Copy everything in this colour into your notes!. Galaxies & Stars.
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Transcript of Copy everything in this colour into your notes!. Galaxies & Stars.
![Page 1: Copy everything in this colour into your notes!. Galaxies & Stars.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b600e8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copy everything in this colour into your notes!
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Galaxies&
Stars
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What is a galaxy?
• A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust and billions of stars.
• These stars are held together by the force of gravity.
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• Earth and our solar system are part of the Milky Way Galaxy
• Most of the stars you see at night are part of the Milky Way Galaxy
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THE MILKY WAY GALAXY
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Our Home...
• The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy
• Our solar system is located on the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy
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The galaxy is believed to be home to 100 billion stars!!!!
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Our Galactic Neighbour
• If you look out towards the constellation of Andromeda you are looking towards our neighbouring galaxy Andromeda which is 29 million light years away!!!
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Star clusters
• Star clusters are groups of stars that are close together and that travel together
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Pleiades
M15 Globular Cluster
More…M15
Some popular star clusters!
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Galaxies are divided into five different types, determined by their shape:
• Elliptical (shape similar to a football)– Most common
• Spiral (shape similar to a flat pinwheel)– Arms are composed of a lot of gas and dust and
young blue stars (I.e. star formation is ongoing)
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More elliptical galaxies
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Some spiral galaxies
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Types of Galaxies (Cont’d)
• Lenticular galaxies - Disc-shaped with a bulge in the middle
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Types of Galaxies (Cont’d)
• Irregular (no particular shape)– Smaller and less common than spiral or
elliptical
• Barred-spiral galaxy– A type of spiral galaxy
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Irregular GalaxySpiral Galaxy
AB
C D
Spiral Galaxy
Elliptical Galaxy
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• Galaxies are moving outwards in the Universe. Sometimes two galaxies collide and it appears that the big galaxy eats the smaller galaxy.
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Unusual Galaxies
• Quasars– Very distant objects,
look like faint stars– Brightest objects in
the universe– Give off 100 times
more energy than Milky Way
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Life and Death of Stars
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Stars
• The biggest things in the universe are the stars like our sun
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What makes it go
• Stars are giant balls of gas that burn by a process called nuclear fusion
• This process combines two hydrogen atoms into one helium atom giving off a lot of heat.
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Star Colour and Temperature
• The temperature of a star determines its colour.
Red → Yellow → White → Blue
Coolest Hottest
• Our Sun is a yellowish colour so it is considered a medium-cool star.
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Life and Death of a Star
Draw this diagram!!!
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Star Birth
• Stars are created in a nebula as the gas contracts because of gravity
• As they become larger they heat up until they reach a temperature when fusion begins and they “turn on”
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Star Life
• Our star is now in what is called the main sequence where it is stable and consistent.
• A cooler smaller star like our sun can last for about 8 billion years
• Fast burning blue stars only last for a million years
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The Fate of Stars
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Stellar Nebula – cloud of interstellar gas and dust
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Red Giant- a large, cool, bright star
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Red Supergiant- an extremely large, cool, bright star
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Planetary Nebula- a bright shell of gas ejected from an old, low-mass star
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Supernova- stellar explosion where a star becomes about a million times brighter
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White Dwarf- a low-mass star that has run out of fuel and condensed to the size of
about Earth
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Neutron Star- what’s left of a star, is very compact and consists of mostly neutrons
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Star Death
• Stars live until the hydrogen in the core that fuels them runs out
• After that they collapse inward since there is nothing opposing gravity any more.
• The new heat in the core fuses the helium into carbon
• The outer shell still has some hydrogen and burns expanding to form a red giant or supergiant star
• Once the core fuses into lead fusion stops and the star collapses.
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Dwarf Stars
• When the star core reaches lead it can not undergo fusion any longer
• This white hot ball of lead “white dwarf” cools to form a “black dwarf” star
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Death of a Giant Star
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Neutron Stars
• Sometimes a star is so heavy that even lead cannot support its weight.
• The atoms collapse even further creating a ball of neutrons.
• This forms a rapidly spinning neutron star that is only a few kilometers in size.
• We see neutron stars from the radiation that shoots out of either end.
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Black Hole- an object whose gravity is so strong that nothing can escape it
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Black holes
• Sometimes the star is so heavy that not even the neutrons stay apart and crash together forming a black hole
• After that we are not sure as this creates a black hole
• A black hole is an object so dense that not even light can escape it.
• We can find black holes by looking for objects in space orbiting seemingly empty space.
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The End???