Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal structure and...

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Animal structure and function


• Functions result from specific structures

Palm

Finger 2

Finger 3

Shaft

Barb

Barbule

Hook

Featherstructure

Wrist

Forearm

Finger 1

Internal bone structure

Shaft

Figure 20.1

Form and Function


Cells ->

Tissues ->

Organs ->

Organ system ->

Organism

Muscle cell

A Cellular level

B Tissue levelMuscle tissue

C Organ level

Heart

E Organism level

Many organ systemsfunctioning together

D Organ system levelCirculatory system

Figure 20.2A–E

Hierarchy of Structure


•Groups of similar cells, same function

•Types

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

Tissues


Epithelial tissue

• Functions: protection, secretion, and exchange

Basementmembrane(extracellularmatrix)

Free surface ofepithelium

Cellnuclei

A Simple squamous epithelium (lining the air sacs of the lung)

B Simple cuboidal epithelium (forming a tube in the kidney)

C Simple columnar epithelium (lining the intestine)

D Stratified squamous epithelium (lining the esophagus)

Layers ofdead cells

Rapidly dividingepithelial cells

E Stratified squamous epithelium (human skin)

Col

oriz

ed S

EM

Figure 20.4A–E

Underlyingtissue


Cartilage-formingcells

Matrix

D Cartilage (at the end of a bone)

Centralcanal

Matrix

Bone-formingcells

E Bone

F BloodA Loose connective tissue (under the skin)

Elasticfibers

Collagenfiber

Cell

Collagenfibers

Cellnucleus

B Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon)

White bloodcells

Red bloodcell

Plasma

C Adipose tissue

Fatdroplets

Connective tissue

Functions and types: ?

Loose CT, adipose, blood, fibrous, bone, cartilage

Figure 20.5A–F


Muscle tissue

Functions and types: Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Unit ofmusclecontraction

Musclefiber

Nucleus

A Skeletal muscle

Nucleus

Musclefiber Junction between

two cells

Muscle fiberNucleus

C Smooth muscle

B Cardiac muscle

Figure 20.6A–C


Cell body

Nucleus

Cell extensions

LM

33

0

Figure 20.7

•Communication network

• Neurons transmit nerve signals

– Electrical and chemical

Nervous tissue


• Made of several tissues

Figure 20.9

Small intestine(cut open)

Lumen

Epithelial tissue(columnar epithelium)

Connective tissue

Smooth muscletissue (2 layers)

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Lumen

Organs


•May have multiple functions

•11 systems in humans

Organ systems


A Digestive system

Mouth

EsophagusLiver

Stomach

Smallintestine

Largeintestine

Anus

B Respiratory system

Nasal cavityLarynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Lung

Figure 20.10A, B

Digestive and respiratory systems


•Moves food and oxygen

•Protection

C Circulatory system

Heart

Bloodvessels

E Lymphatic system

D Immune system

Bonemarrow

Thymus

Spleen

Lymphnodes

Lymphvessels

Figure 20.10C–E

Circulatory and lymphatic (immune) system


• Excretory

• Endocrine and nervous systems

– Control body functions

F Excretory system

Kidney

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Urethra

Pituitary gland

Thymus

Thyroid gland

Testis(male)

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

G Endocrine system

Ovary(female)

Figure 20.10F–G

More systems


• Integumentary system

• Skeletal and muscular systems

I Integumentary system

Hair

Skin

Nails

K Muscular system

Skeletalmuscles

Figure 20.10I–K

Cartilage

Bones

J Skeletal system

More Systems


Figure 20.10L

Female

Vasdeferens

Penis

Urethra

Testis

Prostategland

Male

Oviduct

Ovary

Uterus

Vagina

L Reproductive systems

Reproductive system


Computed tomography (CT) scans

Figure 20.11A Figure 20.11B

Seeing Inside


MRM

• Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) 3D!

Figure 20.11C


PET

• Positron-emission tomography (PET)

HEARINGWORDS

SEEINGWORDS

SPEAKINGWORDS

GENERATINGWORDS

MIN

MAX

Figure 20.11D


Interactions with External Environment

Open systems:

Exchange between animals and environment


Small animals

• Use surface area to meet their cells’ needs Diffusion

TwocelllayersDiffusion

Mouth

Gastrovascularcavity

Figure 20.12A



Larger animals • Specialized structures to increase surface area

• Exchange in interstitial fluid

Respiratorysystem

Excretorysystem

Digestivesystem

Circulatorysystem

External environment

FoodMouth

Animal

Bodycells

Interstitialfluid

Anus

Unabsorbedmatter (feces)

Metabolic wasteproducts (urine)

Intestine

Nutrients

CO2 O2

Figure 20.12B



Figure 20.12C

Larger animals


Regulation of internal environment

Staying within safe levels

Maintain constant internal environment

Homeostaticmechanisms

Externalenvironment

Internalenvironment

Smallfluctuations

Largefluctuations

Figure 20.13A Figure 20.13B

Homeostasis


Negative Feedback

Figure 1.5


Positive Feedback

output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Figure 1.6


Thermoregulation

Ectotherms

Endotherms


LE 40-12

River otter (endotherm)

Largemouth bass (ectotherm)

Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)0 10 20 30 40

40

Bo

dy

tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

30

20

10


Thermoregulation

Heat loss/gain

• Integumentary system

• Evaporation

• Behavior

• Vasodilation/-constriction

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal structure and...

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