Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc. World History: Connections to Today The Enlightenment and the...

Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc.Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc.

World History:Connections to Today

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution (1715–1800)

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution

The Enlightenment

Natural Laws

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Social Contract

Natural rights

Philosophe

Montesquieu

Rousseau

Lassiez-faire


Adam SmithFree marketCensorshipSalonEnlightened despotBaroque

Thomas Jefferson

Constitutional government

Popular sovereignty

Federal Republic

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution (1715–1800)

SECTION 1Philosophy in the Age of Reason

SECTION 2Enlightenment Ideas Spread

SECTION 3 Birth of the American Republic

Chapter 1Chapter 1


By the 1700s, some thinkers were beginning to fight against superstition, ignorance, intolerance, and tyranny

This movement became known as the Enlightenment.


The goal of the Enlightenment was to shed the “light” of reason on traditional ideas about government and society

Reason

S E C T I O N 1

Philosophy in the Age of Reason

The Enlightenment grew out of the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600sScientific discoveries in the fields of medicine, chemistry, and astronomy gave people confidence in the power of reason

Air Pump

S E C T I O N 1


Enlightenment thinkers called philosophes believed that they could use reason to find natural laws to govern human nature.Natural laws are rules discoverable by reasonThese laws could be used to solve social, political, and economic problems.

S E C T I O N 1


Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan

He believed that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish

He thought that life was “Nasty, Brutish, and Short” in the state of nature

S E C T I O N 1


Hobbes argued that people entered into a Social Contract in which they gave up the state of nature for an organized societyHobbes’ views supported the role of KingsHobbes supported an absolute monarchy

The Leviathan

S E C T I O N 1


John Locke agreed with Hobbes that people give up absolute freedom in exchange for the benefits of living in a governed society

S E C T I O N 1


However, he argued that the government has an obligation to those it governs

S E C T I O N 1


Locke argued that all humans had natural rights, or rights that belong to all humans from birth

These rights included the right to life, liberty, and property

S E C T I O N 1


Locke wrote a book titled Two Treatises of Government

In his book, Locke argued that people formed govt. to protect their natural rights

The best govt., he said, had limited power and was accepted by all citizens

S E C T I O N 1


According to Locke; if the government fails to protect or violates the natural rights of citizens…

Then the people have a right to overthrow that government

Locke’s ideas supported the idea that, in a reasonable society, power lies with the people and not the government

S E C T I O N 1


French thinker, Baron de Montesquieu, studied the governments of Europe.

He admired how the British protected themselves against tyranny by dividing the government into three branches

S E C T I O N 1


Legislative, executive, and judiciary

•Thus creating Thus creating checks and balanceschecks and balances

S E C T I O N 1


Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people were basically goodHe thought that people were corrupted by society and the unequal distribution of wealthHe thought people should give up their self-interest to a government that supported the common good

In 1762, Rousseau wrote The Social ContractRousseau felt that controls were necessary but should be kept minimalSupported the good of the community as a whole


S E C T I O N 1


The Enlightenment slogan “free and equal” did not apply to women

Philosophes believed women had natural rights, but their rights were limited to the home and family

By mid 1700’s, a small group of women protested this view

S E C T I O N 1


Mary Wollstonecraft was a well-known British social criticIn 1792, she published A Vindication of the Rights of WomanShe argued for equal education and participation in govt. for women

S E C T I O N 1


The enlightenment thinkers were called Philisophes, or “lovers of wisdom”

Their ideas would later be used to justify revolutions and inspire people who rejected government regulation in favor of laissez-faire economics

Laissez-faire economics says that businesses should operate with little or no government involvement

S E C T I O N 1


British economist Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations.

S E C T I O N 1


He argued that the Free Market, natural forces of supply and demand, should be used to regulate business

S E C T I O N 2

Enlightenment Ideas Spread

As Enlightenment ideas spread, Europeans began to challenge the following long-held traditions

divine-right rule

a strict class system

The belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering

Chapter 1, Section 2Chapter 1, Section 2

S E C T I O N 2


The government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old orderThey turned to censorship, or the controlling/limiting of informationMany books were banned or burned and writers were imprisoned

S E C T I O N 2


Despite persecution, people throughout Europe continued to discuss the new literature, art, science, and philosophy at salons

Salons were informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas

S E C T I O N 2


Some absolute monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas and used their power to bring about social and political change.

An absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change is an Enlightened despot

S E C T I O N 2


Frederick the Great Frederick the Great (King of Prussia)(King of Prussia)saw himself as the “first servant of the state”Allowed people to choose their own religion

S E C T I O N 2


Catherine the Great of RussiaCatherine the Great of Russia experimented with enlightenment ideas but had no intention of giving up any of her power

Joseph II (Austrian Hapsburg Emperor)Joseph II (Austrian Hapsburg Emperor) Traveled in disguise to learn of people’s problemsTolerated Jews and ProtestantsEnded censorshipChose talented middle-class people to run departments

S E C T I O N 2


Art was very grand in the age of Enlightenment

The Grand and complex style of Baroque became the popular form of art, architecture, and music

The Death of Socrates – Jacques Louis David, 1787

S E C T I O N 2


Bach, Handel, and Mozart created structured music that fit the age of reason

Bach Handel Mozart

S E C T I O N 2


The rise of the middle class led to more widespread novels such as Robinson Crusoe

S E C T I O N 2


A growing number joined the new middle class

However, most Europeans remained peasants who lived in small rural villages

Most were untouched by Enlightenment ideas.

Isaac Blessing Jacob –1642

Gerbrand van den Eeckhout

Peasants Dancing – 1651Johannes Lingelbach

S E C T I O N 2


Peasants in the West were more prosperous than those in the EastIn Russia and Eastern Europe, peasants were Serfs and considered property

S E C T I O N 3

Birth of the American Republic

Britain’s rose to world power, in part, due to its:

island location

colonial possessions

favorable business climate

powerful navy

S E C T I O N 3


Britain merged with Scotland reducing internal tension

British took over and oppressed the Irish

S E C T I O N 3


Britain developed three new political institutions:political partiesthe cabinetthe office of prime minister.

Britain had developed a constitutional government, or a government whose power is defined and limited by law

S E C T I O N 3


The British constitution is made up of all acts of law over the centuries

The cabinet was formed when George I of Germany became King of England

S E C T I O N 3


Despite the growing influence of Parliament and the cabinet..

most political and economic power in Britain was held by a ruling class of landowning aristocrats.

S E C T I O N 3


King George III wanted to reestablish the power of the monarchyHe dissolved the cabinet and in 1775 He made colonist in North America pay for their own defenseHis failure to handle the American situation would eventually give most authority back to the Parliament

S E C T I O N 3


The British controlled 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America

Colonists had control over much of their own affairs

Many began to believe that the U.S. should break away from Britain

Chapter 1, Section 4Chapter 1, Section 4

S E C T I O N 3


The Seven Years War and the French and Indian War (British vs. French) drained the British treasury (no $$$)

The king believe that colonist should help pay for the debt

Parliament passed the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act in 1765

S E C T I O N 3


Settlers in the 13 English colonies protested British taxes and trade restrictions as an attack on their rights as British citizens

The saying “no taxation without representation” became the popular saying

S E C T I O N 3


The Americans were especially upset since they had no representation in Parliament.

In Common Sense Tom Paine, an immigrant from England, argued the themes of the Enlightenment

S E C T I O N 3


In 1770, British soldiers opened fire on protesters who had been pelting them with snowballs (Boston Massacre)

In 1773, colonist destroyed tea to protest British taxes (Boston Tea Party)

In April 1775 the conflict exploded into WAR!

S E C T I O N 3


In 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,……that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,……that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness……That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”

S E C T I O N 3


The Declaration included another of Locke’s ideas:

people had the right “to alter or to abolish” unjust governments- a right to revolt

Jefferson also included the idea of popular sovereignty which states that all government power comes from the people

S E C T I O N 3


Britain had many advantages

Britain had professional soldiers, more money, and a superior navy

One third of the colonists were loyal to the King

S E C T I O N 3


The Colonists had some things on their side

They were fighting at home

In 1777 the French joined on the side of the Americans

the Netherlands and Spain also joined the Americans

S E C T I O N 3


In 1781, General Washington forced the surrender of the British at Yorktown

Two years later, the Treaty of Paris ended the war which recognized U.S. independence

S E C T I O N 3


The Mississippi River became the new nation’s western frontier

S E C T I O N 3


America was governed by The Articles of Confederation for several years, but they were too weak to govern

The authors of the Constitution were inspired by Enlightenment ideas such as:

separation of powers

checks and balances

natural rights

S E C T I O N 3


During the summer of 1787, a new constitution was created and the new document established a government run by the people, for the people

Although there were numerous representatives working on the constitution, James Madison is credited with being the “Father of the Constitution”

S E C T I O N 3


The Constitution absorbed many ideas of Locke, Motesquieu, and Rousseau

The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

Created three branches of government legislative, executive, and judicial (from Montesquieu)

S E C T I O N 3


The Bill of Rights (the first amendments to the Constitution) recognized the ideas that people had basic rights that the govt. must protect, such as

freedom of religion

Freedom of speech

Freedom of the press

S E C T I O N 3


The Constitution became the supreme law of the land and has remained for over 200 years

It has served as an example for many other countries around the world

S E C T I O N 3


The United States Constitution would serve as a model for other democratic nationsA Bill of Rights included certain basic rights the government must protect

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Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc. World History: Connections to Today The Enlightenment and the...

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