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Transcript of Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 10 Networks.
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unit 10
Networks
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The basic components of a network:
• Connections (Physical Medium)
• Protocols (Common language)
• Services (Clients, Servers, and Files)
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The Client is the computer requesting the use of a resource.
May I have Worksheet-101?
May I have Worksheet-101?
Client Server
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The Server is the computer providing the resource.
Sure, here it is!
Sure, here it is!
Worksheet-101Worksheet-101
Client Server
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In some networks, every computer acts as both Client and Server.
Client &Server
Client &Server
Client &Server
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Peer-to-Peer Network
Client &Server
Client &Server
Client &Server
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Peer-to-Peer Network
• No centralized data access.
• Security handled by assigning each resource a password.
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Peer-to-peer works best with a a small number of computers.
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One computer can act as server for several clients.
Server
Client
Client
Client Client
Client
Client
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Client/Server Network
• Centralized data access.
• Centralized security.
• Centralized administration, record keeping, and control.
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Larger networks require the client/server arrangement.
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The Physical Medium is the channel the data travels
between computers.
Physical MediumPhysical Medium
Client Server
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The Physical Media can be:
• Wire
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Wireless Link (RF or Infrared)
• Hardware devices such as network cards, hubs, routers, etc.
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The common language is the Network Protocol.
May I have Worksheet-101?
May I have Worksheet-101?
Client Server
Sure, here it is!
Sure, here it is!
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Protocol
• A signed document containing the record of the points on which agreement has been reached by negotiating parties.
• The code of ceremonial forms and courtesies accepted as proper and correct in official dealings.
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In Networking, Protocols are:
• Agreements that describe how things work.
• Industry-wide frameworks that describe every aspect of communications between computers.
• Grouped together into Protocol Suites.
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The main Protocol Suites:
• NetBEUI – Small Microsoft networks.
• SPX/IPX – Primarily Novell networks.
• TCP/IP – Must be used if the network is to connect to the Internet.
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One of the most basic ways to classify networks
is by their topology.
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Topology refers to the way the computers in the network are connected to
each other.
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The most common topologies are:
• Bus
• Star
• Ring
• Mesh
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Bus Topology
“T”“T” “Backbone”“Backbone”
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Bus Topology• A single cable interconnects all workstations.
• The cable is terminated at both ends.
Terminator
Terminator Terminator
Terminator
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Star Topology
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Star Topology
All workstations connect to a single central hub.
Hub
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Ring Topology
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Ring Topology• Backbone is a ring.
• Each workstation connects only to two other workstations.
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Mesh Topology
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Mesh Topology
Router Router
Router Router
Net-1
Net-4 Net-3
Net-2
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The Internet is an example of a Mesh topology.
InternetInternet
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Another way of classifying networks is
by their size or geographical span.
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The most common size classifications are the:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
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The Local Area Network The Local Area Network (LAN)(LAN)
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Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
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Wide Area Network
WANWAN
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Networking Components
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Components
• Network Operating System
• Interface Cards
• Cables
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Network Operating System (NOS)
vs. desktop Operating System
(OS)
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NOS provides improved security
• User-level Security
• Server authenticates:– User name– User password– User location
• Server determines which resources the user may access.
• Simplifies security for the user.
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The NOS allows sensitive resources to be maintained in a
centralized/secure location.
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The NOS provides improved performance.
• Client is relieved of the burden of server
• Server can be optimized
• Adds administration and management capabilities.
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The NOS provides better administration.
• Centralized security
• Centralized data
• Consistent policies
• Administrative tools
• Accountability
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The NOS allows scalability• The client/server network grows gracefully.
• A server may handle over 50 clients.
• Additional servers can be added.
• Specialized servers– File server– Print server– Communications Server
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Disadvantages of the NOS
• More expensive
• More complex
• Requires administration.
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Major Network Operating Systems
• Unix
• Novell NetWare
• Windows NT Server
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Unix
• Multitasking, Multi-user OS
• Influential in evolution of the Internet
• Uses TCP/IP
• Clients communicate with Server using Terminal Emulation
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Linux• Smaller, easier to use version of Unix
• Easily adapted to individual computers or as server in a small network
• Uses the command line as the user interface.
• Offered with a graphical user interface.
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Novell’s NetWare
• Text-based operating system
• Supports all Windows-based client computer operating systems
• IPX/SPX is the primary NetWare protocol
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Windows NT
• 32-bit network operating system
• First to use a graphical user interface
• Not as feature-rich as Unix and NetWare
• Supports a wide range of network clients
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The Network Interface Card is also called:
• The Network Card
• The Network Adapter
• The Network Adapter Card
• The NIC
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The NIC is the main interface between the computer and the
network cable.
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Parallel data into serial data.
CPUMemory
Computer
NIC
1001100110011001
Cable
1-0-0-1-1-0-0-1
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Considerations when selecting the NIC:
• Type of cable connection
• Type of Address/Data Bus
• The method used to configure the card.
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The NIC must match the cable.
RJ-45RJ-45
BNCBNC
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RJ-45 ConnectorRJ-45 Connector
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The NIC must match the Address/Data Bus of the computer.
ISAISA
PCIPCI
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Installing the NIC in the computer.
• NIC installed inside the computer.
• Normally plugs into a bus slot.
• Some are built right into the motherboard.
• Plug-in boards must be configured correctly.
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NIC Configuration Methods
• Plug-and-Play
• EEPROM
• Jumper pins
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Preparing to Install the NIC
• Ensure there is an open bus slot.
• Ensure the adapter is compatible.
• Ensure there are system resources available.
• Ensure all installation items are available.
• Ensure all software is available.
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Installing the NIC Hardware
• Configure the NIC to available resources.
• Use a ground strap.
• Remove cover from the computer.
• Remove rear panel slot cover plate.
• Remove card from its antistatic bag and immediately plug it into motherboard.
• Secure card slot cover plate to computer.
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Installing the NIC Software
• Loading the device driver used by the NIC.
• Loading any utilities supplied with the NIC.
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NIC Device Driver
• Supports communication between the NIC and OS.
• Automatically installed and configured if both NIC and OS support PnP.
• In other cases, driver loaded from floppy or CD supplied with NIC.
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A more recent device driver may be available
at the website of the NIC manufacturer.
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Troubleshooting the NIC
• Is NIC talking to the motherboard?
• Is the NIC working internally?
• Is the NIC communicating with the external network?
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LEDs
LinkLink
ActivityActivity
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Twisted-Pair Cable
• UTP—Unshielded Twisted-Pair
• STP—Shielded Twisted-Pair
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Twisted-Pair Cable
STPSTP STPSTPUTPUTP
FoilShield
FoilShield Wire
BraidShield
WireBraidShield
FoilShield
FoilShield
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10BaseT Ethernet uses Unshielded Twisted Pair
(UTP) cable.
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RJ-45 ConnectorRJ-45 Connector
Strain Relief CrimpStrain Relief Crimp
ContactsContacts
LatchLatch
WiresWires
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Twisted-Pair Advantages• UTP is inexpensive.
• Workstations isolated from each other by central hub.
• Easy to add workstations to segment.
• Easier to route than coaxial cable.
• Easier to troubleshoot than coaxial cable network.
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Twisted-Pair Disadvantages• UTP cable is susceptible to RFI/EMI.
• Suffers crosstalk between wire pairs.
• Poor conductor; attenuates signal more quickly than coax.
• Maximum segment length half of coax.
• STP cable more expensive than UTP cable or coax.
• Difficult to work with shielding.
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EIA/TIA Cable Categories
• Category 1—Voice-grade UTP phone
• Category 2—Data-grade UTP, 4 Mbps
• Category 3—Data-grade UTP, 10 Mbps
• Category 4—Data-grade UTP, 16 Mbps
• Category 5—Data-grade UTP, 100 Mbps
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Category 3 Cable
• Common data-grade cable.
• Four unshielded twisted-pair wires.
• Transmission rates up to 10 Mbps.
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Category 5 Cable
• Data-grade cable.
• Official transmission rates up to 100 Mbps.
• Four unshielded twisted-pair wires.
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Two Bus Technologies:
• 10Base5 or Thicknet
• 10Base2 or Thinnet
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Coaxial Cable Characteristics
Sleeve Wire Braid Dielectric Center Conductor
FoilRG-8 Thicknet Cable
RG-58 Thinnet Cable
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Coax Advantages
• Resistant to RFI.
• Good conductor.
• Longer network segments.
• Thinnet: easy/inexpensive workstation interconnection.
• Thicknet: stronger, more durable than any other network cable.
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Coax Disadvantages• Each segment must be terminated.
• Break in cable disables entire segment.
• Difficult to add workstations to a thinnet segment.
• Thicknet: difficult to use, heavy shield braid and foil.
• Thicknet: requires special piercing tap and transceiver.
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What’s in a name?
• 10Base5
• 10Base2
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The number on the left is the speed of the LAN.
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
Speed inMegabits
Per Second
Speed inMegabits
Per Second
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The number on the right is the length of the LAN segment.
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
Length ofSegment
in Hundreds Of Meters
Length ofSegment
in Hundreds Of Meters
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The word in the middle signifies the type of signal.
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
Type of Signal
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BasebandBaseband
BroadbandBroadbandSignal 1
Signal 2
Signal 3
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RG-58, 10Base2, or Thinnet CableRG-58, 10Base2, or Thinnet Cable
RG-8, 10Base5, or Thicknet CableRG-8, 10Base5, or Thicknet Cable
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The RG-58’s lighter shield still provides good protection against electrical noise.
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Fiber Optic CablesFiber Optic Cables
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Cable Construction
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Fiber end-view
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The Glass FiberThe Glass Fiber
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ST connector
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ST Connector
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
LAN Communication
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LAN Technologies:
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• ARCnet
• LocalTalk
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Ethernet• Developed by Xerox in early ’70s.
• Has become most popular networking technology in use today.
• A variety of speeds and cabling options have evolved.
• It is fast, inexpensive, and flexible.
• It continues to evolve.
• Majority of new networks use Ethernet.
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Networking is all about sending data from one
location to another.
May I have Worksheet-101?
May I have Worksheet-101? Sure, here
it is!
Sure, here it is!
PC-1 PC-2
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The CPU routinely sends data from one place to
another.
CPU
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But when multiple computers are involved, a
new series of problems arise.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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How do you keep all the computers from transmitting
at the same time?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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Is this for me?
Is this for me?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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Who sent this?
Who sent this?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
Ah, it’s from PC-1. Gee, I wonder if it is correct.
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PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
Here’s the ten gigabyte folder
you wanted!
Here’s the ten gigabyte folder
you wanted!
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Large files are broken into manageable chunks called packets.
Large File
Packets
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How do you keep two computers from transmitting
at the same time?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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Carrier SenseMultiple Access/
Collision Detection(CSMA/CD)
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Carrier Sense
• Each computer attached to the network examines the cable before transmitting.
• If it senses traffic on the cable, it waits until the traffic clears before transmitting.
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Multiple Access
• All computers on the network have equal access to the cable.
• A lowly desktop has the same access as the Windows NT Server.
• Access is on a first-come, first-served basis.
• The only consideration is: “Is someone else using the cable?”
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Collisions still happen
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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The computers involved in the collision detect the
collision.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
Wow! That’s not what I
said!
Wow! That’s not what I
said!
Wow! That’s not what I
said!
Wow! That’s not what I
said!
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The computers involved in the collision back off for a random
length of time.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
I’ll back off for “x”MicrosecondsI’ll back off for
“x”Microseconds
I’ll try “y” Microseconds.
I’ll try “y” Microseconds.
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Collisions are a natural characteristic of Ethernet.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5