Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada2-1 Research Methods Chapter 2 This multimedia product and...

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 2-1

Research Methods

Chapter 2

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A Scientific Approach to Human SexualityEmpirical

Derived from or based on observation and experimentation


A Scientific Approach to Human Sexuality The Scientific Method

Formulating a research question Framing the research question in the form of

a hypothesis Testing the hypothesis

(continued)


A Scientific Approach to Human Sexuality The Scientific Method (continued)

Hypothesis Precise prediction about behaviour

Testing the hypothesis Drawing conclusions


A Scientific Approach to Human Sexuality Goals and methods of the science of human

sexuality Description Variables

Quantities or qualities that vary or may vary

Demographic variables Concerning vital statistics

(continued)



sexuality (continued) Explanation Prediction Control

(continued)



sexuality (continued) Physiological measures of sexual arousal

vasocongestion Penile strain gauge

Measures changes in the circumference of the penis

(continued)



sexuality (continued) Vaginal photoplethysmograph

Measures vasocongestion of the vaginal walls


Operational Definitions Operational definition

Definition of a construct or variable in terms of the methods used to measure it


Populations and Samples Population

Complete group of organisms or events Sample

Part of a population Representative sample

(continued)


Populations and Samples (continued) Generalize

To go from the particular to the general


Populations and Samples Sampling Methods

Random sample Every member of a population has an equal

chance of participating

(continued)


Populations and Samples Sampling methods (continued)

Stratified random sample Known subgroups in a population are

represented in proportion to their numbers in the population

(continued)


Populations and Samples Sampling Method (continued)

Volunteer bias Slanting of research data caused by the

characteristics of the individuals who volunteer


Methods of Observation Case-study method

Carefully drawn, in-depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals


Methods of Observation Survey method

Detailed study of a sample obtained by interviews and questionnaires

(continued)


Methods of Observation Survey method (continued)

Kinsey reports reliability incidence validity

NHSLS study

(continued)



Canadian media-sponsored surveys Maclean’s Magazine survey Compas survey

Magazine surveys of readers Reliability of the survey method

(continued)



Limitations of the survey method Volunteer bias

May not accurately reflect the population at large

Faulty estimation People may recall behaviours inaccurately or

misrepresent it

(continued)



Limitations of the survey method (continued)

Social-desirability response bias Response bias to questionnaire or interview

Differences in meanings of terms A word or phrase may mean different things to

different people


Methods of Observation Naturalistic-observation method

Organisms are observed in their natural environments

(continued)


Methods of Observation Naturalistic-observation method (continued)

Ethnographic-observation method Describes specific cultures, especially

preliterate societies Participant-observation method

Observers interact with the people they study as they collect data

(continued)


Methods of Observation Naturalistic-observation method (continued)

Laboratory-observation method Masters and Johnson


Correlational Method Correlation

Statistical measure of the relationship between two variables

Correlational coefficient Statistic that expresses the strength and

direction of the relationship between two variables


Correlational Method


Limitations of the Correlational Method Correlation is NOT causation


Experimental Method Experiment

Scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables

Treatment Intervention that is administered to

participants


Aspects of the Experimental Method Independent variable

Condition that is manipulated so that its effects can be observed

Dependent variable Measured results of an experiment Believed to be a function of the independent

variables(continued)


Aspects of the Experimental Method (continued) Experimental group

Group of study participants who receive a treatment

Control group Group of study participants who do not

receive the experimental treatment

(continued)


Aspects of the Experimental Method (continued) Why is random assignment important? Selection factor

Bias that may operate in research when people are allowed to determine whether they will receive a treatment

(continued)


Aspects of the Experimental Method (continued) Sexual behaviour of diverse populations

Ontario First Nations Gay and bisexual men Sex workers


Ethics in Sex Research Exposing participants to harm Confidentiality Informed consent

Agreement to participate in research Use of deception


End of Chapter 2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada2-1 Research Methods Chapter 2 This multimedia product and...

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