Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 0 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Structure...

Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 1

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body


Structural Levels of Organization (F 1-1)Structural Levels of Organization (F 1-1)

• Organization is an outstanding characteristic of body structure

• The body is a unit constructed of the following smaller units:• Chemical Level- proper organization and structure of molecules and bonding

Cells—the smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals

Tissues—organizations of similar cells Organs—organizations of different kinds of tissues

Systems—organizations of many different kinds of organs


Anatomic Position (F 1-2)Anatomic Position (F 1-2)

• Standing erect with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward• Prone- face down• Supine- face up

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.


Anatomic Directions (F 1-3)Anatomic Directions (F 1-3)

• Superior—toward the head, upper, above Inferior—toward the feet, lower, below

• Anterior—front, in front of (same as ventral in humans) Posterior—back, in back of (same as dorsal in humans)

• Medial—toward the midline of a structure Lateral—away from the midline or toward the side of a structure

• Proximal—toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure Distal—away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure’s point of origin

• Superficial—nearer the body surfaceDeep—farther away from the body surface


• Sagittal plane—lengthwise that divides a structure into right and left sections

• Midsagittal—sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves

• Frontal (coronal) plane—lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections

• Transverse plane—horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections

Planes or Body Sections (F 1-3)Planes or Body Sections (F 1-3)


Body Cavities (F 1-4, 1-7)Body Cavities (F 1-4, 1-7)• Ventral Cavity

Thoracic cavity Mediastinum—midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea are located in mediastinum

Pleural cavities—right lung located in right pleural cavity; left lung is in left pleural cavity

(Cont’d…)


Body CavitiesBody Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen

Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and the lowest part of the intestine

Abdominopelvic regions (next slide)o Nine regionso Four quadrants

• Dorsal Cranial cavity contains brain Spinal cavity contains spinal cord


(F 1-5) (F 1-6)


Body Regions (F 1-8)Body Regions (F 1-8)• Axial region—head, neck, and torso or trunk

• Appendicular region—upper and lower extremities


The Balance of Body FunctionsThe Balance of Body Functions

• Survival of the individual and of the genes is the body’s most important business

• Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis (relative constancy of the internal environment); the body uses negative feedback loops and, less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis

• All organs function to maintain homeostasis

• Body functions are related to age; peak efficiency is during young adulthood, diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood


Go To Flash Media for Additional Reviewhttp://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_marieb_ehap_8/activities/index.html

(F 1-9)

Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 0 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Structure...

Documents

Transcript of Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 0 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Structure...