Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 2 Body Structure, Color, and Oncology.

Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Chapter 2

Body Structure, Color, and Oncology


OBJECTIVES

Identify anatomic structures of the human body

Define and spell the word parts

Build and analyze medical terms using word parts

Define, pronounce, and spell medical terms related to body structure, color, and oncology

Interpret the meanings of the abbreviations

Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them


Organization of the Human Body

cell: basic unit of all life

tissue: similar cells that perform a specific task

organ: two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions

system: a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions


Organization of the Body


Body Cells

The human body is composed of trillions of cells of various sizes and shapes cell membrane: boundary of a cell cytoplasm: makes up the body of a cell nucleus: structure in center containing

chromosomes


Body Cell


Types of Tissue

muscle tissue: produces movement

nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and from the brain

connective tissue: connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures

epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining of the blood vessels


Types of Tissues


Organization of the Human Body (cont’d)

chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for mature sex cell, which has 23

genes: regions within the chromosome

(determine hereditary characteristics)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell


Body Cavities

cranial: brain

spinal: spinal cord

thoracic: heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi

abdominal: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters

pelvic: urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of large intestine, rectum


Body Cavities


Combining Forms for Body Structure

aden/o

cyt/o

epitheli/o

fibr/o

hist/o

kary/o

lip/o

my/o

neur/o

organ/o

sarc/o

system/o

viscer/o


Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms

cancer/o, carcin/o eti/o gno/o iatr/o lei/o

onc/o

path/o

rabd/o

somat/o


Combining Forms for Colors

chlor/o

chrom/o

cyan/o

erythr/o

leuk/o

melan/o

xanth/o


Prefixes

dia-

dys-

hyper-

hypo-

meta-

neo-

pro-


Suffixes

-al, -ic, -ous -cyte -gen -genesis -genic -logist -logy -oid

-oma -osis -pathy -plasia -plasm -sarcoma -sis -stasis


Suffixes Containing “gen”

-gen: substance that produces or causesExample: carcino/gen: substance that causes cancer

-genic: producing, originating, causingExample: cyt/o/genic producing cells

-genesis: origin, causeExample: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors


Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts

carcinoma fibroma liposarcoma melanocarcinoma myoma melanoma rhabdomyosarcoma sarcoma


Analyzing Terms Which Appear to Be Built From a Prefix and Suffix

“neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.


Pronunciation Guide

The following is a simple guide to use for practicing pronunciation of the medical terms. The pronunciations are only approximate;

however, they are adequate to meet the needs of the beginning student

In respelling for pronunciation, words are minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound

Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)


Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)

Diacritical marks are used over vowels to indicate pronunciation. The macron (―) is used to indicate the long vowel sounds.

Example: donate (dō-nāte) hepatoma (hep-a-tō-ma)

ā as in ate, sayē as in eat, beet, seeī as in i, mine, skyō as in oats, soū as in unit, mute



Vowels with no markings have the short sound.Example: discuss (dis-kus)

medical (med-i-kal) a as in at, lad

e as in edge, bet i as in itch, wish o as in ox, top u as in sun, come



An accent mark is the stress on a certain syllable. The primary accent is indicated by capital letters, and the secondary accent (which is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary accent) is indicated by italics.

Example: altogether (all-tū-GETH-er)

pancreatitis (pan-krē-a-TĪ-tis)


Oncology Terms Not Built from Word Parts

benign

malignant

remission

in vitro

in vivo

encapsulated

cancer in situ


Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts

cancerous

carcinogen

carcinogenic

cyanosis

cytogenic

cytoplasm

erythrocyte


Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

erythrocytosis etiology histology hyperplasia hypoplasia karyocyte leukocyte leukocytosis


Blood Cells

1, (red) / cv / (cell[s])2, (white) / cv / (cell[s])


Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

myopathy

neopathy

neuroid

oncogenic

oncologist

pathology

somatic

xanthosis


Abbreviations

Ca chemo Dx mets Px RBC RXT WBC

Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 2 Body Structure, Color, and Oncology.

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