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ABBLtd-1
10-0
3-2003
-UsersGuid
e
High Voltage TestingTraining Module/CTR
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INPT-R&DAgenda
Introduction
Definitions, Significance of insulation, Why testing?
High voltage testing techniques
Definitions, General requirement, Generation and measurement, Test
procedure, Methods of evaluation, Uncertainty in tests and
measurement
High voltage tests on high voltage products
Test objects and various high voltage tests, General safety and
precautions, Test objects standard requirement, Evaluation of test
results
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A
BBLtd-3
10-0
3-2003
-UsersGuid
e
High Voltage Testing
TechniquesTraining Module/CTR
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INPT-R&DTopics
Definitions and general standards requirements
Generation of high voltages Measurement of high voltages
Test procedures
Uncertainty
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INPT-R&DStandards
IEC 60060-1 High-voltage testing techniques
Part 1 General definitions and test requirements
Describes general definitions and test requirements in high voltage
testing techniques
IEC 60060-2 High-voltage testing techniques
Part 2 Measuring devices Describes general definitions and measuring systems requirement in
high voltage testing techniques
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INPT-R&DDefinitions
Disruptive discharge (also referred as electrical breakdown)
Failure of insulation under electrical stress, in which the discharge completely bridges theinsulation under test, reducing the voltage between the electrodes practically to zero
It applies to electrical breakdown in solid, liquid and gaseous dielectrics and combinations ofthese
Non-disruptive discharge (also referred as partial discharges)
A discharge that does not completely bridge the insulation between electrodes, the voltagebetween the electrodes does not drop to zero
Sparkover
Disruptive discharge occurs in a gaseous or liquid medium
Flashover
Disruptive discharge occurs over the surface of a dielectric in a gaseous or liquid medium
Puncture
Disruptive discharge occurs through the solid dielectrics
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INPT-R&DDefinitions
External insulation
Is the air insulation and the exposed surfaces of the solid insulation of the
equipment
Internal insulation
Is the internal solid, liquid or gaseous elements of the insulation of equipment
Self-restoring insulation
Is the insulation which completely recovers its insulating properties after adisruptive discharge caused by the application of test voltage
Non-self-restoring insulation
Is the insulation which losses its insulating properties, or does not recover them
completely, after a disruptive discharge caused by the application of test voltage
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INPT-R&DDefinitions
Impulses
Is an intentionally applied aperiodic transient voltage or current which
usually rises rapidly to a peak value and then falls slowly to zero
Lightning and switching impulses
Impulses with front duration up to 20 s are defined lightning impulsesand those with longer fronts are defined as switching impulses
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INPT-R&DGeneral requirements for test procedures
The requirements of test procedures are dependent on the follwing
factors
Required accuracy of tests results
Random nature of observed phenomena / polarity dependence of
measurement
Progressive deterioration with repeated voltage application
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INPT-R&DRequirements for test objects
Test object should be complete in all respects;
Complete in all details
Should be processed in normal manner for similar equipment
General arrangement in terms of clearances to other live /
grounded parts should be taken care of
A clearance of not less than 1.5 times of the shortest possible
discharge path should be maintained from extraneous structures
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INPT-R&DDry tests
Test object should be dry and clean
Test should be made at ambient temeprature The procedure for voltage application is as per IEC 60060 1
The voltage value and various configuration to be tested is as per
relevant product standard
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INPT-R&DWet tests
Intended to simulate performance of test object when overvoltages occur in raincondition
The procedure for voltage application is as per IEC 60060 1 The voltage value and various configuration to be tested is as per relevant product
standard
Precipitation condition for standard procedure
Water resistivity 100 15 m
Precipitation rate 1 to 2 mm/min in horizontal and vertical
Water temperature ambient temperature 15 C
Test specimen should be wetted for minimum15 minutes before start of testing
Reproducibility of wet test results is low
Adequate precautions on collecting vessel and method precipitation measurement aretaken to minimize this dispersion
The test object may be cleaned with a surface-active detergent. This is to be removed
before beginning of wetting
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INPT-R&DAtmospheric conditions
The standard reference atmosphere is;
Temperature to
20 C
Pressure bo 101.3 kPa
Absolute humidity 11 g/m3
As products are tested under exsisting ambient conditions the
applied voltage has to be corrected for the prevailing conditions
Refer to relevant product standard for applicability of correction factors
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INPT-R&DCorrection factors
The total correction factor Kt is the product of
air density correction factor k1 and humidity correction factor k2
The applied voltage is calculated as
U = Uo Kt where Uo is the specified test voltage
Air density correction factor at temperature t and pressure b is
figurefromtakenism
t273
t273
b
bwhere
k
o
o
m
1
=
+
+=
=
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INPT-R&DCorrection factors
Humidity correction factor
No humidity correction shall be applied for wet
tests
metresinpathdischargeminimumtheisL
voltage)testtimes1.1assumeavailablenot(if
voltagedischargeedistruptiv50%theisUwhere
kL500
Ug
slide)previousingraph(refergofvalueonbasedisw
hratioandvoltagetestoftypeondependentiskwhere
kk
B
B
w2
=
=
=
=
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INPT-R&DCorrection factors
Conflicting requirments for testing internal and external insulation
Due to laboratory altitude and or extreme climatic conditions, the
correction factor results in withstand level for internal insulation in
excess to discharge voltages of external insulation
In such condition the test object may be immersed in oil or
compressed gas so that there are no discharges in external
insulation during test
Reverse may happen in some cases, where external insulation is to be
tested at significantly higher voltages. In order to assess the external
insulation,
Either the internal insulation is reinforced for test purpose or
The test is made with dummies
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INPT-R&DAltitude Correction factors
For installation at an altitude higher than 1 000 m, the insulation level of external insulation isdetermined by multiplying the insulation withstand voltages required at the service location by afactor Ka in accordance with figure (see next slide)
Also see product standard for specific requirements
Ka is also give by following formula;
Ka = em(H- 1000)/8150
where
H is the altitude in metres
m is taken as fixed value in each case for simplification as follows:
m = 1 for power-frequency, lightning impulse and phase-to-phase switching impulse voltages
m = 0,9 for longitudinal switching impulse voltage
m = 0,75 for phase-to-earth switching impulse voltage.
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INPT-R&DAltitude Correction factors
For internal insulation, the
dielectric characteristics are
identical at any altitude andno special precautions need
to be taken. For external and
internal insulation, see IEC
60071-2
For low-voltage auxiliary and
control equipment, no special
precautions need to be taken
if the altitude is lower than
2000 m. For higher altitude,
see IEC 60664-1
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INPT-R&D
Definitions and general standards requirements
Generation of high voltages Measurement of high voltages
Test procedures
Uncertainty
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INPT-R&DTypes of high voltage waveshapes
High ac voltage of power frequency
High ac voltage of higher frequency
Impulse voltage
Lightning impulse ( High transient or
impulse voltage of very short duration)
Switching impulse ( Transient voltage
of longer duration)
High dc voltage
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INPT-R&DAlternating voltages
A sinusoid in the range 45 to 65 Hz
Value of peak to rms ratio should be 2 5% For test durations upto 60 s the measured value of test voltage shall
be maintained within 1%
For test durations exceeding 60 s the measured value of test
voltage shall be maintained within 3%
The total uncertainty of measurement of test value should be no
more than 3%
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INPT-R&DGeneration Power frequency voltages
Single phase testing transformer
Cascaded transformer
Resonance test transformer
Testing transformers are generally designed to withstand frequent short circuit
failures.
Short circuit current rating is 10 to 20 times rated current.
Three Phase test transformer
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INPT-R&DTest circuit requirement
The voltage in the test circuit should be stable enough to be practicallyunaffected by varying leakage currents
Non-sustained disruptive discharges may cause over-voltages in the testcircuit due to uncontrolled resonance conditions produced by theinteraction of leakage inductance of the source and the varyingimpedance of the high-voltage circuit
This can be eliminated
by providing sufficient damping resistance in the high-voltage circuit or
short-circuiting the primary voltage to the high-voltage test transformerimmediately following a disruptive discharge
Controlled high-voltage resonant circuits do not produce over-voltagesfollowing disruptive discharges since they de-tune whenever the loadimpedance changes
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INPT-R&DTesting transformer requirement
They are designed to withstand frequent short circuits when the test object
fails or experiences flashover
They should have higher impedance than typical HV power transformer.Typical range is 20-30%. Too high is not good for regulation.
Short circuit current should be
Minimum 0.1 A for dry tests on solid and liquid insulation
On external self restoring insulation 0.1 A for dry tests and 0.5 A for wet tests. 1
A may be necessary for wet test on large specimens.
For artificial pollution test this value should be upto 15 A. Also R/X 0.1
In order to prevent large dip in applied voltage during non-disruptive partial
discharges the total capacitance of test object and any other capacitor in
test circuit should be in the range of 0.5 to 1 nF
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INPT-R&DSingle phase testing transformers
Though power station equipment are three phase, single phase testing
transformer is normally used for testing
Features;
They differ from power transformer in the sense that they have higher short
circuit impedance to withstand frequent short circuit
It can be operated with overload for short duration
Major advantage of this below 200 kVA is less cost
Major disadvantage above 300 kVA is more cost
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INPT-R&DGeneral arrangement
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INPT-R&DTank type
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INPT-R&DTank type
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INPT-R&DTank type
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INPT-R&DTank type
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INPT-R&DCylindrical type
The test transformer are of theinsulating shell design with metallic
cover and base The insulating cylinder is made of
reinforced Fibreglass, covered with amoisture-rejecting paint
It is important to keep the surface of
insulating cylinder dry and dust free allthe time
During high moisture periods infra-redlamps are used to keep the cylindersurface warm and preventcondensation
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INPT-R&DCylindrical type
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INPT-R&D Cascaded Transformer
Cost of insulation for a single unit is square of operating voltage
When the voltage higher than 400 kV cascade is done
as the insulation required is very high in conventional type
Transportation and assembly are easy as the whole unit is divided into smaller
units
Natural cooling is sufficient
The units are enclosed by large size metal rings to prevent corona
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INPT-R&DBlock diagram
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INPT-R&D Construction of Cascaded Transformer
V1V2
3V2V1
V12V2
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INPT-R&DCascaded transformer
First unit is energized from low voltage primary
In the same unit second unit excitation winding is available with the
same no of turns as the primary of the first unit
Second unit primary is fed from the first unit
The potential of Second unit is fixed by the potential of secondary of
the first unit
Secondary of second stage transformer is connected in series with
secondary of first unit
Some times the second transformer unit is grounded at the half of
the potential to reduce the insulation to half
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INPT-R&D Cascaded transformer
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INPT-R&D Cascaded transformer
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INPT-R&DHigh voltage resonant circuits
Series resonant circuit
Consists of an inductor in series with a capacitive test object, or a capacitor in
series with an inductive test object By varying circuit parameters or the supply frequency, the circuit can be tuned to
achieve a voltage considerably greater than that of the source and with asubstantially sinusoidal shape
This circuit is useful when testing objects such as cables, capacitors in which theleakage currents on the external insulation are very small in comparison with thecapacitive currents through the test object
Unsuitable for testing external insulation under contaminated conditions
Parallel resonant circuit
Consists of a capacitive test object in parallel with a variable inductance and ahigh-voltage source
By varying the inductance, the circuit can be tuned, resulting in a considerable
reduction in the current drawn from the high-voltage source
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INPT-R&D
R L
VoV C
Equivalent circuit with Capacitive load
Transformers simplified equivalent circuit can be modeled as shown in figure.
The output voltage, V0 for the circuit is given by the expression
I Vo/ V I = 1/ {( RC)2
+ (2
LC - 1)2
}0.5
For the light loads C is very less.
As the load increases output voltage increases.
Vo = I * Xc
= V/R * Xc
= 1/( CR) * V
= Q V
Q is the quality factor of the circuit. It is designed with the value of 50 to 70
So the output voltage is Q times input voltage applied
INPT R&D
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INPT-R&DHigh voltage resonant circuits
Advantages
Low input power requirements
Negligible harmonic distortion
Fault Current is limited in the series
resonant mode preventing damage to the
test sample
Smaller in size compared to similar rating
of conventional transformer Used for routine and type tests of MV and
HV and general purpose laboratory tests
including wet tests
INPT R&D
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INPT-R&DHigh Voltage Impulse Generation
Transient over voltages due to lightning and switching surges causes fast
rising voltage on transmission tower and hence on electrical equipments
To simulate the service transient condition on the equipment for itswithstand strength it is necessary to generate the impulse voltage
On the basis of the front and tail time following classification is made
Lightning impulse generation
Switching impulse generation
Very fast transient generation
INPT R&D
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INPT-R&DHigh Voltage Impulse Generation
The impulse is usually generated by an
impulse generator consisting of
a number of capacitors that are charged in
parallel from a direct voltage source and then
discharged in series into a circuit that includes
the test object and the measuring system
INPT R&D
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INPT-R&DImpulse generator Block diagram
INPT R&D
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INPT-R&DSingle Stage Marx Circuit
Rs - Front resistor V0 - Rectified voltage
Rp - Tail resistor V(t) - Impulse voltage
C1 - Generator capacitor
C2 - Load capacitance
G - Sphere gap
V0 C1C2
Rs
Rp
G
V (t)
INPT R&D
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INPT-R&DThree stage Marx Circuit
Uo charging voltage
Cs impulse capacitor
f sphere gap
Re discharging resistor
RL charging resistor
RD damping resistorRL>>Re>>RD
INPT R&D
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INPT-R&DLightning impulse waveshape
Impulses with front duration up to 20 s are defined as lightningimpulses
Standard Lightning Impulse 1.2/50 s
1.2 s is front time ( 30%)
50 s is time to half-value( 20%)
Peak value ( 3%)
Nomenclature U Peak value
T1 Front time
T2 Time to half-value (tail time)
T Time between point A and B
(30% and 90% of peak valuerespectively)
O1 Virtual origin
INPT R&DCh d li h i i l h
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INPT-R&DChopped lightning impulse waveshape
A chopped lightning impulse is a prospective full lightning impulse
during which any type of discharge causes a rapid collapse of the
voltage The collapse of the voltage can occur on the front, at the peak, or on
the tail
Tc Time to chopping virtual origin to instant of chopping
INPT-R&DCh d li ht i i l h
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INPT-R&DChopped lightning impulse waveshape
A standard chopped lightning impulse is a standard impulse that is
chopped by an external gap after 2 to 5 s
Other time values for chopping may be specified by the product
standard
Because of practical difficulties in measurement, the virtual duration of
voltage collapse has not been standardized.
INPT-R&DCh d li ht i i l h
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INPT-R&DChopped lightning impulse waveshape
Chopped impulse is defined by
Peak voltage U
Front time T1
Virtual steepness S = U/T1. This is the
slope of a straight line drawn between
points E and F
This front-chopped impulse is considered
linearly rising if the front, from 30%
amplitude up to the instant of chopping, isentirely enclosed between two lines
parallel to the line E-F, but displaced from
it in time by 0.05 T1
INPT-R&DS it hi i l h
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INPT-R&DSwitching impulse waveshape
Impulses with longer front duration (>20 s) are defined as switchingimpulses
Standard switching impulse 250/2500 s
250 s is time to peak ( 20%)
2500 s is time to half-value( 60%)
Peak value ( 3%)
Nomenclature U Peak value
Tp Time to peak
T2 Time to half-value (tail time)
Td Time above 90% of peak
value
INPT-R&DI l t
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INPT R&DImpulse current
Exponential
Defined by the front time T1 and the time to half-value T2
1/20 impulse: front time : 1 s time to half-value : 20 s
4/10 impulse: front time : 4 s time to half-value : 10 s
8/20 impulse: front time : 8 s time to half-value : 20 s
30/80 impulse: front time : 30 s time to half-value : 30 s
Tolerances
Peak value 10%
Front time (T1) 10%
Time to half-value (T2) 10%
INPT-R&DI l t
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INPT R&DImpulse current
Rectangular
Defined by the duration of the peak Td and the total duration Tt
Rectangular impulse currents with durations of the peak of 500 s,
1000 s, or 2000 s and total durations from 2000 s to 3200 s
Tolerances
Peak value +20% - 0%
Duration of peak +20% - 0%
INPT-R&D
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INPT R&D
Definitions and general standards requirements
Generation of high voltages
Measurement of high voltages
Test procedures
Uncertainty
INPT-R&DI t d ti t HV M t
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INPT R&DIntroduction to HV Measurement
Low Voltage system: Voltage < 1 kV
Moving iron and moving coil type instruments are used with series
resistance (multiplier) for low voltage measurement Factors in high voltage measurements
The measurement of voltage and current in the HV tests are difficult byconventional measuring and recording systems
When the voltage increases power consumed by multipliers increases
Reduction of stray capacitance is not easy
The other difficulties are related to large sizes necessary to
control electrical fields
avoid flashover
to control heat dissipation within the circuits
INPT-R&DHV measuring system
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&HV measuring system
Measuring system
Complete set of devices suitable for performing a high-voltage or
impulse-current measurement is called as measuring system
Components of HV measuring systems consists of
Converting device
Transmission device
Recording device
INPT-R&DClassification HV Measurement
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Classification HV Measurement
Direct method
Voltage is measured when the meter is connected directlywith high voltage system
Examples;
Electrostatic voltmeter
Sphere gap / rod-rod gap
Indirect method
Voltage is measured by scaling it down to suitably lowervalue
Examples;
Series resistance Micro ammeter
Voltage transformer Peak volt meter
Potential dividers Oscilloscopes , HV probe
HV probe
10 kV Electrostatic voltmeter
INPT-R&DSphere gaps
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Sphere gaps
IEC 60052 - Voltage measurement by means ofstandard air gaps
A uniform field spark gap will have sparkover
voltage within tolerance under constantatmospheric conditions
By precise experiments, the breakdown voltagevariation with gap spacing, for different diametersand distances, can be measured
Two identical metal spheres made of copper,aluminium or brass is used separated by an air
gap
The potential difference between the spheres israised until a spark appears
Standard values of Diameter of spheres are 6.25,12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 cm
INPT-R&DSphere gaps
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Sphere gaps
INPT-R&DEffect of atmosphere
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Effect of atmosphere
The density of the gas (generally air) and humidity affects the spark-over
voltage for a given gap setting
The spark over voltage for a given gap setting under STP must bemultiplied by the correction factor to obtain the actual spark-over voltage
Spark over voltage at NTP, U = KtU0
The atmospheric correction factors have been described earlier
In the uniform field configuration, sparkover voltage is 30 kVpeak/cm in air at
20 0C and 101.3 kPa pressure
INPT-R&DSphere gaps Protection
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Sphere gaps Protection
A series resistance of 100 to 1000 k is connected in series withsphere gap to
limit the break down current as causes pitting of sphere gap
suppress unwanted oscillation in the source voltage when break down
occurs in the case of impulse voltage
INPT-R&DFactors affecting measurement
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Factors affecting measurement
Tolerance on size, shape and conditions of spheres and their surfaces
Nearby earthed objects
Humidity
Irradiation and polarity
Dust particle
Rise time of voltage waveforms
INPT-R&DPeak values disruptive discharge voltages
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Peak values disruptive discharge voltages
Reference: Table 2 from IEC 60052
INPT-R&DSphere gaps
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Sphere gaps
Advantage
The sphere gap method of measuring high voltage is the most reliable
and is used as the standard for calibration purposes
It can be used to measure peak ac voltage up to 1 MHz
Accuracy of measurement is proved as 3 %
Disadvantage
It can not be used for the voltage having rise time of lesser than 0.5 s DC spark over voltage reduction was about 20 % for lesser gap
distances (1.3mm) with irradiation
At long gap spark over voltage is not linear with dc voltage
INPT-R&DRod gap measurement
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Rod gap measurement
The rods shall be made of steel or brass, with a
solid square section, sides between 10 mm and
25 mm and have a common axis. The ends
shall be cut at right angles to the axis leaving
the edges sharp in order to get a reproducible
breakdown mechanism
The clearance from the tip of the high voltage to
earthed objects and walls, other than the ground
plane, shall be not less than 5 m
INPT-R&DRod gap measurement
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Rod gap measurement
The disruptive discharge voltage Uo for positive and negative direct
voltage at standard reference atmosphere is given, for either the
vertical and horizontal gap by; Uo = 2 + 0,534 d
Where, Uo is in kilovolts and d is the gap spacing in millimeters
This equation is valid for gap distances d between 250 mm and 2 500 mm
and for a humidity range h/ between 1 g/m3 and 13 g/m3
Under these conditions, the disruptive discharge voltage Uo has an
estimated uncertainty of 3% for a level of confidence not less than 95%
The rod-rod gap shall not be used as an approved measuring device at
gap spacing less than 250 mm because of the absence of streamer
pre-discharges
INPT-R&DResistance in series with Micro ammeter
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Resistance in series with Micro ammeter
High series resistance (specially designed to withstand high voltage) and
resistance of 20 k /V is used with micro ammeter (having 50 A -movement).
This method is applicable for both ac and dc
A safety gap or neon lamp is connected across the micro-ammeter
INPT-R&DResistance in series with Micro ammeter
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Resistance in series with Micro ammeter
Advantage
By using a stable supply (of accuracy 0.1%) 1% accuracy can be
achieved
Disadvantages
When the above method is used for alternating voltages, there would
be the effect of the distributed capacitances
Their stability of resistances are temperature dependant The two resistors are set by heat dissipation and heat transfer outside
Current limits can be up to 1 to 2 mA
INPT-R&DPeak reading voltmeters
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Peak reading voltmeters
Peak value measurement is important in HV measurement
Types of Peak voltage measurement
Capacitor charging method
Neon Lamp Method
Rectifier-Capacitor current method
Rectifier with divider method - Impulse voltage measurement
INPT-R&DVoltage/potential transformer
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Potential transformer
Inductive voltage transformer
Capacitor voltage transformer
Voltage/potential transformer
Voltage is measured by stepping down the voltage from one side to
another side by Faradays law principle
INPT-R&DInductive voltage transformer
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Inductive voltage transformer
High voltage is measured by stepping down
according to the ratio of turns between the
primary and secondary Very simple design and construction
Error due to Phase angle and ratio
It does not permit fast rising transient
Insulation required for very high voltages morethan 100 kV is more and hence not cost effective
INPT-R&DCapacitor voltage transformer
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Capacitor voltage transformer
Capacitance divider with a inductive voltagetransformer is used
These are field measuring equipment unlikedividers are laboratory measuring equipmentswith very good accuracy
Advantages
The high voltage capacitor can be used in PLCCapplication instead of coupling capacitor
Simpler design and easy installation
Disadvantages
Voltage ratio will vary with temperature
Ferro resonance occurrence in power system
Limited power output
INPT-R&DCapacitor voltage transformer
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Capacitor voltage transformer
INPT-R&DHigh Voltage divider
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Types of Dividers
Resistive dividers
Capacitance dividers
Mixed dividers
High Voltage divider
Potential divider consists of two impedances , HV arm (Z1) and LV
arm (Z2) connected in series
High voltage is applied to HV arm and measuring voltage is taken
from LV arm
The height of the divider depends on the flashover voltage between
the electrodes
Connection between LV arm and and measuring instrument ismade by shielded cable to avoid stray capacitance
INPT-R&DResistive potential divider
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200 kV and 100 kV
Resistive potential divider
Used for the measurement of all kind of high
impulse voltages with steep wave fronts
measurement of front chopped impulses Used when an additional capacitance in the test
circuit is not permissible
A distributed screen of sections and using an
auxiliary potential divider to give fixed potential to
the screens
These are housed in flexi-glass cylinders
containing a matched set of precision metal film
resistors, alternatively anti inductively wound CrNi
wire wound resistors
INPT-R&DResistive potential divider
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Resistive potential divider
Advantages
Resistive Voltage Dividers can measure up to 100 kV ac or 200 kV dc
with accuracy better than 0.5% It is possible to measure the impulse voltage 2 MV by the careful design
of low voltage arm
They are generally used when an additional capacitance in the test
circuit is not permissible due to the slowdown effect on the rise time
Disadvantages
Distributed capacitance significantly affect the resultant ratio.
More than 200 kV resistive divider design is difficult
INPT-R&DCapacitive potential divider
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Capac t e pote t a d de
A single capacitor unit or stack of units can be used forthe measurement
In capacitor voltage divider two capacitances C1
and C2
are used in series, and the measuring system isconnected across the lower arm capacitor
Pure capacitive voltage dividers cannot be used formeasuring impulses due to generation of oscillationscreated by with pure LC circuit
L being stray inductance of lead and C the capacitance ofthe divider
Neglecting the capacitance of the cable (approx. 50pF/m)the effective capacitance of C1 and C2 in series is C1C2/
(C1+C2), and since the charge is the same,
VC2
= C1
/(C1
+C2
) V
1000 kV divider
INPT-R&DCapacitive potential divider
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p p
Advantage
Very good high frequency response for small capacitance and small
dimensional divider
Disadvantage
Pure capacitive dividers are sensitive to input voltage with short rise
time
It forms series resonance circuit with lead inductance in the low voltage
arms
INPT-R&DMixed divider circuit
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Combination of resistor and capacitor are used to
eliminate the effect of distributed stray capacitances.
The distributed capacitors compensate for the currentdrawn by stray capacitances
It can be classified into two types
Parallel Resistive-capacitive voltage divider
Damped capacitive voltage dividers
3 MV 3.5 MV
1 MV
INPT-R&DParallel Resistive-capacitive voltage divider
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p g
To reduce the nonlinear frequency dependant characteristics
resistive divider capacitance is connected in parallel with resistor
This is achieved by selecting equal time constants in both highvoltage and low voltage arms
Advantages
At high frequencies it acts like a capacitive divider and at low frequency
like resistive divider.
Loading effect can be reduced by step by step
compensation
INPT-R&DDamped capacitive voltage dividers
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p p g
Combination of very low resistors and pure
capacitance are connected in series
This used to reduce the voltage oscillationsand reflections due to traveling wave
It is possible to design more than 6.5 MV
voltage measurements
Disadvantage
Pure capacitive dividers are sensitive to inputvoltage with short rise time.
It forms series resonance circuit with lead
inductance in the low voltage arms
6.5 MV outdoor type
INPT-R&DRequirements of divider as per IEC 60-2
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q p
Measuring system should measure Peak impulse voltage with the overall
uncertainty of 3%
Uncertainty of front chopped impulse measurement should be 5% Uncertainty of tail chopped impulse measurement should be 3%
Time parameters should be measured within 10 % accuracy
To reproduce oscillations partial response time should be < 15 ns
Rise time and response time are important so that measuring circuit will transfer
the same voltage to be measured
Eliminating the stray capacitance in the secondary of the divider is important
INPT-R&DSelection of Dividers
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Selection of divider is based on
Maximum value of each voltage type to be measured
Required or specified transfer behavior of the voltage measuring
configuration consisting of high voltage lead/divider, measuring
cable/measuring unit
Adaptability of low voltage arm to measuring instruments and
measuring cable
Capacitive load of test circuit
Application of divider : -indoor, -outdoor, -stationary, -mobile and
-suspended installation at ceiling or wall
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INPT-R&DAccuracy requirements
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Alternating voltage
Total uncertainty of peak or mean value measurement should be < 3 %
Harmonics < 10 %
Direct voltage
Total uncertainty of mean value measurement should be < 3 %
Lesser than 10 % of actual ripple or 1% error of the mean value
whichever is more
INPT-R&DAccuracy requirements
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Lightning and switching impulse voltage
Uncertainty of Peak of full impulse or chopped impulse on the tail < 3 %
Impulse chopped on the front when the chopping time Tc , Tc > 2 s,uncertainty should be 3 %
when the chopping time Tc, 0.5 s Tc 2 s, uncertaintyshould be less than 5 %
Time parameter less than 10 %
If the frequency of oscillation is less than 0.5 MHz and duration of
overshoot is 1 s mean curve should be drawn to see the magnitude.Overshoot is nearer to peak of less than 5 % of peak value
INPT-R&D
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Definitions and general standards requirements
Generation of high voltages
Measurementof high voltages
Test procedures
Uncertainty
INPT-R&DTest with alternating voltage
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Withstand voltage tests
The voltage is applied starting at a value sufficiently low to prevent effects ofover-voltages due to switching transients
It should be raised sufficiently slowly to permit accurate reading of themeasuring instrument, but not so slowly as to cause unnecessarily prolongedstress on the test object at the test voltage
The rate of rise should be 2% per second above 75% of the estimated final testvoltage
The test voltage should be maintained for the specified time and then reduced
It should not be suddenly interrupted as this may generate switching transientsthat could cause damage or erratic test results
The requirements of the test are satisfied if no disruptive discharge occurs onthe test object
Deviations from this recommendation may be specified by the appropriateapparatus standard
INPT-R&DTest with alternating voltage
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Disruptive discharge voltage tests
The voltage should be raised in the manner described in withstand
voltage tests until a disruptive discharge occurs on the test object The value of the test voltage reached at the instant of the disruptive
discharge shall be recorded
Assured disruptive discharge voltage tests
The voltage should be raised in the manner described in withstand
voltage tests until a disruptive discharge occurs on the test object The value of the test voltage reached just prior to the disruptive
discharge should be recorded
The requirements of the test are generally satisfied if this voltage is nothigher than the assured disruptive discharge voltage on each one of aspecified number of voltage applications
INPT-R&DTests with impulse voltages
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There are four methods are specified by IEC 60060-1
Procedure A
This procedure is applicable to the non-self restoring insulation
3 impulses of specified shape and polarity at the rated withstand voltage level are
applied to the test object
If there is no indication of discharges observed, test object passes
Procedure B
15 impulses of the specified shape and polarity at the withstand level are applied
to the test object
Test object passes if not more than two disruptive discharge occurs in the self
restoring part of the insulation and no indication of failure in the non-restoring
insulation
INPT-R&DTests with impulse voltages
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Procedure C
3 specified shape and polarity at the withstand voltage level is applied
to the test object If no disruptive discharge occurs test object passed the test
If more than one disruptive discharge occurs, test object failed the
test
If one disruptive discharge occurs in the self restoring part of the
insulation, then 9 additional impulses are applied. If no dischargeoccurs test object has passed the test
INPT-R&DTests with impulse voltages
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Procedure D Statistical method
For self restoring insulation the 10% impulse disruptive discharge voltage U10 is
evaluated by using statistical test procedures
Direct evaluation of U10or U50 and indirect evaluation of U10 can be done.
In direct method number of test voltage are applied to find 10% disruptivedischarge voltage
In indirect method
U10 = U50( 1 - 1.3z ) z= 0.03 in general
U50 can be evaluated by
multiple level method
up-and-down method
Test object is passed if U10 is not less than the specified impulse withstand
voltage
INPT-R&DCombined Voltage Tests
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Simulate conditions where one terminal of the open switch is
energized at the specified power frequency voltage and the other
terminal may be subject to either a lightning or switchingovervoltage
The test voltages are characterized by their amplitude, waveshape,
polarity, and any time delay between the application of the two
voltages
INPT-R&DCombined Voltage Tests
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There is possibility of a disruptive
discharge during the test
suitable protective devices (decouplingresistors, inductors, capacitors,
orprotective gaps) protect the test
sources
Definition of the applied waveshape is
left to the appropriate product standard
Measuring device is based on the
requirements for the fastest and slowest
waveshapes to be observed
In all cases, voltages are measured as
referred to ground
INPT-R&D
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Definitions and general standards requirements
Generation of high voltages
Measurementof high voltages
Test procedures
Uncertainty
INPT-R&DConcept of Uncertainty
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Error
The concept of error is now old and no longer used.
Error is deviation from true value. While calculating error we assumethat the true value is known. However true value is never known.
Uncertainty
This concept says that any quantity is known to exist within a definite
interval (nominal value and a range around that) with a given degree of
confidence.
Thus in this concept any quantity is described to lie within an interval
and the level of confidence associated with it.
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INPT-R&DComponents of uncertainty
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Systematic components
Uncertainty arising out of attributable factors which are known
They are estimated by knowledge of effects of such factors on themeasurement
They represent the accuracy of the system
Random components
These components are ones which cannot be attributed to any known factors
These are evaluated by statistical measurements
They represent the precision of the system
INPT-R&DOld and new ways
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Old way
The measurement is represented by the indicated single value say 10
Volts If a 0.5 class instrument has been used for this measurement we
assume that the true value lies within 10 0.5%.
However the meter is not the only source of error in measurement.
There are other sources like, personnel, ambient conditions which
affect meter performance and various unknown (random) factors
INPT-R&DOld and new ways
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New way
The concept of uncertainty accounts for all these.
The meter when calibrated is characterized with total uncertainty of calibrationaccounting all factors which affected calibration.
Further, when measurement is made the total uncertainty of the measurement isevaluated considering all factors that affect the measurement (including theuncertainty of the calibration)
A typical report of measurement with uncertainty figure is
10 V 0.5 V with 95% confidence level.Here 0.5 V is the total uncertainty in estimating the voltage value. Andthere is 95% confidence that the measurement lies within the range 9.5 to 10.5 V
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