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A B C D E F G H

NPV RULE FOR CAPITAL BUDGETING

Choose a project if it costs less than the PV of its cash flows. More generally:

take a project if its Net Present Value is positive.

EXAMPLE

Interest rate 10%

Year 0 1 2 3

Cash flow (600) 200 200 500

PV factor 100% 91% 83% 75%

PV of cash flow (600) 182 165 376

Cumulative PV (600) (418) (253) 123

Net Present Value 123

Investors would have to invest 123 more (a total of 723) to get the cash flows of 200, 200,

and 500 at an interest rate of 10%. Therefore the project has a value of 123 for investors.

The interest rate is called the cost of capital, because it is the opportunity cost of funds - the

rate investors can earn on alternative investments.

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A B C D E F G

IRR RULE

For a standard project, NPV > 0 if and only if IRR > Cost of Capital

IRR Rule: Choose a project if and only if IRR > Cost of Capital

Standard means

- cash outflows occur in early years and cash inflows in later years.

- the alternative to the project is the status quo.

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A B C D E F G

NONSTANDARD PROJECTS MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN

Cost of capital 12%

Year 0 1 2

Net cash flow (400,000) 960,000 (572,000)

PV factor 100% 89% 80%

PV of net cash flow (400,000) 857,143 (455,995)

Cumulative PV (400,000) 457,143 1,148

Net present value 1,148

IRR (Internal Rate of Return) 10%

For this project , varying the ini t ia l guess in th e IRR funct ion can cause the IRR to change.

This is a good project (posi t ive NPV), but you can't tel l i t from th e IRR funct ion . The fol lowing

chart show s that there are two break-even costs of capita l or IRR's. The NPV is posi t ive at the

actual cost of capita l (12%), so it is a good project .

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A B C D E F G H

Year 0 1 2

Net cash flow (400,000) 960,000 (572,000)

Discount Rate NPV

2% (8,612)

4% (5,769)

6% (3,418)

8% (1,509)

10% -

12% 1,148

14% 1,970

16% 2,497

18% 2,758

20% 2,778

22% 2,580

24% 2,185

26% 1,612

28% 87930% -

32% (1,010)

34% (2,139)

36% (3,374)

38% (4,705)

40% (6,122)

(10,000)

(8,000)

(6,000)

(4,000)

(2,000)

-

2,000

4,000

0% 20% 40% 60%

NetPresentValue

Discount Rate

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A B C D E

AN EXAMPLE OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTS

Cost of capital 10%

Year 0 1

Project A Cash flow (10,000) 20,000

PV factor 100% 91%

PV of cash flow (10,000) 18,182

NPV 8,182

IRR 100%

Project B Cash flow (20,000) 35,000

PV factor 100% 91%

PV of cash flow (20,000) 31,818

NPV 11,818

IRR 75%

Project B is best, even though its IRR is lower.

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A B C D E F G H

PROJECTS CAN BE VALUED ON AN INCREMENTAL BASIS

Cost of capital 10%

Year 0 1

Project A Cash flow (10,000) 20,000

PV factor 100% 91%

PV of cash flow (10,000) 18,182

NPV 8,182

Project B-A Cash flow (10,000) 15,000

PV factor 100% 91%

PV of cash flow (10,000) 13,636

NPV 3,636

Project B has a positive NPV relative to A (on an incremental basis) so should be taken.

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