitch, rate, use of silence, volume
• Back-channel cues– End conversation by lowering pitch and
volume– End conversation by lowering pitch and
volume– Begin conversation with “I” or “Ah” or “Um”
• Response latency or response time31
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Physical Environment
• Environmental contexts alter behavior
• Extensions of our personalities
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Space
Category Definition Distance Between Individuals
Zone 1 Intimate Space 0 to 1.5 feet
Zone 2 Personal Space 1.5 to 4 feet
Zone 3 Social Space 4 to 12 feet
Zone 4 Public Space 12 to 25 and beyond
Proxemics
Edward T. Hall’s Classification of Spatial Zones
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Edward T. Hall’s Four Zones of Space
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Challenge Question• According to Edward T. Hall, your
personal space zone where most of your conversation with others takes place, is anywhere fromA. 0 to 1 ½ feet.
B. 1 ½ to 4 feet.
C. 4 to 12 feet.
D. 12 feet on.
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Answer• According to Edward T. Hall, your
personal space zone where most of your conversation with others takes place, is anywhere fromA. 0 to 1 ½ feet.
B. 1 ½ to 4 feet.
C. 4 to 12 feet.
D. 12 feet on.
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Territory
• Territoriality– Occupancy or ownership of space
• Territorial markers– Things and actions claiming personal space
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Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior:Immediacy
Immediacy Cues Behavior• Proximity• Body orientation• Eye contact• Facial expressions• Gestures• Posture• Touch• Voice
• Close, forward lean• Face-to-face, side-to-side• Mutual eye contact• Smiling• Head nods, movement• Arms other-oriented• Adapted to Culture/Context • Higher pitch, upward pitch
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Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior:Arousal
• Arousal cues– Increased eye contact– Closer conversational distances– Increased touch– Animated vocalics– More direct body orientation
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