Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Anthropology Experience Biological Anthropology.

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Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Anthropology Experience Biological Anthropology

Transcript of Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Anthropology Experience Biological Anthropology.

Page 1: Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Anthropology Experience Biological Anthropology.

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Anthropology Experience

Biological Anthropology

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Biological AnthropologyDescribe and explain the human organism

Primatology

Paleoanthropology

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The Scientific Method

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The Scientific Method

Occam’s Razor Start with simplest hypothesis first Saves time and resources

Falsifiability Hypothesis must be testable Makes science possible

Two rules when conducting science:

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Before DarwinGeorges Cuvier (1724 – 1829)

Catastrophism

Divine Origins

Charles Lyell (xxxxx)

Uniformitarianism

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829)

Principle of Use and Disuse

Principle of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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Natural Selection

More Children Than Adults

Intraspecific Variation

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Natural SelectionReproductive Success

Some variations live to reproduce

Differential MortalitySome variations die before reproducing

Current environmental conditions determine which variations will experience reproductive success and

which will suffer differential mortality.

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Natural SelectionGenetic Drift

Random genetic changesProvides new variations in a speciesProvides opportunity for speciation via natural selection

Changing Environments

New VariationsSpeciation or

Extinction

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Whence Variation?

Meiosis/ Sex: the productionand union of haploid gametes

Mutations During Meiosis: introduces new variations

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TaxomonyAnanolgies

Traits shared due to similar function

HomologiesTraits share due to common ancestry

Ancestral TraitsTraits a specie inherited form its ancestors

Derived TraitsNew traits a specie derived from natural selection

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Primate Characteristics

Elongated DigitsOpposable ThumbFlat NailsFriction Skin

Semi-erect Posture Reduced Sense of SmellStereoscopic VisionLarge Brain/Body Ratio

Adaptations for an arboreal habitat:

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Primate Taxonomy

Primate

AnthropoidProsimian

Monkeys, Apes, Hominids

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Prosimians

Lemur

Tarsier

Loris

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Monkeys (Arboreal Quadrupeds)

New World MonkeysTropical forests of southern Mexico, Central, and South America Some have prehensile tails

Old World MonkeysSouth and East Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Gibraltar (the southern tip of Spain)Some are terrestrialNone have prehensile tails 

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Apes (Brachiator Anatomy)

Long armsCurved phalangesScapula on the backRaised Pelvis

Knuckle-walking

CultureAfrica and Asia

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Fossils

Mineralized Fossils

Impression Fossils

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Dating Methods

Reveal how old an object is in relation to other objectsDoes not provide numerical datesExample: Stratigraphic Dating

Relative Dating

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Dating Methods

Directly dating an object by chemical meansAlso called chronometric or absolute datingExample: Potassium Argon Dating

Direct Dating

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Australopithecus afarensis

4.2-2.5 mya433 cc mean cranial capacityLong armsCurved phalangesHeight - F: 3.4 ft./ M: 5 ft.Apish cranial anatomy

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Australopithecus africanus

2.5 mya454 cc mean cranial capacityLong armsCurved PhalangesHeight - F: 3.8 ft./ M: 4.5 ft.Apish Cranial Anatomy

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Paranthropus2mya475 cc mean cranial capacity“Dished” faceSagittal crestLarge mandibleLarge grinding teethSimilar body to Australopithecus

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Homo habilis2.0 mya612 mean cranial capacityLess apish cranial anatomyHeight – M: ? / F: 3.3 ftOldowan Tools

ManufacturedManuports

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Homo erectus1.9 mya994 cc mean cranial capacityLess apish faceFully modern body

Acheulian ToolsFlakedBifaced

MigrationAs far as China and Northern Europe

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Why Bipedalism?

Greater view above grassesCarry things furtherMore energy efficientThermoregulation

Less sunlightExposure to cooler air

The Savanna Hypothesis

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How More Brains?

Must keep brains cool Vascular system

Endocasts reveal cranial vascular system

A. africanus selects strong cranial ‘radiator’ to cool brains

Allows encephalization

The Radiator Hypothesis

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Human Variation

UV Radiation A stressor

MelaninTan (Temporary)

Natural Selection: Darker Populations

Skin Color

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Human Variation

Bergmann’s Rule Cold Climate = Bulky Body

Allen’s RuleWarm Climate = Longer Limbs

Body Shape

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Human Variation

Nasal IndexBreadth/height x 100

Increases according to the humidity of the air in which the population evolved

Nose ShapeAir must be 95% humidity before

it reaches the lungs