Copyright (10th ed)
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Music Copyright History:
1790 Constitution Article I, Section 8
…to promote progress of science and useful arts…limited time….exclusive rights
Major Revision 1909 Most recent 1976, became effective 1/1/1978
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What is Copyrightable? Original Works of Authorship
What constitutes “Original” “Authorship”
Not Ideas, but the “Fixation” of an Expression of the Idea
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What is Copyrightable? Literary Works Musical Works, including Words Dramatic Works, including Music Pantomimes & Choreography Pictorial, Graphic, & Sculptural Works
Motion Pictures & Audio Visual
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What is Copyrightable? cont. Sound Recordings
Not under the 1909 Law, but protected by other state statutes
Architectural Works
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What is Copyrightable? cont. Name of Band is Not Band Name is a Trade Mark/Service Mark issue
Original art of the Band Name Is
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When is A Work Copyrighted When it is “Fixed in any tangible medium of expression” . . . written, recorded, etc.
Proving the date of fixation is the problem.
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Exclusive Rights Reproduce (Duplicate)(Mechanical Royalties)
Derivative Works Distribute Copies Perform Publicly (Performance Royalties)
Display Publicly Digital Performance Transmission of Sound Recording (Congress considering extending to all)
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Exclusive Rights cont. Sound Recordings do not have right of Performance Except Digital Transmission
What does this mean?
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“Fair Use” (p. 93) Certain Uses are Allowable Used For: Criticism, Comment, News Reporting, Teaching, Scholarship, Research
No Strict Definitions
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Two Musical Copyrights Form PA (Performing Arts): the work of art (song: music & lyrics); songwriter owns rights
Form SR (Sound Recording): the “fixation” of sound, not the underlying song; performers, producer, record label owns rights (depending on contract)
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Fair Use “Fair Use” is a “Legal Defense” to Infringement
1. Purpose or Character of the use
2. Nature of the Copyrighted Work 3. Amount & Substantiality 4. Effect on the Potential Market
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Fair UseNon Infringing Performances Remember these must meet the
test1. Performance or Display, Face-
to-face teaching, non-profit ed.
2. BUT, copying various chapter to make your own textbook effects the textbook market
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Fair UseNon Infringing Performances2. Performance, display,
transmission (non-dramatic) if.a. Regular part systematic
instructionb. Directly related to teaching
contentc. Transmission reception is in
classrooms
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Fair UseNon Infringing Performances3. Performance (non-dramatic) religious service.
BUT, copying songs from book effects the print music market
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Fair UseNon Infringing Performances4 Performance (non-dramatic)
without commercial advantage (payment for performance)
a. No direct or indirect admission or
b. Proceeds (after production costs) not used for financial gain
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Fair UseNon Infringing Performances5. Performance (food/beverage
musak or TV)a. Less than 3750 sq ftb. If more than 3750c. • less then 6 speakers,
less than 4 per roomd. • less than 4 TVs, 1 per
room
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Fair Use Chart For Teachers http://www.mediafestival.org/copyrightchart.html
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FAIR USE CASE Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc (1994)
Pretty Woman/Oh, Pretty Woman District Court held as Fair Use Court of Appeals, commercial nature disqualified it
Supreme Court: found the more transformative the better, purpose & character created a new work
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Duration of Copyright (p.100)
1909 law, two 28-year terms equals 56 years
Published or registered prior to 1923 are “Public Domain”
1976 Law, effective 1/1/1978, with the 1998 Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension ActDuration Currently: Life plus 70
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Duration of Copyright cont. “Work Made For Hire,” anon. or psuedo. Shortest of: 95 yrs from Pub. or 120 yrs from Creation
Published between 1923-1978 overlap the new law. Granted 95 yrs.
Copyright Chart
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Ownership The “Bundle of Rights” can have multiple owners. WARNING; always have a formal agreement.
Ownership of the copyright is DISTINCT from ownership of a physical object (master tape)
“First Sale Doctrine” establishes rental industry
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Transfer Assignment Any of the 6 rights can be transferred or assigned
Written agreement File with Copyright Office
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Termination of Transfer Any Transfer made after
1/1/78 can be recaptured1. A 5-year window between end
of year 35-402. Right of Publication: 35 yrs
from pub. OR 40 yrs from execution
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Termination of Transfer cont.3. File “Intent to Terminate” not less than 2 yrs before or more than 10 yrs before
4. Contract language does not effect this
5. 1923-78, 5-yr window at the end of 75 yrs
6. “Work Made for Hire” cannot be recaptured
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Work Made for Hire (95) Employer is considered the
author (owner) Criteria1. “Work prepared by an employee
within the scope of employment”2. Work Specifically ordered or
commissioned” AND . . . .
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Work Made for Hire cont.AND must sign agreement stating “Work Made for Hire”
Employee means SS benefits and withholding taxes
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Arrangements Arrangement is a “derivative work” no ownership
“Request Permission to Arrange” form
For Recording a Mechanical License replaces the above form
Except Public Domain, may receive royalties
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Sound Recording The “Fixation” of the sounds (Form SR)is different from the “Musical Work” (Form PA)
Rights: Reproduce, Derivative, Distribute, Perform by Digital Audio Transmission; no performance rights for other transmissions.
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Sound Recording The owner of the SR copyright can only duplicate the exact fixation of sounds, not another version.
It is Legal to make a new recording that imitates another without violating the SR Copyright
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Question What are the implications of only Performance Rights for Digital Transmission?
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Quick View of Licenses Mechanical - to duplicate Performance - to play in public, live or recorded
Synchronization - putting music to pictures
Transcription - music for syndicated programs & background music
Master Use – to license a recording (SR)
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Compulsory/Mechanical License Owners have control of the first recording
After, they are “Compelled” to grant a license for recordings (not Transcriptions)
Notify copyright holder of intent within 30 days (before or after), before distributing.
Can’t find owner, notify Copyright Office
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Compulsory Mechanical Rates 2006 and later: 9.1¢ per song (5 min.) or
1.75¢ per minute
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Mechanical Royalties Paid for each Phonorecord when “made and distributed”
Distributed Means “voluntarily & permanently parted with its possession”
Sale is not required, i.e., free goods
Returned items are not “permanently parted”
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Negotiated Mechanical License Alternative is to Negotiate for lower rate
Record Labels Want to Pay Lower Rate on “Controlled Compositions”
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Formalities (p.103)n 1. Notice of Copyrightn On Printed Musicn © 2005 Sandy Schaefern On Phonorecordsn circle-P 2005 Sandy
Recordsn
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Formalities cont “All Rights Reserved” adds protection in foreign countries under Pan-American Convention
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Formalities cont. Omission1909-1978 invalidated copyright1/1/78 - 3/1/89 does not invalidate IF• missing on small number• registration made within 5 yrs ANDreasonable effort made• owner requested no notice in writing
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Formalities cont.2. Deposit of CopiesWithin 3 months deposit LOC 2 copies of “Best Edition”
1909-1977 required sheet music1978 - a recording
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Formalities cont.3. Registration“is not a condition if copyright”
Works must be registered before one can sue for infringement.
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CRT, CARP, & CRB Copyright Royalty Tribunal, 1976-93 Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panels, 1993
Copyright Royalty Board, 2004Both helped determine rates for:1. Cable/Satellite, 2. Ephemeral sound recordings, 3. Digital Delivery, 4. Mechanicals, 5. Jukebox, 6. Educational Broadcast
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Infringement (p.107) Using Copyright Material Without Permission or License
Remedies: Injunction, Impoundment, Destruction, Damages (Actual Damage or Statutory Damages)
Unregistered Works: No Statutory Damages or Lawyers Fees
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Piracy (p.108) Manufacture and Sale of Phonorecords without permission or License
1982 Piracy & Counterfeit Act Max $250,000 & Jail
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Audio Home Recording Act 1992 Allowing home duplication Royalty payment & “Serial Copy Management System”
Dual CD Recorders use SCMS “Audio” or “Music” CDs include a Royalty divided between featured and non featured players
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Trade Names Trademarks Naming Band• DBA or Fictitious Name Form• Check with Unions, ASCAP, BMI, SESAC
• Library: Index to the Trademark Register
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Band Names Written Agreement: Who Owns Name, How is Ownership Shared, How Does it End What Happens when People Leave the Group
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Copyright Forms http://www.copyright.gov/register/
Register online $35 eCo (electronic copyright)